A

PROJECT REPORT
ON

“INVERTER”
Acknowledgement

We offer our sincere & heartily thanks, with a deep sense of

gratitude to our guide for his valuable direction & guidance to our
Project, his meticulous attention towards our project work without
taking care of his valuable time.

We are grateful to the H.O.D.. for providing all facilities to carry

out this project work & whose encouraging part has been perpetual
source of inspiration.

We are thankful to our project coordinator & for their

encouragement towards our project.

Last not but not Least we thank our Electrical Eng. Staff &
Friends. We were indebted for their constant help, encouragement &
without whom this project would not have been a success.

ABSTRACT
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 This power electronics device which converts DC power to AC
power at required output voltage and frequency level is known as
inverter. First of all, This project aims to produce a 12V DC power
supply into 240V AC output, Using a transformer to step up the power.
It is also can capable of producing 1000 watt of output power.

An inverter circuit is use to invert the DC energy into AC. This

circuit Needed to apply to the home electronics equipment’s. The circuit
is to produce Sine wave output with low noise with applies up to 220-
240 AC. This circuit is at the last stage of the report, we give some
suggestion and recommendation About the future development and
make it becomes more technology.

In the future, we want target to commercialize and go through

world Market for our project. As we know, every one of it project has
their advantage and disadvantage. Beside of that, we have to reduce the
entire disadvantage as much as Very well, we can to make it useful and
easy to use for another people.

INDEX

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Content Page No

Chapter 1: Project Overview 7

1.1 Introduction 8

1.2 Problem Statement 9

1.3 Project Objectives 10

1.4 Literature Survey 11

Chapter 2: Information and Working 12

2.1 System Information 13

2.2 Technical Information 15

2.3 Working of Inverter 25

2.4 Battery Charging 26

Chapter 3: Analysis and Cost 27

3.1 Performance Analysis 28

3.2 Cost 29

3.3 Photo Gallery 30

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Chapter 4: Advantages and Disadvantages 31

4.1 Advantages of Inverter 32

4.2 Disadvantages of Inverter 32

4.3 Applications of Inverter 33

Chapter 5: Conclusion &Future scope 34

5.1 Future scope 35

5.2 Conclusion 36

5.3 References 37

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 Chapter 1
Project Overview

INTRODUCTION
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 The output of battery source is a 12 volt DC and the required AC
volt for AC appliances is a 220V AC (50 Hz). The function of inverter is
to convert 12 DC to 220V AC which should have pure sine wave
oscillation at 50 hertz like the ordinary household electrical outlet. The
method that we are applying in our experiment is, converting the low
voltage DC power to AC, and then using a transformer to boost the
voltage to 220V AC.
In today's market, there are two different types of inverters,
modified sine wave and pure sine wave inverter. The modified sine
wave is similar to a square wave which is less efficient in power
consumption. It produces high number of harmonics which affects the
devices, hence, reducing its life time. Whereas, a pure sin wave inverter
reduces the harmonics to minimum, thus increasing the efficiency of
power consumption and life time of AC appliances. It also reduces the
audible and electrical noise in audible equipment, TV's, Fluorescent
lights and allows inductive load, like fan to run faster and quieter.. It can
be noted that the square wave has the minimum amplitude, that is,
maximum distortion. The modified sin wave is quite similar to square,
but it rests at zero for moment then rises or falls, it's less di storted then
the square. Whereas, the pure sin wave shown, have zero distortion
(maximum amplitude) compared to the rest two with pure oscillation of
sine wave.

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In the market and application of power inverters, there are many

choices. These range from the very expensive to the least expensive with
varying degrees of quality, efficiency and power output capabilities.

High quality combined with high efficiency exists thought is often

at a high monetary cost.

Our goal is to fill a place which seems to be lacking in the power

inverter market and applications one for a fairly efficient, inexpensive
inverter with a pure sine wave output aimed at powering domestic
appliances in the event of power outages and energy crisis.

Utilizing analogue components to achieve a clean sinusoid output

with very little switching noise shared with the low-priced
manufacturing that comes with an analogue method.

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 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. To ensure there is uninterruptible power supply to the computer

system.

2. To prevent loss of data in case of power outage.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

PROCESS OF PROJECT SELECTION

AC electrical power supply can be used most electronic devices. It
will be difficult to use these devices that electric goes off. This problem
can be solved by the use of inverter.
DC to AC converter known as an inverter. This function of inverter
is to change DC input voltage to a symmetrical AC output voltage of
desired magnitude and frequency. There are various kind of watt in the
inverter according to P=VI. Watt is dependent on the current. The using
of watt gets form transformer, coil wire depending on the ampere.
There are various types of inverter, and they are classifying according to
the No. of the phases. Use of power of semiconductor devices,
communication principles and output waveforms. We will first look
single phase inverter. Secondly, we will discuss voltage source
inverter(VSI) and current source inverter(CSI). Inverter are used many
different industrial applications including the speed control of induction
and synchronous motors, induction heating, aircraft power supplies,
uninterruptible power supplies(UPS) and high voltage DC transmission.
Town and countries which have no sufficiently light use inverter. It is an
essential device to increase for lives. So, we study inverter and then we
can know electrical and electronic knowledge.
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 Chapter 2
INFORMATION AND WORKING

SYSTEM INFORMATION

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OVERVIEW

The post is about 12V to 220V AC inverter circuit designed with

few easily available components. Inverters are often needed at places
where it is not possible to get AC supply from the Mains.

