A.

E 0G-TR-59-3
ASTIA DOCUMENT NO.:
AD-208774

@
A ETHOD OF CALCULATING
TURBUlE T.. BOUNDARY -LAYER GROWTH
H PERSONIC MACH NUMBERS
By
James C. Sivells and Robert G. Payne
GDF, ARO, Inc.

@ March 1959
@

II
L E
IL_ EV L E
IR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND

US ~~AF
III
 AEDC-TR-59-3
A S T l A D O C U M E N T NO.:
AD-208774

A METHOD O F CALCULATING TURBULENT-BOUNDARY-LAYER

GROWTH AT HYPERSONIC MACH NUMBERS

BY
J a m e s C. Sivells and R o b e r t G. P a y n e
GDF, ARO, Inc.

M a r c h 1959

ARO P r o j e c t No. 347802

C o n t r a c t No. A F 40(600)-700 S / A 13(59-1)

 CONTENTS
Page

ABSTRACT . . . . .
. . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
NOMENCLATURE . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
DEVELOPMENT O F METHOD
Momentum Equation . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Determination of Cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Determination of IIi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
APPLICATION T O AXISYMMETRIC TUNNELS . . . . . . . . 17
CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
APPENDIXES
A . Stewartson1s T r a n s f o r m a t i o n . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 23
B. Incompressible Skin-Friction Coefficients . . . . . . . 27
REFERENCES. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

TABLE

1. Incompressible Skin F r i c t i o n Values . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
1. T e m p e r a t u r e Variations Used f o r C o r r e l a t i n g Wind
Tunnel R e s u l t s . . . . .
. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2. C o r r e l a t i o n of Calculated Ratios, c f / C f i , with
Experimental Values B a s e d upon R, . . . . , . . . . . 37
3 . C o r r e l a t i o n of Calculated Ratios, Cr/Cri , with
Experimental Values Based upon R e . . . . . . . . . . 38
4. Values of Integral Used i n Calculating Boundary-Layer
Thickness at the Throat of a n Axisymmetric Nozzle . . . 39
5. Values of Integral Used i n Calculating Boundary-Layer
Thickness i n Conical Nozzles . , .
. . . . . . . . . . . 40

6. Comparison of Calculated Boundary-Layer Thickness

with Values Measured in a Mach 7, 50-inch-Diameter
Conical Nozzle . . . , . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7. Comparison of Calculated Boundary-Layer Thickness
with Values M e a s u r e d in a Mach 8, 50-inch-Diameter
Conical Nozzle , . .
. . . .
. . . . . . . , . . . . , 42
Figure Page
8. Comparison of Calculated Boundary-Layer Thickness
with Value Measured in a Mach 8, 50-inch-Diameter
Contoured Nozzle . . . . .
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . 43
9. Correlation of Calculated Values of II with Experimental
Values. . . .. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .. . . . 44
10. Comparison of Values of H Calculated f r o m Eq. (A-24)
with Those from Ref. 26 f o r Hi = 1119 .. .
. . . . . . 45
11. Comparison of Various Equations for Incompressible
Mean Skin-Friction Coefficient . . . . . .
. . . . . . , 46
12. Comparison of Various Equations for Incompressible
Local Skin-Friction Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
13. Comparison of Various Equations Relating R 8 , with R x i . . 48
14. Comparison of Various Equations Relating IIi with R e i . . 49
15. Comparison of Various Equations Relating Ili with Rx i . . 50
 ABSTRACT

A method is developed for calculating the growth of a turbulent

boundary layer at hypersonic Mach numbers. Excellent agreement with
experimental results from axisymmetric nozzles has been obtained by
the application of this method. The method utilizes a modification of
Stewart son' s transformation to simplify the integration of the momentum
equation. Heat transfer is taken into account by evaluating the gas prop-
e r t i e s at Eckert's reference temperature and by using a modification
of Croccols quadratic for the temperature distribution in the boundary
layer. A new empirical relation i s used for the incompressible friction
coefficient which agrees with experimental data over a Reynolds num-
b e r range from lo5 to lo9.

NOMENCLATURE

Flow a r e a
Speed of sound
Local skin-friction coefficient
Mean skin- friction coefficient
Enthalpy
Boundary layer form factor
Mach number
Parameter in power-law equations for skin friction
Function defined in Eq. (4)
Pressure
Function defined in Eq. (4)
Radius of curvature of nozzle at the throat
Reynolds number based on x

Incompressible Reynolds number based on X

Reynolds number based on 8
Local distance from axis of flow to wall
Distance measured along wall surface
Temperature
Transformed velocity component parallel to wall
 Velocity component parallel to wall
Transformed coordinate along axis of flow
Coordinate along axis of flow
Transformed coordinate normal to wall
Coordinate normal to wall
Function defined in Eq. (20)
Function defined in Eq. (21)
Ratio of specific heats
Boundary-layer displacement thickness
Boundary-layer thickness
Boundary-layer momentum thickness
Dynamic viscosity
Density
Shearing s t r e s s at wall
Angle of wall surface with respect to axis

Subscripts

Value at adiabatic wall conditions

Value at free-stream static conditions
Value for incompressible flow
Value at free-stream stagnation conditions
Local stagnation temperature
Total
Transformed
Evaluated at the wall

Superscripts

* Evaluated at hl = 1 except 6*
,
Evaluated at reference temperature
 INTRODUCTION

Many investigators have studied the problem of calculating the

growth of turbulent boundary layers. F o r the incompressible adiabatic
case, such calculations a r e fairly straightforward since they depend
only upon the empirical relationship of the skin-friction coefficient with
Reynolds number when the p r e s s u r e gradients in the direction of flow
a r e favorable o r absent (Ref. 1). Even in the presence of adverse
p r e s s u r e gradients, empirical methods have been devised for the
purpose of predictin? the location of separation (Ref. 2).

