The Chemical Basis of Life - Unit Test

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70 marks Name:______________

Part A: Multiple Choice (15 Marks)

1. What determines the atomic number of an atom?

a. Number of electrons in the outermost energy level.
b. Total number of energy shells.
c. Arrangement of neutrons in the atomic nucleus.
d. Number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
2. What is the possible capacity of the outer electron shell of an atom of hydrogen
(atomic number = 1)?

a. 1 electron
b. 2 electrons
c. 6 electrons
d. 8 electrons

3. The molecule C24H46O23 is a(n):

a. protein
b. lipid
c. monosaccharide
d. polysaccharide

4. How does sodium acetate-acetic acid function as a buffer?

a. Acetate ion accepts OH- ions

b. Acetate ion accepts H+ ions, depending on pH
c. Acetate ion accepts H+, and H+ accepts OH-
d. Always increases pH

5. Of the two molecules shown below:

NH2 H H H H
| | | | |
CH3--C -- C = O H -- C -- C -- C -- C = O
| | | | | |
H OH H H H OH

a. both contain the amine group

b. both belong to the same family of biomolecules
 c. both serve as monomer subunits of a polymer
d. all of the above

6. The presence of (-OH) in an organic compound tends to make that compound:

a. Hydrophobic
b. Basic
c. Hydrophillic
d. Acidic

7. Which of the following reactions requires the removal of water to form a covalent
bond?

a. amylopectin -----> glucose subunits

b. alanine + glycine -----> dipeptide
c. cellulose -----> glucose
d. lactose -----> glucose + galactose

8. Which of the following is false about amylose?

a. It is made of several hundred glucose units.

b. It is a component of starch.
c. It has unbranched chains.
d. It has a C1,C2 linkage between monomers.

9. If you compare a molecule of chitin to a molecule of cellulose, what structural

difference becomes evident?

a. Cellulose is formed from branching chains.

b. Chitin's monomers are slightly different in structure.
c. The glucose subunits are bonded differently in chitin.
d. Cellulose is a disaccharide.

10. Where is glycogen stored in vertebrate animals?

a. Liver and muscles

b. Brain and kidneys
c. Heart and blood
d. Pancreas and Intestines
 11. Which of the following correctly matches an organic polymer with its respective
monomers?

a. Protein and amino acids

b. Carbohydrates and polysaccharides
c. Hydrocarbon and monosaccharides
d. Lipid and steroids

12. Which of the following interactions does not involve a hydrogen bond?

a. The primary structure in proteins

b. Nitrogenous bases "pair up"
c. An alpha-helix
d. Water molecules "stick" together

13. The bonds between amino acids are termed:

a. condensation bonds
b. peptide bonds
c. hydrogen bonds
d. 007

14. The main difference between ribose and deoxyribose is that:

a. deoxyribose is a hexose and ribose is a pentose sugar

b. deoxyribose has one less hydroxyl group than ribose
c. deoxyribose has had all of its oxygen removed
d. deoxyribose is a bigger sugar

15. When an inhibition molecule binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active
site, the situation is referred to as:

a. Competitive inhibition
b. Irreversible inhibition
c. Allosteric inhibition
d. End product inhibition

Part B: Short Answer

1. Distinguish between isotope and isomer.(2 marks)

2. Define oxidation and give an example.(2 marks)

3. Describe how to prepare 2 L of a 0.1 M Sodium Acetate

(CH3COONa) solution. (4 marks)

4. Describe any two functional groups using the following:

Functional Structural Molecule in which it is found? Polar

or
Group Formula Non-Polar?

5. Name two important uses of each of the following: (6 marks)

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

6. State the importance of the following: (6 marks)

a. Activation Energy -

b. Ionic Bridges -

c. Conjugate Base in Buffers -

7. a. Using simplified structural formulas (indicate important

functional groups) show the reaction whereby a two monomers join
to form a dimer(2 units).(Include everything necessary for the reaction
to proceed.) (5 marks)

b. What type of reaction is this? (1 mark)

8. Identify the following structures(Be as specific as possible).

(4 marks)

9. a. Draw the basic structure of a fatty acid.

b. Why are fats better at storing energy than carbohydrates.

10. Briefly describe one way that enzymes are regulated in the cell. (2
marks)

11. Briefly describe one way that enzymes are regulated in the cell. (2
marks)

12. The following diagram represents a small portion of DNA. Given the
number and position of hydrogen bonds, label any four of the
molecules indicated in the diagram. What is the name of the monomer
subunits? (5 marks)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Cytosine
6. .
Monomer Unit:
_____________

13. Maltase is an enzyme found in the small intestine.

The following graph represents the data collected during an

experiment performed under three pH conditions. Each reaction
mixture contained 1 mg of maltase, 25 mL of a buffered solution
(either pH 6, pH 8 or pH 9), and 50 mg of substrate. The temperature
was maintained at 37oC. (6 marks)

a. What is the substrate for maltase? (1 mark)

b. What "type" of reaction is catalyzed by maltase? (1 mark)

c. What conclusion can you make about maltase activity? (1 mark)

d. Describe what maltase is actually doing to the substrate at the

molecular(bonds) level. (3 marks)

