NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
E-ASSIGNMENT

NAME : R.MONISHA

REG NO :19VLF04

DEPT&YEAR : M.E-VLSI DESIGN/I-YEAR

SUBJECT : ANALOG IC DESIGN

DATE :

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF OPAMP

 An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which consists of two
high impedance inputs. One of the inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked with a
negative or “minus” sign, ( – ). The other input is called the Non-inverting Input, marked
with a positive or “plus” sign ( + ).A third terminal represents the operational
amplifiers output port which can both sink and source either a voltage or a current. In
a linear operational amplifier, the output signal is the amplification factor, known as
the amplifiers gain ( A ) multiplied by the value of the input signal and depending on
the nature of these input and output signals, there can be four different classifications
of operational amplifier gain.

Voltage  – Voltage “in” and Voltage “out”

Current  – Current “in” and Current “out”

Transconductance  – Voltage “in” and Current “out”

Transresistance  – Current “in” and Voltage “out”

Operational amplifiers are linear devices that have all the properties required
for nearly ideal DC amplification and are therefore used extensively in signal
conditioning, filtering or to perform mathematical operations such as add, subtract,
integration and differentiation.

Op amp bandwidth
 Although op amps have a very high gain, this level of gain starts to fall at a low
frequency. The open loop breakpoint, i.e. the frequency at which the gain has fallen by 3
dB is often only a few Hz.The long lived and still very popular 741 op amp has an open
loop breakpoint around 6Hz. Beyond this the response falls at a rate of -6dB/octave or
-20dB/decade. Note: an octave is a doubling in frequency, and a decade is a ten-fold
increase in frequency and therefore these two figures are two ways of expressing the
same characteristic.

Op amp gain, bandwidth & compensation

One of the main reasons why op amps generally have low break points is that a
feature called compensation is incorporated into virtually all op amps.This frequency
compensation is used to ensure that the op amp remains stable under all operating
conditions.The very earliest op amps were prone to instability and as a result,
compensation was introduced into virtually all op amp IC designs as a matter of course.
Effect of feedback on op amp bandwidth

When designing a real circuit using an op amp, negative feedback is used to give
controlled levels of gain. Applying this feedback enables the very high gain to be traded
for bandwidth.In this way, very flat frequency response curves can be achieved within the
required bandwidth.