As the speed of the gas outside the boundary layer increases, the
effects of compressibility on the skin-friction coefficient must also be
taken into account. For many cases in supersonic flow, the heat
t r a n s f e r between the gas and the wall may be neglected and methods
such a s Tucker's (Ref. 3 ) may be used to calculate the boundary-layer
growth. There is enough difference, however, between the free-
strea-m static temperature and the adiabatic wall temperature that some
intermediate "reference" temperature must be used for evaluating the
compressible skin-friction coefficient in order to obtain good
correlation with experimental results. Tucker uses a reference
temperature equal to the arithmetic average of the adiabatic wall
temperature and the free-stream static temperature.

F o r gases with a Prandtl number of 1, the adiabatic wall tempera-

ture i s equal to the stagnation temperature and the thermal boundary
layer has the same thickness a s the velocity boundary layer. For
gases such a s air which have a Prandtl number l e s s than 1, the
adiabatic wall temperature is l e s s than the stagnation temperature
and the thermal boundary layer is thicker than the velocity boundary
layer. Bartz (Ref. 4) attempts to take this effect into account,
together with the effect of heat transfer, by obtaining simultaneous
solutions of the momentum equation and the energy equation. He,
however, r e s t r i c t s his solution to a one-seventh-power velocity profile
and uses a reference temperature equal to the arithmetic average of
the wall temperature and free-stream static temperature.

When the wall temperature is much lower than the adiabatic wall
temperature (often the situation at hypersonic speeds), the reference
temperature should be somewhat higher than the arithmetic mean
between the wall and free-stream static temperature a s shown by
Sornmer and Short (Ref. 5) and Tendeland (Ref. 6). The reference
temperature suggested by Eckert (Ref. 7) correlates with existing
data a s well a s that used by Sommer and Short. P e r s h (Ref. 8)

Manuscript released by authors January 1959.

 attempts to account for this same effect by using a reference tempera-
ture equal to the temperature a t the edge of the laminar sub-layer,
where this temperature is defined a s a function of velocity ratio
according to Crocco's quadratic modified by using the adiabatic wall
temperature to account for the Prandtl number being l e s s than one.

One important use of an accurate method of calculating turbulent-

boundary-layer growth a t hypersonic Mach numbers is in the design of
axisymmetric hypersonic wind tunnels. The perfect-fluid (potential-
flow) contour can be accurately calculated by the method of character-
istics, but the attainment of uniform flow in the test region depends
also upon the accuracy of the boundary-layer correction to the
theoretical contour. Each of the available methods of calculating
boundary-layer growth possessed some drawback. This fact led to the
development of the method described herein, which utilizes a modifi-
cation of Stewartson's transformation (Ref. 9) to aid in the integration
' of the momentum equation. The main difference, however, between
this method and other methods is in the evaluation of the compressible
skin-friction coefficient and the transformed form factor. In o r d e r to
simplify the calculations, a new empirical equation was developed f o r
the incompressible skin-friction coefficient which agrees with experi-
mental data over a range of Reynolds number ( o x i ) from l O V 0 10' .
Excellent correlations have been obtained between experimental values
of boundary-layer displacement thickness and those calculated by this
met hod.

Since this method was developed primarily for hypersonic wind

tunnels, i t may not be suitable where adverse p r e s s u r e gradients a r e
present o r where the temperatures a r e sufficiently high to cause
dissociation.

DEVELOPMENTOFMETHOD

MOMENTUM EQUATION

F o r the purpose of this report, steady compressible flow is

assumed. Thus, the von Karman momentum equation for axisymmetric
flow can be written in the form:

d8 2-M1+H -
d M + L d r - -cf
ds ds r ds] - 2

In o r d e r to obtain a solution for the momentum thickness 8, the values

of 1 1 , and Cr must be known as a function of distance s along the
surface. F o r many cases, such a s wind tunnel nozzles, these values
a r e known a s a function of distance x along the center line. Since
~ q (1)
. may be written a s

When o is small, the assumption that s e c o = 1 can be made with

negligible consequences.

It can be recognized that Eq. (3) is a linear, f i r s t - o r d e r , ordinary

differential equation of the f o r m

which has the solution

Since P ( x ) and Q(X) a r e generally non-analytic functions of x , numerical

methods must be used to evaluate the indicated integrations.

The solution of Eq. (3) is considerably simplified, however,

through the use of the equations

and

which a r e obtained f r o m Stewartson's transformation a s shown i n

Appendix A. By substituting Eq. ( 6 ) and (7) into Eq. (3), the equation
is obtained. By multiplying Eq. (8) by r M , the left-hand side
+

becomes a perfect differential if Htr is assumed to be constant over

the interval of integration. Therefore,

Thus, the solution of the momentum equation is reduced to a single

integration which, in general, must be accomplished by numerical
methods.

Substitution of Eq. (6) into Eq. (9) yields

/

It may be noted that, a s long a s Ilt, a s defined by Eq. ( 7 ) is approxi-

mately constant, Eq. ( 6 ) and (7) may be considered to be merely
integrating aids irrespective of the validity of Stewartson's transfor-
mation.

When there is no heat transfer and the Prandtl number is one, the
transformed form factor becomes equal to the incompressible value.
In an attempt to account for heat transfer and for Prandtl numbers other
than one, use is made of Crocco's quadratic for the temperature
distribution in the boundary layer according to the equation

which is the form used by P e r s h (Ref. 8). As shown in Appendix A, the

use of this equation yields

Combining Eqs. (7) and (1 2) gives

T Taw
1 = I + - - I
To To

which relates the transformed form factor in t e r m s of the incompressible

value and the temperature ratios.
 F o r the evaluation of Eq. (1) for a particular problem, values of
r, XI, a, and y a r e given a s functions of x . With the wall temperature
given o r assumed a s a function of x , Ht, may be found by Eq. (13) in
t e r m s of H i . Still remaining to be determined a r e C f and Hi, which a r e
considered in subsequent sections.

