Liwang Final DEDR Vol 1 - 20190425 PDF

Submission Information Sheet
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (Sector) Project;

Name of Project
Liwang, Rolpa
TSTWSSSP/CS-01/070-71
Contract No Western Regional Design Supervision and Management
Consultant (WRDSMC)
Ministry of Water Supply,

Project Executing Agency
Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Management
Implementing Agency Project Management Office
Loaning Agency Asian Development Bank
Project Commencement Date 7 June 2015
Building Design Authority ( BDA) – Plush Engineering &

Consultant Engineer
Architects ( PEA) – (JV)
Team Leader Er. Shiva Ratna Rajbahak
Submission Information
Name of the report Final Detailed Engineering Design Report (DEDR)
No. of Volumes 6
Version No. 1
Date of Submission July 2018, Revised on April 2019
Copies produced 3
1. Mr. Shiva Ratna Rajbahak

2. Mr. Dipendra Raj Pokherel
3. Mr. Dhruba Raj Sharma
4. Dr. Anoop Shresthacharya
Personals involved in the
5. Mr. Triratna Shakya
production of the report :
6. Mr. Chandeswor Mahato
7. Mr. Aashutosh Aryal
8. Mr. Niranjan Neupane
1. Mr. Dhruba Raj Sharma

Checked and reviewed by
2. Mr. Shiva Ratna Rajbahak
UWSSP (Liwang Town Project, Rolpa) Final Detailed Engineering Design Report
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We, Building Design Authority Pvt. Ltd. and Plush Engineers and Architects (P) Ltd. Joint
Venture (BDA-PEA JV) express our sincere thanks to the Project Management Office,
TSTWSSSP/DWSS/MoUD/GON and ADB for entrusting us to carry out Feasibility Study,
Detailed Engineering Design; Construction Supervision and Management of Batch II, Package
IV projects and subsequently of four additional financing projects of Western Regional towns.
We would also like to thank Mr.Bidya Nath Bhattarai, Project Director for his kind help in
providing valuable guidance and information. We further like to express our sincere thanks to
Mr. Purna Prasad Upadhyaya, Project Manager, Western Region Project Management Office
(WRPMO) for his valuable suggestions and co-operations in connection to preparing this
report. We also thank to Mr. Ram Kumar Shrestha, Deputy Project Director, PMO and
concerned experts for their valuable suggestions.
We also extend our special thanks to Mr. Liladhar Acharya, Chairperson, Mr. Khati Gharti, Vice
Chairperson and other members of Liwang Town Water Users and Sanitation Committee for
their valuable support while conducting topographical survey and socio-economic survey and
providing information during field visits.
Joint Venture:
Building Design Authority (P) Ltd.
Plush Engineers & Architects (P) Ltd.
Kamaladi, Kathmandu
BDA-PEA (JV) i April - 2019

ACRONYMS
ADB Asian Development Bank

BS Bikram Sambat
CI Cast Iron
DDC District Development Committee
DED Detailed Engineering Design
DI Ductile Iron
DSC Design and Supervision Consultant
DWSSM Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Management
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
GI Galvanized Iron
HDPE High Density Polyethylene Pipe
GoN Government of Nepal
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
ICG Implementation Core Group
LB Local Bodies
LPCD Liter Per Capita Per Day
MP Member of Parliament
MPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
OHT Over Head Tank
PMO Project Management Office
PPTA Project Preparation Technical Assistance
PPM Parts Per Million
RT Reservoir Tank
SSTWSSSP Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
TDF Town Development Fund
TM Transmission Main
TOR Term of Reference
TPO Town Project Office
TSTWSSSP Third Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
UWSSP Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (Sector) Project
VDC Village Development Committee
WRPMO Western Region Project management Office
WRDSMC Western Region Design Supervision and Management
Consultancy
WHO World Health Organization
WSSDO Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office
WUSC Water Users and Sanitation Committee
WUA Water Users Association
BDA-PEA (JV) ii April - 2019

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Introduction
This Detailed Engineering Design Report (DEDR) on Liwang Town Project of Urban Water Supply and
Sanitation (Sector) Project (UWSSP) has been prepared with the purpose of mainly ensuring the
participation of the beneficiaries in the project from the beginning of the project cycle i.e. from project
preparation stage to final operation and takeover of the project. The preliminary design of water supply
and sanitation system, estimate and cost sharing arrangements, cost recovery and tariff collection
mechanism, and implementation arrangements etc. including scenario on alternative sources are all
covered in this report.
2. Project Area
The proposed Town Project of Water Supply and Sanitation Sector is located at Liwang Municipality in
Rolpa district of Rapti zone. The proposed service area of the project covers parts of ward nos. 5, 6 7
and 8 of Liwang Municipality of Rolpa district.
Refer water supply service area drawing wherein the limits of supply are demarcated. The 2016
household survey conducted by WRDSMC in association with WUSC is summarized in table below.
Table: Service Area, HH and Population
Ward No Population
Municipality Cluster / Settlements HHs Rental
New Old Permanent Total
(Floating)
1 8 Purano Bamruk, Mewang, Bamruk
Mulpani, Siwang, Reeuga, Thaliwang,
2 5&6 Kavrekharka, Pipalchautara,
Liwang Khanepani Tole, Bich Bazar Tole 1060 5809 181 5990
Loktantrik Chowk, Bich Bazar Tole,
Sibalaya Tole, Prasasan Tole, Jilla
4 7
Bikas Tole, Solowang, Balmandir
Tole, Kami Tole
Total 1060 5809 181 5990
3. Population Projection
While projecting the population, population density and other factor were also considered. Probable
growth pattern like low medium, medium and high were studied.
The distribution system wise population projection for base year and for design year is presented below:
Table : Designated Service Area, Growth Rate and Population Density
Survey Year (2016) Location

Adopted
Growth Area Population Growth Ward Ward
Population Remarks
Zone (Ha) House Density Rate No. No.
holds Own Floating (%)
Total New Old
House / Rental
High Adjacent to
2 5&6
Growth 94.315 388 2126 84 2210 23.43 3.0 Highway
Zone 4 7 (High Growth)
1 8 Disperse
Medium
2 5&6 Settlement
Growth 159.466 341 1869 66 1935 12.13 2.5
Zone (Medium
4 7
Growth)
Low
1 8 Agricultural
Medium
52.095 331 1814 31 1845 35.42 2.0
Growth (Low Medium
Zone 4 7
Growth)
Sum
305.876 1060 5809 181 5990 19.58
Total
BDA-PEA (JV) iii April - 2019

The following table summarizes the subsystem wise population projection up to the design year 2039:
Table 5.8: Subsystem wise Population Projection

Survey Year (2016) Base Year (2019) Design Year (2039)
Distribution Sub- Population Population Population
System
Own Own Own
Floating Total Floating Total Floating Total
House House House
Old Bamruk 230 3 233 246 3 249 379 5 384
Bamruk-Badichaur-
455 24 479 490 26 516 803 42 845
Mewang
Mewang-Deubuje 186 15 201 201 16 217 334 29 363
Tudikhel-Solowang 1195 16 1211 1278 17 1295 2010 28 2038
Sikshya 274 12 286 299 13 312 541 24 565
Siwalaya-Bichbazar 1441 48 1489 1555 52 1607 2604 87 2691
Kavrakharka 1102 27 1129 1200 29 1229 2128 52 2180
Siwang-Reeuga 926 36 962 1002 39 1041 1688 65 1753
Total 5809 181 5990 6271 195 6466 10487 332 10819
4. Water Demand
The water demand scenario for Liwang Town WSP comprises of domestic, institutional, offices and
commercial/industrial water demand and has been calculated as per the TSTWSSSP guidelines. Table
below summarizes the total water demand for the survey year 2016, base year 2019 and design year
2039.
Table: Water Demand
3
Demand (m /day)
S.No. Description Unit Year Year Year Year Year Year
2016 2019 2024 2029 2034 2039
1 Revenue Demand
3
1a Domestic Demand m /d 526.78 568.94 667.58 784.93 931.24 1081.90
3
1b Non Domestic Demand m /d 419.30 440.57 481.45 526.60 578.83 637.91
3
Total Revenue Demand m /d 946.08 1009.51 1149.03 1311.53 1510.07 1719.81
2 Non-Revenue Demand
3
2a Fire Fighting Demand m /d 5.81 6.27 7.13 8.10 9.22 10.49
3
2b Leakage and Wastage m /d 94.61 100.95 114.91 131.16 151.01 171.98
Total Non-Revenue 3
m /d 100.42 107.22 122.04 139.26 160.23 182.47
Demand
3
m /d 1046.50 1116.73 1271.07 1450.79 1670.30 1902.28
3 Total Daily Demand
lps 12.11 12.93 14.71 16.79 19.33 22.02
BDA-PEA (JV) iv April - 2019

5. Major Components of the Project

Source: Liwang has numerous spring sources. The water supply scheme is conceptualized to use
spring sources. Four spring sources as mentioned in the Table below provide the taping discharge.
Table Source and Taping Design Discharge
Dry Season Proposed to Tap (lps)

S.No. Sources Discharge Gravity Pumping Total
(lps) Scheme Scheme (lps)
1 Mulkhola 9.3 5.00 3.31 8.31
2 Sattale 13.6 6.67 6.67
3 Mulpani 14.6 4.03 4.03
4 Rimkhola 5.3 3.08 3.08
TOTAL 42.80 5.00 17.09 22.09
Treatment Facilities: The water treatment process has been selected based on the raw water quality.
The proposed treatment process aims to remove the high concentrations of turbidity present in the raw
water. It also kills pathogenic organisms present in raw water and ensures the presence of residual
chlorine to kill the pathogenic organisms during the conveyance of treated water in pipelines. The
treatment process consists of pressure filters and disinfection units.
Transmission main
Transmission mains of 10,071 m are estimated to convey water from source to distribution reservoirs of
all the schemes. GI pipes are proposed for pumping schemes. Transmission pipes for all the gravity
schemes are proposed to have HDP (PE) pipes. Following table describes the length and sizes of the
transmission mains required.
Service Reservoirs
The total storage requirement for the system at the end of design period i.e. 2039 is calculated as 545
3
m . The provision of this quantity has been fulfilled by providing additional ground reservoirs. Most of the
existing reservoirs are made of ferrocement and thus will not be used. Few which are in good condition
and needs minor repair are proposed to use.
Distribution Network
The distribution system comprises of pipe network, which consists of mainly loops and branch
Distribution pipes are laid both sides of the all weather and major roads. Single line pipes are proposed
in earthen and other roads. PE pipes are predominantly used. Pipe of class and size lesser than 6 kgf
and 50 mm is not proposed. Existing pipes will not be used as these are leaking and found substandard
(class of 4 kgf). The total distribution pipe length of the proposed systems is 48.120 km.
House Connections
The system has been designed, predominantly as house to house connections. The system has been
analyzed for a design capacity of providing a total of 1.914 house connections at the end of design
period. However, initially during construction phase, only 1,060 house connections are provided to
satisfy the need for the base year population.
Other appurtenances and buildings (Office Building, Guard Houses etc) have been provided as per
requirement.
6. Sanitation Improvement
Liwang does not have a water-borne sewerage system. One public toilet with the capacity of 100 users
is proposed as discussed with the WUSC and Municipality. It contains 5 urinals and 2 pans for male
users while & 4 female units in separate male and female compartments.
7. Project Cost Estimate
The total project cost (water supply component only) for the proposed water supply project has been
estimated as Rs.343.5383 million. Contingencies @ 15% and VAT @13% are all included. The cost has
been based on prevalent unit rate for similar system components and district rate of Liwang (FY 074/75)
and is to be understood as a total cost estimate for the water supply facilities.
BDA-PEA (JV) v April - 2019

8. Financial and Economic Analyses

Financial and Economic analyses have been undertaken for the project to examine the worthiness of
investment in the activity.
8.1 Water Tariff
The determination of water tariff is based on incremental tariff system as shown in the tables. For
institutions minimum water consumption is set at 74.13 Cum and for households at 6 Cum; and the
water consumption higher than minimum ban will be charged higher tariff. The tariff structure is designed
on the basis of affordability and willingness to pay; and tariff has also been set to ensure benefit to
sustain the project after the design period. Following ITB is proposed
Table: Water Tariff Structure: Incremental Block
Band NRs. per Cum
Minimum up to 6 Cum 25.00
More than 6 cum up to 10 Cum 37.50
More than 10 Cum up to 20 Cum 56.25
More than 20 Cum 84.38
8.2 Affordability
The proposed tariffs were compared with the affordability data from the results of the socio-economic
survey of the Liwang town. The analysis, shown in Table below, indicates that the proposed water tariffs
are affordable and fall below 5% of the monthly income for all the subprojects.
Table: Water Tariff and Affordability
Liwang (Rolpa)
Income
Monthly % of
Categorically Monthly
water HH
income
tariff income
Average household 45000 675 1.5
Low income
13750 347 2.5
household
Poor household 7500 206 2.8
BDA-PEA (JV) vi April - 2019

SALIENT FEATURES
S.No. Items Description
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (Sector) Project,
1 Name of the Project Liwang, Rolpa
Pumping and gravity type using spring as water
2 Type source
3 Study Level Final Detailed Engineering Design Report
4 Location Area
Region MId Western Development Region
Zone Rapti
District Rolpa
/Municipality Liwang Municipality
Wards Parts of Ward No. 5, 6, 7 and 8
5 Available Facilities
Rapti Highway (Connected to East West Highway in
Road Bhaluwang)
Nearest Airport Wadachour, Rolpa
Partially covered by piped water supply system. .
Existing Water Supply System Spring sources are used
Electricity Available
Communication Available
Health Services Available
Banking Facilities Available
6 Source Characteristics
All spring sources – Mulkhola, Mulpani, Sattale and
Source Name Rimkhola
Source Type Springs
Source Location Ward # 6, 7 and 8
Mulkhola : 8,31 lps
Mulpani : 4.03 lps
Proposed Tapping yield (lps) Sattale : 6.67 lps
Rimkhola : 3.08 lps
Total : 22.09 lps
7 Project Components
Multiple distribution system is adopted , 8 distribution
Storage Tank reservoirs ranging from 15 Cum to 140 Cum ( Total
capacity is 545 Cum)
Type I ( 1500x900x1000) : 16 #
Valve Chamber (Nos.)
Type 2 ( 900 x900x1000) : 198 #
Community Stand Posts Nil
Household Connection (Nos.) 1,060
Transmission : 10.071 Km
Total Length of pipe (Km) Distribution : 48.120 Km
Treatment Unit Pressure filter and Disinfection
Fire Hydrants 10 numbers

8 Social Status
5,809 (permanent) 181 (floating)
Survey Year Population (2016) [Total 5, 990]
Base Year Population (2019) [Total 6,466]
Design Year Population (2039) [Total 10,819]
Adopted Growth Rate % 3.0 (high), 2.50 (medium), 2.20(low medium)
Household Numbers (2016) 1,060
BDA-PEA (JV) vii April - 2019

S.No. Items Description

Average Family Sizes 5.48
9 Total Water Demand
Base year 2019 (m3/day) Total 1, 116.73
Design year 2039 (m3/day) Total 1,902.28
10 Total Cost of the Project (NRs.) 370.0196 million with 15% contingencies & 13%VAT
Water Supply Sector NRs 362.8565 million
Sanitation Sector NRs 7.1631 million
Cost Sharing Arrangement for
11 362.8565
water supply component (NRs)
1) GoN Grant @ 70% Rs 253.9996 million
2) WUSC Contribution
a) Upfront cash contribution @ 5% Rs 18.1428 million
b) Loan through TDF @ 25% Rs 90.7141 million
Cost Sharing Arrangement for
12 7.1631 million
Sanitation Component (NRs)
1) GoN Grant @ 85% Rs 6.0886 million
2) Local Body (WUSC, VDC & others) Rs 1.0745 million
15%
Base Year : Rs 56,117.61 (considering permanent
Per capita Investment (for water and floating both)
13 supply sector) Design Year : Rs 33,538.62 (considering permanent
and floating both)
14 Environment
ADB Category Category B
IEE finding No adverse effect, IEE required
15 Project Status
Started October 2015
BDA-PEA (JV) viii April - 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
Acronyms
Executive Summary
Salient Features
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Purpose of the Report.....................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background of the Project ..............................................................................................................1
1.3 Objective and Scope of the Project ................................................................................................2
1.4 Structure of the Report ...................................................................................................................2
2. REVIEW OFFEASIBILITY REPORT...................................................................................... 4
3. DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL FEATURES ......................................................................... 5
3.1 Background .....................................................................................................................................5
3.2 Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................................................5
3.3 Approach and Methodology ............................................................................................................5
3.3.1 Desk Study ........................................................................................................................5
3.3.2 Data Collection Technique ................................................................................................5
3.3.3 Census Survey and Sample Survey ..................................................................................6
3.3.4 Tools for Primary Data Collection ......................................................................................6
3.4 Major Findings ................................................................................................................................7
3.4.1 Economic Base and Growth Potentiality ...........................................................................7
3.4.2 Institutions ..........................................................................................................................8
3.4.3 Demographic Assessment .................................................................................................9
3.4.4 Economic Condition .........................................................................................................11
3.4.5 Poverty Situation..............................................................................................................14
3.5 Existing WASH Situation ..............................................................................................................15
3.5.1 Existing Water Supply Condition .....................................................................................15
3.5.2 Water Sources .................................................................................................................15
3.5.3 Water Fetching Trip .........................................................................................................16
3.5.4 Water Fetching Time .......................................................................................................16
3.5.5 Existing Water Consumption Level..................................................................................16
3.5.6 Existing Sanitation Condition ...........................................................................................17
3.5.7 Access to Household Latrine ...........................................................................................17
3.5.8 Public Toilet .....................................................................................................................18
3.5.9 Existing Health Situation ..................................................................................................18
3.5.10 Water Borne Diseases in the Project Area ......................................................................18
3.6 Willingness in Participation ...........................................................................................................18
3.6.1 Willingness to New Tap Connection ................................................................................19
3.6.2 Willingness to Pay 5 Percent Cash Contribution .............................................................19
3.6.3 Contribution in Sanitation Management ..........................................................................19
BDA-PEA (JV) ix April - 2019

3.6.4 Willingness to Pay Monthly Water Tariff ..........................................................................19

3.7 Conclusion and Project Rationale ................................................................................................20
4. DETAIL ENGINEERING SURVEY, DESIGN STANDARDS AND APPROACH .................. 21
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................21
4.2 Field Investigation .........................................................................................................................21
4.3 Interaction with Community ..........................................................................................................21
4.3.1 Meeting with WUSC Committee Members ......................................................................21
4.3.2 Delineation of Service Area .............................................................................................22
4.3.3 Location of Reservoir Site and Treatment Units ..............................................................22
4.3.4 Gender Issue and WUSC ................................................................................................22
4.4 Topographic Survey......................................................................................................................22
4.5 Socio-economic Survey ................................................................................................................22
4.6 Water Source and Water Quality ..................................................................................................23
4.6.1 Water Source ...................................................................................................................23
4.6.2 Water Quality ...................................................................................................................23
4.7 Design Standard and Approach ...................................................................................................23
4.7.1 Service Level ...................................................................................................................23
4.7.2 Service Area ....................................................................................................................23
4.7.3 Design Period and Domestic Consumption .....................................................................23
4.7.4 Non-domestic Consumption ............................................................................................24
4.7.5 Fire Demand ....................................................................................................................24
4.7.6 Leakage and Wastages ...................................................................................................24
4.7.7 Population Growth and Demographic Trends .................................................................24
4.7.8 Supply Duration and Consumption Pattern .....................................................................24
4.7.9 Peak Factors ....................................................................................................................25
4.7.10 Reservoir Sizes ................................................................................................................25
4.7.11 Residual Pressure and Velocity.......................................................................................25
4.7.12 Pipe Network / Nodal Demand ........................................................................................25
4.7.13 Pipe Materials ..................................................................................................................25
4.7.14 Pipes Material for Transmission Mains............................................................................25
4.7.15 Pipes Material for House Connection ..............................................................................25
4.7.16 Water Quality Standards .................................................................................................26
4.7.17 Adopted Design Criteria for Storm Drains .......................................................................26
4.7.18 Design of Drain Section ...................................................................................................26
5. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................... 29
5.1 Location and Accessibility.............................................................................................................29
5.2 Climate, Topography and Geology ...............................................................................................29
5.3 Delineation of Service Area and Population Coverage ................................................................29
5.4 Service Area Establishment .........................................................................................................29
5.5 Population Projection ....................................................................................................................30
5.6 Water Demand Analysis ...............................................................................................................32
BDA-PEA (JV) x April - 2019

5.7 Layout and Preliminary Engineering Design ................................................................................33

