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,qwurgxfwlrq: Geometric Design Manual-2002 Summary of Standards
,qwurgxfwlrq: Geometric Design Manual-2002 Summary of Standards
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Geometric design the process whereby the layout of the road through the terrain is designed to
meet the needs of the road users. The principal geometric features are the road cross-section and
horizontal and vertical alignment. Appropriate standards and combinations of geometric design
elements should fulfill the following objectives:
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The design standards to be used for roads of various traffic volumes (AADT) are summarized in
the several following tables. Of these, Table 2-1 presents an overview of design standards relating
to road functional classification and traffic volumes, and illustrates the split between paved and
unpaved standards.
Tables 2-2 to 2-11 give several parameters of the Ethiopian Roads Authority’s ten design
standards, reflecting the government policy of design flexibility and emphasis on labor-based
techniques. These standards apply to divided highways, trunk and link roads, main access and
collector roads, and feeder roads.
Finally, Table 2-12 shows the variability of the shoulder widths for the different design standards,
including parameters associated with terrain and urban sections.
The determination of each particular standard item is discussed further in this manual.
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It is anticipated that there may be situations where the designer will be compelled to deviate from
these standards. An example of a Departure from Standard is the inclusion of a switchback or the
use of a gradient greater than the desirable value. Where the designer departs from a standard, he
must obtain written approval from ERA. The Designer shall submit the following information to
ERA:
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Chapter 2
Summary of Standards Geometric Design Manual-2002
The Designer must submit all major and minor Departures from Standards to the Design and
Research Division Manager for evaluation. If the proposed Departures from Standards are
acceptable, the Departures from Standards will be submitted to the General Manager for final
approval.
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Chapter 2
Geometric Design Manual-2002 Summary of Standards
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Road Functional Design Design Traffic Surface Width (m) Design Speed (km/hr) Urban/Peri
Classification Standard Flow (AADT)* Type -Urban
Carriageway Shoulder Flat Rolli Mountaino Escarpment
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***
DS1 10000–**15000 Paved Dual 2 x 7.3 See T.2-2 120 100 85 70 50
* The design two-way traffic flow is recommended to be not more than one Design Standard step in excess of the first year AADT (excluding DS7). ** For traffic volume more than 15000 a different design approach
should be followed. *** The width of each lane is 3.65m
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Chapter 2
Summary of Standards Geometric Design Manual-2002
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! Median with trees (DS1) is allowed for cross section shown in the table i.e. 2lane +parking lane + Footway if otherwise the median should be a covered and an open one
without trees or a lower width of a median barrier shall be designed . Similarly for DS2 Roads in the town section i.e. one lane + parking lane +footway should have a
covered median with no trees or other wise a lower width of a median barrier should be designed.
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Chapter 2
Geometric Design Manual-2002 Summary of Standards
7DEOH*HRPHWULF'HVLJQ3DUDPHWHUVIRU'HVLJQ6WDQGDUG'63DYHG'XDO&DUULDJHZD\
Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban/Peri-
Urban
Design Speed km/h 120 100 85 70 50
Min. Stopping Sight Distance m 285 205 155 110 55
Min. Passing Sight Distance m 425 375 340 275 175
Min. Horizontal Curve Radius m 630 395 270 175 85