DETERMINATION OF C f

The compressible skin-friction coefficient C f in Eq. (10) is a

function of Mach number, Reynolds number, and heat t r a n s f e r and is
defined in t e r m s of the shearing s t r e s s at the wall,

Ln the evaluation of C f , efforts a r e made to obtain empirical correlations

with the incompressible value which is a function of Reynolds number
based either on the momentum thickness o r distance,

The assumption has been made that there i s some reference point in
the compressible boundary layer where the temperature and density
a r e such that

where

and the values of p ' and p' a r e evaluated at the reference temperature.
Therefore,
Cf -
--.-
2
- ,( I '
Re
Cfl
-

2
= :.__
I',--

1. '
Cf'
2
(19)

since the p r e s s u r e is assumed to be constant through the boundary

layer.

It may be shown, however, that

F(Ro8) + +T
T
3
T'
G(RxY)
b y using the power-law equations f o r skin-friction coefficient

and

where

can be derived f r o m the incompressible relationships. In the absence of

p r e s s u r e gradient, Eq. (1) can be written a s

then

and, a f t e r integrating,

On the other hand, i f

then

and, a f t e r integrating,

It is obvious that Eq. (26) is not equal to Eq. (29), and t h e r e f o r e

Eq. (24) and Eq. (27) cannot both be c o r r e c t . Experimental c o r r e l a t i o n
m u s t be made to d e t e r m i n e which equation gives the b e t t e r r e s u l t s .

The determination of the p r o p e r value of r e f e r e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e to

be used m u s t a l s o depend upon experimental c o r r e l a t i o n . E c k e r t
(Ref. 7) suggests the r e l a t i o n

'I" = 0.5 Tw + 0.22 Taw + 0.28 Te

which, if the r e c o v e r y f a c t o r is equal to 0. 896, becomes

S o m m e r and Short (Ref. 5) suggest the r e l a t i o n

which, again i f the r e c o v e r y f a c t o r is equal t o 0. 896, b e c o m e s

E c k e r t ' s relation shows slightly g r e a t e r effects of both heat t r a n s f e r

and Mach number than does that of S o m m e r and Short and a p p e a r s to
give slightly b e t t e r c o r r e l a t i o n with the m e a g e r amount of data which
e x i s t s a t hypersonic Mach numbers. In o r d e r t o take into account the
effects of variable specific heat, E c k e r t s u g g e s t s the use of a r e f e r e n c e
enthalpy

f o r evaluating the physical p r o p e r t i e s of the gas. Although the

derivations described h e r e i n a r e developed f o r constant specific heat,
this modification can be e a s i l y substituted throughout.
 The correlation of theoretical r e s u l t s with experimental data can
be made by comparing the ratios of compressible skin-friction
coefficients to the incompressible value a t the s a m e f r e e - s t r e a m
Reynolds number. Most of the experimental data have been obtained
in wind tunnels. In the supersonic range up to a Mach number of about
5, stagnation t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e of the o r d e r of 100" F o r 560" R while
the static temperatures d e c r e a s e with increasing Mach number until a
value of about 100" R is reached. At higher Mach numbers, the
stagnation temperature is increased to maintain the static temperature
a t about 100°R in o r d e r to avoid liquefaction of the constituents of the
air. The temperature variation which is suggested for correlating
wind tunnel r e s u l t s is shown i n Fig. 1 along with E c k e r t l s reference
temperature f o r the adiabatic wall condition. The temperature range
is s o great that a simple power law f o r the variation of viscosity with
temperature is not valid, and Sutherland's law must be used above
198. 7" R. Below this temperature, t h e r e is some meager evidence
that the viscosity v a r i e s proportionally with the temperature (the curve
is tangent to the Sutherland curve). Misleading r e s u l t s can be obtained
i f such factors a r e not taken into account f o r correlation over a wide
range in Mach numbers.

A correlation of C f / C f i a s a function of Mach number is shown in

Fig. 2. The experimental data were taken f r o m Refs. 10 through 17
and a r e for approximately adiabatic wall conditions. The values of Cr,
used f o r the r a t i o s were obtained f r o m the relation

0 . 0 8 8 ( l o g H x i - 2.3686)
Cf. = --

1 (log I t X i - 1 . 5 ) '

which is developed in Appendix B. The values of C f were obtained

f r o m the relation

Cr = 2
r 0 . 0 8 8 ( l o g R,' - 2.3686)
T' (log R , ' - 1.5))

where

and R,, the f r e e - s t r e a m Reynolds number, is the s a m e a s R x i f o r this

curve. The static and r e f e r e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e s f r o m Fig. 1 w e r e used
to obtain the ratio of C f . / C f , shown i n Fig. 2. The good correlation
shown indicates that Eq. (36) provides an adequate method of determining
C r f o r use i n Eq. (10). It should b e noted that Eq. (36) is of the general
f o r m of Eq. (27) which therefore r e p r e s e n t s experimental r e s u l t s
better than Eq. (24).
 Much of the experimental data is available in t e r m s of I l o . The
corresponding value of R , can be found f r o m Eq. (36) in the s a m e
m a n n e r i n which Eq. (29) was obtained f r o m Eq. (27).

O.Ot-I clog 11,~'- 2.1686)

( l o g I{,' - 1 . ~ 1 ~

After integration

c r:
- -
8
- - -
- 119 = -e_'I' ~.
0.044. -.
2
( l o g I I ,' - 1 . s V
X
't x I '

Therefore

R* = 1' --
0 . 0 4 4 I{, '
Pe (log R, ' - 1.5)

F r o m this equation, the determination of Iln i s straightforward when I < , '

i s given; however, when R o i s given, R,' must be found by s o m e
i t e r a t i v e method such a s Newton's. In a s i m i l a r manner.