5.8 Water Sources ..............................................................................................................................34
5.9 Water Quality Assessment / Treatment Facilities .........................................................................34
5.10 Treatment Process .......................................................................................................................35
5.11 Transmission Mains ......................................................................................................................36
5.12 Distribution Reservoirs..................................................................................................................37
5.13 Electromechanical Facilities .........................................................................................................37
5.14 Distribution Network ......................................................................................................................38
5.15 House Connections ......................................................................................................................38
5.16 Appurtenances ..............................................................................................................................38
5.17 Guard House ................................................................................................................................38
5.18 Office Building ...............................................................................................................................38
5.19 O&M Equipment and Tools ..........................................................................................................38
5.20 Protection and Plantation Works ..................................................................................................39
5.21 Sanitation Improvement ................................................................................................................39
5.22 Community Participation ...............................................................................................................39
5.23 Support Activities ..........................................................................................................................39
6. PROJECT COST ESTIMATE .............................................................................................. 41
6.1 Basic Cost .....................................................................................................................................42
6.2 Rate Analysis ................................................................................................................................43
6.3 Overhead, Profit and Taxes ..........................................................................................................43
6.4 Contingency ..................................................................................................................................43
6.5 Operation for One Year by Contractor ..........................................................................................43
6.6 Proposed Financing ......................................................................................................................44
7. DEVELOPMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR SERVICE DELIVERY .............. 45
7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................45
7.2 Institutional Arrangement for Project Implementation ..................................................................45
7.2.1 Implementation Arrangements ........................................................................................45
7.2.2 Project Completion ..........................................................................................................46
7.3 WUSC Setup, Roles and Responsibilities ....................................................................................46
7.4 Proposed Organizational Set Up ..................................................................................................48
7.5 Operation and Maintenance .........................................................................................................48
7.5.1 Personnel Cost ................................................................................................................48
7.5.2 Maintenance Cost ............................................................................................................48
7.5.3 Total O & M Cost .............................................................................................................49
8. FINANCIAL AND ECONOMICAL ANALYSES .................................................................... 50
8.1 Financial Analysis .........................................................................................................................50
8.1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................50
8.1.2 Methodology Financial Analysis ......................................................................................50
8.1.3 Basic Assumptions and Norms........................................................................................50
8.1.4 Cost Sharing ....................................................................................................................51
BDA-PEA (JV) xi April - 2019

8.1.5 Tariff Structure .................................................................................................................51

8.1.6 Affordability ......................................................................................................................52
8.1.7 Cash Flow Analysis Results ............................................................................................52
8.1.8 Conclusion and Recommendation ...................................................................................53
8.2 Economic Analysis ........................................................................................................................53
8.2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................53
8.2.2 Economic Costs ...............................................................................................................53
8.2.3 Valuation of Economic Benefits .......................................................................................54
8.2.4 Assumptions and Norms for Economic Analysis .............................................................55
8.2.5 Affordability and Willingness to Pay ................................................................................55
8.2.6 Economic Evaluation and Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................55
8.2.7 Conclusion and Recommendations .................................................................................56
9. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ........................................................................................ 57
10. SOCIAL SAFEGUARD ASSESSMENT ............................................................................... 58
11. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSSMENT .................................................................................. 60
11.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................60
11.2 Description of the Project..............................................................................................................60
11.3 Schedule for Preparing IEE ..........................................................................................................61
12. BENEFITS AND RISKS ....................................................................................................... 62
12.1 Benefits .........................................................................................................................................62
12.2 Risks .............................................................................................................................................62
13. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................... 63
14. COMMENT INCORPORATION MATRIX ............................................................................. 64
BDA-PEA (JV) xii April - 2019

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of the Report
An Agreement dated 7June, 2015 was entered into between the Project Management Office,
Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Government of Nepal and Joint venture team of Building
Design Authority (P) Ltd and Plush Engineers and Architects (P) Ltd to provide services on Feasibility
Study, Detailed Engineering Design and Construction Supervision of thirteen Town Projects. The
services include a) Supervision and Construction management in six towns viz. i) Khalanga Sitalpati
(Salyan), ii) Musikot Khalanga ( Rukum) iii) Chandrauta ( Kapilbastu) iv) Nirmal Pokhari (Kaski) v)
Dumre (Tanahun) , and vi) Tikapur ( Kailali); and b) Feasibility, design, supervision and construction
management in seven towns viz. i) Suda (Kanchanpur) ii) Amargadhi (Dadeldhura) iii) Chainpur
(Bajhang) iv) Tamsariya (Nawalparasi) v) Babiyachaur (Surkhet) vi) Abukhaireni (Tanahun) and vii)
Liwang (Rolpa).
The agreed start date for the consulting services is June 21, 2015. In July 22, 2015 the WRDSMC has
submitted Inception Report.
After submission of Inception report, topographic field survey, including socioeconomic survey, were
carried out. During the fieldwork the team members have studied the existing service infrastructures; and
also interacted with Municipality officials, local representatives of the political parties, local journalists
and media representatives, a few NGOs, and community based water users’ committees. A number of
water samples were also collected for test and analysis. On May 2016 Feasibility Study Report was
submitted. Presentation in both PMO level and community level took place. Comments, suggestions
were received and these have been incorporated in this Detailed Engineering Design Report.
The feasibility study report has considered for 20 subsystem components. It was well discussed during
the presentation in PMO as well as in Liwang to reduce the subsystems as operation cost for large
numbers of subsystems will be high.
This Detailed Engineering Design Report (DEDR) has been prepared for Liwang Water Supply and
Sanitation Sector Project with the purpose to mainly ensuring the participation of the beneficiaries in the
project for the implementation and successive operation of the project. This design report summarizes
the task undertaken, data collected and analyzed, review of feasibility study report, detail design,
estimate and cost sharing arrangements, cost recovery and tariffs, and implementation arrangements,
socio-technical profile, and economic and financial analysis and construction supervision of the
subproject. The main purpose of this task is to assist the community and the Project Management Office
to enter into effective implementation of the project. The report has been prepared in close association
with TSTWSSSP, PMO, RPMO, TDF, WUSC Liwang and local authorities.
This Final Detailed Engineering Design Report incorporates suggestions/comments of TSTWSSSP PMO
made on Draft Final Detailed Engineering Design Report.
1.2 Background of the Project
Over the last two decades, in the water supply and sanitation sector, Government of Nepal has mainly
focused towards rural areas. During this period, substantial improvement has been achieved especially
in water supply coverage. Recent WHO figures indicate that 81% people use reasonable safe water in
Nepal. But the Government's figure on the provision of safe water supply is around 70%. Sanitation is
lagging behind the water supply as only about 27% population use latrines. Moreover, infant mortality
rate has come down and it is less than hundred. Extending the water supply and sanitation services to
hardship area is still a priority in Nepal. However, there are other new issues; migration from hinterland
to road center is very common in Nepal. This has created many small towns especially along highways
in Terai and hills as well. Further, political movements in certain parts of the Terai and eastern hilly
region have also contributed population influx in certain towns.
In these towns, the improvement of the service level of drinking water is most desirable; moreover, the
quality of water has to be assured. Quality of drinking water in Nepal was largely overlooked in the past
due to various reasons. Now, the time has come to ensure both in terms of quantity and quality of
drinking water as well to take appropriate steps towards other environmental aspects. Second Small
Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project aim to fulfill these lacunas.
The scope of services of the project is to improve health and quality of life of the people living in the
project towns by facilitating water supply, drainage, and sanitation facilities as well as by providing health
and hygiene education program in about 26 small towns in the country. The Ministry of Water Supply
(MoWS) is the executing agency, whereas the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Management
BDA-PEA (JV) Page 1 April- 2019

(DWSSM) is the implementing agency of these projects. A loan of $ 60.0 million (54.9 %) will be
provided by ADB to implement the project, whereas $ 23.3million (21.4%) and $ 20.0 million (18.3%) will
be contributed by GON and OPEC Fund respectively. Rest amount $5.8 million (5.4%) will be borne by
Sanitation Fund, Local Bodies and beneficiaries. Thus a total of $109.2 million has been allocated for the
town projects to be implemented under TSTWSSSP.
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (Sector) Project is designed with the principle of community
management, making it demand responsive, and adopting participatory approach. Participatory
approach aims for greater community participation in planning, implementation along with their O & M
activities. Demand responsiveness is demonstrated by willingness to pay for improved service delivery
and ultimately aims at 30% cost recovery. Community management is essential for making the
community empowerment so that the community could take full responsibilities on financial, technical
and managerial aspects on operation & maintenance activities.
In terms of financing, 70% of the cost will be contributed by GON. In regard to cash contribution to be
made by WUSC, the initial cash contribution of WUSC should be minimum 5% of the civil works contract
in the form of upfront cash contribution. The remaining 25 % to be borrowed from the TDF as a loan at
an interest rate not exceeding 5% per annum with a maturity of 25 years including a grace period of five
years. The project ensures full participation of Water Users and Sanitation Committee in the formulation,
implementation and operation and maintenance of water supply, sanitation and drainage facilities.
1.3 Objective and Scope of the Project

The main objectives of the project are to
i. Improve water supply and sanitation facilities and provide a health and hygiene education
program in each town.
ii. Support community participation in the development of water supply and sanitation facilities, and
iii. Facilitate Sustainable development of the facilities thereby help/ improve health and quality of
life of the people living in the project area.
The objectives of the Consultancy Services are to assist the WRPMO /PMO to carry out the Project
activities as stated above. The scope of work includes carrying out feasibility study; and detailed design,
drawings and cost estimate; preparation of bidding documents and procurement of goods and services;
preparation of plans, manuals, guidelines and systems; construction and post construction management;
gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) mainstreaming at municipality level; and establishment and
capacity building of Water Users and Sanitation Committee.
This detailed engineering design report has been prepared for Liwang Water Supply and Sanitation
Project, Rolpa district. The objectives of the detailed design are to assist the community and the PMO,
TDF to enter into effective and sustainable implementation of the project. In particular, the assignment
includes the following major tasks:
• Review of feasibility study.
• Detailed engineering survey and design.
• Preparation of detailed working drawings.
• Preparation of cost estimate
• Carrying out economic and financial analysis and level of water tariff
• Preparation of tender document
1.4 Structure of the Report

The detailed engineering design report comprises of the following volumes:
Volume One: The main report includes review of feasibility study, project description, social
analysis, socio technical profile and summary of technical design, water quality, treatment plant
detail, summary of economic and financial analysis, tariff structure and environmental issues,
resettlement, relocation and compensation issue and recommendations. This volume also includes
executive summary and salient features.

Volume Two: This volume contains design calculations and appendices to water treatment, detailed
design of water supply systems, water demand calculation, hydraulic and structural design, financial
and economic analyses, minutes of meeting, etc.
Volume Three: It includes analysis of rates, detail quantity survey, detail and summary of cost
estimates and table of district rates with prime cost materials.
Volume Four: This volume contains working drawings.
Volume Five: This volume contains bid documents, including BOQ and technical specifications.

2. REVIEW OFFEASIBILITY REPORT
The study team thoroughly reviewed the feasibility study report of December 2015 and the subsequent
decisions by the WUSC regarding the service area, location of service reservoir and sources to be
considered for the project. In the feasibility study, the service area of the project covered part of wards
5,6,7,8 of Liwang VDC. The households as of 2016 census were 1,239 and population accounted were
6,247 .
The feasibility study report has considered for 20 subsystem components. It was well discussed during
the presentation in PMO as well as in Liwang to reduce the numbers of subsystems and coverage area.
Accordingly major water sources like Mulpani, Mulkhola were not considered in the feasibility report as
some issues between water users committees were yet to be resolved.
Now as the issues have been resolved major water sources like Mulpani, Mulkhola are also considered
in this detailed design report.
Service area and population has been reviewed for the Detailed Design.
In the following chapter “Demographic and social features” data are presented that were carried out
during the feasibility study report. Study were carried out for the more population than the required so
that more clarity can be achieved.

3. DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL FEATURES
3.1 Background
The proposed Liwang town project lies in the Rolpa district of Rapti Zone. Liwang is district headquarter
of Rolpa district. It is located in the southwestern mid hill part of the country. The project town is
surrounded by Gajul and Mishri VDC in the East, Jankot and Kotgad in the West, Dhawang and Homa in
the West and Jedwang in the South. All weather road is connected to the town from Bhaluwang, a small
business centre located at East -West Highway.
It has subtropical type of climate. Almost 80% of rainfall occurs during monsoon (June to September).
The location of the project area is 28°18′ North 82°38′ East. The altitude of the project area is varying
from 1,300 m – 1,500 m above the sea level.
In order to assess the Demographic and Social features of the project area, socio-economic survey
covering 100% households and 6.86 % sampled household survey of service area were carried out and
major findings are summarized below.
3.2 Objectives of the Study
The overall objective of the socio-economic survey is to establish baseline data/information for
understanding of the Liwang Town Project area. Other specific objectives are as follow:
• To assess the demographic status (households, population, age, sex, family size, ethnic
composition etc.) of the town project areas;
• To assess the economic condition including household income and expenditure;
• To assess the willingness of the beneficiaries in participation and contribution;
• To assess the existing WASH situation;
• To identify the exact number of poor and vulnerable households
3.3 Approach and Methodology
The detailed approach and methodology for the survey is described in this section. A census survey
covering 100 percent households and sample survey with sample size of 6.86 % households were
conducted in the service area simultaneously and the data obtained from both surveys has been used in
this report. Hence the approach and methodology adopted for both surveys is dealt in this section.
The approach and methodology adopted in carrying out the assignment to achieve the desired
objectives consists of the following major tasks as described below.
• Desk study
• Household survey through Interview using questionnaire
• Focus Group Discussion/Meeting/Interactions
• Site observation
3.3.1 Desk Study
For understanding the different aspects of Third Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
Project (TSTWSSSP) i.e. working procedure, objectives and guidelines of the TSTWSSSP, the survey
team studied in detail the relevant documents provided by the project. Other secondary sources of
information such as reports, books, guidelines, relevant materials and documents were also reviewed
and analyzed for better understanding about the project area.
Desk review was also the basis for obtaining secondary data/information through reviewing published
CBS report, District/Municipality/VDC profiles, records of institutions including Health Centre, and other
literatures.
3.3.2 Data Collection Technique
Data from primary and secondary sources were collected to generate the socio-economic baseline data
needed for understanding service area. Primary data were collected through household survey using
questionnaires. As mentioned earlier, secondary data/information was obtained through review of
published CBS report, District/Municipality/VDC profiles, records of institutions including Health Centre,
and other literatures. Data triangulation and cross-check of qualitative and quantitative data was also
made for quality control.

3.3.3 Census Survey and Sample Survey

As per the agreed ToR, WRDSMC has to prepare socio-economic profile of each town project. In this
regard the socio-economic household survey has been carried out, which includes both censes survey
covering 100 percent households in the service area and sample household survey covering 6.86
percent representative sample. The census survey is the basis for socio-economic assessment of the
project area, which also generates design parameters required for feasibility study; whereas the sample
survey is the basis for generating a gender-disaggregated socio-economic profile of the service area.
For this town project representative samples of 6.86 percent of total households in the service area had
been drawn. The samples were selected in such a way as to be representative of the population of the
service area. It is expected that the sampled households provide the most valid results because they
reflect the characteristics of the population of the service area. A stratified random sampling procedure
had been adopted in order to insure representation of all clusters/Tole, caste / ethnic group and
economic strata. For this a proportionate sample size from Dalit, poor, marginalized and minority groups
was calculated and drawn to insure their representation in sampled households.
Table 3.1: Total Households, Sample Size and Surveyed Households
Ward Total Surveyed HHs Surveyed HHs

Municipality
No. HHs (Census Survey) (Sample Survey)
5 221 221 14
Liwang 6 353 353 25
7 383 383 27
8 282 282 19
Total 1239 1239 85 (6.86%)
3.3.4 Tools for Primary Data Collection

Tools for primary data collection consist following:
3.3.4.1 Interview Using Questionnaire
To collect the household level information, all households within the service area of Liwang were
interviewed based on the short questionnaire. A separate set of comprehensive questionnaire was used
for 6.86 percent sampled household survey to acquire in depth household level information. The
questionnaire contained adequate questions to collect data on the existing water supply services,
willingness and affordability of beneficiaries, and health and hygiene practices. Both the questionnaires
were pretested prior the data collection fieldwork. Both the sets of questionnaires was developed and
finalized in consultation with PMO/DWSS staff and experts.
A. Questionnaires Development
The questionnaires for household survey were designed to cover the information on six major areas as
follows.
• Income and Expenditure
• Access to Drinking Water and Management
• Willingness for new tap connection
• Willingness to pay (water tariff and contribution for water supply and sanitation improvement)
• Division of Labour and Gender Participation
• Health and Hygiene (Drinking Water and Health, Waste Management and Sanitation and
Personal Hygiene, water borne diseases etc.)
The checklist for institution was developed as follows:
A checklist for institution survey was developed in order to obtain the information regarding type and
location of institution, number of employee including students for educational institutions etc.
B. Preparatory Phase for Field Work

Preparatory phase for fieldwork run about two weeks. Activities in consultation with PMO/DWSS, WR-
RPMO and WUSC during this phase included the followings.

• Preparation of proposed survey design and tools

• Preparation of two sets of Household Survey Questionnaire (i.e. 5% sample survey and 100%
household survey questionnaires) and checklist for institution survey.
• Finalization of Questionnaires in consultation with PMO/DWSS and WR-RPMO.
• Preparation of field work schedule and orientation training manuals for Enumerators
• Recruitment and training for Supervisors and local Enumerators.
• Pretesting of the questionnaire and field survey.
C. Pre-testing of Questionnaire
Developed survey tools require pre-testing and modification based on pre-test findings. For this purpose,
field practice was carried out in project site. Modification on the questionnaires was made on the basis of
feedback from the pre-test interviews.
3.3.4.2 Field Work

For field survey work a survey team from WR-DCMC headed towards the project site on January 15,
2016. Socio-economic survey and engineering survey including topographic survey were conducted in
the project area simultaneously in a coordinated way with a view to minimize possible data error and
gap. For socio-economic survey enumerators were locally hired with the help of WUSC and orientation
training was organized on 16 January 2016 in order to educate them on questionnaire as well as
household survey objective and survey procedure.
Fieldwork was commenced immediately after orientation training to local Enumerators and completed in
13 days. The field survey work was carried out from 16 to 28 January 2016. A total of ten enumerators
were involved to accomplish field work.
In order to make the survey gender friendly, female enumerators were encouraged and selected in the
team. Out of the total 10 local Enumerators hired for socio-economic survey 3 (30%) were female.
During the field work preparatory phase, field planning was done in relation to human resources, sample
size of the specific site, and distance to be traveled. Then the Enumerators were deployed to the field.
Each field team was provided with a sheet of field planning that includes number and location of survey
area, number of sample to be selected, and days allocated to accomplish the assignment in each survey
area including number of travel days.
3.3.4.3 Focus Group Discussion/Meeting/Interactions
Under focus group discussion (FGD), the PRA tool was used to get the qualitative data. This method
was also used to verify, validate and triangulate the data/information relating to occupation, income and
sanitation which were collected earlier by enumerators. Besides FGD, mass meetings were also
organized at several places of the project area. During the field survey, informal public consultation
meetings, interaction and group discussions were also held to get the require data/information.
3.3.4.4 Site Observation
Site observation was also made to study the social, health and sanitation behavior, attitude and
practices of beneficiaries living in the project area.
3.4 Major Findings

The major findings of Socio-economic Survey 2016 are summarized below.
3.4.1 Economic Base and Growth Potentiality
Liwang municipality is a growing town with an estimated population of 7742 as per the Liwang VDC
profile 2066/67. Majority of the population lives in ward no 6 and 7 in semi urban environment. People of
hinterland come to this market place for their necessary goods.
The service area has potentiality for agricultural production and bamboo. The local economy of the area
is basically agricultural based. Although there is no remarkable industry in this area, some small cottage
and agro-based industries has been established, which has been providing services to the local people
and also contributing to the local economy to some extent. Details of such cottage industries are
presented in table below.

