READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

INJUSTICE RESPONSE:
THE VERSION OF THE
FILIPINOS TO THE
INCIDENT
PREPARED BY:
DE ASIS, ELIZA BIEL V.
EDIZA, KENNETH R.
DIFFERING
ACCOUNTS OF
THE EVENTS
OF 1872
TWO OTHER PRIMARY ACCOUNTS THAT SEEMS
COUNTER THE ACCOUNTS OF IZQUIERDO AND
MONTERO
1. PARDO DE TAVERA’S ACCOUNT
OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
2. EDMUND PLAUCHUT’S ACCOUNT
OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
 INJUSTICE RESPONSE:
The Version of Filipinos To The Incident

PARDO DE TAVERA’S ACCOUNT

OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
Reporter: Eliza Biel V. De Asis
Section: PCBET 01-201A
Trinidad Hermemegildo Jose Maria Juan
Francisco Pardo De Tavera Y Gorricho

✓ He was a Filipino physician, historian and

politician of Spanish and Portuguese descent
who wrote the Filipino version of Cavite’s bloody
incident.
✓ Father: Felix Pardo de Tavera
✓ Mother: Juliana Gorricho
✓ Siblings: Joaquin and Carmen Pardo de Tavera
Also known as T.H Pardo de Tavera
( April 13, 1857- March 26-, 1925 )
 EARLY LIFE
✓ In his early years, he was known as Trini.
✓ Their house was just across the central square or plaza mayor and in 1870, the
government rented the one wings of the Pardo de Tavera house.
✓ In 1864, Trini’s father died. His uncle, Joaquin volunteered to become his adoptive
father.
✓ Consejo de Administrstive was offer to Joaquin.
✓ When Glorious Revolution broke out in Spain, Joaquin was named as one of the
assemblymen to push reforms in the Philippine.
✓ Carlos Maria de la Torre was replace by Rafael de Izquierdo ( has an iron-fist ).
✓ In 1872, a mutiny broke out in Cavite and Joaquin was one of the alleged
mutineers arrested by Izquierdo and was imprison in Fort Santiago.
✓ 3 yrs. Later, his sentence was lifted and pardoned as one of the suspect of the
mutiny.
 LOS INDIOS BRAVOS
✓ Is translated as "The Brave Filipinos."
✓ It is an association that consists of
Filipino writers in European countries.
The purpose of this group is to write
poems, stories and newspaper articles
showing the current condition of the
Philippines in the hands of the
Spaniards and friars.
✓ They wanted people to be aware of
the cruel and terrible treatment of
those Spaniards towards their fellow
Filipinos. Also, its other goal is for every
Filipino to have an education and the
likes of Rizal to grant reforms from
Spain.
 THE CAVITE MUTINY
✓ January 20, 1872
✓ About 200 Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe Arsenal and
workers who turned out to be dissatisfied with tax and forced labor
exemptions on order from General Rafael Izquierdo.
✓ The mutineers led by Sargent Fernando seized the Fort and killed
the Spanish officer.
✓ The Spanish government in Manila sent a regiment immediately
under General Felipe Ginoves to recover the Fort.
✓ Izquierdo used the mutiny to implicate GomBurZa and other notable
Filipinos known as their liberal learnings included Joaquin Pardo de
Tavera, Jose Basa, and Antonio M. Regidor.

✓ The three priest were put to death by garrote in Bagumbayan, now

known as Luneta.

✓ Note: the central government of Madrid announced its intention during

the period to deprive the monks of all powers of intervention in civil
government affairs and management of educational facilities.

✓ Segismundo Moret promotes the fusion of parochial schools run by friars

into school called Philippine Institute
 Garrote was a
barbaric Spanish
method of execution
in which iron collar
was tightened around
the prisoner's neck
until death occur.