Transition Curves Required Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Max. Gradient (desirable) % 3 4 6 6 6
Max. Gradient (absolute) % 5 6 8 8 8
Minimum Gradient % 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Maximum Superelevation % 8 8 8 8 4
Crest Vertical Curve k 210 105 60 31 10
Sag Vertical Curve k 74 51 36 25 12
Normal Crossfall % 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Shoulder Crossfall % 4 4 4 4 4
Right of Way m 50 50 50 50 50
(WKLRSLDQ5RDGV$XWKRULW\ 3DJH
Chapter 2
Summary of Standards Geometric Design Manual-2002
7DEOH *HRPHWULF'HVLJQ3DUDPHWHUVIRU'HVLJQ6WDQGDUG'63DYHG
Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban/Peri-
Urban
Design Speed km/h 100 85 70 60 50
Min. Stopping Sight Distance m 205 155 110 85 55
Min. Passing Sight Distance m 375 340 275 225 175
% Passing Opportunity % 50 33 25 0 20
Min. Horizontal Curve Radius m 395 270 175 125 85
Transition Curves Required Yes Yes No No No
Max. Gradient (desirable) % 3 4 6 6 6
Max. Gradient (absolute) % 5 6 8 8 8
Minimum Gradient % 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Maximum Superelevation % 8 8 8 8 4
Crest Vertical Curve k 105 60 31 18 10
Sag Vertical Curve k 51 36 25 18 12
Normal Crossfall % 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Shoulder Crossfall % 4 4 4 4 4
Right of Way m 50 50 50 50 50
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Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban/Peri-
Urban
Design Speed km/h 85 70 60 50 50
Min. Stopping Sight Distance m 155 110 85 55 55
Min. Passing Sight Distance m 340 275 225 175 175
% Passing Opportunity % 25 25 15 0 20
Min. Horizontal Curve Radius m 270 175 125 85 85
Transition Curves Required Yes Yes No No No
Max. Gradient (desirable) % 4 5 7 7 7
Max. Gradient (absolute) % 6 7 9 9 9
Minimum Gradient % 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Maximum Superelevation % 8 8 8 8 4
Crest Vertical Curve k 60 31 18 10 10
Sag Vertical Curve k 36 25 18 12 12
Normal Crossfall % 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Shoulder Crossfall % 4 4 4 4 4
Right of Way m 50 50 50 50 50
3DJH (WKLRSLDQ5RDGV$XWKRULW\
Chapter 2
Geometric Design Manual-2002 Summary of Standards
7DEOH *HRPHWULF'HVLJQ3DUDPHWHUVIRU'HVLJQ6WDQGDUG'68QSDYHG
Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban/Peri-
Urban
Design Speed km/h 70 60 50 40 50
Min. Stopping Sight Distance m 110 85 55 45 55
Min. Passing Sight Distance m 275 225 175 125 175
% Passing Opportunity % 25 25 15 0 20
Min. Horizontal Curve Radius m 175 125 85 50 85
Transition Curves Required No No No No No
Max. Gradient (desirable) % 4 5 7 7 7
Max. Gradient (absolute) % 6 7 9 9 9
Minimum Gradient % 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Maximum Superelevation % 8 8 8 8 4
Crest Vertical Curve k 31 18 10 5 10
Sag Vertical Curve k 25 18 12 8 12
Normal Crossfall (Paved) % 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Shoulder Crossfall (Paved) % 4 4 4 4 4
Normal and Shoulder % 4 4 4 4 4
Crossfall (Unpaved)
Right of Way m 50 50 50 50 50
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Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban/Peri-
Urban
Design Speed km/h 60 50 40 30 50
Min. Stopping Sight Distance m 85 55 45 30 55
Min. Passing Sight Distance m 225 175 125 75 175
% Passing Opportunity % 20 20 15 0 20
Min. Horizontal Curve Radius m 125 85 50 30 85
Transition Curves Required No No No No No
Max. Gradient (desirable) % 6 7 10 10 7
Max. Gradient (absolute) % 8 9 12 12 9
Minimum Gradient % 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Maximum Superelevation % 8 8 8 8 4
Crest Vertical Curve k 18 10 5 3 10
Sag Vertical Curve k 18 12 8 4 12
Normal and Shoulder % 4 4 4 4 4
Crossfall (Unpaved)
Right of Way m 30 30 30 30 40
(WKLRSLDQ5RDGV$XWKRULW\ 3DJH
Chapter 2
Summary of Standards Geometric Design Manual-2002
7DEOH *HRPHWULF'HVLJQ3DUDPHWHUVIRU'HVLJQ6WDQGDUG'68QSDYHG
3DJH (WKLRSLDQ5RDGV$XWKRULW\
Chapter 2
Geometric Design Manual-2002 Summary of Standards
7DEOH *HRPHWULF'HVLJQ3DUDPHWHUVIRU'HVLJQ6WDQGDUG'68QSDYHG
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