Table 3.1: Small Cottage Industries

S.N. Type of Cottage Industry Name Location
Sagar motor cycle workshop Ward no.-3
Sulav motor cycle workshop Ward no.-4
1 Workshop
A to Z motor cycle workshop Ward no.-7
Ward no.-4
Parjyoti furniture Ward no.-7
Dipjyoti furniture Ward no. -7
2 Furniture/ Grill
Narayan Furniture Ward no.-7
Dhana furniture Ward no.-7
Offset Press Ward no.-7
3 Others Gharti Chaumine Ward no.-7
Indra Chaumine Ward no.-7
Source: Field Survey, January 2016
Besides the cottage and agro-based industries, there are around 250 shops in the Liwang Bazaar area,
which are supplying necessary daily needs, cosmetics, electronics and construction materials etc.
3.4.2 Institutions
Since Liwang is the district headquarter of Rolpa district level government offices and of other institutions
are available in the town. There are total 30 district level offices of government line agencies including
office of District Development Committee and Municipality. Besides these a significant number of
government and private institutions / organizations are in the town. Among them 10 are financial
institutions, 12 educational institutions i.e. college / schools, 3 health intuitions (hospital / clinic), 2 FM
stations, 20 I/NGOs (International / National / District level Nongovernmental Organizations) and 34 local
community based organizations. The details of the institutions in the service area are presented in table
following.
Table 3.2: Institutions in the Service Area
No. of Staff /
S.N. Type of Institution Sub-type Number
Student
Government Office District level line agencies 25 261
1 DDC, Municipality 2 28
Police / Army Barrack 3 320
Financial Bank 4 55
2
Cooperative 6 25
Educational Government / Public College / 11 1644
3 School
Private/ Boarding school/hostel 1 746
Health District Hospital / Health Centre 1 19
4 Dental clinic 2 6
Private Clinic / Medical Store 6 22
5 Communication FM station 2 13
I/NGO International / National / District 20 32
6 level Organization
Local Organization / Club 34
Community Forest 3
7
Users Group

Small Cottage 9 20
8
Industries
9 Hotel / Lodges 46
Total 175 3192

Source: Field Survey, January 2016
3.4.3 Demographic Assessment

3.4.3.1 Demographic and Social Features
As agreed with WUSC initially 1239 households were surveyed to collect socio-economic information
during the feasibility study. Therefore, the socio-economic profile of Liwang contains the information of
1239 households. However during detailed design stage some modifications had to be made
considering some unavoidable technical aspects, and as suggested by WUSC some households have
been deducted from some part of service area such as Upallo Sobang (28 HHs), Dhanmudha (37 HHs),
Kalimati (30 HHs), Simalwang (29 HHs), Reuga (28 HHs), Paswang (27 HHs). Now the proposed town
project has been designed to serve 1060 households with 5809 population. The sub-system wise
households and population are given in table below.
Table 3.3: Sub-system wise Households and Population
Population
S.N. Sub-systems Household
Permanent Rental Total
1 Old Bamruk 42 230 3 233
2 Bamruk-Badichaur-Mewang 83 455 24 479
3 Mewang-Deubuje 34 186 15 201
4 Tudikhel-Solowang 218 1195 16 1211
5 Sikshya 50 274 12 286
6 Siwalaya-Bichbazar 263 1441 48 1489
7 Kavrakharka 201 1102 27 1129
8 Siwang-Reeuga 169 926 36 962
Total 1060 5809 181 5990
As stated earlier even though the town project is designed for 1060 households in base year, a socio-
economic baseline survey was carried out in 1239 households and this section includes the information
of all the surveyed households. The demographic and social features of the project area based on
findings of socio-economic baseline survey 2016 are summarized below.
3.4.3.2 Service Area, Household and Population
The proposed town project covers Ward Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Liwang municipality of Rolpa district. Major
settlements / Tole of the service area as well as Ward wise household and population are given in table
below. As the data shows the area accommodates a total population of about 7646; of which 6247 is
permanent population and 1399 is rental population.
Table 3.4: Households and Population by Ward
Ward Population
Municipality Tole / Settlement HHs
No. Permanent Rental Total
5 Reugha, Mulpani, Simalbang, Sibang 221 1088 7 1095
Thalibang, Kabhrekharka,
6 Pipalchautara, Khanepani tole, Bich 353 1764 312 2076
Bazar Tole
Liwang Loktantrik Chowk, Jilla Bikas Tole,
Solabang, Bich Bazaar, Balmandir 1973
7 383 995 2968
Tole, Shivalaya Tole, Kadya Tole,
Kami Tole, Kalimati Tole
8 Nebang, Bamruk, Dharapani 282 1422 85 1507
Total 1239 6247 1399 7646

There are total 1239 households in the area with an average household size of 5.04. The distribution of
households by Ward is presented in Table-3.5, which reveals that ward nos. 6 and 7 are densely
populated as compared to other wards. Among the total permanent population (6247) in the surveyed
area, 3144 are male and 3103 are female. Male population is slightly higher (50.32 %) than the female
population (49.68 %). Ward wise population composition by gender is also illustrated in Figure-1.
Table 3.5: Population and Household Size

Population
VDC Ward No HHs Average HH Size
Male Female Total
5 221 528 560 1088 4.9
6 353 903 861 1764 5.0
7 383 987 986 1973 5.2
Liwang 8 282 726 696 1422 5.0
Total 1239 3144 3103 6247 5.04
Source: Socio-economic Survey, January 2016
Fig 1: Ward wise Population Composition by Gender
Female, Ward-8, Male Female

Male, Ward-8, 726
696
Female, Ward-7,
Male, Ward-7, 987
986
Female, Ward-6,
Male, Ward-6, 903
861
Female, Ward-5,
Male, Ward-5, 528
560
3.4.3.3 Head of Household By Gender

As the findings of socio-economic survey reveals 82.73 percent of the households are male headed
households and 17.27 percent are female headed households, which is low as compared to national
context (25.73 % female headed households, CBS, 2011).
Table 3.5: Head of Household by Gender
Municipality Head of Household

Ward No Male Percent Female Percent Total
5 170 76.92 51 23.08 221
6 303 85.84 50 14.16 353
Liwang
7 306 79.90 77 20.10 383
8 246 87.24 36 12.76 282
Total 1025 82.73 214 17.27 1239
The information on single woman headed households was also obtained through socio-economic
census survey data as shown in table below. Altogether 86 (6.94 %) single woman headed households
were reported in the service area. Among them a high of 10.76 percent in Ward no-6 and low of 2.61
percent in Ward no-7 are single woman headed households. A single woman is defined here as a widow
or separated or divorced or unmarried woman.

Table 3.6: Single Women Headed Households

Ward No
Description Total
5 6 7 8
Total HHs 221 353 383 282 1239
Single Woman Head HH 14 38 10 24 86
Percent 6.33 10.76 2.61 8.51 6.94
3.4.3.4 Caste/Ethnicity
The proposed project service area comprises multi caste / ethnic groups. Each caste and ethnicity is
characterized by its own customs, traditions, culture and nature of occupation with which they are
associated. Brahmin and Chhetri comprising 45.89 percent of total population are the most prevailing
group in the service area. Janajati are the next major group with 30.75 percent, followed by Dalit which
constitutes about 14.33 percent (Table-3.7).
Table 3.7: Caste / Ethnicity
Ward Number
Total
5 6 7 8
Caste/Ethnicity
Total %
M F M F M F M F M F Pop.
Brahmin/Chhetri 253 280 460 438 553 549 162 172 1428 1439 2867 45.89
Janajati 247 251 250 243 218 226 254 232 969 952 1921 30.75
Dalit 23 24 173 163 137 132 133 110 466 429 895 14.33
Other 5 5 20 17 79 79 177 182 281 283 564 9.03
Total 528 560 903 861 987 986 726 696 3144 3103 6247 100.0
3.4.4 Economic Condition

3.4.4.1 Occupation
Although, the economy of the area is gradually shifting from rural agricultural economy to business and
service based, majority of the households are still dependent on agriculture. As the data shows, a high of
47 percent of the households have agriculture as occupation. Service is another main occupation of 21
percent households, followed by business (14%). As in the other parts of Nepal remittance has been
playing important role in local economy of the service area, which is the main source of income of less
than 1 percent households and secondary source of income of many other households. The Ward wise
households by occupation are presented in Table-3.8 and percent of household by occupation is
illustrated in Fig-2.
Table- 3.8: Occupation of Head of Household
Ward No.
SN Occupation Total
5 6 7 8
1 Agriculture 217 149 90 127 583
2 Business 38 123 15 176
3 Services 1 104 116 40 261
4 Foreign Employment 3 2 3 8
5 Wages 1 48 20 39 108
6 Small industry 2 9 15 57 83
7 Others 2 17 1 20
Total 221 353 383 282 1239

3.4.4.2 Household’s Monthly Income Level

Economic condition of the families in service area seems satisfactory in terms of their monthly income
level. The distribution of households by income range is shown in table below, which indicates that 50.3
percent of them have income range NRs. 20,001-50,000 per month. Likewise, 38.7 percent of
households fall under the income range NRs. 8,001 – 20,000 category. As the data shows 8.9 percent of
households have highest income level (more than NRs.50,000/month), whereas less than 1 percent of
the households have lowest income level i.e. less than NRs.5,000 per month.
Table 3.9: Monthly Average Income Range

Ward Total %
S.N. Income Range (NRs.) 5 6 7 8
1 <5000 3 3 6 0.5
2 5000-8000 12 4 1 4 21 1.7
3 8001-20000 91 125 116 147 479 38.7
4 20001-50000 99 216 194 114 623 50.3
5 >50000 16 8 69 17 110 8.9
Total 221 353 383 282 1239 100.0
Finding of socio-economic census survey depicts that the household average monthly income is
NRs. 22,478.
3.4.4.3 Household’s Monthly Expenditure and Saving Level

As the survey data shows, majority of the households (56.6 %) in service area fall under monthly
average expenditure range of NRs.8001-20000, followed by 18.5 percent of households with NRs.
20001-50000 monthly expenditure range category. Likewise, 18.4 percent households have their
monthly expenditure within the range of NRs 5000-8000. Nearly 2 percent of the households have
highest expenditure level i.e. more than NRs. 50,000 per month, whereas more than 4 percent of them
spent less than NRs. 5,000 monthly.
The monthly average income and expenditure of households in service area are shown in Table-3.11,
which indicates that monthly average income of the households is NRs. 22,478 and expenditure is NRs.
13,680. This implies that the economic status of the households in service area is satisfactory since
they are in surplus in terms of household's income and expenditure condition with an average monthly
surplus of NRs. 8,798 (39.14%).

Table 3.10: Monthly Expenditure Range of Households
Expenditure Ward Total Percent

S.N. Range (NRs) 5 6 7 8
1 <5000 32 8 6 9 55 4.4
2 5000-8000 71 51 66 40 228 18.4
3 8001-20000 97 237 160 207 701 56.6
4 20001-50000 20 54 130 25 229 18.5
5 >50000 1 3 21 1 26 2.1
Total 221 353 383 282 1239 100.0
Table 3.11: HHs Monthly Saving
Parameters Average Value
Average Income (Monthly) 22,478
Average Expenditure (Monthly) 13,680
Average Savings (Monthly) 8,798
Savings as percent of Income = 39.14 %

3.4.4.4 Land Holding Status

Even though agriculture is the main occupation of 47 percent of households, 60.9 percent (754 out of
1239) households have agricultural land and remaining 39.1 percent households do not have land for
agriculture purpose. As shown in table below 19.2 percent of the households have land more than 5
Ropani and 41.6 percent of them own land less than 5 Ropani.
Table 3.12: Land Holding Status
Land Holding Ward No

S.N. Total Percent
Category 5 6 7 8
1 More than 5 Ropani 38 7 92 101 238 19.2
2 Less than 5 Ropani 182 55 100 179 516 41.6
3 No Agricultural Land 1 291 191 2 485 39.1
Total 221 353 383 282 1239 100.0
3.4.4.5 Housing Type

The housing type is one of the poverty indicators, which shows the prosperity level of a particular area.
Based on the building construction materials the houses in the service area can be categorized into
three types as shown in table below. More than half (54.2 %) houses within the service are Semi- Pucca
type, which are mostly Brick cement or Mud Masonry Wall building. Almost 26.7 percent houses are
Kachha with mostly Mud Masonry/ Wooden Wall building. Likewise 19.1 percent of the houses are
Pucca type with RCC frame structure.
Table 3.13: Type of House
Type of Ward No
S.N. Total Percent
House 5 6 7 8
1 Pukka 2 40 188 7 237 19.1
2 Semi- Pukka 10 266 165 230 671 54.2
3 Kachha 209 47 30 45 331 26.7
Total 221 353 383 282 1239 100.0

3.4.4.6 House Ownership Status

The socio-economic survey data reveals that 98.9 percent of the families have their own house, whereas
only 1.1 percent of them are living in rented house in the service area.
Table 3.14: House Ownership Status
Ward No
S.N. House Ownership Total Percent
5 6 7 8
1 Own House 220 352 372 281 1225 98.9
2 Rented House 1 1 11 1 14 1.1
Total 221 353 383 282 1239 100.0
3.4.5 Poverty Situation

The third Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS-2010/2011) has defined the poverty line for Nepal in
terms of per capita annual income level, which has been estimated at Rs. 19,261; the food poverty line is
Rs. 11,929 (per capita consumption 2,220 Kcal per day) and the non food poverty line Rs. 7,332 based
on average 2010-11 prices.
The poverty line for a household in terms of income level has been derived assuming average
household size 4.8, which is adopted from census survey of CBS -2011. Accordingly the household level
poverty line comes to be NRs. 7704 per household per month. The Output Based Aid Guideline of
Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project has considered monthly income Rs. 7,500 as
poverty threshold. Based on these figures, the household monthly income of NRs. 7,500 is assumed
here as poverty threshold for identification of poor households, which implies that a household with
monthly income less than NRs. 7.500 falls under low income or poor group.
3.4.5.1 Low Income/Poor Households in Service Area

In aggregate 27 households out of 1239 fall under the low income group (i.e. monthly income less than
NRs. 8,000) , that implies that 2.2 percent of households in the service area is below income poverty
line. The ward-wise distribution of low income households reveals that a highest percent of poor / low
income households are in Ward No. 5 (6.8 percent), whereas a least percent of them are in Ward No.7
(1 percent). The details of low income households distribution by Ward is presented in table below.
Table 3.15: Distribution of Low Income Households by Wards
Low
Municipality Ward No Total HHs Income Percent
HHs
5 221 15 6.8
6 353 4 1.1
Liwang
7 383 4 1.0
8 282 4 1.4
Total 1239 27 2.2
3.4.5.2 Low Income/Poor Households and Population

The findings of socio-economic survey indicate that altogether there are 27 low income households with
population of 74; of them 33 (44.59%) are male and 41 (55.41%) are female. The poor or low income
population constitutes 1.18 percent of total population (74 out of total 6247) of the service area.

Table 3.16: Low Income Household and Population by Wards

Population
Ward No. HH Male Female Total
No. Percent No. Percent
5 15 20 46.51 23 53.49 43
6 4 4 40.00 6 60.00 10
7 4 4 33.33 8 66.67 12
8 4 5 55.56 4 44.44 9
Total 27 33 44.59 41 55.41 74
3.5 Existing WASH Situation

3.5.1 Existing Water Supply Condition
The existing water supply scheme covers 5,6,7,8 of Liwang Municipality, which supplies water through
nearly 390 private and community taps. The present water supply and sanitation situation is not
satisfactory. The town project areas have piped water system to serve some households and the
remaining of the community depends upon springs and streams. The quality of water delivered through
the existing system in the project area is not satisfactory. Treatment facilities are not provided.
The existing piped Water Supply System was started in 2040 B.S (1983 AD) with 16 numbers of public
tap to bazaar area. Later in 2042 BS (1985 AD) British welfare scheme enhanced the scheme. The
existing Liwang water supply system as constructed under DWSS and in 2047 BS (1990 AD) the
scheme was handed over to WUSC. Since then the WUSC is serving by distributing water to the
community.
Due to high in-migration ratio and increase of rented population, WUSC is unable to serve enough water
supplies. The level of services in terms of quality, quantity, coverage is quite insufficient.
In terms of water quality 16.38 percent of the respondents feel the quality of supplied water is good,
where as that of 75.85 percent feel satisfactory or tolerable (Table-3.17). Nearly 8 percent of the
respondents responded that the water quality of supplied water by existing systems is unsatisfactory.
Table 3.17: Satisfaction in terms of Water Quality
Ward No
S.N. Water Quality Total Percent
5 6 7 8
1 Good 58 9 131 5 203 16.38
2 Satisfactory 150 295 227 268 940 75.87
3 Unsatisfactory 13 49 25 9 96 7.75
Total 221 353 383 282 1239 100.0
3.5.2 Water Sources

Fig-3: Water Use by Source
The finding of socio-economic census
survey 2016 is presented in table below,
which shows that 31 percent of the Dugwell/ku Public Tap,
households have privet tap connection wa, 2% 7%
and 7 percent of them are getting water
from Public Tap. Majority of the HHs (60
%) are still dependent on traditional
sources such as spring, river or pond as Others
(spring, Private
main sources of water. The existing
piped water supply scheme is not rivers,pond Tap, 31%
sufficient to serve the growing population. ) 60%

Table 3.18: Existing Sources of Water

Ward No.
S.N. Water Source Total
5 6 7 8
1 Dug well/ Kuwa 5 6 3 6 20
2 Public Tap 2 2 4 75 83
3 Private Tap 1 17 369 3 390
4 Others (Spring/River/Pond) 213 330 6 197 746
Total 221 355 382 281 1239
3.5.3 Water Fetching Trip

As far as the water fetching trip is concerned the average trips per households are 21, 11, 16 and 13 for
private tap, public tap, well (Kuwa) and Spring/Stream/River/Pond respectively in rainy season and 18,
9, 14 and 12 in dry season.
Table 3.19: Water Fetching Trip
S.N. Water Source Ward No. Average Fetching Trip

5 6 7 8 Rainy Season Dry Season
1 Well (Kuwa), spring, stream 11 6 9 4 16 14
2 Public Tap 10 12 8 14 11 9
3 Private Tap 16 21 18 20 21 18
3.5.4 Water Fetching Time

Average water fetching time for a trip of water from existing sources is shown in table below, which
reveals that average water fetching time is less than 6 minutes for 83.13 percent households, followed
by 6-10 minutes for 10.65 percent households in the service area. Likewise, 6.22 percent households
have to spend more than 10 minutes to fetch a trip of water.
Table 3.20: Households by Water Fetching Time
Ward No
S.N. Time Range Total Percent
5 6 7 8
1 Less than 6 Minutes 176 306 336 212 1030 83.13
2 6 - 10 Minutes 26 38 26 42 132 10.65
3 More than 10 Minutes 19 9 21 28 77 6.22
Total 221 353 383 282 1239 100
3.5.5 Existing Water Consumption Level

The finding of socio-economic survey shows that on overall average 46 and 41 liter per capita per day of
water being consumed in rainy and dry season respectively. The details of water consumption scenario
by water sources are as shown in table below.

Table 3.21: Existing water Consumption Scenario by Season
Existing Water Consumption Scenario
Rainy Season Dry Season
{(Ltr /day;a*c*15}
{(ltr /day;a*c*15}
d) Consumption
d) Consumption
Existing
Consumption/
Consumption/
a) No. of HHs
a) No. of HHs
b) Population
b) Population
f) LPCD; d/b
f) LPCD; d/b
Source Type
Trips/Day
Trips/Day
c) No. of
c) No. of
HH;d/a
HH;d/a
e) Avg
e) Avg
Private Tap 390 1966 21 122850 315 63 390 1966 18 105300 270 54
Public Tap 83 418 11 13695 165 33 83 418 9 11205 135 27
Dug Well /
20 101 16 4800 240 48 20 101 14 4200 210 42
Kuwa
Others
(Spring/stream 746 3762 13 145470 195 39 746 3762 12 134280 180 36
/river etc.)
Total 1239 6247 286815 231 46 1239 6247 254985 206 41

Source: Socio-economic Survey, January 2016 Note: 1 trip = 15 Liter
3.5.6 Existing Sanitation Condition

Liwang Municipality was declared as Open Defecation Free (ODF) in Jestha 2072 B.S. In general the
overall sanitation condition of the project area was observed satisfactory. Most of the households in the
market area have permanent type of private latrine and others have temporary type of private latrine. It
was reported that all the schools have toilets; however there is no public toilet in the entire municipality.
No lined drain is observed in this municipality. No water logged area is found as sufficient natural slope
exists. The proper management of solid waste by the different agencies has not been developed till now
in this town. The people were found to manage solid waste in the pits prepared in the backyard of their
house.
3.5.7 Access to Household Latrine

The access of household to toilet facility is shown in table below, which reveals that about 99.8 percent
(1237 out of 1239) of the households have household toilet.
Table 3.22: Household Latrine
Ward No. / HHs Number

Toilet Total Percent
5 6 7 8
Yes 221 352 383 281 1237 99.8
No 1 1 2 0.2
Total 221 353 383 282 1239 100.0
Among the households with toilet facility, 88.9 percent of them have water sealed latrine, 9.7 percent
have ventilated pit type latrine and 0.9 percent have ventilated pit type latrine.

Table 3.23: Type of Household Latrine
Ward No Total
S.N. Toilet Type
5 6 7 8 No. Percent
1 Pit Latrine 3 8 11 0.9
2 Ventilated Pit 39 8 7 66 120 9.7
3 Water Seal 182 343 368 207 1100 88.9
4 Cistern Flush 1 5 6 0.5
Total 221 352 383 281 1237 100.0
3.5.8 Public Toilet

There is no public toilet in the service area. However it was reported that all the colleges / schools,
hospital and government offices have toilets.
3.5.9 Existing Health Situation
There is District Hospital located at Liwang Bazaar. The district Hospital has 25 beds and providing basic
health care facilities. Most of the people visit District Hospital for general health treatment. However local
people visit Narayanghat or even Kathmandu for treatment of complicated health problems. Two dental
clinics are providing dental care services and 6 numbers of medical shops are also available in this area.
Most of people are found aware in health and hygiene. People are aware about hand washing before
touching and eating food, and after defecation etc.
3.5.10 Water Borne Diseases in the Project Area
Available data from Rolpa District Hospital shows that water borne disease are occurred in the project
area. Waterborne diseases can have a significant impact on the local economy. People who are infected
by a waterborne disease are usually confronted with financial burden. This is especially the case in poor
households.
Total 595 numbers of water born/related diseases infected persons were found treated by Rolpa hospital
last year. Out of the total incidents, 178 incidents were diarrheas, 169 and 129 persons were suffered
from typhoid and worms respectively. Skin related diseases are also reported in the project area.
District hospital Rolpa has recorded water born / related disease data in last year 2071/72 as illustrated
in the Figure 4.
Fig-4: Water Borne Disease Infected Persons
178
169
129
57
36 26
Source: District Hospital, Rolpa, 2016

3.6 Willingness in Participation
The numbers of residential houses have been found growing rapidly in the project area. Population
enlargement due to migration has affected the supply of drinking water and there is shortfall. This
indicates the urgent need and importance of safe and reliable water supply system in this area to fulfill
the growing demand of water supply and sanitation facilities. In this regard this section describes the
beneficiaries' perceptions towards the proposed project and their willingness to participate in the project.