“The Execution of GomBurZa”

 FATHER BURGOS
✓ He was of Spanish descent, born in the
Philippines.
✓ He was a parish priest of the Manila Cathedral
and had been known to be close to the liberal
Governor General de la Torre.
✓ He was 35 years old at the time and was
active and outspoken in advocating the
Filipinization of the clergy.
✓ He quoted “Why shall a young man strive to
rise in the profession of law or theology when
he can vision no future for himself but
obscurity?”
 FATHER GOMEZ
✓ He was an old man in his mid-’70,
Chinese-Filipino, born in Cavite.
✓ He held the most senior position of the
three as Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite.
✓ He was truly nationalistic and
accepted the death penalty calmly
as though it were his penance for
being pro-Filipinos.
FATHER ZAMORA
✓ He37, was also Spanish, born in the
Philippines.
✓ He was the parish priest of Marikina and
was known to be unfriendly to and would
not countenance any arrogance or
authoritative behavior from Spaniards
coming from Spain.
✓ He once snubbed a Spanish governor
who came to visit Marikina.
“ I dedicate my work to you as victims of
the evil which I undertake to combat… “
The dedication page of his second book “El Filibusterismo” by Jose Rizal
 CONTINUATION
OF TAVERA’S ACCOUNT
OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
REPORTER: EDIZA, KENNETH R.
AN EXCERPT FROM
TAVERA’S ACCOUNT
OF THE CAVITE
MUTINY
“…FILIPINOS HAD GREAT HOPES OF AN
IMPROVEMENT IN THE AFFAIRS OF THEIR
COUNTRY…”
“…THE FRIARS FEARED THAT THEIR POWER
IN THE COLONY WOULD SOON BE
COMPLETE A THING OF THE PAST…”
ACCORDING TO PARDO DE TAVERA
The Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite mutiny as a way to
address other issues by blowing out proportion the isolated mutiny attempt.
During this time, the Central government in Madrid was planning to
deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention in the matters of the civil
government, direction and management of educational institutions. The friars
needed something to justify their continuing dominance in the country, and
the mutiny provided such opportunity.
 The friars presented the event to the
Spanish government as a vast conspiracy
organized in the entire archipelago to
destruct the Spanish sovereignty.
Tavera sadly confirmed that the Madrid
administration was satisfied that the scheme
was true without any attempt to investigate
the real facts or extent of the alleged
revolution which is reported by Izquierdo and
the friars.
 EDMUND
PLAUCHUT
(JANUARY 7, 1824 – JANUARY 30, 1909)

• A French adventurer and Journalist

• VP of the Board of Directors of Association
Internationale des Philippinistes in Paris who
was then residing in manila and witnessed of
GOMBURZA execution.
• Wrote an account in the Parisian periodical
Revue des deux mondes (Review of the Two
Worlds) about the event.
• Complemented Tavera’s account and
analyzed the motivation of 1872 Cavite Mutiny
 Governor General La Torre created a Junta (Military
or Political group that rules the country) which is
composed of highly officials including some friars and six
Spanish officials.
At the same time, there was created by the
government in Madrid a committee to investigate the
same problems submitted to the manila
committee. When the two finished work, it
was found that they came to the same
conclusions.
Here are the summary of reforms they considered necessary to
introduced:
1. Changes in tariff rates at customs, and the methods of
collection.
2. Removal of surcharges (additional charge) on foreign
importations.
3. Reduction of export fees.
4. Permission for foreigners to reside in the Philippines, buy real
estate, enjoy freedom of worship, and operate commercial
transports flying the Spanish flags.
Here are the summary of reforms they considered necessary to
introduced:

