STAINLESS STEEL

MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (DJF 5062)

What is Stainless Steel?
• Stainless steel are characterized primarily by their corrosion
resistance, high strength and ductility and high chromium content.
• It is highly resistant to corrosion in a variety of environments,
especially the ambient atmosphere.
• It has excellent resistant to stain and rust due to its chromium (Cr)
content, usually from 12 to 20 percent of the alloy or at least 10.5%
chromium.
Effect of Chromium in Plain Carbon Steel:
• Forms hard and stable carbide • Increase hardenability
• Raises critical temperature • Increase wear and corrosion resistance
• Stabilized the ferrite structure in carbon steel • Increase strength and hardness

2% Cr 12% Cr

• Still known as carbon steel • Increase corrosion resistance

• Increase mechanical properties-tensile strength • Increase the strength and hardness
increase until 980MPa and elongation until 15%. • From hard and stable carbides
• Form hard and strength properties. • Raises critical temperature
• Critical temperature increase. • Tend to stabilize the ferrite structure
• Content of Cr dissolve with ferrite in BCC form and
increase the strength, hardenability and
toughness.
• Can cold and hot work to give the good structure
and mechanic properties.
What Makes Stainless Steel Stainless?
• In order to make stainless steel Carbon Steel + O2 = Rust
stainless, there must be at least
12% of Cr in the steel.
• This level of chromium is the Rust
minimum level of chromium to Carbon Steel
ensure there are continuous stable
layer of protective chromium–rich
oxide forms on the surface. Stainless Steel + O2 = Cr Oxide Layer
• Stainless steel are called ‘stainless’
because in the presence of oxygen
(air) they develop a thin, hard
adherent film of chromium oxide Stainless Steel
that protects the metal from
corrosion.
Passive Film in Stainless Steel
• Chromium imparts a special Stainless Steel Cr oxide layer

property to the iron that makes it

corrosion resistant. Surface damaged

• When the chromium is in excess of Stainless Steel Cr oxide layer

12% the corrosion barrier changes

from an active film to passive film.
• The passive layer extremely thin, in
the order of 10 to 100 atom thick,
and is composed mainly of
chromium oxide which prevents
further diffusion of oxygen into the
base metal.
Surface healed
Cr oxide layer
Stainless Steel
Self-healing effect of Stainless Steel Chromium
oxide is a thin and transparent passive layer of
chromium oxide that allow the natural beauty of
stainless steel to remain intact. It is also self-healing
and forms readily in air.
Benefit of Stainless Steel
• Corrosion resistance
• Heat resistance
• Hygiene
• Aesthetic appearance
• Ease of fabrication
Classes of Stainless Steel
• Ferritic Stainless Steel
• Martensitic Stainless Steel
• Austenitic Stainless Steel
• Duplex Stainless Steel
• Precipitation Hardening Stainless
Steel
The classes of stainless steel is based The ferritic stainless steel on the left has a body
centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure. By adding
on crystal structure and strengthening nickel to this stainless steel the structure changes
from BCC to face centered cubic (FCC), which is called
mechanism. austenitic.
Classes of Stainless Steel
• Classified by composition of
chromium, carbon and nickel in
that steel.
• Show either stainless steel have
magnetic properties or not.
• Different in mechanical properties
(hardness, toughness, corrosion
resistance)
• Show the structure of stainless
steel. Provides a graphical overview of these groups
with respect to chromium and nickel content.
Classes of Stainless Steel
Ferritic Stainless Steel
• Content : Fe, 12 - 30% Cr, 0.08 - 0.2% C.
• Others name : Chromium steel.
• They are called ferritic since their structure remains mostly ferritic at
normal heat treatment conditions.
• These steel can contain other element such as titanium and niobium
(use to stabilize the structure) and sulfur which is added to improve
machinability.
• BCC structure.
Ferritic Stainless Steel
Properties :
• Magnetic properties, with proper precaution they can be weld.
• Have good strength and moderate ductility (lower ductility than ASS).
• Cannot be heat treated but may be strengthened by work hardening.
• Have excellent corrosion resistance and are relatively inexpensive (do
not contain nickel).
Ferritic Stainless Steel
Application :
• Kitchen equipment
• Washing machine
• High temperature application:
heaters, combustion chamber,
exhaust system, hot water tank,
automotive trim
Ferritic Stainless
Steel
Ferritic Stainless Steel
Grade Cr Mo Ni Mn N Cu Others Pre Pren