3.6.1 Willingness to New Tap Connection

Regarding the willingness of beneficiaries to connect the new tap from proposed town project, all
households expressed their willingness to connect new tap and upgrade of existing water supply. Out of
them 68 percent were enthusiastic to connect private tap inside house i.e fully plumbed, 31.7 percent of
them were willing to connect private tap within compound i.e. yard connection, and 0.2 percent preferred
community tap (Table-3.24).
Table 3.24: Willingness to New Tap Connection
Ward No Percen
Willing to New Tap Connection Total
S.N. 5 6 7 8 t
1 Private Tap inside house (fully plumbed) 38 350 373 82 843 68.0
Private Tap within compound (Yard
2 183 3 7 200 393 31.7
Connection)
3 Community Tap 3 3 0.2
Total 221 353 383 282 1239 100.0
3.6.2 Willingness to Pay 5 Percent Cash Contribution

As the social census survey data shows, more than 99 percent of the beneficiary's HHs would willingly
pay 5% up-front cash contribution if they have been assured that the new water supply system would
function and operate with proven water quality without interruptions.
Table 3.25: Willingness to pay 5% Cash Contribution
Willingness to 5% Cash Ward No

S.N. Total Percent
Contribution 5 6 7 8
1 Yes 220 350 382 281 1233 99.52
2 No 1 3 1 1 6 0.48
Total 221 353 383 282 1239 100.0
3.6.3 Contribution in Sanitation Management

People were found enthusiastic regarding the development project. Representatives of 95.6 percent of
households had responses affirmatively to contribute 15% even in sanitation components like drainage,
solid waste management etc. The table below depicts the willingness to contribute to sanitation sector.
Table 3.26: Willingness to Contribute in Sanitation Management
15% Contribution for Ward No

S.N. Total Percent
Waste Management 5 6 7 8
1 Yes 221 350 333 280 1184 95.6
3.6.4 Willingness to Pay Monthly Water Tariff

All households were asked how much could they pay as monthly water tariff. Out of the total households
interviewed 67.2 percent of households were found eager to pay monthly water tariff range NRs. 101-
200, followed by 17.2 percent of household willing to pay more than NRs. 500 monthly as water tariff.
Likewise, 14.5 percent of them would like to pay NRs.201-500 and nearly 1 percent would prefer to pay
up to NRs. 100 monthly as water tariff.

Table 3.27: Willingness to pay Monthly Water Tariff
Ward
S.N. Water Tariff Total Percent
5 6 7 8
2 Up to Rs. 100 6 4 3 13 1.1
3 Rs. 101-200 210 104 286 233 833 67.2
4 Rs. 201-500 1 122 48 9 180 14.5
5 > Rs. 500 4 123 49 37 213 17.2
Total 221 353 383 282 1239 100.0
3.7 Conclusion and Project Rationale
Liwang is district headquarter of Rolpa district and also main marker centre of the district. It is a growing
town of the Rolpa district. Majority of the population lives in ward no 6 and 7 in semi urban environment.
People of hinterland come to this market place for their necessary goods. The service area has
potentiality for agricultural production and bamboo. The local economy of the area is basically
agricultural based. However, the economy of the core project area, being Bazar area with compact
settlement, is basically business and commercial based.
The average household income of service area is estimated at NRs. 22,478 per month, which signifies
the affordability of the beneficiaries. The poverty analysis indicates that 2.2 percent of households in the
service area lie below income poverty line.
The existing water supply situation shows that 31 percent of the households have Private Tap
connection and 7 percent of them are getting water from Public Tap. Majority of the HHs (60 %) are still
dependent on traditional sources such as spring, stream, river or pond as main sources of water. The
existing piped water supply scheme is not sufficient to serve the growing population.
Regarding the health and sanitation condition about 99.8 percent of households have latrines. The
service area has been declared ODF. However, proper human waste management system including
sewerage has not been developed. As reported by District Hospital Rolpa the occurrence of water borne
diseases is quite often.
As socio-economic census survey data reveals that all the beneficiaries (100 % households) expressed
their willingness to connect new tap. Among them 68 percent were enthusiastic to connect private tap
inside house i.e fully plumbed, 31.7 percent of them were willing to connect private tap within compound
i.e. yard connection, and less than 1 percent preferred community tap. Likewise, more than 99.52
percent of them showed their willingness to pay 5 percent up-front cash contribution, cent percent
expressed their willingness to pay monthly water tariff, and 95.6 percent of the community people are
enthusiastic for 15 % contribution for sanitation improvement.
Due to high in-migration ratio and increase of rented population, WUSC is unable to serve enough water
supplies. The level of services in terms of quality, quantity, coverage is quite insufficient. Considering
the present service level, water demand, water quality and condition of existing system, there is need for
a water supply to upgrade the existing water supply situation in order to meet growing water demand in
the service area.

4. DETAIL ENGINEERING SURVEY, DESIGN STANDARDS AND

APPROACH
4.1 Introduction
The Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (Sector) Projects are designed to be responsive to the demands
of the consumers for improved water supply and sanitation services. Consumer demand is most
evidenced by a willingness to pay for these services. People receive project assistance to help them
build the kind of facilities they desire, and are willing to pay for the facility. This will have also strong
bearing on long-term sustainability of the project. Therefore, adequate interaction with the community
was made to delineate service area and to the critical decisions such as use of pipe materials, location
of reservoir site, location of community taps and their number, location of drainage section etc.
4.2 Field Investigation
The consultants started works on detailed design engineering as per the TOR and fielded a team from
1st week of March 2016 at Liwang town subproject.
The field team mainly consisted on follows:
1. Mr. Shiva Ratna Rajbahak - Team leader
2. Mr. Dhundi Raj Dahal - Water supply design engineer
3. Mr. Prakash Bhakta Shrestha - Social Development & Safeguard Specialist
4. Mr. Lochan Raj Bhattarai - Construction Supervision Engineer
5. Mr. C Mahato - Sr. quantity surveyor, Construction Engineer
6. Mr. Bidur Acharya - Civil Engineer
In addition to the above field staff, staff man, chainman, enumerators were locally hired. The
beneficiaries of the project area also assisted during the survey work.
1. Prerna Tamang ( Female)
2. Sabitri Acharya ( Female)
3. Junu Rai (Female)
4. Giri Bhandari, ( Male)
5. Resma Tamang ( Female)
6. Krishna Khatri ( Female)
7. Baini Tamang ( Female)
8. Ram Tamang ( Female)
4.3 Interaction with Community
4.3.1 Meeting with WUSC Committee Members
The survey team initially conducted a meeting with WUSC at WUSC office. The following members of
the WUSC participated in the meeting.
Table 4.1: WUSC members participated in the meeting
S.No Name Position held Gender (M/F)
1 Man Bahadur Khatri Chairperson M
2 Nanda Kumar Acharya Vice Chairperson M
3 Tulasa Acharya Treasures F
4 Mahesh Neupane Member Secretary M
5 Dilmani Bhandarai Member M

6 Ekdev Kami Member M
7 Lal Bahadur Kuwar Member M
8 Gita Acharya Member F
9 Basu Nakarmi Member F
The meeting was concentrated on the following points

• Service area delineation
• Selection of possible alternative sources
• Reformation of WUSC as per norms of TSTWSSSP
Similarly in next day WRDSMC team again had a meeting with WUSC. WUSC decided to move for the
detail topographic survey and accordingly WRDSMC carried out.
New Reformed WUSC has been listed as:
Table 4.1a: WUSC members participated in the meeting
S.No Name Position held Gender (M/F)
1 Liladhar Acharya Chairperson M
2 Khat Gharti Vice Chairperson M
3 Dilli Raman Acharya Treasures F
4 Gaura Devi K.C Member Secretary F
5 Ganga Lal Sunar Member M
6 Ganga Bahadur Kuwar Member M
7 Lal Bahadur Kuwar Member M
8 Pajita Gharti Member F
9 Dev Bahdur Dangi Member M
4.3.2 Delineation of Service Area

Service area establishment has been done firstly as per pre-feasibility report which consisted part of
wards 2,3,4,5 and 8 of Liwang Municipality. After the feasibility study report the WRDSMC again
discussed with the WUSC team and Community people. The service area was redefined leaving some
remote settlements as they are being served under Fund Board projects.
4.3.3 Location of Reservoir Site and Treatment Units
WRDSMC along with WUSC team visited the proposed and existing sites of reservoirs, office building,
and treatment units. Locations for proposed structures were identified and accordingly WUSC team were
advised to acquire / manage land required.
4.3.4 Gender Issue and WUSC
It was learnt only two female members were in the WUSC. The WRDSMC team expressed its deep
concern regarding the numbers of female members. It was also explained about the mandatory provision

of three female members including one in the key position in the committee. WUSC team took it
seriously and reformed in accordance with the provision.
The reformed WUSC committee consists of 9 members in which 3 are women members including one in
the key position. Similarly, WUSC has formed ward level sub-committees under the main WUSC. In this
ward level committee, women members are also included. The objective of formation of this ward level
sub-committee is to collect 5% upfront cash, to mobilize community to participate during construction
and to assist WUSC main committee.
4.4 Topographic Survey
Detailed topographical survey applying total station has been conducted. Locations where structures are
proposed were further surveyed with sufficient detailed to draw contour line with 1 m interval.
Blacktopped and major roads were also identified.
4.5 Socio-economic Survey
As per the agreed ToR, WRCSMC has to prepare socio-economic profile of each town project. In this
regard the socio-economic household survey has been carried out, which includes both censes survey
covering cent percent households in the service area and sampled household survey covering 8.6 %
representative sample. The census survey is the basis for socio-economic assessment of the project
area, which also generates design parameters needed for feasibility study; whereas the sample survey
is the basis for generating a gender-disaggregated socio-economic profile of the service area. This
report is based on findings of census survey.
For this town project representative samples of 6.86 percent of total households in the service area had
been drawn. The samples were selected in such a way as to be representative of the population of the
service area. It is expected that the sampled households provide the most valid results because they
reflect the characteristics of the population of the service area. A stratified random sampling procedure
had been adopted in order to insure representation of all clusters/Tole, caste / ethnic group and
economic strata. For this a proportionate sample size from cluster/settlement of Dalit, poor, marginalized
and minority groups was calculated and drawn to insure their representation in sampled households.
Survey team first listed out the ward wise total number of house in the survey area, which was used as
the sampling frame. Sampling frame was listed in according to the household numbers assigned by
municipality/VDC/WUSC and a systematic sampling approach was used for selecting the households in
the sample. For this a sampling interval was calculated by divining the total number of households listed
by the total number of households to be selected from each Tole/cluster of the service area. Then a
starting household was selected from the list randomly. Succeeding households in the sample were
selected by adding the sampling fraction in the starting household number.
4.6 Water Source and Water Quality

4.6.1 Water Sources
Liwang area has numerous spring sources ranging from 15 lps of discharges to smaller one. Some of
them are
a. Mulkhola Source (Spring source) dry season discharge 9.3 lps
b. Sattale Source (Spring source) dry season discharge 13.6 lps
c. Mulpani source (Spring source) dry season discharge 14.6 lps
d. Rim Khola spring source dry season discharge 5.3 lps
e. Chkale Patal spring source dry season discharge 3.0 lps
f. Dhunge Bisaini source (Spring source) dry season discharge 1.5 lps
g. Dhanmuda I, II & III sources (Spring sources) dry season discharge 5.5 lps
h. Jyamure Khola source (Spring Source) dry season discharge 7.8 lps
All the above mentioned sources are spring sources and perennial type. All these sources are presently
being used by local people for water supply and/or irrigation purpose. The water supply schemes have
been conceptualized using four of the above sources
4.6.2 Water Quality

Samples were collected to conduct the physical and chemical tests of water. These are described in the
subsequent headings.

4.7 Design Standard and Approach

4.7.1 Service Level
• Increased Supply of Water
The implementation of the projects has to ensure improved water supply services. Consumers must be
able to draw the quantity of water each day within their house or yard that meets their water demand and
which is generally more than the basic supply (ie. 45 lpcd). Even the poor and marginalized groups must
have an access to the improved system through subsidized tariff or shared taps. Hence following are
suggested.
- Predominantly private house connection: yard or fully plumbed.
- Per capita demand between 65-100 lpd. 65 lpd for yard connection and 100 lpd for house
connection. At the end of the design period it is expected all the connection will have 100 lpd
demands.
• Continuous 24 x7 hours supply

Intermittent supply is a health risk as it can allow contamination of the system. It also forces households
to develop their own storage system which increases costs and can also increase the risk of
contamination. The present Design Guidelines considers continuous 24 hour supplies with a minimum of
7 meters residual head.
• Quality of Water
The GoN has approved National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) in 2005 and circulated
directives for its implementation. Thus the water must be treated enough to comply with the national
water quality standards.
4.7.2 Service Area
Based on the feasibility of sources, settlement pattern, cost effectiveness and the willingness of the
community, parts of wards 2,3,4,5 and 8 of Liwang Municipality service area as the entire wards of VDC
from wards 1 to 9 is selected.
4.7.3 Design Period and Domestic Consumption
Design periods for water supply systems in Nepal vary from 15 to 20 years for rural and semi-urban
areas. However, an increased design period will have economic and cost implications on the
subprojects. Considering growth rates of towns and the life span of water supply system structures, a
design period of 20 years is proposed. In addition, a three years period has been adopted for the
feasibility and detailed engineering design study (one year) and construction (two years).
The water demand scenario for towns comprises of domestic household, fire, institutional and
commercial demands. Furthermore, the existing households in most towns are predominantly "pucca"
houses with pour-flush latrines. Settlements and houses in the periphery of the towns are more rural in
character, which may prefer yard connections or community shared tap stands. So, the household
demand has to be calculated by providing 100 lpcd for private connections, 65 lpcd for yard connections
and 45 lpcd for shared taps.
Regarding temporary population (population living on rents) and its water demand, the per capita
demand will be taken as 100 lpcd and added into the total domestic demand. Growth rate will be
adopted same as that for permanent population.
4.7.4 Non-domestic Consumption
Non domestic consumption eg institutional, commercial and others are proposed to consider as follows:
- School / college
with hostel @ 65 lpd per boarder student
day-scholars @ 10 lpd per student
-
- Offices @ 10 lpd
- Hospitals with bed @ 500 lpd per bed
Hospitals without bed and
health clinics @ 2500 liters (lump sum)
- Hotels / lodges @ 200 lpd per bed
- Restaurant and Tea stalls @45 lpd per seat

- Auditoriums @10 lpd per seat

- Police barrack @ 100 lpd per person
In addition, demand of small scale restaurants/tea shops are taken in lump sum varying from 1,000 to
2,500 liter depending upon the sizes.
4.7.5 Fire Demand
The water for firefighting will be taken as 1 lpcd.
4.7.6 Leakage and Wastages
The loss in the system as leakage and wastage shall be accounted as 10% of the total demand (sum of
domestic and non-domestic demands). The calculation shall be done using the following formulas:
L&W = 0.10 x TWD , where TWD is Total Water Demand
4.7.7 Population Growth and Demographic Trends
The design used to be mainly based on Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) data, which often does not
correctly reflect the real growth situation in small and emerging towns and has created problems in
determining growth rates. In order to overcome these problems, it has become necessary to carry out
trend analyses considering CBS, socio-economic surveys, vacant residential plots in the proposed
service area.
The growth rate for the service zones will be based on the existing population density and the potential /
saturated potential density. The design population will be based on the established growth rates for
various service zones. As most of the service areas of Liwang have semi-urban and rural characteristics,
it is feasible to employ the geometric progression approach for projections of the design population.
4.7.8 Supply Duration and Consumption Pattern
The distribution system capacity to meet the design water demand at the desired rate and time is
determined by the service area consumption pattern. This consumption pattern is used to determine the
balancing storage tank capacity. Therefore, it is essential to establish the type of consumption pattern.
Liwang is situated in the hilly area and recommended consumption pattern for the town subproject is
given in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Consumption Pattern
Hours % of daily demand in the Hills

0500 – 0700 25
0700 – 1200 30
1200 – 1700 15
1700 – 1900 15
1900 – 0500 15
4.7.9 Peak Factors
From the above table peak factor comes out to be 3.0 and thus the recommended peak factors for the
design of the distribution system of Liwang will be 3.0.
Peak factor = 3.0 for Liwang town project.
4.7.10 Reservoir Sizes
The reservoir size shall be assessed based on the maximum cumulative deficit between supply and
demand. In case the cumulative deficit is less than 100,000 liters/day, the sizing of the reservoir shall be
assumed as 20-25% of the total daily water demand.
4.7.11 Residual Pressure and Velocity
As practiced in small- medium town context, the minimum residual pressure to be maintained at all
distribution points shall be kept at 7 meters whereas the desirable residual pressure at the system nodes
is kept at 10 meters. Similarly, the minimum velocity in all the pipe sections, with the exception of dead
ends serving 2-3 households, shall be maintained at 0.2 m/sec.
4.7.12 Pipe Network / Nodal Demand
The Pipe Network System design is often performed for a conservative demand scenario, where the
total domestic demand is based on fully plumbed connections only. Therefore, it should be noted that the
system demand for engineering design may vary from the water demand established for economic and
financial analyses, which are based on categories of domestic demand and water sales.
4.7.13 Pipe Materials
Much of the pressure head loss in pipelines is attributed to pipe materials used for transmission and
distributing the water. Following a detailed analysis of various pipe materials used for water supply the
following materials (Table 4.3) are suggested for consideration in distribution network expansion and
rehabilitation subject to hydrostatic pressure and soil conditions.
Table 4.3: Pipe Materials for Distribution Network
Recommended Materials Pipe Diameter (mm) Remarks

PE 100 50-215 IS
2
PE >= 6kg/cm 50 – 215 mm NS 40 – 2040; IS 4984 - 1978
Galvanized Iron 50 – 100 mm NS 199 - 2046; IS : 1239 – 1990
Ductile Iron 150 – 350 mm ISO 2531
Galvanized Iron pipes are manufactured locally. GI pipes are highly corrosive and life span is short,
therefore use of GI pipes shall be avoided as far as possible. Generally GI pipes are used in small
quantity for bridge, culvert crossing, and household connection
For the distribution system minimum pipe size proposed is 50 mm.
4.7.14 Pipes Material for Transmission Mains
DI pipes are proposed to use is transmission main.
4.7.15 Pipes Material for House Connection
In Nepal GI and HDPE pipes have been widely used in the house connection. However for the
TSTWSSP 12 to 15 mm diameter PPR or flexible PEX-AL-PEX pipes are proposed to adopt. The

former bears a risk of overheating during joining and is not mice proof. The latter one is quite flexible
lined with aluminum in the core and covered with PE grade material.
4.7.16 Water Quality Standards
It is essential that the quality of water supplied to the consumers be of approved standards. Therefore,
the recently promulgated National Drinking Water Quality Standards (2062) as prescribed in the Urban
Water Supply and Sanitation Policy of 2009 shall be adopted. This might require improved treatment of
the source water. The water quality parameters to be monitored and water quality level established are
listed in the National Drinking Water Quality Standards.
4.7.17 Adopted Design Criteria for Storm Drains
Open drains will be designed to flow full when carrying the design flow with an allowance for freeboard.
Pipe drains and box culverts are designed to flow full with the additional capacity available when the flow
depth is just below the top of the drain not taken into account.
The design flow is the peak runoff resulting from design storm rainfall on the catchment. The design
storm return periods for drainage design are given below in Table below.
4.7.18 Design of Drain Section
Capacity of drain is normally designated using Manning’s formula
1
Q=
𝑛
A 𝑅 2 𝑆 1/2
1
v=
𝑛
𝑅 2/3 𝑆 1/2
Where,
Q= discharge in cumecs
V= mean velocity (m/s)
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient (which has no units
R = hydraulic radius (m) equal to the area of flow divided by the wetted perimeter
S = slope (m/m)
2
A = Area of flow (m )
The n values (average) are indicated in table below for general guidance. Also shown alongside the
table is maximum permissible velocity for various ditches linearly beyond which erosion would occur,
increasing the main trunk cost, but also in case of road side ditches it may weaken the road structurally.
Table 4.4: Coefficient of Rugosity
Type of structure Value of n Allowable Velocity (m/s)

1. Brick pitched drain 0.017 3.0
2. Plastered brick surface 0.015 3.0
3. Plastered brick surface with 0.013 4.0
4. Spun concrete pipes 0.011 3.0
5. Dry rubble masonry 0.033 4.5
6. Dressed ashlar surface 0.015 5.6
7. Dry stone pitching 0.020 4.5
8. Kutcha drains 0.025 2.4
Source: IRC sp 50
In the design of road side channels, the flow of water is assumed as sub-critical. Road side drains are
not designed for peak flow rain occurrence such as once in 100 years or 50 years- as in the case with
design of important structures such as bridge or culverts. However, it is necessary to provide sufficient
capacity to prevent too frequent flooding of the drainage area. There may be some water accumulation
on the roads when the rain fall exceeds the design value which has to be permitted. The frequency of

occurrence which can be permitted varies from place to place, depending on the importance of the place
of expectancy of the public. Flooding during certain intervals need to be allowed without in commercial in
terms of property or substantial transit losses, in like of savings in the provision of drainage system
capital cost. Important junctions, high value area transmits, substations etc. should be considered as key
areas of higher frequency of flooding should be adopted in the design as a necessary safeguard. Based
on the practice being followed in many metropolitan cities in India by keeping the cost consideration in
mind, it is recommended that a return period of 1 to 2 years be adopted in the estimation of runoff. While
deciding the drain section it is most necessary that they are adequate to carry the required discharge.
Following guidelines are in kept in view regarding minimum velocity, free board of minimum section of
drain.
• Minimum velocities
- Internal drain (built with plaster) 0.45 m/s
- Intercepting/main drain 0.75 m/s
- Pipe drain 0.75 m/s
• Free board 10% of depth
• Minimum section of drain
- Section should be such that it should permit manage sharing with a spade, pickaxe etc.,
a drain should be 300mm wide. In case of hume (reinforced concrete) pipe the minimum
diameter should not be less than 450mm.
As per IRC sp-50 hume pipe (circular section) drain are prone to chocking and difficult to maintain and
required special equipment. Also, due to minimum size requirement and construction considerations,
such drains tend to become deep as increase depth of the drain at downstream end. Hence, as far as
possible the hume pipe section are avoided by and are not considered.
Table 4.5: Standard Types of Drains
S.No. Drain Type Locations for Use
1 Standard open brick drain General use away from roads
2 Open brick roadside drain with plaster of For use next to roads
cement mortar
For use as a footpath away from roads. Note if
3 Standard brick drain with footpath top slab width is over 1.5m, footpath will be used by
rickshaws
For use as a footpath next to roads. Note

4 Brick roadside drain with footpath top slab footpath must be at least slab thickness plus
150mm above road to stop vehicle use.
5 Brick road cross drains with road top slab Designed for vehicles to cross over
Designed for vehicles to run along. Note vehicle

6 Brick road side drains with road top slab access crossings over drain to be constructed
as road cross drains.
7 Reinforced Concrete drains Individually designed. Used where either space

does not allow masonry drains or depth is more.
8 Box culverts Individually designed. Used where top slab is
required.
9 Pipe drains Used where space available and closed drain
needed
10 Trapezoidal lined drains (with size stone Used where space available but pucca drain
masonry) needed with 1:12 slope for the retaining wall.
11 Katcha (earth) drain/ditch Semi-rural areas. Usual cut to angle of repose of
soil.

