MM MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SERIES fill Prabir Basu Cen Kefa Louis Jestin Boilers and Burners Design and Theory Spe teayPrabir Basu Department of Mechanical Engineering ‘Technical University of Nova Scotia P.O. Box 1000 Halifax, Nova Scotia B3) 2X4, Canada Cen Kefa Institute of Thermal Engineering Zhejiang University Zheda Road Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China Louis Jestin Department Equipment Electricite de France 12-14 Avenue Dutrievoz F-69628 Villeurbanne, France Series Editor Frederick F. Ling Ernest F. Gloyna Regents Chair in Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering ‘The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712-1063, USA and William Howard Hart Professor Emeritus Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aeronautical Engineering and Mechanics Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Basu, Prabir, 1946— Boilers and burners : design and theory / Prabir Basu, Cen Kefa, Louis Jestin, . cm. — (Mechanical engineering series) Includes bibliographical references, ISBN 0-387-98703-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Steam-boilers—Design and construction. 2, Oil bumers—Design and construction. 1. Cen, Kefa. I. Jestin, Louis. Ill. Tile. IV. Series : Mechanical engineering series (Berlin, Germany) 1290.B37 1999 621.1'8—de21 99-17360 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2000 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. All rights reserved. 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Printed in the United States of America. 987654321 ISBN 0-387-98703-7 Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg SPIN 10707311Contents Series Preface Preface 1 Introduction 1-1 Principles of Boiler Operation 1-2. Classification of Boilers . . . 1-3. Description of Boilers... . References ............ 2. General Design Considerations 2-1 Boiler Specifications 2-2 Design Steps... 2.2.0.0. fhe ce UE te References 22.22. 226 8-4 Arrangement of Multiple Swirl Burners 230 8-5 Design Procedure of Swirl Burners... . . 233 Nomenclature ..........-- — 239 References. x ore 22 5 ious oa c-a.niie east eorapecerece eee 2419 Design of Novel Burners 1 S i 9-1 Types of PC Burners... . . « 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7. 9-8 9-9 PC Burner With Blunt Body Precombustion Chamber Burner. Boat Burner . . Co-Flow Jet Burner With High Differential Velocity Counter-Flow Jet Burner... ----- Dense and Lean Phase PC Burner . . . Down-Shot Flame Combustion Technique Low NO, Burner. . . . Nomenclature . References . ‘Tangentially Fired Burners 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 General Descriptions . Design of Burners With Peripheral Air Design of Tilting Burners Burners for Bituminous Coal . ‘Anthracite and Lean Coal Fired PC Burner Brown Coal Fired Direct Burner . Multifue! Burner Design Methods for Tangentially Fired Boilers . Example of Burner Design . z Nomenclature... 0.2. -0-000% References... . « Fluidized Bed Boilers Ml 11-2 113 11-4 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-8 Steai 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 Fluidized Bed Boiler ......-.-- ai Major Features of Fluidized Bed Boilers. Basics of Fluidized Beds . Bubbling Fluidized Bed Boilers. . Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers Distributor Plates... .. - « Loop Seals ag Gas-Solid Separators . Nomenclature... . . re References . . . Serer s one m-Water Circulation in Boiler Natural Circulation System . . Calculations for Simple and Complex Tube Circuits... Two-Phase Flow Resistance... . - Height of Economizer Section inthe Riser Worked-Out Example . Nomenclature . : References . Contents xi 242, 242 243 246 248 249 250 253 257 259 266 267 269 269 279 281 284 286 291 293 294 297 300 301 302 302 304 309 314 319 327 331 334 340 344 347 346 359 360 362 364 369 371xii 14 16 17 Contents Forced Circulation for Supercritical or Subcritical Boilers 13-1 General Description... . 13-2 Design Principle of Forced Circulation Boiler... . . 13-3. Features of Forced Circulation Boilers 13-4 Supercritical Boilers ......... Corrosion and Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces 14-1 High-Temperature Corrosion of External Surfaces . . 14-2 Prevention of High-Temperature Corrosion... . . . 14-3 Low-Temperature Corrosion on External Surfaces . . 14-4 Corrosion and Scaling of Internal Surfaces. 7 14-5. Fouling and Slagging ....... . Sera gene 14-6 Calculation of Soot and Ash Deposition . 14-7 Prediction of Slagging Potential . . . 14-8 Design Measure for Reduction of Fouling and aging : Nomenclature ‘ References... . Erosion Prevention in Boilers 15-1 Theory of Erosion of Heating Surfaces. . 15-2 Worked-Out Example........ 0... ak 15-3 Factors Influencing Tube Erosion ............. 15-4 Analyses of Erosion of Tube Banks in Cross-Flow .... .. 15-5 Permissible Gas Velocity for Safe Operation .......... 15-6 Erosion Protection for the Economizer, Reheater, and Superheater . . 15-7 Erosion in Tubular Air Heaters . 15-8 Erosion in Fluidized Bed Boilers . Nomenclature... References... . . Pressure Drop in Gas and Air Ducts 16-1 Draft Systems ..........0..00-- 16-2. Pressure Drop in Air and Gas Duct Systems 16-3. Pressure Drop Across Heating Surfaces . . . 16-4 Pressure Drop in Natural Draft Gas Path 16-5 Pressure Drop Through Air Ducts : 16-6 Selection of Fans .......-.-.---- 16-7 Pressure Drop Through Water or 1 Steam Tubes Nomenclature ............- ote References... . Mechanical Design of Pressure Parts 17-1 Selection of Materials... 2... 2.0.2.0. 200- oe 17-2. Important Mechanical Properties of Various Materials... . . 372 373 374 375 381 385 386 392 397 402 406 412 416 421 423 424 426 426 431 433 436 439 444, 448 450 454 456 457 457 459 466 471 475 479 480 481 483 485 485Contents 17-3 Fundamental Metallurgical Concepts to Improve Stee! Properties . 17-4 Design Methods 17-5 Thickness (Scantling) Calculations . Nomenclature References . . 18 Tables of Design Data Table 18-1 Table 18-2 Table 18-3 Table 18-4 Table 18-5 Table 18-6 Table 18-7 Table 18-8 Table 18-9 Table 18-10 Table 18-11 Index Specific heat of air, flu e gas and ash at atmospheric pressure Some physical propert metal, and selected steels ies of iron, Linear thermal expansion of steel Specific heat capacity of steel... Electrical resistivity of steel Thermal conductivity of steel Density, heat capacity, for metals . . and heat conductivity Thermal properties of the saturated water and steam (arranged by temperature)... 22.2222. 0005 ‘Thermal properties of the saturated water and steam (arranged by pressure) Thermal properties of unsaturated water and superheated steam at different pressures Conversion factors xiti 490 495 509 523 523 524 525 526 526 527 527 527 528 530 532 534 S41 553CMe iROC R Ra MM ee SRM eee fossil fuels for generation of heat or power. It provides a synthesis of two sci- entific traditions: the high-performance, but often proprietary, Western designs, and the elaborate national standards based on less advanced Eastern designs; it presents both in the same Western format. It is intended for engineers and advanced undergraduate and graduate students with an Po nem em gle The text uses a format of practice based on theory: each chapter begins with Eros Urea Rolee Mosel OM URC Ul elb As AT elo Ree tel Peetu secre ce neu mie Ace amu ciciy explained by worked-out examples. It will thus provide researchers with a resource for applications of theory to practice. Plant operators will find solu- tions to and explanations of many of their daily operational problems. Designers will find this book ready with required data, design methods, and FrelVE- Wola Ma tare Lae) Talo ZI Lae pA elmel lle NTU Lela Re a ener) ME 780: