DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

JAIPUR

CHEMISTRY PROJECT
REPORT
PREPERATION OF INK

GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

Ranjana ma’am NAME: Harshit Choudhary
CLASS: XII-C (SCI)
REG. NO.:
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL
JAIPUR

Certificate
This is to certify that the Chemistry project PREPERATION
OF INK in Chemistry has been submitted by the candidate
Harshit Choudhary with roll number _____________ for the
class
XII practical examination of Central Board of Secondary
Education in the year 2020. It is further certified that this project
is the individual work of the Candidate.
Teacher in Charge External
Examiner Signature:
Signature:

Date: Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project, many

people have best owed upon me their blessings
and the heart pledged support, this time I am
utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with this project. Primarily I would
thank god for being able to complete this project
with success. Then I would like to thank my
principal Mrs. Sangeeta and my physics
teacher Mrs. Ranjana whose valuable guidance
has been the ones that helped me patch this
project. It would not have been possible without
the helpful suggestion of our lab assistant Mr.
Pramod. His instructions has served as a major
contribution towards the competition of this
project.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my
parents, friends and classmates for their help,
whenever required.
INDEX
Introduction

History of Inks

Types of Ink

Carbon Ink

Iron gall Ink

Indelible Ink

How to Prepare Ink in the Lab

 How to Prepare Ink at Home

Introduction
Ink is a liquid or paste that
contains pigments or dyes and is
used to color a surface to
produce an image, text, or
design. Ink is used for drawing
or writing with a pen, brush, or
quill. Thicker inks, in paste form,
are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic
printing.
Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments,
dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate
matter, fluorescents, and other materials. The components of
inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other
additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its dry

Ink surfactants
appearance.

Ink resin Ink dye

History of Inks

The history of Chinese inks can be traced to the 23rd century BC,
with the utilization of natural plant (plant dyes), animal, and
mineral inks based on such materials as graphite that were ground
with water and applied with ink brushes. Evidence for the earliest
Chinese inks, similar to modern inksticks, is around 256 BC in
the end of the Warring States period and produced from soot and
animal glue. The best inks for drawing or painting on paper or silk
are produced from the resin of the pine tree. They must be
between 50 and 100 years old. The Chinese inkstick is produced
with a fish glue, whereas Japanese glue (膠 "nikawa") is from cow
or stag.
The process of making India ink was known in China as early as
the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, during Neolithic China.
India ink was first invented in China, although the source of
materials to make the carbon pigment in India ink was later often
traded from India, thus the term India ink was coined. The
traditional Chinese method of making the ink was to grind a
mixture of hide glue, carbon black, lampblack, and bone black
pigment with a pestle and mortar, then pouring it into a ceramic
dish where it could dry. To use the dry mixture, a wet brush would
be applied until it reliquified. The manufacture of India ink was
well-established by the Cao Wei Dynasty (220–265 AD). Indian
documents written in Kharosthi with ink have been unearthed in
Chinese Turkestan. The practice of writing with ink and a sharp
pointed needle was common in early South India. Several
Buddhist and Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink.

Types of Ink

Colorants:
Pigment inks are used more frequently than dyes because they are
more color-fast, but they are also more expensive, less consistent
in color, and have less of a color range than dyes.

Pigments:
Pigments are solid, opaque particles suspended in ink to provide
color. Pigment molecules typically link together in crystalline
structures that are 0.1–2 µm in size and comprise 5–30 percent of
the ink volume. Qualities such as hue, saturation, and lightness
vary depending on the source and type of pigment.

Dyes:
Dye-based inks are generally much stronger than pigment-based
inks and can produce much more color of a given density per unit
of mass. However, because dyes are dissolved in the liquid phase,
they have a tendency to soak into paper, making the ink less
efficient and potentially allowing the ink to bleed at the edges of
an image.

Carbon Ink

Carbon inks were commonly made from lampblack or soot and a

binding agent such as gum Arabic or animal glue. The binding
agent keeps carbon particles in suspension and adhered to paper.
Carbon particles do not fade over time even when bleached or
when in sunlight. One benefit is that carbon ink does not harm
paper. Over time, the ink is chemically stable and therefore does
not threaten the paper's strength. Despite these benefits, carbon
ink is not ideal for permanence and ease of preservation. Carbon
ink tends to smudge in humid environments and can be washed
off surfaces. The best method of preserving a document written
in carbon ink is to store it in a dry environment (Barrow 1972).

Recently, carbon inks made from carbon

nanotubes have been successfully created. They
are similar in composition to traditional inks in that
they use a polymer to suspend the carbon
nanotubes. These inks can be used in inkjet printers
and produce electrically conductive patterns.
Carbon inks are lubricious, providing low friction Chinese inkstick;
and excellent thermal stability. They are also carbon-based and
chemically inert, with low reactivity to solvents and made from soot and
other chemicals. Our carbon inks can be applied by animal glue.
screen-printing, dipping, and syringe dispensing and feature
excellent adhesion to Kapton, Mylar, glass and a variety of other
substrates.