The structural design of the road side drain is dependent on their location and depth with regard to the
adjacent pavement. Road in high embankment the road side ditch/drain design is not based on rigorous
hydraulic analysis, but is cut to natural angle of repose of the soil and to a depth of usually 0.30 m to
0.60 m or more. However, curve should always be taken to ensure that the depth is such that during
sustained flow in the bottom of drain never rises above the subgrade level of the pavement.
In other instances shallow drains to be placed at the same level of the shoulder of the adjoining road
would be designed with brick masonry with cement plaster with cement concrete base. Deeper drains
should have RCC base with retaining wall in Size Stone Masonry (SSM) preferably when the height of
the wall is above 1.35 meters. The retaining wall shall be designed to achieve a minimum factor of safety
2.5 against overturning by 2.5 against sliding, unless otherwise approved by the Project Manager. The
retaining wall design shall considered all the loadings including uplift if applicable, allowable soil bearing
capacity by angle of internal friction of soil etc.
The minimum cover to the reinforcement shall be 40mm on the underside of slabs and inside faces of
drain walls, 50mm where in contact with water and 75mm where saline water is expected.

5. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
5.1 Location and Accessibility
Liwang is a district headquarters of Rolpa District in the Rapti Zone of southwestern Nepal. It is located
in the southwestern mid hill part of the Country. The project town is surrounded by Gajul and Mishri VDC
to the East, Jankot and Kotgad in the West, Dhawang and Homa in the West and Jedwang in the South.
All weather road is connected from Bhaluwang, a small business centre located at East -West Highway
The proposed area covers ward numbers 5 to 8 of Liwang Municipality. The location of the project area
is 28°18′ North 82°38′ East.
5.2 Climate, Topography and Geology

It has subtropical type of climate. Almost 80% of rainfall occurs during monsoon (June to September).
The altitude of the project area is varying from 1,300 m – 1,500 m above the sea level.
Geologically the rocks exposed of Liwang are of Precambrian to lower Paleozoic consists of shallow
marine sediments, phyllite, sandstone with quartzite and calcareous sandstone. It has stromatolitic
limestone and black slates.
5.3 Delineation of Service Area and Population Coverage

The service area presently does have a piped water supply system but its design limits have been
exhausted and there is a demand for its rehabilitation and extension in terms of quality and quantity. The
desired service level therefore has to be better and would mean fixing the level of service in terms of
amount/quantity of water needed per capita, nature of supply time (reliability), quality of water and
accessibility. Initial reviews with the PMO and the guidelines given to the consultants as well as the
desire of the users show the following:
- 24 hours continuous supply with potable water as recommended by NDWQS guideline.
- Supply of designated area through house connection, through yard connection and through
community tap stands.
The population of Liwang VDC was recorded as 10,417 in the 2011 census. The population growth rate
is found increased in the latter decade as shown in the table below:
Table 5.1: Population and Growth Trend
VDC Year 1991 2001 2011
Population 6,462 8,425 10,417

Liwang
Growth Rate 2.69 % 2.15%
Sources: CBS July 2011
5.4 Service Area Establishment

Service area of the project has been established to cover wards 5, 6, 7, 8 (new wards 1, 2 and 4) of
Liwang Municipality (as of 2016). While carrying out the household survey, the local leaders and
beneficiary community provided great assistance to identify the exact service area to be considered in
the proposed project. During household’s survey done by the consultants the households within service
area were accounted as 1,060; permanent population 5,809 and temporary (rental) 181 with totaling of
5,990 population.

Table 5.2: Service Area Population (Survey Year 2016)

Ward No Population
Municipality Cluster / Settlements HHs Rental
New Old Permanent Total
(Floating)
1 8 Purano Bamruk, Mewang, Bamruk
Mulpani, Siwang, Reeuga, Thaliwang,

2 5&6 Kavrekharka, Pipalchautara,
Khanepani Tole, Bich Bazar Tole
Liwang 1060 5809 181 5990
Loktantrik Chowk, Bich Bazar Tole,
Sibalaya Tole, Prasasan Tole, Jilla
4 7
Bikas Tole, Solowang, Balmandir Tole,
Kami Tole
Total 1060 5809 181 5990
5.5 Population Projection

The increase in future population of the town depends on several factors such as living conditions in the
town, and its environs, commercial potential, educational facilities , state of total development, location
with respect to main highway, and neighboring market centers, climatic conditions etc. Liwang is district
head quarter of Rolpa District and this has significantly played role in the migration from nearby hills and
hinterlands. All the above said factors, upto a certain extent, are in favor of Liwang contributing to its
growth.
While assessing the growth rate for the proposed project, the following five distinct growth rates have
been observed and are presented in tabular format for clarity of vision.
Table 5.3: Population Growth Trend
Population Growth Trend

S. No Particulars
1991-2001 2001-2011 1991-2011
1 National Population growth rate 2.25 % 1.4% 1.8%
2 National urban population growth rate 6.65 % 3.38% 5.01%
3 Rolpa District growth rate 1.85 % 1.57% 1.71%

2.69 % 2.15 %
4 Liwang VDC growth rate
5 Ward No.1 growth rate NA 1.78%
6 Ward No.2 growth rate 1.64% 1.79%
9 Ward No.5 growth rate 2.33% 2.18 %

Liwang
12 Ward No.8 growth rate NA 1.99%

*Source: CBS 2011

During the period between 1991 and 2011, as the growth rate figures point out, there has been
considerable growth in population. This significant growth is due to migration from hinterlands. There has
been a positive overall growth in the last two decades.
The present service area wards are already developed to some extent, and as because proposed water
supply project has been planned for augmenting the existing water supply system, the rate of growth is
expected to be positive and similar as depicted in the remarks column above.
There is a further scope of expansion of the town as available facilities in the town are on the increase
every year. When there would be saturation after 30-35 years, then only decrease rate of growth pattern
might prevail.
The entire population of the service area is not evenly distributed due to variations in land use pattern
and available facilities. The population density indicating the number of persons per unit area and the
distribution of population also has been studied for the efficient design of the distribution system. Four
types of zoning have been done to arrive at the realistic water demand for designing of pipe lines for the
proposed project.
While calculating the population growth rate to be adopted, population density of different zones have
been calculated and is presented in the Table 5.4 below. Growth rates for different zones are adopted
(Refer Drawing Volume) based on the topography, accessibility, vicinity of market centers and
population density. However as the present service area wards are already developed to some extent,
and as because proposed water supply project has been planned for implementation, the rate of growth
is expected to be similar as depicted in the table below.
Table 5.4: Population Density Zones and Adopted Growth Rates
Survey Year (2016) Location

Adopted
Growth Area Population Growth Ward Ward
Population Remarks
Zone (Ha) House Density Rate No. No.
holds Own Floating (%)
Total New Old
House / Rental
Adjacent to
High 2 5&6
Highway
Growth 94.315 388 2126 84 2210 23.43 3.0
(High
Zone 4 7
Growth)
1 8 Disperse
Medium
2 5&6 Settlement
Growth 159.466 341 1869 66 1935 12.13 2.5
Zone (Medium
4 7
Growth)
Low
1 8 Agricultural
Medium
52.095 331 1814 31 1845 35.42 2.2
Growth (Low Medium
Zone 4 7
Growth)
Sum
305.876 1060 5809 181 5990 19.58
Total
On analysis of all above mentioned parameters as well as the historical trend, zone wise growth rates
have been considered for the project area up to the design period i.e. year 2039. The geometrical
n
increase method Pn = Po x(1+r ) has been adopted for the population forecast. This method has been
used as because the service area is a newly growing commercial town and is presently in the process of
development. The projected households and population for base year and design year is as presented in
Table below:

Table 5.5: Population Zones and Population Projection
Growth Area Population Population Population

Zone (Ha)
Perman Floati Perma Floati Perma Floati
Total Total Total
ent ng nent ng nent ng
High
Growth 94.315 2,216 84 2,210 2,323 91 2,414 4,196 166 4,362
Zone
Medium
Growth 159.466 1,869 66 1,935 2,012 71 2,083 3,299 115 3,414
Zone
Low
Medium
52.095 1,814 31 1,845 1,936 33 1,969 2,992 51 3,043
Growth
Zone
Grand
305.876 5,809 181 5,990 6,271 195 6,466 10,487 332 10,819
Total
5.6 Water Demand Analysis

The water demand comprises of domestic, institutional, offices, and commercial / industrial water
demand. The respective demands are described below:
Domestic Demand:
Primarily it comprises of daily household needs. About 49% of the existing household are pucca type
while some households are semi pucca type. Based on this situation it is recommended that private
connection is installed for modern houses, yard connections for other households. Accordingly rented
population (floating population) is also considered and is expected to have growth rate as of other
population. Effective demand has been analyzed by adopting the contingent valuation method.
Following per capita demand is considered:
Table 5.6: Per Capita Demand
Category Liter Per Capita Per Day
Fully Plumbed 100
Yard Connection 65
Rental (Floating) 100
Non domestic Demand:

Water demands from the institutions are recorded. There are 30 government offices, 12 educational
institutions including 1 college, 3 district hospitals/health clinics etc. These have been taken into account
while calculating the water demand.
Industrial, Commercial and Other demand:
About 10 numbers of cottage industries like bamboo and agro based, workshops welding shops, etc are
found in the service area. 46 numbers of hotels/ lodges are in operation. Their bed numbers have been
taken into account while calculating the water demand. Besides 4 commercial banks and 6 numbers of
co-operatives are also in operation.
Fire Demand:
Firefighting water demand has been considered as 1liter per person.

Leakage / Wastage and others:

System leakage, wastage and pilferage are some of the items, which are harsh realistic of any natural
system. The quantity varies greatly, and this unaccounted for water has been seen in some of the
developing country as high as 45% of the production. However a total of 10% of the total demand has
been provided for the leakage and wastage from the base year 2018 onwards.
Total Water Demand
Table below summarizes the total water demand for the design year. Refer Appendix III, Vol. II for
detailed year wise breakdown of total water demand.
Table 5.7: Sector wise Water Demand
3
Demand (m /day)
S.No. Description Unit Year Year Year Year Year Year
2016 2019 2024 2029 2034 2039
1 Revenue Demand
3
1a Domestic Demand m /d 526.78 568.94 667.58 784.93 931.24 1081.90
3
1b Non Domestic Demand m /d 419.30 440.57 481.45 526.60 578.83 637.91
3
Total Revenue Demand m /d 946.08 1009.51 1149.03 1311.53 1510.07 1719.81
2 Non-Revenue Demand
3
2a Fire Fighting Demand m /d 5.81 6.27 7.13 8.10 9.22 10.49
3
2b Leakage and Wastage m /d 94.61 100.95 114.91 131.16 151.01 171.98
Total Non-Revenue 3
m /d 100.42 107.22 122.04 139.26 160.23 182.47
Demand
3
m /d 1046.50 1116.73 1271.07 1450.79 1670.30 1902.28
3 Total Daily Demand
lps 12.11 12.93 14.71 16.79 19.33 22.02
5.7 Layout and Preliminary Engineering Design

Liwang Water Supply sub-project has been conceptualized as a piped water supply system using
spring water as sources. The water supply service area is elongated type. It bears elevation difference of
more than 300m.Tundikhel and Solowang area are located in lower elevation than the sources and thus
can be run from gravity system. Most of the settlements are located in higher elevation and required
pumping. Thus considering the topography, land use, settlement pattern 8 separate distribution
schemes are proposed.
The following table summarizes the subsystem wise population projection up to the design year 2039:
Table 5.8: Subsystem wise Population Projection
Distribution Sub- Population Population Population
System
Own Own Own
Floating Total Floating Total Floating Total
House House House
Purano Bamruk 230 3 233 246 3 249 379 5 384
Bamruk-Badichaur-
455 24 479 490 26 516 803 42 845
Mewang
Mewang-Deubuje 186 15 201 201 16 217 334 29 363
Tudikhel-Solowang 1195 16 1211 1278 17 1295 2010 28 2038
Sikshya 274 12 286 299 13 312 541 24 565
Siwalaya-
1441 48 1489 1555 52 1607 2604 87 2691
Bichbazar
Kavrakharka 1102 27 1129 1200 29 1229 2128 52 2180
Siwang-Reeuga 926 36 962 1002 39 1041 1688 65 1753
Total 5809 181 5990 6271 195 6466 10487 332 10819
Please refer separate volume drawings for proposed distribution zones.

5.8 Water Sources

Liwang area has numerous spring sources ranging from 15 lps of discharges to smaller one. Some of
them are
a. Mulkhola Source (Spring source) dry season discharge 9.3 lps
b. Sattale Source (Spring source) dry season discharge 13.6 lps
c. Mulpani source (Spring source) dry season discharge 14.6 lps
d. Rim Khola spring source dry season discharge 5.3 lps
e. Chkale Patal spring source dry season discharge 3.0 lps
f. Dhunge Bisaini source (Spring source) dry season discharge 1.5 lps
g. Dhanmuda I, II & III sources (Spring sources) dry season discharge 5.5 lps
h. Jyamure Khola source (Spring Source) dry season discharge 7.8 lps
All the above mentioned sources are spring sources and perennial type. All these sources are presently
being used by local people for water supply purpose. In addition to the water supply, some sources are
used for irrigation also. The water supply schemes have been conceptualized using four of the above
sources as shown in Table 5.9. The table also presents the proposed tapped discharge from the source.
Table 5.9: Source and Taping Design Discharge
Dry Season Proposed toTap (lps)

S.No. Sources Discharge Gravity Pumping Total
(lps) Scheme Scheme (lps)
1 Mulkhola 9.3 5.00 3.31 8.31
2 Sattale 13.6 6.67 6.67
3 Mulpani 14.6 4.03 4.03
4 Rimkhola 5.3 3.08 3.08
TOTAL 42.80 5.00 17.09 22.09
The proposed sources (Mulkhola, Sattale, Mulpani and Rimkhola) and other sources (Chhakle Patal,
Dhuga Bisauni, Dhanmuda and Jyamure Khola) should be continued to be as existing sources for water
supply and/or irrigation until the construction of this Liwang project is completed and implemented. Even
after the implementation of this project, the other sources (Chhakle Patal, Dhuga Bisauni, Dhanmuda
and Jyamure Khola) could be utilized for Liwang project if the discharge in the proposed sources
decreased due to unforeseen circumstances such as natural calamity etc.
5.9 Water Quality Assessment / Treatment Facilities
The water sample was collected from the proposed four water sources on the months of February 2016
and March 2018 to assess the raw water quality of the proposed sources. The physical, chemical and
biological parameters of the water sample were analyzed at the laboratory of Nepal Environmental &
Scientific Services (P) Ltd., Thapathali, Kathmandu. The water quality test report obtained from the
laboratory is attached in Annex V, Volume II. The water quality of the raw water along with National
Drinking Water Quality Standards is presented in table below.
All the water quality the parameters were found comply with the NDWQS for drinking water except the E.
Coli. The concentration of E. Coli is higher than NDWQS and will require disinfection. Since the water
quality has been analyzed twice during design period, it may not be accurately reliable. The quality of
water in the proposed sources may not show exactly the same result in future. It is thus advisable to
treat the water in order to prevent adverse effect in the public health. Hence, the water treatment system
consisting of, filtration and disinfection is recommended to comply the requirements of the NDWQS for
drinking water. It is recommended to analyze the water quality from the proposed sources up to the
completion of project construction. The proposed treatment process should be reviewed at that stage
and modification of the treatment system should be done accordingly.

Table 5.10: Water Quality Assessment
Observed Values
S. NDWQS,
Parameters Units
No. Measured on Feb 25, 2016 Measured on March 15, 2018 Nepal
Mul Mulpa Rim Mul Mulpa Rim
Sattale Sattale
Khola ni Khola Khola ni Khola
Chroma
1 Colour <.0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 5 (15)
city unit
2 Odor N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O.
3 Taste N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O.
4 Turbidity NTU <1 <1 <1 <1 1 6 5 <1 5 (10)
5 pH 7.6 8.2 8.1 8.2 7.5 8.1 7.8 7.8 6.5 – 8.5
Electrical
6 µS/cm 246 260 252 240 297 303 286 273 1500
Conductivity
Total
7 Dissolved mg/l 192 132 210 232 192 138 198 186 1000
Solid
Total mg/l as
8 185 197 189 183 190 200 184 176 500
Hardness CaCO3
Carbonate
9 mg/l 184 195 189 179 190 200 184 176 -
Hardness
Bicarbonate
10 mg/l 225 237 231 218 ‘- ‘- ‘- ‘- -
Hardness
Total mg/l as
11 184 195 189 179 220 230 215 205 -
Alkalinity CaCO3
Bicarbonate mg/l as
12 184 195 189 179 220 230 215 205 -
Alkalinity CaCO3
13 Chloride mg/l 1.46 0.97 0.97 0.97 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 250
14 Fluoride mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.5-1.5
15 Sulphate mg/l 3.29 3.29 <0.1 8.23 <1 <1 <1 <1 250
16 Ammonia mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.06 <0.05 0.17 1.5
mg/l as
17 Nitrate 1,03 1.25 1.25 0.96 1.46 0.96 0.37 0.74 50
NO3
18 Calcium mg/l 38.87 41.28 38.87 36.47 39.28 41.68 39.26 37.67 200
19 Iron mg/l 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.12 <0.05 0.27 0.21 <0.05 0.3 (3)
20 Manganese mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.2
21 Aluminium mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.2
22 Arsenic mg/l <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 0.05
23 Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001
24 Zinc mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.01
25 Lead mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01
26 Copper mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1
27 Cadmium mg/l <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 0.003
28 Chromium mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.05
MPN/
29 E. Coli Nil Nil >1100 Nil Nil
100 ml
5.10 Treatment Process

The water treatment process has been selected based on the raw water quality. The proposed treatment
process aims to remove the high concentrations of turbidity present in the raw water. It also kills
pathogenic organisms present in raw water and ensures the presence of residual chlorine to kill the
pathogenic organisms during the conveyance of treated water in pipelines. The treatment process
consists of pressure filters and disinfection with associated accessories likes chemical dosing, valves
and pipes. The conventional treatment like sedimentation tank and slow sand filter has not been
proposed due to limited land available at the site. The schematic diagrams of the proposed treatment
plant are shown in figure below. It is recommended to analyze the water quality of the proposed sources

up to the completion of project construction. The proposed treatment process should be reviewed at that
stage and modification of the treatment system should be done accordingly.
Figure 5.1: Schematic Diagram of Treatment Process

Pressure Filter
Pressure filters made of mild steel is proposed to remove turbidity and precipitated iron. The pressure
filters is to be packed with sand and gravel as per the design specifications. The under drainage system
and back wash system should also be installed in the pressure filters. The pressure filter is expected to
bring down the turbidity of water as per the NDWQS. Large number of coliforms is also expected to be
removed in the pressure filter due to biological action.
Disinfection Unit
Although pressure filter removes coliforms to certain extent, the effluent of the pressure filter might still
contain coliforms which might be harmful to human health. These coliforms are killed by disinfection
process and make the water safe. The disinfection is proposed by the addition of bleaching powder in
the reservoir. Bleaching powder is to be dosed from chlorine dosing tank through a doser. The chlorine
dose of 1 mg/l is proposed.
Details of the treatment plants are presented in Separate Volume II -Appendix VI.
5.11 Transmission Mains
Transmission mains of 10,017 m are estimated to convey water from source to distribution reservoirs of
all the schemes. GI pipes are proposed for pumping schemes. Transmission pipes for all the gravity
schemes are proposed to have HDP (PE) pipes. Following table describes the length and sizes of the
transmission mains required.
Table 5.11: Transmission main
S. No Transmission Main Length (m)
1 Mulkhola Source 4008

2 Sattale Source 2612
3 Mulpani Source 1235
4 Rim Khola 2216
Total 10071

5.12 Distribution Reservoirs

The total storage requirement for the system at the end of design period i.e. 2039 is calculated as 545
3
m . The provision of this quantity has been fulfilled by providing additional ground reservoirs. Most of the
existing reservoirs are made of ferrocement and thus will not be used. Few which are in good condition
and needs minor repair are proposed to use.
Refer Separate volume Appendix (Appendix IV) for Reservoir size calculation. The reservoirs will be
constructed of RCC and is designed as ground based tank as the terrain suggests.
The following table summarizes the requirement of reservoir tanks subsystem wise.
Table 5.12: Requirement of Reservoir
Reservoir Size
S. No. Distribution System Existing
Provided
Capacity Remarks
Capacity (Cum)
(Cum)
1 Purano Bamruk 20 15 Ferrocement (Replace)
2 Bamruk-Badichaur-Mewang 10 30 Ferrocement (Replace)
3 Mewang-Duibuje 40 40 Masonry Wall (Reuse)
4 Tudikhel-Solowang 40 120 Ferrocement (Replace)
5 Shikshya NA 20
6 Sibalaya-Bichbazaar 20 140 Ferrocement
Kavrakharka-Thalawang-
7 Thaliwang
20 100 Ferrocement (Replace)
8 Siwang-Reeuga 15 80 Replace
TOTAL 545
5.13 Electromechanical Facilities

All the settlements of the project area are located in higher altitude than the available sources and thus
needs pumping. The pumping is required from the source to the water treatment plant and then from
water treatment plant to the distribution reservoir of each subsystem. In case of Mulkhola source, the
water from the treatment plant can be conveyed by gravity to the distribution reservoir Tudikhel-
Solowang subsystem. All other subsystems require pumping to their respective reservoir. The table 5.13
below explains the pumping head and discharge required.
Table 5.13: Electromechanical Facilities
Distribution Stand by Power

Total Pump Power Rating
Pumping Transformer Rating Generator
Name of Pumping (kW/HP)
Rate (KVA) Rating
System Head
(lps) (KVA)
(m) Calculated Standard Calculated Standard Standard
Mulkhola
Source
No. 1 50.4 8.31 6.85/9.3 5.5/7.5
38.39 50 62.5
No. 2 188.3 3.31 10.19/13.89 11/15
Sattale
Source
No. 1 50.00 6.67 5.45/7.43 4.5/5
No. 2 71.43 6.67 7.8/10.60 7.5/10 34.29 50 62.5
No. 3 148.43 0.76 1.84/2.50 2.2/3(SP)
Mulpani
Source
No. 1 51.57 4.03 3.40/4.64 3/4
30.89 50 62.5
No. 2 131.86 4.03 8.70/11.86 9.3/12.5
Rimkhola
Source
No. 1 50.00 3.08 2.52/3.44 3/4
24.1 25 40
No. 2 111.83 3.08 5.63/7.68 5.5/7.5

Thus submersible pumps, including control panel and transformers are proposed. Voltage Stabilizer are
also proposed to take care of fluctuation. Standby power backup generators are also proposed.
5.14 Distribution Network
The distribution system comprises of pipe network, which consists of mainly loops and branch in very
few places. This network is analyzed using EPANET 2, a design analytical software tool. Distribution
pipes are laid both sides of the all weather and major roads. Single line pipes are proposed in earthen
and other roads. PE pipes are predominantly used. Pipe class & size lesser than 6 kgf and 50 mm are
not proposed to use. Existing pipes will not be used as these are leaking and found substandard (class
of 4 kgf).
The total distribution pipe length of the proposed system is about 48.120 km.
Table 5.14: Distribution Pipe Network
S. No Distribution Sub-system Length (m)
1 Purano Bamruk 2222

2 Bamruk-Badichaur-Mewang 4215
3 Mewang-Duibuje 2871
4 Tudikhel-Solowang 7905
5 Shikshya 3517
6 Sibalaya-Bichbazaar 7623
7 Kavrakharka-Thalawang-Thaliwang 10258
8 Siwang-Reeuga 9509
Total 48120
5.15 House Connections

The system has been designed, predominantly as house to house connections and has been analyzed
for a design capacity of providing a total of 1,914 house connections. However, initially during
construction phase, only 1,060 house connections are provided to satisfy the need for the base year
population.
5.16 Appurtenances
These will primarily comprise of valve chambers or connector boxes to house in flow control valves for
controlling flow in the pipeline and to the community taps etc. Altogether 214 valve chambers are
expected in the system. Other appurtenances as air valves, scour valves, fire hydrants will be provided
at suitable locations. Some road crossing has been initially provided. This will also facilitate for less road
cuttings during the operational phase.
5.17 Guard House
Three guard houses/laboratory room are proposed considering the difficulties of terrain and elongated
nature of service area. Refer Drawing Volume for details.
5.18 Office Building
One office building consisting manager’s room, cash counters is proposed. Similarly one laboratory room
is also proposed. Refer Drawing Volume for details.
5.19 O&M Equipment and Tools
An assessment was done for the needed items. The TSTWSSSP has also some guide lines on it. The
list of tools required for the operation and maintenance has been listed in Quantity/ Cost Estimate
Volume. Besides the following equipment have been also considered in the project so that project works
during construction period and for operational activities are effectively carried out.

a) Leakage detecting equipment- 1 set

b) Submersible sludge pump- 1 no
c) Electro-fusion machine for joining the PE pipes including portable Generator - 1 set
d) Water quality testing laboratory equipment – 1 set
e) Other Tools and Plants like: electric pipe cutters, pipe wrenches etc.
5.20 Protection and Plantation Works
Plantation works are proposed in the vicinity and upstream of water sources. Few are also proposed in
the office building area to improve the aesthetic look.
5.21 Sanitation Improvement
This component comprises, waste water management, solid waste management, public toilet etc and
are described below.
a. Public Toilet
One public toilet with the capacity of 100 users is proposed as discussed with the WUSC and
Municipality. It contains 5 urinals and 2 pans for male users while & 4 female units in separate male and
female compartments.
b. Individual Household Toilet Improvement
It was learnt, some of the households have prepared pit latrines with bamboo, shrubs cover. The wall of
pits is not found properly protected. Similarly toilet as such were also found made temporarily eg from
bamboo, wooden post etc. Thus training programme in association with LB will be carried out for the
proper construction of local material eg, cement plaster in bamboo woven to make wall, strengthening pit
wall by locally available stone , use of RCC rings and cover and its molding methods etc.
Accordingly awareness campaign is also carried out regarding public sanitation and health.
c. Design of low cost latrine for low income household
There are a few types of latrines that may be adopted for low income household and range from
borehole latrines to septic tank latrines. The type of latrines the people will construct depends largely on
the financial capacity of the consumers. The other factors as culture, tradition of the people, ground
condition, climate and availability of space also play a vital role. There are three distinct income groups
in the project area. People with higher income tend to build better sanitation facilities with more
contribution, people with medium income like to improve but with little contribution while low income
people want to have latrines constructed but do not want to contribute.
5.22 Community Participation
One of the major financial objectives of the project is to encourage the financial responsibility of the
consumer for the improved facilities by requiring co-financing of 30% of the capital cost of water supply,
with additional 30% cost recovery of the loan funds for the construction. Upfront cash is 5 % of total cost.
There are quite a few clubs and local NGOs in the project area doing social programs. They will be
effective for future use especially in awareness generating programs provided they are given training.
School children and community social workers will be used in awareness generating programs.
Commitment for contribution and participation is found high for the project. All surveyed household
samples are willing to contribute for the development of the water supply project. The works of collecting
cash is already commenced. During the field visit, contribution aspects were also discussed. It has been
said that there would not be any problem for collecting cash from the community.
5.23 Support Activities
As described earlier, the project is the community based approach and involves communities from the
inception to the project implementation. As such there is a need of variety of trainings to water user's
committee members. Besides, awareness -generating programs have been identified. The project thus
intends to conduct following training and awareness generating programs in the service area.
• Health Awareness Campaign
• School Health Education Program
• Training of Community Motivators

• Training of Community Health Workers

• Training of WUSC Members
• Training of School Teachers
• Solid Waste Management Training
• Animal Waste Management Training
This is a software program in the project, which includes varied training programs. The above program
also includes training to WUSC on matters of financial (fixing of water tariff, collection of water revenue,
accounting etc.) and purely technical aspects (water quality testing, monitoring, metering, maintenance,
estimating cost etc.)

6. PROJECT COST ESTIMATE

This chapter deals with the component wise cost of the project, basis of the cost estimate and project
funding including community participation. It gives the details of the basic costs of the materials & labors,
analysis of rates for different works, pay item cost, and engineers’ estimate as well as separating the
cost of those items of works that can be commenced by means of community participation. The detailed
project cost estimate is presented in the report as a separate volume. The item wise summary of
engineers estimate is presented below.
Table 6.1: Cost Estimate of Water Supply Component
S.
Description No Rate Estimated Amount
No.
A General Items and Day Works
40,112,017.00
B Civil Work
Site Development including boundary fencing,
1
retaining wall, gate, landscaping etc. 33,575,297.74
2 Generator House 4
5,518,010.92 22,072,043.67
3 Guard house/Lab Room 3
1,996,609.83 5,989,829.49
4 Office building 1
8,475,731.84 8,475,731.84
5 Intake improvement and construction 4
1,710,779.84
6 Sump Well
10 m3 1
377,196.97 377,196.97
5 m3 3
476,219.59 1,428,658.76
7 a) Break Pressure Chamber 12
3,391,897.17
8 Ground Reservoirs including pipe fittings
a) Reservoir at Purano Bamruk (Capacity =
1
15m3 ) 1,220,334.07 1,220,334.07
b) Reservoir at Siksha (Capacity = 20m3 ) 1
1,475,277.63 1,475,277.63
c) Reservoir at Bamruk- Badichaur (Capacity =
1
30m3 ) 1,609,074.68 1,609,074.68
d) Reservoir at Siwang - Reeuga (Capacity =
1
80m3 ) 2,792,201.03 2,792,201.03
e) Reservoir at Kavrekharka (Capacity = 100m3
1
) 2,860,577.67 2,860,577.67
f) Reservoir at Tudikhel - Solowang (Capacity =
1
120m3 ) 3,759,026.46 3,759,026.46
g) Reservoir at Siwalaya - Bichbazar (Capacity =
1
140 m3 ) 4,230,022.45 4,230,022.45
9 Protection works+plantation works 1
2,571,747.59 2,571,747.59
10 Valve Chamber (1500*900*1000) 16
43,986.24 703,779.84
11 Valve Chamber (900*900*1000) 198
32,335.58 6,402,445.61
12 House Connection 1060
8,099.73 8,585,711.22
S.
Description No Rate Estimated Amount
No.
13 a)Dismantling and Reinstatement of Concrete 1

Road 4,929,932.70 4,929,932.70

b)Dismantling and Reinstatement of Black Top
1
Road 3,297,130.20 3,297,130.20
14 Pipe Trench 1
32,899,510.54 32,899,510.54
15 Pipe laying & joining 1
3,902,332.16 3,902,332.16
Access Roads, River crossings, Road Crossing
16 1
and Culvert Crossings 10,302,935.45 10,302,935.45
17 Fire Hydrant 10
64,056.35 640,563.55
Sub Total Civil Work
169,204,038.34
C Pipe & Fittings Works
1 Cost of Pipe ( Distribution & Transmission)
29,850,670.44
2 Pipe fittings
8,019,541.89
3 Tools & Plants
1,103,112.88
Sub Total Pipe & Fittings Work
38,973,325.21
D Electrical Work/Mechanical
Total Electrical & electromechanical works
including standby Generator, pump sets, 11 KV 24,254,880.00
power line etc
Sub Total Electrical & Mechanical Work 24,254,880.00
E Establishment of Lab and Lab Equipment

1,105,150.00
F Environmental mitigation work
1,200,000.00
Operation by Contractor including energy
G 4,378,360.00
cost ( for 1 year)
Sub Total (A+B+C+D+E+F+G)
279,227,770.55
Contingency 15%
41,884,165.58
Sub Total with contingency
321,111,936.13
VAT @13%
41,744,551.70
Grand Total
362,856,487.83

Table 6.2: Cost Estimate of Sanitation Component
Estimated
S.No Description No
Amount (NRs.)
Public Toilet including compound wall,gate,
1 1 3,787,238.74
septic tank, soak pit etc
2 Tractor with Trailer 1 1,550,000.00
3 Wheel Barrows 10 45,000.00
4 115 liters Plastic Bins 50 130,000.00
Sub Total 5,512,238.74
Contingency (Price+ Physical) @ 15% 826,835.81
Sub Total with Contingency 6,339,074.55

VAT @13 % 824,079.69
Total (Sanitation Components) 7,163,154.24
Total Project Cost (Water Supply +
Sanitation Components)
370,019,642.07
The total cost for water supply component for the proposed water supply project has been estimated as
Rs. 362.856 million. Physical contingency (10%), price contingency (5%) and VAT @13% are all
included. Similarly preliminary cost of public toilet (100 users capacity) with boundary fencing, septic
tank, soak pit is estimated to be Rs 6.077 million.
The cost has been based on district rate of Rolpa District of Fiscal Year 075/76. The cost breakdown
detail is presented in component wise break down of Project cost estimate (Volume III). Market rates
also have been used for other items not covered in the District Rate.
6.1 Basic Cost
The basic cost of the materials and labors are based on the district rates of the items approved by the
District Administration Office, Factory rates with transportation and prevailing market rates.
Principally, the required materials have been divided into two categories. 1) Local materials and locally
manufactured products and 2) Imported manufacture products.
The materials as Aggregates, Sand, Stone, Timber, Bricks are considered to be local materials and
locally manufactured products are considered as GI pipes and fittings, PE Pipes and fittings, Cement
and Reinforcement bars.
The materials as DI pipes and fittings, Water meters, Electrical equipment including Generators,
mechanical equipment, all kinds of valves are considered as imported manufactured products.

6.2 Rate Analysis

District rates of Rolpa for the fiscal year 2075/76 have been used in unit rate analysis wherever possible.
For items where district rates are not available, the market rates were obtained from commercial
establishments and civil contractors. Based on these rates, the rate for each construction item was
developed. The analysis is based on the Norms of Rate Analysis of GoN. It is to be noted that rates of
construction materials, especially the cost of pipes and fittings have substantially changed in the market.
This factor needs to be considered in the bid documents.
The analysis of rates is basically based on the norms for rate analysis for civil works of GoN published
by the Ministry of Works and Transport. These norms provide a guideline on the productivity and
requirements of labor, materials and equipment for various construction works. However, for those
activities where GoN norms do not provide any guidelines on productivity and requirements, they have
been derived from the manufacturer’s specifications and consultant’s experience.
6.3 Overhead, Profit and Taxes
An overhead and contractor’s profit of 15% is included in all unit rates. 13% VAT has been included in
the total project cost separately.
6.4 Contingency
A contingency of 15% of the total project cost is included basically to cover the escalation cost in
materials and labor rates (price contingency) and for covering probable changes in the physical
quantities during the construction period (physical contingency).
6.5 Operation for One Year by Contractor
The Contractor will have to operate the entire system for one year after completion of the construction
works. Thus operation cost for this period is also included.
Modus operandi will be as mentioned below
• WUSC will collect the revenue and thus meter readers and revenue collecting personnel will be
employed by WUSC
• Energy cost ( ie cost of Electricity and fuel required for the Generator set) will be borne by the
Contractor
• Contractor will operate the system and thus required personnel and chemical cost will be borne
by the same.
• Details of cost that has to be borne by contractor is given below :
Table 6.3: Operation Cost
A. Personnel Cost
Salary
Amount
S. No. Personnel Required Numbers per Month
(NRs.)
month
1 Operation Engineer 1 40000 13 520,000.00
2 Jr. Engineer/ Chemist 1 25000 13 325,000.00
3 Plumber/ Meter Reader 2 20000 13 520,000.00
4 Plant Operator 1 20000 13 260,000.00
5 Plant Helper 1 10000 13 130,000.00
6 Peon/ Helper 1 10000 13 130,000.00
SUB-TOTAL (A) 1,885,000.00

B. Office Cost
Rate per Amount
S. No. Description Numbers Month
month (NRs.)
1 Office Rent/ Expenses 1 10000 12 120,000.00
2 Communication 1 5000 12 60,000.00
3 Monthly reports, photographs 1 4000 12 48,000.00
4 Inside transportation 1 15000 12 180,000.00

SUB-TOTAL (B) 408,000.00
C. Chemical Cost
Rate per Amount
month (NRs.)
1 Water quality testing 10 3000 12 360,000.00
2 Chemical 1 16000 12 192,000.00
SUB-TOTAL (C) 552,000.00
D. Electricity Cost
Rate per Amount
month (NRs.)
1 Electricity tariff 1 127780 12 1.533,360.00
SUB-TOTAL (C) 1,533,360.00
TOTAL (A+B+C+D) 4,378,360.00
6.6 Proposed Financing

The above capital cost for water supply component is being financed under ADB/GoN, TDF and
community participation while the sanitation/ drainage component is being financed under ADB/GoN and
local government participation. It is agreed that the users would provide a total of 30% of water supply
capital costs, in up-front cash 5 percent. 25 % of the cost in the form of a loan at interest rate not
exceeding 5%, to be repaid back in 25 years after completion, is from TDF. The following table
summarizes the project funding arrangements.
Table 6.4: Project Funding
S. No Particulars Rs (million) Percentage
A Water Supply Component
GoN Grant 253.9995 70
Users contribution 18.1429 5
TDF Loan 90.7141 25
Sub Total 362.8565 100%
B Sanitation Component
ADB/GoN Grant 6.0886 85
Local Body (WUSC, VDC & others) 1.0745 15
Sub Total 6.8671 100%
C. Total project (A+B) 350.4056

7. DEVELOPMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR SERVICE

DELIVERY
7.1 Introduction
The project implementation cycle of TSTWSSSP has been divided into three phases: Study and
Planning phase, Construction phase, and Operation and Maintenance phase. The study and planning
phase includes information dissemination, an application by community, review of the application, public
awareness activity, a detailed feasibility study and if feasible, a detailed engineering design cost
estimate and finally concluding a Sub-project Agreement (SPA) between the WUSC and the project.
The second phase involves the construction of water, sanitation, and drainage facilities and the
institutional development, training and public awareness activities (software elements). The post
construction or operation and maintenance phase starts after sub-project completion and when project
site office is closed. The post construction activities particularly service delivery there after
(administrative, technical and financial management) become the responsibility of WUSC.
7.2 Institutional Arrangement for Project Implementation
Different stakeholders have their coordinative role in the implementation of the TSTWSSSP.
The participation of main agencies involved in the provision of water supply and sanitation in the
TSTWSSSP is illustrated in Figure 7.1
Figure 7.1: Involvement of Stakeholders
7.2.1 Implementation Arrangements

a. Planning Phase
Feasibility Study and Evaluation:
Preparation of socio- economic assessment report is the responsibility of WRDSMC based on stratified
random sampling with sample size of 5% and census survey. This report includes analysis of the
community's ability and willingness to pay and establish benchmark information for benefit monitoring
and evaluation. Based on these reports, the final feasibility study will be evaluated by the PMO. If
evaluation confirms feasible and WUSC is willing to proceed the WUSC shall write a letter to PMO
confirming their willingness to proceed with the detailed engineering design.

