Mechanical Drawing

(MDP 115)
FirstYear,
Mechanical Engineering Dept.,
Faculty of Engineering,
Fayoum University

Dr. Ahmed Salah Abou Taleb

FITS and TOLERANCES

2
Control Measurements of
Finished Parts

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Indicating the Desired Dimension

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 Indication of the Real Dimension of Parts

Due to the
inevitable
inaccuracy of
manufacturing
methods, a part
cannot be made
precisely to a
given dimension.

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Indication of the Real Dimension of Parts

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Indication of the Real Dimension of Parts

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Selection of Waste Parts

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 Selection of Waste Parts

Waste results when the manufacturing process cannot

maintain size within prescribed limits. 9
Selection of Acceptable Parts

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 Selection of Acceptable Parts

There is no such thing as an "exact size". 11

 Important Terms – Single Part

• Nominal Size – general size, usually expressed in

mms
• Actual Size – measured size of the finished part
• Limits – maximum and minimum sizes shown by
tolerances (larger value is the upper limit and the
smaller value is the lower limit)
• Tolerance – total allowable variance in dimensions
(upper limit – lower limit) – object dimension could
be as big as the upper limit or as small as the lower
limit or anywhere in between.
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 Tolerance
• How to decide tolerance?
– Functional requirements of mating parts
– Cost of production
– Available manufacturing process

• Choose as coarse tolerance as possible without

compromising functional requirements
• Proper balance between cost and quality of parts

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Characteristics of Tolerances

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Characteristics of Tolerances

Connection btw the characteristics:

US = N + UD
LS = N – LD
T = US – LS = +
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The Possible Positions of the Tolerance
Zone

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The ISO System of Limits and Fits (referred to as the
ISO system) is covered in national standards
throughout the world, as shown by the following list:
• Global ISO 286
• USA ANSI B4.2
• Japan JIS B0401
• Germany DIN 7160//61
• France NF E 02-100-122
• UK BSI 4500
• Italy UNI 6388
• Australia AS 1654

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• The tolerance zone is above the zero (base)
line

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• The tolerance zone is on the zero (base)
line

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• The tolerance zone is under the zero (base)
line

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 Possible positions of the tolerance zone in case of
shafts
ISO standard uses tolerance position letters with lowercase letters for the
shafts.

Fundamental Deviation: is the deviation closest to the basic size.

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Possible positions of the tolerance zone in the case
of holes
ISO standard uses tolerance position letters with capital letters for the holes.

Fundamental Deviation: is the deviation closest to the basic size.

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The selection of letter freezes Representation of
one limit of hole / shaft
Tolerance
(how much away from Basic
size) 1) Letter Symbol
Basic Size
45 E8/e7

One can have different

possible combinations; eg.
45H6g7, 45H8r6, 45E5p7

E.S. – upper deviation

E.I. – lower deviation

H : lower deviation of
hole is zero

h : upper deviation of
shaft is zero
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RANGE IN A GIVEN TOLERANCE GRADE

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 Representation of Tolerance
Tolerance Grade defines range of
dimensions (dimensional variation)
2) Number or Grade
IT01, IT0, IT1,….IT16 There are manufacturing
constraints on tolerance grade
chosen

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IT: International Tolerance 30
• Example: A shaft of nominal diameter 25 mm
is going to be manufactured. IT grade is
required to be IT7.
• Determine the tolerance on the shaft.

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