Iron gall Ink

Iron gall inks became prominent in the early 12th century; they
were used for centuries and were widely thought to be the best
type of ink. However, iron gall ink is corrosive and damages
paper over time (Waters 1940). Items containing this ink can
become brittle and the writing fades to brown. The original
scores of Johann Sebastian Bach are threatened by the
destructive properties of iron gall ink. The majority of his works
are held by the German State Library, and about 25% of those
are in advanced stages of decay (American Libraries 2000). The
rate at which the writing fades is based on several factors, such
as proportions of ink ingredients, amount deposited on the
paper, and paper composition (Barrow 1972:16).
Treatment is a controversial subject. No treatment undoes
damage already caused by acidic ink. Deterioration can only be
stopped or slowed. Some think it best not to treat the item at all
for fear of the consequences. Others believe that non-aqueous
procedures are the best solution. Yet others think an aqueous
procedure may preserve items written with iron gall ink.
Aqueous treatments include distilled water at different
temperatures, calcium hydroxide, calcium bicarbonate,
magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and
calcium phytate. There are many possible side effects from these
treatments. There can be mechanical damage, which further
weakens the paper. Paper color or ink color may change, and ink
may bleed. Other consequences of aqueous treatment are a
change of ink texture or formation of plaque on the surface of
the ink (Reibland & de Groot 1999).

Indelible Ink

Indelible means "unremovable". Some types of indelible ink

have a very short shelf life because of the quickly evaporating
solvents used. India, Mexico, Indonesia, Malaysia and other
developing countries have used indelible ink in the form of
electoral stain to prevent electoral fraud. The Indian Scientist
Dr. M.L. Goel is the founding father of indelible ink in India
and gave the secret formula to NPL (National Physical
Laboratory) of India.
The Election Commission in India has used indelible ink for
many elections. Indonesia used it in its last election in Aceh. In
Mali, the ink is applied to the fingernail. Indelible ink itself is
not infallible as it can be used to commit electoral fraud by
marking opponent party members before they have chances to
cast their votes. There are also reports of "indelible" ink
washing off voters' fingers in Afghanistan.

A voter's thumb stained

with indelible ink
How to Prepare Ink in the Lab

For Black ink - Materials

Required-

1. Tannic acid
2. Iron Chloride
3. Few paper cups
4. Spatula
5. Small sized paint brush
6. Distilled water
Procedure-

Take a paper cup and add 2 scoops of Tannic acid and

dissolve water in it to make its original solution.

Take another paper cup and add 2 scoops of Iron Chloride and
dissolve water in it to make it original solution.

Now pour one to the other to get a black ink.

Precautions-
Make sure that clumps do not form while making original
solution of Iron Chloride and Tannic acid.
Observations-
By mixing the two original solutions we get a black ink
solution.

For Blue ink -

Materials Required-

1. Potassium- Ferro cyanide/Sodium- Ferro Cyanide

2. Iron Chloride
3. Few paper cups
4. Spatula
5. Small sized paint brush
6. Distilled water.
Procedure-

Take a paper cup and add 2 scoops of Potassium Ferro

Cyanide/Sodium Ferro Cyanide and dissolve water in it to
make its original solution.

Take another paper cup and add 2 scoops of Iron Chloride and
dissolve water in it to make it original solution.

Now pour one to the other to get a blue ink.

Precautions-
Make sure that clumps do not form while making original
solution of Iron Chloride and Potassium- Ferro
cyanide/Sodium- Ferro Cyanide.
Observations-
By mixing the two original solutions we get a black ink
solution.

How to Prepare Ink at Home

Materials Required-

12 walnut shells
1/4 tsp vinegar
 1/4 tsp salt
1 1/4 cup water

Procedure-

Crush the shells of the walnuts by putting them in a sock or

plastic bag, then tapping them with hammer. You don’t
have to beat them too hard; just enough to get them in small
pieces, though if you get it into a powder, that’s even
better.

Put the shells into a saucepan and cover with the water.
Simmer on low for 30 minutes, adding a bit more water if
necessary to keep the pan from going dry. Remove from
heat and pour into a bowl. Refrigerate overnight.

Place a fine-mesh strainer over a small bowl and pour the

mixture through the strainer. Add the vinegar and salt and
stir well to dissolve the salt. This may be easier if you
allow the mixture to warm up to room temperature before
you add the salt. Store in a glass jar with a lid, such as a
baby food jar.
Bibliography
Seminarsonly.com
Wikipedia
Google Images