Once R x ' and I l x l a r e found to s a t i s f y Eqs. (40) and (41 ), C f and C r i can
be found f r o m Eqs. (36) and (35) f o r R n = 110~ and a new r a t i o of (:f ' C f ,
can be determined. Such a r a t i o is shown in Fig. 3 along with
experimental data f r o m Refs. 10, 11, 18, 19, and 20. Again, good
c o r r e l a t i o n i s shown, indicating that Eq. (36) is s a t i s f a c t o r y for the
determination of C f .

DETERMINATION OF H i

As shown previously by Eq. (13), the t r a n s f o r m e d f o r m factor can

be e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s of the incompressible, adiabatic f o r m factor and
t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o s . It is f u r t h e r shown in Appendix B that I l i i s r e l a t e d
to C f , by

and i s , therefore, a function of the incompressible Reynolds number.

Thus, t h e r e r e m a i n s the problem of determining the relation between
the c o m p r e s s i b l e and incompressible Reynolds number.

In the transformation of Eq. (3) into Eq. (8) by means of Eq. (6)
and (7), no transformation of s was involved. However, Eq. ( 8 ) can be
written a s
where U, is the transformed velocity (Appendix A) and the transformation
dx/dX must be defined. F o r incompressible flow, the momentum
equation can be written a s

-d +o i- Oi due;
(2+Ili) + -
e i -dL = 2
Cf
dxi Uei dxi r dxi 2 sec o

with fluid properties po and p o evaluated a t To. Comparison of these

equations indicates that the transformed flow m a y be considered in-
compressible if

where Cf is obtained a s a function of Reynolds number based on x and

C f i is obtained a s a function of Rx = po Ue X /po .
The original Stewartson's transformation used the relation

dX
dr
2(y- 1) = ( for y = 1.4

Culick and Hill (Ref. 21) using the stagnation temperature a s a

r e f e r e n c e temperature obtained the relation

-
- Y+l +- K - 1 4 - - 1
dX 20'-1) N N
dx for y = 1.4

Mager (Ref. 22) using a s t i l l different approach obtained the relation

dX =
- Pe T 2'~-1) T '
dx Lo(<) = ( ) for y = 1.4

which reduces to Stewartson's transformation if the viscosity is assumed

proportional to the temperature.

If Eqs. (35) and (36) a r e substituted into Eq. (45), the r e s u l t i s ,

since R x = R x i ,
,--
(%) - -

{I, - (log R g - 2 . 3 6 8----

6) dRX =
20'-1) 're
-- -
(log I { , ' - 2.3686) -
p' d R x ' (49)
p, U, (log H X - 1.5)' 'r' (i~g~.'-i.s)' p'~e
 A E D C - T R-59-3

which, a f t e r integrating, yields

Since

Eq. (50) r e d u c e s to

-.---
Rx - IL
- Rx' -

(log R X - 1.5)' p (log R, '- 1.5)

which r e l a t e s the i n c o m p r e s s i b l e Reynolds number t o the r e f e r e n c e

Reynolds number. Eq. (51) cannot be solved d i r e c t l y f o r Ilm, but the
use of Newton's approximation with R x = ( / L : I ~ ~ ) I Ia~s' the f i r s t
approximation yields a s a second approximation

which is sufficiently a c c u r a t e t o d e t e r m i n ef r o m Eq. (35). This

(:fi

value of C f , is then used i n Eq. (42) t o d e t e r m i n e I l i , a f t e r which l l t , can

be found f r o m Eq. (13) f o r u s e i n integrating Eq. (10).

APPI-ICATION TO AXISYMMETRIC TUNNELS

In the application of Eq. (10) to calculate the boundary l a y e r growth

of a n a x i s y m m e t r i c wind tunnel, the calculations a r e usually begun a t
the t h r o a t w h e r e the Mach number is unity. Equation (10) can thus be
written
Y+ 1
= 0- (*)T Z(Y-1)
In many c a s e s , the momentum thickness a t the throat 8* can be assumed
t o be equal t o z e r o without appreciably affecting the values calculated
n e a r the end of the nozzle.

The Reynolds number a t the t h r o a t m u s t be b a s e d upon a value of x

which is other than z e r o i n o r d e r t o s t a r t with a finite value of Cr. A
useful approximation f o r this initial value of X * can be obtained i n t h e
m a n n e r suggested b y Sibulkin in Ref. 23. T h e velocity gradient a t the
t h r o a t is obtained i n t e r m s of the r a d i u s of c u r v a t u r e a t the throat:

It i s then a s s u m e d that t h e velocity gradient is constant f r o m z e r o t o

t h e throat s o that

Therefore,

T h e Reynolds number a t each point along the nozzle is thus b a s e d upon

a value of x equal to X * plus the distance f r o m the t h r o a t t o t h e point.
In general, the distance s along the nozzle contour m a y b e a s s u m e d t o
b e equal t o the distance x along the a x i s f o r the purpose of determining
the Reynolds number.

The above approximation c a n a l s o b e used t o e s t i m a t e the momentum

thickness a t the t h r o a t with the additional assumption that the values
of the r e f e r e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e and t h e r e f e r e n c e Reynolds n u m b e r a r e
constant and equal t o the values a t t h e throat. Equation (10) m a y then
b e written

Y+l Y+l +1
2+Htr d u e /dM
dhl
due l d x (57)

Since
and

thus, after substitution and rearranging,

o r , when y = 1.4,

0.0694(10g R,. '- 2.3686) To dM

o* =
(log uX. '- 1.5)~T * ' (1 + 0 . 2 ~ ~ ) '

The integration indicated in Eq. (61) can be performed analytically f o r

values of 11 t, which a r e odd multiples of 0. 5. F o r intermediate values,
the integration must be performed numerically. The r e s u l t s of such
integrations a r e shown in Fig. 4,

F o r conical nozzles in which radial flow can be assumed, the

Mach number is constant over each spherical segment of a r e a 2n 1 / ( 1 + cos o),
Since the throat a r e a is nr*',

f r o m which
Then, s i n c e dr/dx = tan o

5-3)'

dx = 2 L d+ F 1 cos a -~ ( +1 ~ 1 )4 ( y - 1 ) c 0 t
y+l a dM
(6 5)

Substituting Eqs. (63) and (65) into Eq. (10) yields

+ r* ( 1 + cos o)c a c
(66)

As before, if t h e r e f e r e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e and r e f e r e n c e Reynolds number

can be a s s u m e d t o be constant,

and, if = 1.4,

+
0.00637 (log H, ' - 2.3686) To r * Cot 5 (68)
(log R , ' - 1.5)' T '

T h e integration indicated in Eq. (68) can b e p e r f o r m e d analytically

when Fltr i s a n integer and numerically when Fit, is not an integer. T h e
r e s u l t s of such integrations a r e shown i n Fig. 5 where the integration
i n each c a s e is performed, f o r convenience, o v e r t h e i n t e r v a l f r o m
1 t o h l . Obviously,
 F o r the general c a s e of conical and contoured nozzles, the r e f e r e n c e
temperature and Reynolds number a r e not constant, and f o r the con-
toured nozzle the radius is not an analytic function of the Mach number.
Equation (53) must therefore be used downstream of the throat while
Eq. (60) o r (61) can be used to estimate the value a t the throat. In
many cases, the variation of R x over the length of the nozzle is s m a l l
enough that a constant average value of 1 J i can be used and the computa-
tions involved can thereby be simplified.

Values of boundary-layer displacement thickness calculated by the

method described a r e compared with experimental values i n Figs. 6
and 7 for Mach 7 and 8 conical nozzles and in Fig. 8 for a Mach 8
contoured nozzle. The experimental data were obtained i n the 50-inch-
diameter nozzles of the Gas Dynamics Facility. The agreement shown
is considered to be extremely good.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

A method has been developed for calculating the growth of a

turbulent boundary layer a t hypersonic Mach numbers. Excellent
agreement with experimental r e s u l t s f r o m axisymmetric nozzles has
been obtained through the application of this method. The b a s i s for the
calculations is Eq. (10) wherein the compressible skin-friction
coefficient is obtained f r o m Eq. (36), and the transformed f o r m factor
is given by Eq. (13) in which the incompressible f o r m factor is related
by Eq. (42) to the incompressible skin-friction coefficient evaluated a t
the incompressible Reynolds number given by Eq. (52).
 APPENDIX A

STEWARTSON'S 'TRANSFORMATION

In the Stewartson's t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , as given i n Ref. 9, the distance

n o r m a l t o the s u r f a c e is t r a n s f o r m e d by t h e r e l a t i o n

and the velocity p a r a l l e l to the s u r f a c e is t r a n s f o r m e d b y the r e l a t i o n

U = " a"
(A-2)
E x t e r n a l of the boundary l a y e r

s o that

T h e definition of boundary-layer m o m e n t u m thickness is

w h e r e A is the value of y w h e r e both velocity and t e m p e r a t u r e r e a c h

t h e i r f r e e - s t r e a m values. Substitution of Eqs. (A-1) and (A-4) into
Eq. (A-5) yields

T h e t r a n s f o r m e d m o m e n t u m t h i c k n e s s is defined as

s o that
 Y+ 1 Y+ 1
6 = e,, Y - 1 Y)
(1 + - 20'-1) = etr (To)21~-I)
2

It m a y be noted that Eq. (A-7) h a s the f o r m f o r i n c o m p r e s s i b l e flow,

although the s h a p e of the velocity profile is distorted by the t r a n s -
f o r m a t i o n ( s e e Ref. 24).

In a s i m i l a r manner, the boundary-layer displacement thickness is

defined by the equation

Since the p r e s s u r e is a s s u m e d t o b e constant through the boundary

l a y e r , Eq. (A-10) m a y be written a s

The s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e distribution through the boundary l a y e r m a y b e

expressedby

(A- 1 2)

where T, is the l o c a l stagnatior, t e m p e r a t u r e corresponding t o the local

s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e 'I'. Substituting Eqs. (A-1), (A-4), and (A-12) into
Eq. (A-11) yields

(A- 14)

where, by definition

(A- 15)
W h e n T, is c o n s t a n t a n d e q u a l t o To, E q . (A-15) h a s t h e f o r m f o r i n -
c o m p r e s s i b l e flow.

D i v i s i o n of Eq. ( 8 - 1 4) b y Eq. (A-8) y i e l d s

(A- 1 6 )

E q u a t i o n s ( 8 - 9 ) a n d (A-17) w e r e u s e d t o t r a n s f o r m E q . ( 3 ) . E q u a t i o n
(A-1 5 ) m a y b e w r i t t e n as

(A- 1 8 )

s o that

H,, = --

where

( A - 20)

In o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e Eq. (A-19), u s e is m a d e of C r o c c o f s q u a d r a t i c
t e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n , w r i t t e n as i n Ref. 8,

(A- 21 )

which a s s u m e s that the t h e r m a l boundary l a y e r h a s the s a m e thickness

as t h e v e l o c i t y b o u n d a r y l a y e r . T h i s would o c c u r only if t h e P r a n d t l
n u m b e r i s unity. H o w e v e r , Eq. (A-21 ) p a r t i a l l y a c c o u n t s f o r P r a n d t l
n u m b e r s o t h e r t h a n unity t h r o u g h t h e u s e of t h e a d i a b a t i c w a l l t e m p e r a -
t u r e i n s t e a d of t h e s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e . S u b s t i t u t i o n of Eq. ( A - 21 )
i n t o Eq. (A-1 1), a l o n g with E q s . (A-1) a n d (A-4) y i e l d s
 (A-23)

