Useful equations

Physical constants Waves

speed of light c 2.998⇥108 m/s Symbol Name SI units
Planck constant h 6.626 ⇥ 10 34 J s k Wave number m 1
4.135 ⇥ 10 15 eV s Wavelength m
~ 1.054 ⇥ 10 34 J s ! Angular frequency rad/s
0.658 ⇥ 10 15 eV s Phase radians
electron volt eV 1.602 ⇥ 10 19 J T Period s
electron charge e 1.602 ⇥ 10 19 C f Frequency s 1
Intensity 2
Bohr radius a0 0.05292 nm I pW/m
electron mass me 9.109 ⇥ 10 31 kg A Amplitude W/m2
0.511 MeV/c2
proton mass mp 1.673 ⇥ 10 27 kg f = !/2⇡ = 1/T
938.3 MeV/c2 k = 2⇡/
neutron mass mn 1.675 ⇥ 10 27 kg
|A|2
939.6 MeV/c2 Iavg =
hydrogen mass mH 1.674 ⇥ 10 27 kg 2
(Kerrey)
' '

Ibl ? 2t2cos( ¢ , -0/2 ) Plat ) - 4. IAI -

cos

Trigonometric identities Intensity of superposition of two waves

of equal magnitude
✓ ◆◆ ✓ !
↵ ↵+ 2 2 kr1 + 1 kr2 2
cos ↵ + cos = 2 cos cos Itotal = 2A cos
2 2 2
2 2
cos ↵ + sin ↵ = 1
A2 + B2 + 2AB cos = C2 Di↵raction

Complex numbers a sin ✓0 =

D sin ✓0 = 1.22
p
i= 1
ei✓ = cos(✓) + i sin(✓) Photons
z = x + iy
z⇤ = x iy p = ~k = h/
2 ⇤ 2 2
|z| = zz = x + y E = hf = ~! =h¥
 USEFUL EQUATIONS

Wave functions Schrödinger equation

(x, t) ⇤ (x, t)
⇢(x, t) = ~2 d 2 (x)
+ U(x) (x) = E (x)
Zb 2m dx2
P(a < x < b) = ⇢(x, t)dx Infinite square well eigenstates
Z1 a
8q
>
⇢(x, t)dx = 1 < L2 sin( n⇡x
>
L ) if 0 < x < L
1 n (x) = >
>
:0 otherwise,
~2 n 2 ⇡ 2
Polarization En =
2mL2
Polarization direction State
Vertical v Harmonic oscillator
Horizontal h
Diagonal (45 degrees) p1 ( h+ v)
Ground state
2
Diagonal (-45 degrees) p1 ( v)
↵x2
2 h 0 (x) = Ae
Circular (right-handed) p1 ( h+i v) 1p
2 ↵=
mk
Circular (left-handed) p1 ( h i v)
2~
2
Measurement rule ~2 ↵ ~ p
E= = mk
m 2m
=a 1+b 2 Spectrum
|a|2 ✓
1
◆
P(1) = En = n + ~!, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
|a|2 + |b|2 2

Quantum matter Time dependent Schrödinger

Wave function of momentum p equation
(x) = Ae ikx
@ (x, t) ~2 @2 (x, t)
p = ~k i~ = + U(x) (x, t)
@t 2m @x2
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Time dependence of energy eigenstates
i!n t
x p ~/2 (x, t) = e n (x)
En = ~!n
Power detector
fabsorbedftegfphotons-J.tn f
•
on a =

Absorbedlfofpt.at#-- Probability .

(#emittegdPho) Double wells

Sec

p
 mV L
E = Ce ,