Detailed Engineering Design and Implementation Plan:

The WRDSMC will continue with detailed engineering design and while doing so, views of WUSC will be
incorporated and modified. The WUSC will identify the activities they can carry out with their own labor
and work out the schedule they can follow.
Project Appraisal:
At the completion of detailed design, PMO and TDF will appraise the sub-project.
Project Agreement:
After the detailed design report and construction plans are finalized, the WUSC will approve it, and this
approval will be part of the Sub-Project Agreement (SPA). The SPA specifies sub-project terms and
conditions, and is legally binding.
b. Construction Phase
Technical Training and technology transfer to WUSC:
Site engineer from WRDSMC shall be responsible to organize and manage the technical training
program and technology transfer for WUSC and women in the project area. Technical training will
include
• Interpretation of engineering drawing
• Transfer of the skills for O & M of the project
• Basic book keeping procedure
The WRDSMC will be responsible to organize and manage the software training program and ensure
that training activities are timed to prepare key persons on time for them to take up their responsibilities.
Construction Management:
Construction management is the responsibility of the PMO/RPMO. The PMO will manage the bidding
process and supervise contracts for the project construction. TDF and WUSC will observe the opening of
all bids, review the bid document and will give their approval in writing before the contract is awarded by
the PMO. WRDSMC will supervise and monitor construction of all project components, prepare
measurements for works completed and in progress and verify bills for payment of the Contractor/
suppliers.
Construction Inspection and Payment:
The TDF, PMO /RPMO will conduct a final inspection jointly with the WUSC. After satisfying that work is
contractually completed, the RPMO /ICG will prepare a certificate report signed jointly by RPMO/ICG
and WUSC, confirming completion and recommending final contract payment to the TDF. The RPMO
will draw upon funds collection by WUSC and placed in the screw account to pay contracts and local
purchase of goods, services and materials.
Operation & Maintenance and Defect Liability Phase:
After completion of the construction work one year has been defined as operation year where contractor
/ supplier and WRDSMC will operate the system. And after that period one year is defined as defect
liability period and contractor will rectify any defects detected during the period.
7.2.2 Project Completion
After the satisfactorily operation of the system in a year during Defect Liability period, the PMO/ RPMO
will prepare the Project Completion Report. Upon WUSC approval, a project completion certificate is
prepared to signify the transition from PMO managed construction to WUSC management of O & M.
After project completion, the PMO/RPMO will hand over all documents to WUSC.
Post Construction Phase
After project completion and hand over, the WUSC will bear all responsibility of administrative, technical
and financial management of the utility system. WSSDO will monitor the status of WUSC management
and provide advice as and when needed.
7.3 WUSC Setup, Roles and Responsibilities
There were 4 different Water Users and Sanitation Committees formerly. Now, Khalanga Water Users
and Sanitation Committee were formed in 2073 BS (2015 AD) for operation and management of existing
Water Supply System. It has applied for registration in District Water Resource Committee as per the

Water Resources Act 2049. WUSC has its own building for office equipped with basic devices such as
computer.
Roles and Functions
The WUSC is formal autonomous body of water supply subproject at local level. It is responsible for
operation and maintenance (O&M) of the water supply and sanitation facilities constructed.
The main function of the WUSC is to supply quality water in sufficient quantity defined by standard
norms 24 hours a day. The function is further discussed below:
• Quality: The quality of water should comply with NDWQ Standard. WUSC should adopt water
safety plan and develop monitoring mechanism for the same.
• Quantity: DWSS has considered 100lpcd for private connection and 65lpcd for yard connection
for domestic water demand. Non domestic and other demand is to assessed to calculate the
quantity of water.
• Reliability: Continuous 24 x7 hours service with defined quantity and quality can be termed as
reliable services.
In general the WUSC is responsible for carrying out following roles and responsibilities:
Implementation Phase:
(i) Working with the WRDSMC in finalizing the detailed design;
(ii) Land acquisition and resettlement, if any;
(iii) Participating in the bid evaluation process and signing the contract with the main civil works
contractor as a witness;
(iv) Fulfilling required contributions;
(v) Concluding a subsidiary loan agreement with the TDF;
(vi) Supervising the construction work and endorsing the payment;
(vii) Setting water tariffs at a level to cover necessary payment or repayment to the TDF, O&M
expenditures, and replacement and future expansion in accordance with the UWSSSP; and
(viii) Ensuring availability of house connections in the service area.
Operation and maintenance Phase:
(i) Operating and maintaining the system;
(ii) Expanding the system, when appropriate;
(iii) Collecting tariffs; and
(iv) Repaying the debt to the TDF.
After project completion and hand over, the WUSC will bear all responsibility of administrative, technical
and financial management of the utility system. In general efficient service delivery is the prime job of
WUSC in operation phase.
The effectiveness of service delivery of a water supply system depends on its organization structure and
performance of WUSC (i.e. regularity of meetings of executive committee and general assembly,
decision making process and office/ financial management etc.), as well as capabilities, working
efficiency and motivation of WUSC members and staffs.
In order to make WUSC more functional and efficient through enhancing its intuitional capacity for
service delivery, adequate level of intervention in following areas has been proposed.
• Human Resource Development/Capacity Building through Training
• Preparation and execution of Business plan / financial management and Institutional development
plan
• Leadership Development through training and exposure visit
• Technical Support to WUSC
• Transparency: The beneficiaries should be informed about project related activities. Their
participation in all stages of project cycle (from project selection to operation and maintenance)

helps to reduce their fears and gives them an opportunity to participate in key decisions that will
enhance the ownership and ultimately affect the project’s sustainability.
7.4 Proposed Organizational Set Up
Figure 7.2: Proposed Organizational Structure of WUSC
The executive committee formed as per
the provision of TSTWSSSP Guideline
2071, will be assisted by a team of
personnel recruited to run the project.
The team will comprise technical,
financial and administrative staffs, and
will be deputed in respective sections
such as technical, administrative and
account sections to carry out their
respective role and responsibilities. The
organizational structure of WUSC is
proposed as shown in Figure 7.2.
7.5 Operation and Maintenance

7.5.1 Personnel Cost
The number of staff required to operate the system is presented in the table below. This needs to be
reviewed by WUSC. However the consultants have provided the following personnel merely on technical
basis and feel that this strength is satisfactory and sufficient for the operation of the different systems.
Table 7.1 Personnel’s / Staffs Cost
No. of Salary Per
S.No. Personnel Cost No. Cost (NRs.)
Months Month
1 Office Manager 1 13 35,000 455,000
2 Jr Engineer/Lab Technician 2 13 25,000 650,000
3 Accountant/Asst. Accountant 2 13 16,000 416,000

4 Plumber 2 13 15,000 390,000
5 Meter Reader 2 13 12,000 312,000
Generator/Pump Operator +
6 2 13 12,000 312,000
Treatment Plant Operator
7 Peons/Helpers 2 13 10,000 260,000
8 Guards 2 13 10,000 260,000
Total 3,055,000
th
The total yearly expenditure on personnel is calculated as Rs 3.055 million including counting of the 13
month salary for Dasain Bonus (Festival Bonus). The salary has been taken as per 2017 prices inclusive
of allowances.
7.5.2 Maintenance Cost
The regular maintenance for the system comprises of and annual general repair and maintenance cost.
Besides, laboratory chemicals and bleaching powder etc are required for the water treatment. Necessary
cost for all these has been estimated on the basis of the quantity of water supplied.

7.5.3 Total O & M Cost

The annual total O & M costs for the project are summarized in the table below:
Table 7.2: Annual O & M Expenses (Rs in '000)
Energy Cost
Personnel Office Maintenance Chemical
Years with 10% Total
Cost Expenses Cost Cost
Diesel Cost
2017 3,562 408 175 192 1,533 5,870
2019 3,927 416 182 212 1,626 6,363
2024 5,012 437 201 270 1,885 7,806
2029 6,397 460 222 345 2,186 9,609
2034 8,164 483 245 440 2,534 11,866
2039 10,420 508 271 562 2,937 14,697
The sustainability of the project depends on the adequate and effective operation and maintenance
mechanism of the project. The WUSC is the main stake holder responsible for the operation and
maintenance of the system after construction. They have to meet the O&M cost and debt service
through the collection of tariff against the use of water from consumers. The O & M cost has been
increased as the demand for the water increases.

8. FINANCIAL AND ECONOMICAL ANALYSES

8.1 Financial Analysis
8.1.1 Introduction
The financial analysis is conducted on the basis of the consideration of nominal values of the market
price. The escalation rate of foreign and local currency during the project period is considered on the
basis of prevailing market condition. The analysis mainly focused on the repayment of the 25% loan of
the total project cost from TDF and rate of return for the sustainability of the project in future. At the detail
design draft feasibility stage, the financial analysis has been performed for the proposed Liwang water
supply project of Rolpa district. The analysis is based on the detail design draft feasibility stage data and
information considering the existing situation and expected future growth.
8.1.2 Methodology Financial Analysis
Financial analysis of the water supply sub-project is undertaken in accordance with ADB's Financial
Management and Analysis of Projects - 2005 to ensure that the subproject investment are financially
sustainable and will generate sufficient revenues to cover operating cost and debt service costs.
The share of the project cost 70% of the capital costs is funded through a government grant, 25% from
TDF loan and 5% from user’s contribution as upfront cash. Hence the project is not intended to full cost
recovery and revenue streams are also not intended for full cost recovery. Revenue from tariffs is
expected to recover only O&M and debt service element only, as measured by the operating ratio.
Accordingly, an assessment of the financial internal rate of return (FIRR) of the project and its
comparison against the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is not worthwhile indicative and not
meaningful. Therefore, cash flow analysis has been performed; an assurance shall be covenanted
whereby WUSC shall annually maintain a maximum Operating Ratio of 1.0, together with associated
covenants to ensure sufficient cash balances are set aside to cover periodic asset replacements. The
analysis mainly focused on operating ratio and repayment of the loan amount for sustainability of the
project in future.
The contractor will also be responsible for operation and maintenance of the subprojects for one year
after completion of the construction works and the WUAs will collect tariffs and connection charges
during this period. The payment for water supply subprojects is estimated 40% and 60% over two years.
8.1.3 Basic Assumptions and Norms
• Construction period of 2 years as payment 40% and 60% annually.
• Forecast Period – Cash flows are calculated over a 25 year period, from 2017 to 2043, which
incorporates the construction and operating periods of the water supply system.
• The cash flow analysis is presented assuming increasing tariff block scenarios so as to conserve
water, affordability and long term sustainability.
• Capital investment – Capital investments are recorded at the estimated time they are incurred
excluding depreciation. 1% of the pipeline cost is assumed as annual capital investment for pipeline
extension and new connections.
• 10% of the machinery and equipment is assumed for every 10 years increasing at prevailing inflation
rate.
• Incremental costs – the O&M cost is variable, O&M cost is assumed to increase as per the prevailing
market rate.
• Incremental revenues are calculated as the projected incremental volume of water sold multiplied by
the average water tariff by user group for the water supply project.
• The loan repayment is based on 5% interest rate per annum for a term of 25 years including a five
year grace period on principal repayments.
• The percentages of the population that will have water connections are assumed to be 70% in first
year of operations, 80% in second year, 90% in third year and onwards.
• The rate of growth of new connections within the categories has been assumed to increase at the
rate of population growth.
• Interest rate on TDF Loan at 5% for 25 years including grace period of five years. Interest during the
grace period will be capitalized in loan amount.
• Collection ratio is assumed to be 90% of tariff.

8.1.4 Cost Sharing

The cost estimate is based on 2017 price and the Cost sharing composition for water supply sub-project
investment is as follows.
Table 8.1: Cost Sharing Arrangement
Agencies % Including VAT
GoN Contribution (including ADB loan) 70%
GON Loan (including ADB loan) 25%
LG/Users' Contribution 5%
Total 100%
8.1.5 Tariff Structure

The determination of water tariff is based on incremental tariff structure as shown in the tables. For
institutions minimum water consumption is estimated at 74.13 CuM and for households at 6 CuM; and
the water consumption higher than minimum ban of 6 CuM will be charged higher tariff in incremental
basis for all consumer categories including institution. The tariff structure is designed on the basis of
affordability and willingness to pay; and tariff has also been set to ensure benefit to sustain the project
after the design period.
The tariff structure is revised to explicit real practically implication in the community other than the
WSTFC recommendation. Different rates for connection charges are for three groups of users,
considering affordability, rates and equity. The users were split into three main user groups -
institutional/industrial, average or low income groups domestic users and normal households.
Connection charges and water tariff for institutional/industrial users are proposed at a higher rate at NRs
12250; and average and low income household are charged at NRs 6125 whereas free connections are
proposed for ultra poor households.
The water tariff structure is revised the average water tariff approved and recommended by the WSTFC
for Liwang water supply sub project. Water tariffs are recommended for the two main user groups i.e.
institutional/industrial and domestic. For the sustainability of the subproject and considering the existing
situation the tariff rate are estimated at reasonably higher rate than the recommended by the WSTFC.
The tariff structure is set incremental block tariff structure for all categories institutional, domestic of
average and lower income household assuming that the water consumption level will be adjusted by the
users according to their affordability and water demand. The consumption estimated at 74.13 CuM per
month for institution, 15.33 CuM for average income household; 9.96 CuM for low income household
estimating 2503, 100 and 65 lpcd respectively. The tariff structure is incremental by 50% for each
consumption block for conserving water, affordability and sustainability as shown in the Table 8.2.
Table 8.2: Connection Charges
Connection
Tap Connection Charge (NRs.)
Institutional or Industrial Connection 12,250
Average HHs' Connection 6,125
Low Income HHs' Connection 6,125
Poor HHs' Connection -

Table 8.3: Water Tariff Structure: Incremental Block
Band NRs. per Cum
Minimum up to 6 Cum 25.00
More than 6 cum up to 10 Cum 37.50
More than 10 Cum up to 20 Cum 56.25
More than 20 Cum 84.38
8.1.6 Affordability
The monthly income of the HHs reported by the socio economic survey is compared with the Nepal
Living Standard Survey, 2011 data and it is seen that the recommended tariff fall below 5% of the HH
income of the size classes in that survey.
The proposed tariffs were compared with the affordability data from the results of the socio-economic
survey of the Liwang town. The analysis, shown in Table 8.4, indicates that the proposed water tariffs
are affordable and fall below 5% of the monthly income for all the categories.
Table 8.4: Water Tariff and Affordability
Liwang (Rolpa)
Income
Monthly % of
Categorically Monthly
water HH
income
tariff income
Average household 45000 675 1.5
Low income
13750 347 2.5
household
Poor household 7500 206 2.8
8.1.7 Cash Flow Analysis Results

The cash flow analysis has been performed; an assurance shall be covenanted whereby WUSC shall
annually maintain a maximum Operating Ratio of 1.0 together with associated covenants to ensure
sufficient cash balances are set aside to cover chances of periodic asset replacements. The analysis
mainly focused on operating ratio and repayment of the loan amount for sustainability of the project in
future. The cash flows are projected for the period of 25 years. Further, sensitivities analysis were
carried out with the following cases as such (i) 10% increase in costs, (ii) 10% decrease in revenues,
and (iii) both10% increase in costs and10% decrease in revenue. The analysis also predicts the
cumulative cash balance. The key results (operating ratio – OR defined as TE/TR) are summarized
below.
Table 8.5: Key Results of Financial Analysis
No. of Years OR is >1
Baseline Nominal Case 0

Sensitivity: 10% increase in Costs 0
Sensitivity: 10% decrease in Revenues 0
Sensitivity: Both Cases 0
Annual Cash Flow Non negative

Table 8.6: Summary of Cash Flow
Operating Year 2022 2023 2024 2029 2034 2039 2042 2043
Operating Revenue 19.86 21.28 22.03 26.29 31.66 34.86 39.48 39.48
O&M Expenditure 8.90 9.22 9.55 11.44 13.79 16.72 18.82 19.58
Extension, Connection and

0.41 0.42 0.43 0.90 0.55 1.30 0.68 0.70
Replacement
Debt Service 0.0 0.0 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24
Total Expenditure 9.31 9.64 18.22 20.58 22.58 26.26 27.74 28.52
Operational Margin 10.55 11.64 3.81 5.71 9.08 8.60 11.74 10.96
Operating Ratio (TE/TR) 0.47 0.45 0.83 0.78 0.71 0.75 0.70 0.72
From the Table 8.6 the base line scenario, there is no any stress found in cash flow. Sensitivity analysis
also shows no any stress in the cash flows in 10% costs increase situation and 10% revenues decrease
situation respectively as well as both cost increase by 10% and benefit decrease by 10%. Analysis
shows that the cumulative cash balance as well as annual balance is positive throughout the years in the
base case as well as in all cases of sensitivity analysis increasing cost 10%; decreasing benefit by 10%
and both increase cost by 10% and decrease benefit by 10%.
8.1.8 Conclusion and Recommendation
The analysis results reflect the project financially viable in nominal case. It may be conclude that normal
tariff with incremental block is financially sound. It is to be observed that subproject is found feasible in
only on the condition with the application of new proposed tariff rate which is quite higher than
recommended tariff by WSTFC. The sub project is recommended for implementation on the basis of
financial perspective.
8.2 Economic Analysis

8.2.1 Introduction
Economic analysis represents the cost and benefit to the society of the project in terms of opportunity
cost. All cost streams and benefit streams are changed to represent economic values. The basic
assumptions of conversion factors such as standard conversion factor, opportunity cost of capital, traded
on non-traded components at border price etc. are considered as normal standard. Adjusting the
estimated cost and benefit of all components to reflect the economic value performs the economic
analysis considering the basic ADB’s guideline for economic analysis and projects. The results of
economic analysis determine the effect of project on the social benefit in national perspective.
8.2.2 Economic Costs
The sub-project costs are estimated at base price 2017, excluding price contingency however the cost
includes 10% physical contingencies. Economic costs are estimated using domestic price numeraire at
2017 constant prices. Shadow exchange and wage rates are used to derive economic costs and duties
and taxes are excluded.
The opportunity cost of the water is negligible as the formal uses of the water sources for other
economic activities in the selected towns are limited and the materiality of water drawn for other uses is
insignificant and hence not considered for economic value.

8.2.3 Valuation of Economic Benefits

Four major project economic benefits that have been quantified are as follows:
a. Benefits from Time Saved in Collecting Water
The time savings of households are the time spent in obtaining water from other sources prior to the
project. Time taken in collecting households’ daily water requirements was assessed during the
socioeconomic surveys. Table 8.7 shows economic value of time saved in the sub-project towns.
Table 8.7: Economic Benefits from Time Saved in Collecting Water
Assumptions
Time Savings per

Shadow price of Economic Value:
Household per year
labor per day (Rs) Benefit/year (Rs)
(Working Days)
101 350 35442
Source: Socio-economic Survey 2015.
b Incremental Water Benefits

The benefits accrue from the economic value of incremental water. The incremental water sales benefit
is calculated by using the results of the willingness to pay (WTP) survey. While the WTP varies across
towns, the survey shows that overall about 99 percent of the households are willing to pay for improved
water connections. The economic value of incremental water supply of Darchula household per day is
estimated to be NRs 7.90.
c Benefits from the Value of Unaccounted for Water
Around 15% of total water production is assumed to be lost as per the detailed designs. Around 25% of
the loss is assumed to be saved and utilized by households directly or indirectly. This assumption is
based on previous studies from small towns. The value of the unaccounted-for-water (UfW) is
considered to be the weighted average price (value of time saved and average WTP). The estimated
average price is Rs 17.01 per cum.
d Savings in Health Care Experience
The population in the project towns currently drinks untreated and unsafe water that cause infectious
diseases such as diarrhoea, typhoid and dysentery. The data from the NLSS 2010/11 indicates that
health expenditures in the urban towns are USD 26.2 per capita and in urban hills USD 22.2 per capita.
The NLSS also indicates that the incidences of water borne diseases are on average 25 percent of all
diseases. Based on these findings and using similar assumptions for the subproject towns, the per
capita expenditure for treating the diseases in the three towns is estimated at US$6.55. It is assumed
that the delivery of clean drinking water through the sub-projects will reduce health expenditures by 25%.
The survey revealed that the government expends on health in national level is found at 2% of the GDP
and the National Living Standard Survey indicated that the expenditure value is 212% higher in the
municipalities outside the Kathmandu valley. These values are considered as benefit with project
situation for the economic analysis of the project. It is assumed that the only 25% of the expenditure is
saved due to project on water born diseases.
Besides the above quantifiable benefit, the Project will also generate non-quantifiable benefits which
include the impacts of improved school attendance and educational performance, reduction in unpaid
labour that is tending to the sick and environmental benefits. Due to the improvement of environment
condition with project situation lot of indirect benefits can be expected however that cannot be quantified
because study has not been conducted to estimate the value of environmental benefit and other
beneficial impact on educational performance hence it is not considered for economic analysis.