Division of Eq. (A-23)by (A-8)yields

(A-24)
Equations (A-24)and (A-17) may b e combined s o that

(A-25)

The variation of 11 according to Eq. (A-24)a s a function of Mach

number is compared i n Fig. 9 with experimental r e s u l t s f r o m Refs. 10
and 25 and in Fig. 10 with the tabulated r e s u l t s f r o m Ref. 26. The
correlation is considered to be very good and justifies the derivation
described.
 AEDC-T R-59-3

APPENDIX B

INCOMPRESSIBLE SKIN-FRICTION COEFFICIENTS

A great many empirical equations have been developed f o r the

variation of the local and mean skin-friction coefficients with Reynolds
number for incompressible flow. Probably the most simple to u s e a r e
the power-law equations

where

F o r a limited range of Reynolds numbers, values of a , P , and U can be

considered t o be constant; but, f o r a l a r g e range of Reynolds numbers,
their values m u s t also b e functions of the Reynolds number.

Locke (Ref. 27) investigated a number of the empirical equations

and found that Schoenherr ' s equation

gave a good correlation with a v e r y l a r g e amount of experimental data

over the wide range of Reynolds numbers f r o m l o 5 t o 1 0 ' . Other f o r m s
of this equation a r e

-- - log ( 2 Ro,)
\Ti
AEDC-TR-59-3

and

( 0.242 1'
Cfi =
(B-7)
log ( 2 RO, ) [ log ( 2 R O , ) + 0.8686 I

Although S c h o e n h e r r ' s equations c o r r e l a t e well with experimental

r e s u l t s , they a r e difficult t o use b e c a u s e neither Cr, o r C F , c a n b e found
d i r e c t l y a s a function of R X i. Tables can be constructed f o r use when the
computing is done manually; however, m o r e d i r e c t equations a r e d e s i r e d
f o r u s e with automatic computers. Any s e t of equations m u s t s a t i s f y the
relationship

After an investigation of s e v e r a l types of equations, the equations

CF. =
0.088
( l o g H x i - 1.5)'

and

0.088 ( l o g R , , - 2.3686)
Cf. =
(log Rxi - 1.5)~

w e r e found to c o r r e l a t e with experimental data a s well a s S c h o e n h e r r ' s

equations over the range of Reynolds n u m b e r s f r o m 10' to l o 9 . A
comparison of values of C F , calculated f r o m Eq. (B-10) with those f r o m
Eq. (B-5) i s shown i n Fig. 11 together with the "ideal" values f r o m
Ref. 28 and 29. A s i m i l a r comparison of values of Cr, is shown in
Fig. 1 2 together with experimental values of Dhawan (Ref. 30), Schultz-
Grunow (Ref. 31), and Kempf (Ref. 32). T h e s e data a r e recognized a s
being among the m o s t accurately d e t e r m i n e d values available. A
f u r t h e r c o m p a r i s o n of R e i a s a function of R x i is made i n Fig. 13 with
the experimental values of Wieghardt (Ref. 33). All of these c o m -
p a r i s o n s indicate the validity of Eqs. (B-10) and (B-11).

A c r i t i c a l examination of the curve of Eq. (B-10) shows that it

c r o s s e s S c h o e n h e r r ' s curve a t a Reynolds number of about l o ' and again
a t about 5 x l o ' . Moreover, i t goes to infinity when log R X i = 1. 5 o r
nxi = 3 2. F u r t h e r m o r e , the curve of Eq. ( B - 11) h a s z e r o slope when
log R x i = 2. 3686 o r R x i = 234. Both of these conditions a r e well below
the range f o r turbulent boundary l a y e r s and a r e , therefore, of
academic interest only. The values of the constants, 0. 088 and 1. 5,
could have been chosen to agree better with Colesf values but the
experimental values do not warrant such a selection.

The incompressible f o r m factor H i is a l s o a function of Reynolds

number and is shown in Ref. 29 to be related to the skin-friction
coefficient in the manner,
1
Hi =
1-7 -4 (B- 12)

where the constant 7 (although different from that of Ref. 29) is chosen
for correlation with experimental data. Such correlations a r e shown
in Figs. 14 and 15. Again the correlations a r e quite satisfactory.

F o r comparative purposes, values of C F i , Cr,, R e i , and Fli are

listed in Table 1 f o r various values of Rxi f r o m 10' to 10'. Also
listed a r e the values of N obtained f r o m Eq. (B-3) which show that the
use of Eqs. (B-1) and (B-2) must be limited to s m a l l ranges of
Reynolds number.
 REFERENCES