14. The primary structure of proteins is not a random arrangement of

amino acids. Explain this statement. (3 marks)
 Energy and the Living Cell
60 Marks

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Part A: Multiple Choice (Check Answers)

1. Lysosomes are associated with

a. protein synthesis
b. polysaccharide synthesis
c. glycolysis
d. intracellular digestion

2. Organelles in a cell which have a double membrane include

a. nucleus, lysosome, and ribosomes
b. endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body and ribosomes
c. nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts
d. endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and mitochondria

3. Some cells were observed under a microscope as they responded to a coloured

dye placed in the surrounding water. Only small amounts of dye entered living
cells. A lot of dye entered and remained in any cells that were dead. The best
interpretation of these observations is that cells
a. take in dye by active transport, and then lose it by passive transport
b. take in dye by passive transport, and remove it rapidly by active transport
c. take in dye by active transport, and remove it rapidly by active transport
d. take in dye by passive transport, and lose it by passive transport
e. take in dye by diffusion, and retain it by active transport

4. Which of the following substances would move most readily through a cell
membrane?
a. a lipophobic substance
b. a lipophilic substance
c. an ionized substance
d. a protein
e. a hydrophillic substance

5. All the following are true of the plasma membrane except:

a. The plasma membrane forms a boundary between the cytoplasm and the
external environment.
b. Cells are capable of communication because of the nature of the plasma
membrane.
c. Regulation of materials moving into an out cell is accomplished by the plasma
membrane.
 d. The outermost structure of all eukaryotic cells is the plasma membrane.

6. Protein channels that provide passage for hormones and nutrients between plant
cells are termed:
a. Desmosomes
b. Tight junctions
c. Gap junctions
d. Plasmodesmata
e. Intrinsic proteins

7. During catabolism, energy is

a. stored
b. gained
c. released
d. destroyed
e. none of the above

8. When fats are used as fuel, the glycerol portion of the molecule enters the
glycolytic pathway when converted to
a. phosphoglyceraldehyde
b. phosphoenolpyruvate
c. coenzyme A
d. fructose phosphate
e. pyruvate

9. Certain kinds of carbon compounds have a carboxylic acid group (COOH) held in
such a manner that it can split off from the rest of the molecule. This process is
called
a. decarboxylation
b. oxidation
c. phosphorylation
d. reduction
e. dephosphorylation

10. When you are exercising vigorously, your muscle cells are unable to obtain
oxygen from your blood at a sufficient rate. As a result, the muscle cells
a. stop functioning, resulting in cramps.
b. activate anaerobic metabolism, producing lactic acid and releasing energy.
c. get their energy from oxidative phosphorylation instead
d. use a 4 carbon system as an external source of energy
e. use lactic acid to synthesize glycogen for the glycolytic pathway

11. When glucose burns in air, it releases heat rapidly. In the cellular respiration of
glucose
a. no heat is released
b. no oxygen is required
 c. water prevents uncontrolled combustion
d. enzymes make the reaction take place in small steps
e. all of the energy is converted into ATP

12. The first step in the activation of glucose for respiration is

a. removal of a molecule of water
b. addition of a hydrogen ion
c. removal of an atom of oxygen
d. addition of a phosphate group
e. addition of an atom of oxygen

13. The following molecules occur at different stages of the release of energy during
cellular respiration:

I acetyl co-enzyme a
II carbon dioxide
III glucose
IV fructose phosphate
V pyruvate

In which of the following are the above molecules arranged in order from the
greatest to the least chemical energy?
a. IV, III, V, I, II
b. III, I, V, IV, II
c. III, IV, I, V, II
d. III, IV, V, I, II
e. II, I, V, IV, III

14. In the Krebs cycle, the most frequent electron acceptor is

a. NAD+
b. coenzyme A
c. ADP
d. NADH
e. FAD+

15. The final product of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration is a
molecule of
a. water
b. ATP
c. co-enzyme A
d. pyruvate
e. cytochrome oxidase

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Part B: Short Answer

1. Explain the following terms:

a. Endergonic Reaction

b. Catabolism

c. Second Law of Thermodynamics

d. Facilitated Diffusion

e. Tight Junctions

2. a. Draw and Label a diagram of the cell membrane.

2 b. What name is given to this model?

3. a. With the aid of a diagram, explain endocytosis.

 b. What feature of the cell makes this process possible?

c. Explain the possible role of extrinsic proteins in endocytosis.

4. Chemical reactions in the cell are usually coupled. Use an example

to explain this statement.

5. a. What type of reaction is shown in the diagram below?

b. Explain this reaction.

6. During the later stages of starvation a person starts to metabolize
their proteins.

a. List in order of preference, food molecules the body would use

prior to proteins.

Assume the following polypeptide is being metabolized:

glycine-alanine-serine-serine-glycine-glycine-alanine

Enzymes are available to convert each glycine to acetyl-CoA, and

serine to citric acid in the Krebs cycle(or citric acid cycle), and alanine
to pyruvate.

b. How many ATP molecules would be produced as a result of the

metabolism of the above polypeptide? (Show your work)

c. Where, exactly, is most of the ATP produced?

d. Explain the process mentioned in part c. that produces most of the

ATP.