FUNDAMENTALS OF CONVECTION

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Eddy Elfiano, S.T. M.Eng

Three basic mechanisms of heat
transfer:

1. conduction
2. convection
3. radiation
conduction,
which is the mechanism of heat transfer
through a solid or a quiescent fluid.

convection,
which is the mechanism of heat transfer
through a fluid in the presence of bulk
fluid motion.
Convection is classified as :
1. natural (or free) convection
2. forced convection, depending on how
the fluid motion is initiated.

Convection is also classified as external

and internal, depending on whether the
fluid is forced to flow over a surface or
in a channel.
In forced convection,
the fluid is forced to flow over a surface
or in a pipe by external means such as
a pump or a fan

Figure 1. Forced convection

In natural convection,

any fluid motion is caused by natural

means such as the buoyancy effect,
which manifests itself as the rise of
warmer fluid and the fall of the cooler
fluid
Figure 2. Free convection

Figure 3. Conduction
 .

Conduction and convection are similar

in that both mechanisms require
the presence of a material medium.

But they are different in that convection

requires the presence of fluid motion.
 .

Heat transfer through a solid is always

by conduction, since the molecules of
a solid remain at relatively fixed
positions.

Heat transfer through a liquid or gas,

however, can be by conduction or
convection, depending on the presence
of any bulk fluid motion.
.

Figure 4. Heat transfer through a fluid

sandwiched between two parallel
plates
 .

Experience shows that convection heat

transfer strongly depends on the fluid
properties:
dynamic viscosity μ, thermal conductivity k,
density ρ, and specific heat Cp, as well as
the fluid velocity v.

It also depends on the geometry and the

roughness of the solid surface
.
.

Where:
h = convection heat transfer coefficient,
W/m2 °C
As = heat transfer surface area, m2
Ts = temperature of the surface, °C
T = temperature of the fluid sufficiently far
from the surface, °C
Video of convection
Kind of Convection
Natural Convection
Moderate Temperatures Near Large
Bodies of Water
Forced Convection