1. Granville, P a u l S. "A Method f o r the Calculation of the Turbulent

Boundary L a y e r i n a P r e s s u r e Gradient. Rep. 75 2, Navy
Dept., The David W. Taylor Model B a s i n (Washington, D. C. ),
May 1951.
2. Tetervin, Neal and Lin, Chia Chiao. "A G e n e r a l I n t e g r a l F o r m of
the Boundary-Layer Equation f o r I n c o m p r e s s i b l e Flow with
a n Application t o the Calculation of the Separation Point of
Turbulent Boundary L a y e r s . " NACA Rept. 1046, 1951.
3. Tucker, Maurice. "Approximate Calculation of Turbulent
Boundary-Layer Development i n C o m p r e s s i b l e Flow, "
NACA TN 2337, April 1951.
4. B a r t z , D. R. 1 1 An Approximate Solution of C o m p r e s s i b l e Turbulent
Boundary-Layer Developme nt and Convective Heat T r a n s f e r i n
Convergent -Divergent Nozzles. ' I J P L CIT, P r o g r e s s Report
No. 20-234, J u l y 1954.
5. S o m m e r , Simon C . , and Short, B a r b a r a J. "Free- light
M e a s u r e m e n t s of Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Skin F r i c t i o n i n
the P r e s e n c e of S e v e r e Aerodynamic Heating a t Mach N u m b e r s
f r o m 2.8 t o 7.0. ' I NACA TN 3391, M a r c h 1955.
6. Tendeland, Thorval. " ~ f f e c t sof Mach Number and Wall-
T e m p e r a t u r e Ratio on Turbulent Heat T r a n s f e r a t Mach
Numbers f r o m 3 to 5." NACA TN 4236, April 1958.
7. E c k e r t , E . R. G. I I Survey on Heat T r a n s f e r a t High Speeds. 11

WADC Technical R e p o r t 54-70, April 1954.

8. P e r s h , J e r o m e . "A T h e o r e t i c a l Investigation of Turbulent
Boundary-Layer Flow with Heat T r a n s f e r a t Supersonic and
Hypersonic Speeds. NAVORD Report 3854, May 1955.
II
9. Reshotko, E l i and T u c k e r , Maurice. Approximate Calculation
of the C o m p r e s s i b l e Turbulent Boundary L a y e r with Heat
T r a n s f e r and A r b i t r a r y P r e s s u r e Gradient. NACA TN 4154,
D e c e m b e r 1957.
10. Coles, Donald. I I M e a s u r e m e n t s i n the Boundary L a y e r on a
Smooth F l a t P l a t e i n Supersonic Flow, 111. M e a s u r e m e n t s i n
II
a F l a t - P l a t e Boundary L a y e r a t the J e t P r o p u l s i o n L a b o r a t o r y .
J P L Report No. 20-71, June 1953.
11. Lobb, L. K., Winkler, E. M, and P e r s h , J e r o m e . "NOL
Hypersonic Tunnel No. 4 R e s u l t s VII: Experimental Investiga-
II
tion of Turbulent Boundary L a y e r s i n Hypersonic Flow.
NAVORD Report No. 3880, ARR 26 2, M a r c h 1955.
12. Chapman, Dean R. and K e s t e r , R o b e r t H. 1 1 M e a s u r e m e n t s of
Turbulent Skin F r i c t i o n on C y l i n d e r s i n Axial Flow a t Subsonic
and Supersonic Velocities. I I P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t 21st Meeting,
I. A. S., New York, N. Y., J a n u a r y 26-29, 1953 ( P r e p r i n t No.
391).
13. Fallis, W. B. I IHeat T r a n s f e r i n t h e T r a n s i t i o n a l and Turbulent
Boundary L a y e r s on F l a t P l a t e a t Supersonic Speeds. " UTIA
Rep 19, University of Toronto, May 195 2.
14. P a p p a s , C. C. 1 1 M e a s u r e m e n t of Heat T r a n s f e r i n t h e Turbulent
Boundary L a y e r on a F l a t P l a t e i n Supersonic Flow, and
C o m p a r i s o n with S k i n - F r i c t i o n Results. " NACA TN 3222,
June 1954.
15. Humble, L. V., Lowdermilk, W. H., and Desman, L. G .
II
M e a s u r e m e n t s of A v e r a g e H e a t - T r a n s f e r and F r i c t i o n
Coefficients f o r Subsonic Flow of A i r i n Smooth T u b e s a t High
S u r f a c e and Fluid T e m p e r a t u r e s . " NACA R e p o r t 1020, 1951.
16. De Coursin, D. G . , Bradfield, W. S., and Sheppard, J. J.
II
M e a s u r e m e n t of Turbulent Heat T r a n s f e r on Bodies of
Revolution a t Supersonic Speed. " JAS 23, M a r c h 1956,
pp 272-3. Also WADC R e p o r t 53-379, F e b r u a r y 1954.
17. Monaghan, R. J. and Cooke, J. R. 1 1T h e M e a s u r e m e n t of Heat
T r a n s f e r and Skin F r i c t i o n a t Supersonic Speeds. " P a r t 111
II
M e a s u r e m e n t s of O v e r a l l Heat T r a n s f e r and of t h e Associated
Boundary L a y e r s on a F l a t P l a t e a t M i = 2.43. l 1 Tech. Note
AERO 21 29, B r i t i s h R. A. E . , D e c e m b e r 1951.
II
18. Hill, F. K. IIBoundary-Layer M e a s u r e m e n t s i n Hypersonic Flow.
JAS 23, J a n u a r y 1956, pp 35 - 42.
19. Korkegi, R. H. 1 1T r a n s i t i o n Studies and Skin-Friction M e a s u r e -
m e n t s on a n Insulated F l a t P l a t e a t a Mach Number of 5.8. 1 1
JAS 23, F e b r u a r y 1956, p p 97 - 107, 192.
20. Brinich, P. F. , and Diaconis, N. S. I IBoundary-Layer Development
and Skin F r i c t i o n a t Mach Number 3.05. " NACA TN 2742,
J u l y 1952.
21. Culick, F r e d E. C. , and Hill, J a c q u e s A. F. "A Turbulent Analog
of t h e S t e w a r t s o n - Illingworth T r a n s f o r m a t i o n . " JAS 25,
April 1958, pp 259 - 26 2.
22. Mager, A r t u r . I IT r a n s f o r m a t i o n of the C o m p r e s s i b l e Turbulent
Boundary L a y e r . " JAS 25, May 1958, pp 305 - 311.
23. Sibulkin, Merwin. eat T r a n s f e r t o a n I n c o m p r e s s i b l e Turbulent
Boundary L a y e r and E s t i m a t i o n of H e a t - T r a n s f e r Coefficients
a t Supersonic Nozzle T h r o a t s . " J P L R e p o r t No. 20-78,
J u l y 1954.
Reshotko, E l i and T u c k e r , Maurice. " ~ f f e c t sof a Discontinuity
on a Turbulent Boundary-Layer-Thickness P a r a m e t e r with
Application t o Shock-Induced Separation. I ' NACA TN 3454,
May 1955.
Baron, Judson R. I I Analytic Design of a F a m i l y of Supersonic
Nozzles b y the F r i e d r i c h s Method. " WADC TR 54-279,
J u n e 1954.
11
Tabulation of C o m p r e s s i b l e Turbulent-Boundary-Layer P a r a m -
e t e r s . I ' NAVORD Report No. 428 2, May 1956.
Locke, F. W. S., Jr. 11Navaer Recommended Definition of
II
Turbulent F r i c t i o n i n I n c o m p r e s s i b l e Fluids. B u r e a u of
Aeronautics, Navy Dept., DR Report No. 1415, J u n e 1952.
Smith, Donald W. and Walker, John H. I I Skin F r i c t i o n M e a s u r e -
m e n t s i n I n c o m p r e s s i b l e Flow. " NACA TN 4231, M a r c h 1958.
Coles, Donald. I f M e a s u r e m e n t s i n the Boundary L a y e r on a
Smooth F l a t P l a t e i n Supersonic Flow, I. The P r o b l e m of
the Turbulent Boundary L a y e r . I ' J P L Report No. 20-69,
June 1953.
Dhawan, Satish. I I D i r e c t M e a s u r e m e n t s of Skin F r i c t i o n . " NACA
Report No. 11 21, 1953 (Supersedes NACA TN 2567).
Schultz-Grunow, F. I I New F r i c t i o n a l R e s i s t a n c e Law f o r Smooth
P l a t e s . I t NACA TM 986, 1940.
I1
Kempf, von Gunther. I I Neue E r g e b n i s s e d e r Widerstandsforschung.
Werft, Reederei, Hafen, Vol. 10, No. 11, pp 234- 239;
No. 1 2 pp 247-253, 1929.
Wieghardt, K. " ~ u mReibungswiderstand r a u h e r Platten. I ' ZWB,
KWI, U and M 661 2, Sept. 1944. See a l s o " ~ l b e rdie
turbulente s t r 6 m u n g i m Rohr und l i n g s e i n e r P l a t t e . I ' ZAMM,
Vol. 24, No. 5 16, pp 294-296, 1944.
Hama, F. R. 11The Turbulent Boundary L a y e r Along a F l a t P l a t e ,
I and 11. " (in Japanese) Reports of the Institute of Science and
Technology, Tokyo I m p e r i a l University, Vol. I, No. 1,
pp 1 3 - 16. No. 3 - 4, pp 49 - 50, 1947.
 TABLE 1