8.2.4 Assumptions and Norms for Economic Analysis

(i) Price basis - All benefits and costs are real in constant 2017 prices
(ii) A shadow exchange rate factor (SERF) of 1.12 is used to estimate economic cost of foreign
component of the costs.
(iii) The wage rate of skilled labour is considered non-distortive and hence no shadow wage rate is
assumed and considered nominal
(iv) Cost of unskilled labour is estimated at a shadow wage rate of 0.7 (i.e. 70 percent of the wage
rate of unskilled labour estimated for the Project).
(v) Period - 25 years (2017 to 2043), comprising the construction and operating periods.
(vi) Discount Rate – 12%, assumed to be the Social Economic Opportunity Cost of Capital
(vii) Scope - The economic evaluations consider only the incremental benefits and costs.
(viii) Capital investment – initial capital expenditure over 2 years and 1% of the pipeline cost which is
assumed as annual capital investment for pipeline extension and new connections.
8.2.5 Affordability and Willingness to Pay
The water connection charges and tariffs are planned for the three main user groups
(institutional/industrial, average income households and poor households). The tariff structures are
revised to some extent considering the water tariff approved by the WSTFC as a basis for urban water
supply systems in Nepal. The tariffs are set up within the acceptable and proposed guidelines of the
affordability of 5% of income per months per household and willingness to pay based on the income
status willingness to pay results of the socio-economic survey of Liwang town. Table 8.8 shows the
calculated tariff and WTP of households in the sub-projects.
Table 8.8: Monthly Water Tariff and Willingness to Pay (WTP)
Lowest Income Categorically Rs/month Willing to Pay %
Average household 675 17.2
Low income household 347 14.5
Poor household 206 68.2
Weighted Average WTP per CuM 24.27
8.2.6 Economic Evaluation and Sensitivity Analysis

Table 8.9 summarizes the EIRRs and NPVs for each sub-project. The table also shows the sensitivity
analysis with downside risks. The analysis result of the base-case EIRRs is 18.64%. Similarly the EIRR
are found 16.70%, 16.50% and 14.67% in sensitivity analysis of options increase cost by 10%, decrease
benefit by 10% and both increase cost and decrease benefit by 10% respectively. The result exhibit
sufficient economic return compared with the social opportunity cost of capital of 12%.
Table 8.9: Summary of Economic Internal Rate of Return
NPV AIEC
Indicators EIRR
(m ln Rs) (Rs/Cum)
- Base Case Option I 18.64% 119.93 104.57
- Capital Cost (+10%) 16.70% 88.94 104.57
- Benefit (-10%) 16.50% 77.25 94.11
- Costs (+10%) and Benefit (-10%) 14.67% 49.26 94.11

The economic analysis shows that the sub project is viable for the implementation. Since the EIRR are
higher than EOCC 12% and net present value of net economic benefit is highly positive. The high EIRR
of the project is mainly as a result of savings in the water fetching time and sufficient volumes of
incremental water supplies. The results of sensitivity analyses under various adverse conditions
demonstrate a robust project, with EIRRs in all cases exceeding the threshold value of 12%. Hence the
project is risk free for implementation.
8.2.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
The result reflects that sub project is economically viable showing the anticipated result of EIRR higher
than EOCC 12% and NPV of the net befit series as highly positive. Hence it is recommended to
implement in terms of national perspective based on economic point of view.

9. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
This tentative schedule has been prepared for the detail study and design and for the construction phase
till the handover of the sub-project to WUSC. A total of 12 months for the planning phase and 24th
months for the construction phase have been considered. However for this size of the project
construction period is proposed to allocate 18 months only. The tentative dates for the major tasks have
been earmarked as follows:
Tasks Tentative Date
1. Inception Report - 15 September 2017.

2. Workshop presentation (WUSC / PMO/TDF)
and appraised by WUSC -
3. Collection of Upfront cash -
4. Detailed Engineering Design - 30 July 2018
5. PMO review and comments -
th
6. PMO, WUSC Approval - 4 week of April 2019
st
7. IFB notification - 1 week of May 2019
rd
8. Contract with contractor - 3 week of Aug 2019
rd
9. Construction Complete - 3 week of Aug. 2021

10. SOCIAL SAFEGUARD ASSESSMENT

The preliminary appraisal reveals that small size of lands will be required at different sites for
construction of intakes, RVTs, treatment unit, guard house etc. The WUSC is aware on land
requirement and initiated the land selection in appropriate locations. However, exact plots of land
required for different structures have not been finalized by WUSC so far. Further detailed assessment is
required to appraise the availability of land plot, location, and ownership status and compensation
issues.
The major project structures and transmission main and distribution networks are proposed on public
land and existing public road RoWs as far as possible. Therefore, no settlements are expected to be
adversely affected due to acquisition of small size of public vacant lands at different sites. The public
land can be used after getting consent from Municipality.
Land Land
Compen
Component Structure Location Required Available Ownership Remarks
2 2 sation
(m ) (m )
Govt /
Mulkhola 250 250 No
Public ;land
WUSC / Presently used by
Sattale 250 250 No
Intake Public land WUSC
Mulpani 250 250 WUSC / No
Public land
Rimkhola 250 250 WUSC / No
Public land
2
Additional 1000 m
Public &
Mulkhola 2000 1000 Yes land needs to be
Private land
procured
Treatment Govt /
Sattale 1200 1500 No
Units, Sump Public land
Wells Govt /
Mulpani 1200 1500 No
Public ;land
Govt /
Rimkhola 1000 1200 No
Public land
Needs to be
Mulkhola 250 Private land Yes
procured
Generator Govt /
Sattale 250 No
Operator Public land
House, Needs to be
Mulpani 250 Private land Yes
Guard House procured
Needs to be
Rimkhola 250 Private land Yes
procured
Purano
250 Govt land No
Bamruk
Mewang-
250
Duibule
Needs to be
Sikshya 250 Private land Yes
RVT procured
Tundikhel At Govt land
DWSS
Solowang 250 (presently used by
Office
subsystem DWSS)
Sibalaya Needs to be
Sibalaya 250 Private land Yes
Bichbazaar procured
Office Office Needs to be
508 Yes
Building Building procured
Transmission Transmissi Public road / About 10 km
No
Main & on main trail length
Distribution Distribution Public road / About 47 km
No
System system trail length

No involuntary resettlement and indigenous peoples impacts are anticipated due to execution to the
town as there will be no physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land, or loss of shelter) and
economic displacement (loss of land, assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods)
as a result of land acquisition. There is no any designated park and protected area within the project.
Hence there will be no impacts on indigenous people due to vegetation loss or restriction on access to
natural resources such as forest product.
The impact on indigenous people will be more positive increasing the access to drinking water rather
than adverse impact. Some low magnitude site specific impacts caused by construction activities can be
expected. Such impacts will be locally dealt and be mitigated on time.
Therefore, a separate volume of Resettlement Due Diligence Report of the sub-project will be
prepared and submitted.

11. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSSMENT

11.1 Introduction
Any development projects have some environmental implication, whether beneficial or adverse.
Therefore, it is pertinent to identify the complications/changes apparent in the environmental condition
along with the favorable or adverse impacts resulting from the activities associated with the project over
the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area. Similarly the
assessment of the magnitude of the impacts is also equally important. The assessment techniques and
methods to be adopted may however vary depending upon the nature of the project.
In recent years, environmentally sustainable development has become one of the major challenges
faced by different development institutions. Accordingly, the Ministry of Forests and Environment
(MoFE), GoN has introduced a variety of instruments into the country’s development activities. IEE is
one of the tools for checking and reviewing whether the project is environmental sustainability.
As per ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement, 2009 this subproject is a Category B project, which means
environmental impacts are less adverse and are site specific, and an Initial Environmental Examination
is required in addressing such issues. Similarly, as stated in Environmental protection Act (1997) and its
amendment of 20 August 2007 of the Government of Nepal, an IEE is necessary for the supplying of
drinking water to a population ranging between 10,000 and 100,000 upon connecting new sources.
11.2 Description of the Project
Project location and project size have been described earlier. Following table briefly describes about the
population and required water quantity.
Table 11.1: Design Population and Water Demand
Design Population including

Daily Water Demand
Floating Population
Sources (lps)
(2039)
Mulkhola
+
Mulpani
10,819 22.09
+
Sattale
+
Rim Khola
Some part of the area is still served by the piped water and thus the project is rehabilitation and
extension one and the impacts to the environment will be of local and can be easily mitigated and thus
IEE is required.
For Drinking Water Supply Project ,according to Environmental Protection Rules and Regulations, 2054
BS, First Revised (2055 BS) schedule -3, IEE is required for following condition :
Particulars Status for proposed Town Project
1) Collection of rain- water not more than 200 Not applicable

hectares, and use of water sources (springs
and wetlands) located within the same area.
2) Surface water sources with not more than 1 Not applicable

cubic ft. safe yield and supply of not more
than 50 percent of the water during the dry
season.
3) Processing of water at the rate of 10 to 25 Within limit

liters per second.
4) Recharging up to 50 percent of the total Not applicable

aquifer for the development of underground

water source.
5) Construction of not more than one kilometer Not applicable

long tunnels for carrying water
6) Displacement of not more than 100 persons Not applicable

for operating a water supply scheme.
7) Settlement of not more than 500 persons on Not applicable

the upper reaches of water sources
8) Supply of drinking water to population Within limits

ranging between 2000 and 20000
9) Supply of drinking water to a population Within Limits

ranging between 10,000 and 100,000 upon
connecting new sources.
10) Installation of more than 20 kilometers long Not applicable

electricity transmission lines for pumping or
processing water and consumption of more
than one MW of electricity.
11) River training and diversion activities over an Not applicable

area of more than one kilometer.
For the Water Supply Project: IEE is required for the water supply scheme having population between
10,000–100,000. Population of the project falls within the strata. Further this is an extension of existing
system. Newer service areas have been added and new sources are to be tapped. Further no people is
displaced with the construction / operation of the project. Thus the IEE study has to be carried out.
Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring
The Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE) has the overall responsibility for environmental
monitoring of this project.
11.3 Schedule for Preparing IEE
As no adverse of harmful impacts are expected, a full scale EIA is not required. A separate TOR has
been submitted to PMO and seeking earliest approval of the same.

12. BENEFITS AND RISKS

Liwang water supply and sanitation project will brings a series of benefits to the local people as other
development projects. And there are some risks in implementing of projects too. The possible risks can
be overcome through proper planning and management. The analysis shows that project benefits
outweigh the risks.
12.1 Benefits
Liwang project has been designed to improve the quality of life of the people in the project area by
facilitating water supply and sanitation facilities. It consists of extraction of water, treatment as per
NDWQS and supplying this to the community people. The project will supply quality water, make it easily
available 24x7 hours and raise the level of water supply service. The main benefits of the subproject are
listed below:
• The project will supply water to all households of the project area, which will provide water round
the clock at sufficient quality and quantity;
• Water borne/ related diseases are common in the project area. One of the main reasons behind
this is consumption of contaminated water. The health and hygiene of people will improve with
the reduced number of water borne diseases due to the availability of potable water in the
project area;
• Availability of sufficient water improves sanitary conditions;
• The project area has great potential to further develop as a commercial center in the district. The
water supply project will accelerate the economic development of the area. Completion of the
project is likely to have meaningful impact on the social, cultural and economic status of the
people.
• The water supply project will help develop hotels and resorts in the project area and in this way
promote tourism;
• Some other potential benefits of the project could be increase in the role of women in decision-
making processes; time savings and the impact on the domestic life of the women; generation of
more of employment opportunities; increased level of economic activities and the positive impact
on the overall socio-economic status of the people; and further growth in institutional capability
of the units in the area.
12.2 Risks
Though the project has many benefits, there are some risks associated with the implementation of the
project. The associated risks and the mitigation measures are presented in the Table below.
Table 12.1: Potential Risk and Mitigation Measures
Risk Probability Impact Mitigation Measures

Prepare and implement preventive and
Damage of project maintenance plan, taking insurance of the
Medium High
structures due to flooding possible structures from reliable insurance
company.
Population projection may
Low High Review design periodically
not be as designed
Arrangement of technical support to WUSC
WUSC unable to operate from central agency and on the job training of
Low High
& maintain the system staff in the first year of operation under
contract
Service level not Give O&M responsibility after completion of
Medium Medium
maintained as per design project to contractor, Training of staff
Reduction of surface Prohibition of cutting of trees and vegetation
sources (depletion of Medium High up stream of source .Carry out plantation
source) work, source conservation works.

13. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Liwang Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is feasible from feasibility study viewpoint as well as
social, economic and financial considerations. The project fulfills the major objectives of the
TSTWSSSP. The following conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made and are given
below:
a. Based on the settlement patterns and topography of Liwang, decentralized distribution
subsystems are adopted.
b. The system is conceptualized to use spring water sources.
c. As the proposed water supply system is on community based approach, the present WUSC
needs to be strengthened in terms of community mobilization lead persons in individual wards
and communities.
d. Apart from the land required for dug well WUSC should manage /procure land parcels for the
construction of reservoirs and guard houses additional treatment units.
e. Liwang town is growing in a haphazard way. There should be a proper land use plan and
integrated action plan in the project area for the effective usage of the water supply system.
f. The WUSC should take initiations in sanitation activities along with PAC and HHE to receive full
benefits of the proposed project
g. Liwang does not possess any inundation / flood prone area. Thus detailed design of Storm
water drainage is not required.
h. Establish and develop the institutional capacity of community, WUSC in particular in the
planning, implementation and O & M of the facilities.
i. Encourage financial participation by requiring community contribution 30% including minimum
of 5 % upfront cash of the Capital Cost in addition to 25% cost recovery of the loan funds
through the repayment of the loan through water tariffs.
It is recommended that the project be implemented and construction carried out as per schedule. The
following actions however need to be executed before going up to actual construction.
i. As the proposed water supply system is on community based approach, the present WUSC
needs to be strengthened in terms of community mobilization lead persons in individual wards
and communities.
ii. As such there should be a proper land use plan and integrated action plan in the project area
for the effective usage of the water supply system.
iii. Approval of TOR and IEE study should be carried out immediately.

14. COMMENT INCORPORATION MATRIX

Comments/Suggestions on the Response to Comments/Suggestions of the
S.No.
Draft Final DEDR Draft Final DEDR
Please provide the Executive Summary
Executive Summary and Salient Features have been
1 and Salient Features in volume – 1, main
added in Volume I: Main Report as suggested.
report.
Please provide GIS or any geo-
referenced map showing ward number Geo-referenced map showing ward number and
2 and place name along with land use place name along with land use pattern has been
pattern in order to justify the proposed added in Volume IV: Drawing
three different growth zonings.
Efforts for reducing number of sub
schemes from twelve to eight excluding
very sparse and scattered clusters are This matter was seriously discussed with the users in
appreciable. Still there are some sub the meeting. They requested to include these areas
3 schemes such as purano Bamruk and in the project as they are facing hardship for water.
Sikshya systems seem very small and Hence, attempt to exclude Purano Bamruk and
rural type. It is advisable to further Sikshya sub-system was cancelled.
consideration to exclude such sub system
coordinating with DWSO.
Project is located in hill whereas water
consumption pattern is adopted of Terai.
4 Correction has been made as suggested.
It should be revised accordingly in order
to justify of peak factor taken as 3.
Water quality of proposed sources has been
Water quality during rainy season,
analyzed twice i.e. on February 25, 2016 and March
hydraulic loading rate and detention time
5 15, 2018. All the necessary design criteria of water
adopted are not presented in the design
treatment plant has been added in Appendix VI,
annex of water treatment plant.
Volume II.
a) Pumps are selected to match for already fixed
capacity (pumping rate, lps) at calculated head.
b) Using information mentioned below Power input
for pump sets are calculated with total efficiency of
60% which is almost same as 65% with added
15%.
Selection of the pump has to be done so as to
Assessments of pump capacity seem very have an operating point as close as possible to
6 conservative side. Please follow guide the best efficiency point (BEP) on the performance
line value of efficiency as 65% and factor curve. Oversizing to15% power as factor of safety
of safety as 15%. is neither cost nor energy efficient as:
• the capital cost will be high
• the energy cost will be high because more
flow is pumped at a higher pressure than
required .
• Energy is wasted from throttling the delivery
valve, causes increased vibration, excessive
noise and finally premature failure.
Energy cost provided in economic and
financial analysis seems not realistic. The detail calculation of energy cost is shown in
Please attach detailed calculation sheet separate sheet which is attached in Volume III: Cost
7 adopting latest Time of day (ToD) Estimate. The cost of electricity has been estimated
electricity tariff of Nepal Electricity based on latest ToD electricity tariff of Nepal
Authority having separate tariff for dry and Electricity Authority as suggested.
wet season.


S.No.
The pumping to the RVT has been done for 24 hours
Optimization of energy cost should be
at a uniform rate in all the pumping systems. Since
done comparing RVT sizing and off peak
Liwang, Rolpa is located in hilly area, the
hour pumping. So, Reservoir sizing
8 consumption pattern has been adopted as per design
should be according to revised water
guidelines of small town project, The optimization of
consumption pattern and optimized
pumping hours is not necessary due to 24 hour
pumping hour.
continuous pumping.
Flows mentioned on schematic flow
diagrams of transmission system of
sources presented in drawing volume do
not match with other hydraulic design.
Please provide the summary of rate Summary of rate analysis has been added in
10 analysis in separate table. separate table in Volume III: Cost Estimate.
Why the rate of Indian Cement is used, as
Nepali cement has been used in Final DED. The cost
the rate of Nepali Cement is low it is
11 of Nepali cement has been used now in the rate
preferred to use the rate of Nepali cement
analysis as suggested.
in rate analysis.
In District rate the rate of Electrical helper
12 is 580 per day but in rate analysis 590 is Correction has been made as suggested.
used. Please make necessary correction.
In the rate analysis of formworks (item no.
3.1) it is indicated as use 12 times. How is
it considered please show in remarks or
as note?
The drawings of intake structures,
Interruption chamber and Collection
chamber not seen in Drawing volume.
Please add all the missing drawings.
The dimension of wire mesh in the
drawing of Sedimentation Tank at Mul
Wire mesh has been now removed from the water
15 khola site LIW/TS/ST/14 not provided. It
treatment plant.
seems to be of more height. Please
Check it?
In the plan drawing of Mulpani source
(LTW/TS/TSP-MSP/12) only
sedimentation tank and slow sand filter
are seen. Guard House not seen, why not
GH please justify or make necessary
corrections.
In the volume of quantity estimate ST are
indicated as Mul khola, Sattale, Mulpani
and Rim khola site but SSFs are indicated
as Chakepatal, Dhunga Bisauna,
17 Dhanmuda I and Sattale site. ST and SSF Correction has been made as suggested.
are at the same site location in Drawing
volume why different in Quantity Estimate.
Make the necessary correction and also
update the Quantity estimate accordingly.
Please make the same sequence of
Drawing and Quantity Estimate.
In some drawing the legend is not
19 matching with drawings so please make Correction has been made as suggested.
the drawings and legends consistent.
Provide the ToC for Quantity Estimate
20 ToC for Quantity Estimate is added in Volume III
also.


S.No.
Most comments were given above and
Thanks for the comments. The comments as stickers
21 some are as stickers in the report itself.
in the report have also been studied.
However
The applied growth rate has been reached
considering the past growth rates as shown by
Not convinced how growth rate was
22 census population, land use pattern, future
reached.
development prospect and consultation with
beneficiaries.
Consideration of sources i.e. Mulkhola
It has been discussed in Section 5.8 Water Sources
23 which was not found discussed in the
of Volume I: Main Report
report.
PMO requested to revise the cost
The project cost estimate has been revised as per
24 estimate using the rates as per the FY
the rates of FY 2075/76.
2075/76.

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Submission Information Sheet

Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (Sector) Project;

Ministry of Water Supply,

Implementing Agency Project Management Office

Loaning Agency Asian Development Bank

Project Commencement Date 7 June 2015

Building Design Authority ( BDA) – Plush Engineering &

Team Leader Er. Shiva Ratna Rajbahak

Name of the report Final Detailed Engineering Design Report (DEDR)

1. Mr. Shiva Ratna Rajbahak

1. Mr. Dhruba Raj Sharma

BDA-PEA (JV) i April - 2019

ADB Asian Development Bank

BDA-PEA (JV) ii April - 2019

Survey Year (2016) Location

BDA-PEA (JV) iii April - 2019

Table 5.8: Subsystem wise Population Projection

BDA-PEA (JV) iv April - 2019

5. Major Components of the Project

Dry Season Proposed to Tap (lps)

BDA-PEA (JV) v April - 2019

8. Financial and Economic Analyses

Table: Water Tariff Structure: Incremental Block

Band NRs. per Cum

Minimum up to 6 Cum 25.00

More than 6 cum up to 10 Cum 37.50

More than 10 Cum up to 20 Cum 56.25

More than 20 Cum 84.38

Average household 45000 675 1.5

Poor household 7500 206 2.8

BDA-PEA (JV) vi April - 2019

Treatment Unit Pressure filter and Disinfection

Fire Hydrants 10 numbers

BDA-PEA (JV) vii April - 2019

S.No. Items Description

BDA-PEA (JV) viii April - 2019

BDA-PEA (JV) ix April - 2019

3.6.4 Willingness to Pay Monthly Water Tariff ..........................................................................19

BDA-PEA (JV) x April - 2019

5.7 Layout and Preliminary Engineering Design ................................................................................33

BDA-PEA (JV) xi April - 2019

8.1.5 Tariff Structure .................................................................................................................51

BDA-PEA (JV) xii April - 2019

BDA-PEA (JV) Page 1 April- 2019

1.3 Objective and Scope of the Project

1.4 Structure of the Report

BDA-PEA (JV) Page 2 April- 2019

BDA-PEA (JV) Page 3 April- 2019

2. REVIEW OFFEASIBILITY REPORT

BDA-PEA (JV) Page 4 April- 2019

3. DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL FEATURES

BDA-PEA (JV) Page 5 April- 2019

3.3.3 Census Survey and Sample Survey

Ward Total Surveyed HHs Surveyed HHs

3.3.4 Tools for Primary Data Collection

B. Preparatory Phase for Field Work

BDA-PEA (JV) Page 6 April- 2019

• Preparation of proposed survey design and tools

3.3.4.2 Field Work

3.4 Major Findings

BDA-PEA (JV) Page 7 April- 2019

Table 3.1: Small Cottage Industries