The Lumad Cultures of Mindanao

Lumad is a collective term, used since 1986, for a large number of

indigenous peoples of the Mindanao island group in the Southern
Philippines. The lumad population in Mindanao is about half the total
population of all indigenous groups in the Philippines.

The 18 major lumad ethnolinguistic groupings are the Bagobo, Banwaon,

Blaan, Bukidnon, Dibabawon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya,
Mangguwangan, Manobo, Mansaka, Matigsalug,  Subanen, Tagakaolo, 
Talaandig, Tboli, Teduray, and Ubo. 

Lumad are distinct from the Moro (indigenous Islamic) tribes, which include
about 14 sub-groups concentrated in western Mindanao.  Lumad are also
distinct from the indigenous groups which are based in Mindanao but rooted
in Visayan culture.

Lumad is a Cebuano word meaning indigenous. The choice of a Cebuano

word may be a bit ironic -- Cebuano is the language of the natives of Cebu in
the Visayas -- but they deemed it to be most appropriate considering that the
various tribes do not have any other common language among themselves
except Cebuano. Lumad Mindanao, the organization, is no longer intact, but
the name remains and is, from all indications, gaining more adherents.

In 1986, fifteen of the more than eighteen ICC in Mindanao adopted the term
lumad, a Bisayan word for “native” or “indigenous,” to distinguish themselves
from the Christians and Muslims in Mindanao. Republic Act 6734, enacted
during Corazon Aquino’s time, used the term to differentiate these ethnic
communities from the Bangsamoro people.

Lumad are non-Muslim or non-Christian, although “the orientation of their

cultural developments … appears to be toward the Muslim groups” (Jocano,
1998). The anthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano stresses that “in most cases,
language is the only differentiating element in ethnic cultures, particularly
among those which occupy adjacent and contiguous territory.” Most of the
ICC in Mindanao speak languages belonging to the Manobo family of
languages, except the Blaan, T’boli, and Teduray.

The lumad who live within the southern highland ranges are swidden farmers,
and practice little trade. Like many of its neighbors, Bagobo society is ruled by
a class of warriors known as magani or bagani. The Bagobo’s elaborate dress
and personal adornment are well known among anthropologists. The T’boli
and Teduray are also known for their baskets, trinkets, bracelets, and earrings
made of brass. The T’boli’s t’nalak are prized fabrics believed to be inspired
by the dreams of the woman weavers.
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