5. Establishment of an advisory council to inform the Minister of

Overseas Affairs in Madrid on the necessary reforms to be
implemented.
6. Changes in primary and secondary education.
7. Establishment of an Institute of Civil Administration in the Philippines,
rendering unnecessary the sending home of short-term civil officials
every time there is a change of ministry.
8. Study of direct tax system.
9. Abolition of the Tobacco monopoly
AN EXCERPT FROM
PLAUCHUT’S ACCOUNT
OF THE CAVITE
MUTINY
“…THE ARRIVAL IN MANILA OF GEN.
IZQUIERDO PUT A SUDDEN END TO ALL
DREAMS OF REFORMS…”
“…SUCH A POLICY MUST REALLY END IN A
STRONG DESIRE ON THE PART OF THE
OTHER TO REPRESS CRUELLY…”
ACCORDING TO EDMUND PLAUCHUT
The prosecutions instituted by the new Governor General Izquierdo
were probably expected as a result of the bitter disputes between the Filipino
clerics and the Friars.
In regards to Schools, it was previously order that there should be in
Manila a Society of Arts and Trades to be opened in March of 1871….. To bring
under control the growth of liberal teachings, General Izquierdo suspended
the opening of the school the day previous to the scheduled inauguration.
 The Filipino had a duty to render service
on public roads constructions and pay taxes
every year. But those who were employed at
the maestranza of the artillery (large caliber
guns) , in the engineering shops and arsenal of
Cavite, were exempted from this obligation
from time immemorial…
Without preliminaries of any kind, a
decree by the Governor withdrew from such
old employees their retirement privileges and
declassified them into the ranks of those who
worked on public roads.
 DIFFERING ACCOUNTS
1. FRIARS USED CAVITE MUTINY AS A 2. THEY SHOWCASED THE
PART OF A LARGER CONPIRACY TO MUTINY AS PART OF A GREATER
CEMENT THEIR DOMINANCE, WHICH CONSPIRACY IN THE PHILIPPINES
STARTED TO SHOW CRACKS BECAUSE BY THE FILIPINOS TO
OF THE DISCONTENT OF THE OVERTHROW SPANISH
FILIPINOS GOVERNMENT
3. UNINTENTIONALLY, AND MORE SO, PROPHETICALLY, THE CAVITE
MUTINY OF 1872 RESULTED IN THE MARTYRDOM OF GOMBURZA AND
PAVED WAY TO THE REVOLUTION CULMINATING IN 1898
EXAMPLES OF INJUSTICES ON
THE EVENTS OF 1872
 The Spanish authorities depriving Filipino clergy the
opportunity of administering the parish.
INEQUALITY BETWEEN SPANISH PRIEST AND
SECULAR PRIEST
 The Spaniards sarcastically called the Filipinos as “Indio's”. The discrimination is
prevalent in the universities, government offices, church and court of justice.
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AMONG FILIPINOS
 The Spanish Government had a failure to ensure minimum wage sufficient for
decent living because of the tribute that they need to pay and they withdrew the
privileges that causes the dissatisfaction among workers.
FORCED LABOR (POLO Y SERVICIO)
The GOMBURZA died because of the false testimony of Gen. Izquierdo and the
brothers without having an investigation about their claims.
FALSE ACCUSATIONS AMONG THREE MARTYRS
UNRAVELING THE TRUTH
There may be different versions of events based on the accounts of
Vidal, Izquierdo, Tavera and Plauchut, here are some basic facts
that remained unchanged:
1. There was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal as
well as among the members of the indigenous army that Gen.
Izquierdo dragged their privileges back.
2. Gen. Izquierdo has implemented strict and rigid policies that
have caused the Philippines to move away from the Spanish
government.
UNRAVELING THE TRUTH
3. In 1872 the central Spanish government had decided to take
away the power to interfere with the administration of
government and the management of schools.
4. The members of the Filipino clergy were actively involved in the
movement for secularization.
5. The Spanish government execution of GOMBURZA was a
blunder, for the action cut off the Filipinos ill-feelings and the
event inspired the Filipino patriots to call for reforms and
eventually independence.
6. The 1872 cavity mutiny paved the way for a momentous 1898.
 BEHIND THE STORY OF CAVITE MUTINY
The GOMBURZA was implicated as the mastermind of the mutiny
through the false testimony provided by Francisco Zaldua, a former soldier who
was paid by the Spanish authorities and promised pardon in exchanged for his
testimony, however, he was condemned along the three and executed first. As
a punishment to the GOMBURZA, they were to die through the garrote. The
people who witnessed the execution removed their hats as a sign of respect,
many knelt down and prayed.
According to Schumacher, the real mastermind of the mutiny was the
three mason (member of the secret association) such as Crisanto de los Reyes,
Maximo Inocencio and Enrique Paraiso who were deported only in Marianas
island. In his suspicion, those three real masterminds and the Governor General
Izquierdo are both involved in the secret association.
“Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed
forever, the yearning for freedom eventually
manifests itself.”
- MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.
 The road to independence was rough
and tough to toddle, many patriots named
and unnamed shed their bloods to attain
reforms and achieve independence.
June 12, 1898 may be a glorious
event for us, but we should not forget that
before we came across to victory, our
forefathers suffered enough. As we enjoy
our freedom, may we be more historically
aware of our past to have a better future
ahead of us. And just like what Elias said in
Noli me Tangere, may we “not forget those
who fell during the night.”