INCOMPRESSIBLE SKIN FRICTION VALUES

 I I I I I I I I I I
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MACH NUMBER

Fig. 1 Temperature Variations Used for Correlating Wind funnel Results

 0 CHAPMAN A N D K E S T E R 6.0<~x~l0-~<16.0
h PAPPAS I.o<R~xIo-~<~~.~
a HUMBLE, L O W D E R M I L K , A N D DESMAN 1 . O<RX ~ 1 0 - ~ < 1 0 . 0

1.0
0 COLES 3.0<Rxx10-~<10.0
4.0 <Rx ~ 1 0 - ~ < . 49
1.2<f?x~l0-~<6.0
0 DECOURSIN, BRADFIELD, AND SHEPPARD RX=~.OXIO
MON4GHAN AND COOK€ Rx= 1 . 0 ~ 1 0
0:e

0.6
*.-
K*
0
0;4

0;2

MACH NUMBER n
a

Fig. 2 correlation of Calculated Ratios, C J C ~ , ,with Experimental Values Based upon R.

 0 HILL
L O B B , W I N K L E R , AND PERSH
V BRINICH AND DIACONIS
[1\ KORKEGI
MONAGHAN AND COOK€
0 COLES

I I 1 I I 1
i 1 I I

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to
M A C H NUMBER

Fig. 3 Correlation of Calculated Ratios, Cf/Cf,, with Experimental Values Based upon Ro
Fig. 4 Values of Integral Used in Calcu4ating Boundary-Layer Thickness a t the
Throat of an Axisymmetric N o z z l e
 frcc:6'6
0 MEASURED DISPLACEMENT THICKNESS
- PRESENT THEORY Tw = 520°R y.l/O
PO= 390 P S l A
3.0

M 5.08
I . Tw= 52S0 R
LLI: TO= llOOOR .
Po = 350 P S l A
.o -

n I 1
-0 40 80 " 120 16 0 200 24 0 280
DISTANCE ALONG TUNNEL 6 , INCHES

Fig. 6 Comparison of Calculated Boundary-Layer Thickness with Values Measured in a Mach 7,

50-inch-Diameter Conical Nozzle
 A REF. 2 5
0 REF. 10
- EQUATION 12

0 I 2 3 4 5
MACH NUMBER

Fig. 9 Correlation of Calculated Values of H with Experimental Values

 - EQUATION A - 24
--I
REF. 26

MACH NUMBER

Fig. 10 Comparison of Values of H Calculated from Eq. (A-24) with Those

from Ref. 26 for Hi = 11/9
l i l i r i
W W W
a a a
Fig. 13 Comparison of Various Equations Relating R with R,
'i i
 D REF. 3 4 SERIES T
0 REF. 3 4 SERIES E
0 REF. 3 3 . 3 3 . 0 METERS/SEC
0 REF. 3 3 . 1 7 . 6 METERS/SEC

Fig. 14 Comparison of Various Equations Relating Hi with R

0,