430 17 0 0 0 0 17 17

434 18 1 0 0 0 Ti, Nb 22 22

444 19 2 0 0 0 Ti, Nb 26 26

Yield Strength Hardness

Tensile Strength Elongation in (%
Grade 0.2% Proof Rockwell B
(MPa) in 50 mm) Brinell (HB)
(MPa) (HRB)
430 451 206 22 83 183
434 517 345 25 164
Austenitic Stainless Steel
• Content : Fe, 16 - 25% Cr, 7 - 20% Ni, 0.03 - 0.1% C).
• Known as Chromium – Nickel Steel.
• These alloys are called austenitic since their structures remain
austenitic (FCC) at normal heat treating temperature.
• The presence of the nickel, which has an FCC crystal structure enables
the FCC structure to be retained at room temperature.
• 70% of stainless steel production is austenitic stainless steel
Austenitic Stainless Steel
Properties :
• Non magnetic.
• Have excellent ductility, formability (the high formability of the ASS is due
to the FCC crystal) and corrosion resistance (better corrosion resistance
than FSS and MSS because the carbides can be retained in solid solution by
rapid cooling from high temperature).
• Hardened by cold working.
• Expensive.
• Austenitic stainless steel that are for welding contain small stabilizing
addition of titanium or niobium that prevent the inter-crystalline corrosion
and weld decay.
Austenitic Stainless Steel
Application :
• Chemical and food processing equipment
• Biomedical implants (orthopedic application)
• Furnace and heat exchanger
• Welded construction
• Watch casing
• Exterior architecture (roofing)
Austenitic
Stainless Steel
Austenitic Stainless Steel
Grade Cr Mo Ni Mn N Cu Others Pre Pren

304L 18 0 9 1 0 18 18

316L 17 2 11 1 0 24 24

904LN 20 4 25 1 0.1 1.5 32 36

Yield Strength Hardness

Tensile Strength Elongation in (%
Grade 0.2% Proof Rockwell B
(MPa) in 50 mm) Brinell (HB)
(MPa) (HRB)
304 515 205 40 92 201
304L 485 170 40 92 201
304H 515 205 40 92 201
Martensitic Stainless Steel
• Content : Fe, 12 - 17% Cr, 0.15 - 1% C
• Others name : Chromium steel
• These alloys are called martensitic because they are capable of
developing a martensitic structure after an austenizing and quenching
heat treatment.
Martensitic Stainless Steel
Properties :
• Magnetic properties.
• Hardenable by heat treatment.
• Have high strength and hardness (the highest strength among the stainless
steel).
• Its high hardness is due to a hard martensitic matrix and to the presence of
a large concentration of primary carbides.
• Corrosion resistance of these steels is relatively poor compared to the
ferritic and austenitic type.
• Good ductility.
Martensitic Stainless Steel
Application :
• Cutlery
• Surgical tools
• Bearing
• Pump shafts
• Valves
• Instrument tools
• Razor blade
• Fastener
• Turbine blade
• Spring
Martensitic
Stainless Steel
Duplex Stainless Steel
• Duplex stainless steels have a mixed microstructure of austenite and
ferrite (aim usually being to produce a 50/50 mix, although in
commercial alloys the ratio may be 40/60).
• Duplex stainless steels have roughly twice the strength compared to
austenitic stainless steels and also improved resistance to localized
corrosion, particularly pitting, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion
cracking.
• They are characterized by high chromium (19 - 32%) and
molybdenum (up to 5%) and lower nickel contents than austenitic
stainless steels.
• Main composition: 26% Cr, 3.5 to 8% Ni, 4.5% Mo
Duplex Stainless Steel
The properties of duplex stainless steels are achieved with an overall lower
alloy content than similar-performing super-austenitic grades, making their
use cost-effective for many applications
Properties :
• Good Strength
• High ductility
• Good ability to absorb energy
• High tensile strength
• High fatigue strength in the base metal
• Magnetic
Duplex Stainless Steel
Application:
• Common used in marine applications
• Chemical processing, transport and
storage
• Oil and gas exploration and offshore
rigs
• Oil and gas refining, pollution control
equipment, petrochemical plant, heat
exchanger, pulp & papermaking
industry
Duplex Stainless Steel
Grade Cr Mo Ni Mn N Cu Others Pre Pren

2101 21 0 2 5 0.2 21 24

2205 22 3 6 1 0.17 32 35

2304 23 0 4 1 0.13 23 25

2507 25 3.5 7 1 0.25 37 41

Yield Strength Hardness

Tensile Strength Elongation in (%
Grade 0.2% Proof Rockwell B
(MPa) in 50 mm) Brinell (HB)
(MPa) (HRB)
2205 620 450 25 31 293
2507 795 550 15 32 310
Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel
• Main composition: 6.5% to 7.8% Ni
• Precipitation hardening (PH) results when heat aging treatment
causes hard intermetallic compounds to precipitate from crystal
lattice as the martensite is tempered.
• Austenitic grades are converted to martensitic grades through heat
treatment before precipitation hardening can be done.
• Ferromagnetic
Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel
APPLICATION
• For use in fasteners and air frame
parts
• For use in high strength high
temperature applications
• Chemical processing equipment
• Heat exchanger
Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel
Grade Cr Si Ni Mn P S C Others

6.5 –
17-7PH 16 - 18 <1.00 <1.00 <0.040 <0.030 <0.09 Al: 0.75 – 1.50
7.75
6.50 – Cu: 0.04 – 1.00
15-7PH 16 - 18 <1.00 <1.00 <0.040 <0.030 <0.09
7.75 Ti: 0.20 – 0.65

Yield Strength Hardness

Tensile Strength Elongation in (%
Grade 0.2% Proof Rockwell B
(MPa) in 50 mm) Brinell (HB)
(MPa) (HRB)
17-7PH 1380 1210 1 378