An inverter circuit is used to convert the DC power to AC power.

Inverter circuits are very much helpful to produce high voltage using
low voltage DC supply or Battery.

The 12V DC to 220V AC inverter circuit is designed using IC

CD4047. The IC CD4047 acts as a switching pulse oscillating device.
The n-channel power MOSFET IRFZ44n acts as a switch. The 12-0-12V
secondary transformer inversely used as a Step-up transformer from
converting low AC to High Ac.

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 The Circuit Diagram shown above is the tested 12V DC to 220V
AC Inverter Circuit. It uses 2 power IRFZ44 MOSFETs for driving the
output power and the 4047 IC as an astable multi-vibrator operating at a
frequency of around 50 Hz.

The 10 and 11 pin outputs of the IC directly drive power

MOSFETs that are used in push-pull configuration. Use suitable heat-
sinks for MOSFETs as it will produce a huge amount of heat. The output
transformer has a 12V-0-12V, 1 Amps on the secondary and 220V on
the primary.

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 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

1. IC CD 4047

CD4047 is a CMOS Low Power monostable/astable multivibrator

mainly used for converting DC current signal to AC signal. It comes
with a high voltage rating around 20-V.
CD4047 is a 14 pin IC that operates on a logic techniques with an
ability to allow negative or positive edge-triggered monostable
multivibrator action layered with retriggering and external counting
options. Accurate and complemented buffered output with low power
consumption make this IC an ideal choice for Frequency Division and
Time Delay applications.

There is a sheer difference involved when IC works in

monostable and astable mode. In monostable mode, the inverter
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needs a trigger signal for generating the output pulse, but an astable
multivibrator doesn't require trigger signal for every output pulse.
More often than not, an astable multivibrator can be called as an
oscillator.

There are 14 pins available on the IC where Vss is a ground pin

and Vdd is a voltage supply pin. There are six inputs including trigger',
trigger, astable, astable', external reset and retrigger. While buffer
outputs include three outputs mentioned as Q, Q', and Oscillator.

Both astable and astable' take part for triggering the operation by
keeping high level on the former and low level on the later.

2. IRFZ44 Power MOSFET

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 In this project we need 2 Power MOSFET. According to
the IRFZ44 datasheet this is a third generation Power MOSFET that
provide the best combination of fast switching, ruggedized device
design, low on-resistance and cost-effectiveness. The low thermal
resistance and low package cost of the TO-220AB contribute to its wide
acceptance throughout the industry.

Power MOSFETs are widely used in transportation technology,

which include a wide range of vehicles. In the automotive
industry, power MOSFETs are widely used in automotive
electronics. Power MOSFETs are commonly used for a wide range of
other applications.

When MOSFETS fail they often go short-circuit drain-to-gate.

This can put the drain voltage back onto the gate where of course it
feeds into the drive circuitry, possibly blowing that section.

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3. 12-0-12/1A Secondary Transformer

A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical

energy from one electrical circuit to another, or multiple circuits. This is
mainly a step up transformer.

A transformer that increases the voltage from primary to secondary

(more secondary winding turns than primary winding turns) is called
a step-up transformer.

A transformer is a piece of static electrical equipment which

transforms electrical energy (from primary side windings) to the
magnetic energy (in the transformer’s magnetic core) and again to the
electrical energy (on the secondary transformer side). A step-up

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transformer has a wide variety of applications in electrical systems and
transmission lines.

4. 22KΩ Variable Resistor

It is a variable resistor. A variable resistor is the type of resistor

which changes the flow of current in a controlled manner by offering a
wide range of resistances. As the resistance increases in the variable
resistor the current through the circuit decreases and vice versa.

They can also be used to control the voltage across devices in a

circuit too. Therefore, in applications where current control or voltage
control is needed, these type of resistors come handy.

These resistors offer a different resistance value, which means their

resistance values can be adjusted to different values so as to provide the
necessary control of current and/or voltage.

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 To do so, a resistive strip is placed in between two fixed terminals
of the device, a third terminal which is a movable one, is made to glide
over this strip.
5. 100Ω/10W Resistors

It is generally a wire wound resistor. In this project we need 2 wire

wound resistors. A wire-wound resistor is an electrical passive device
that limits or restricts current flow in a circuit. Wire-wound resistors are
constructed using a conductive wire. The conductive wire is then wound
around a non-conductive core. The conductive wire can be made of
varying alloys and thickness to control the resistance value. Wire-wound
resistors are typically used in high power and industrial applications
such as circuit breakers and fuses.

We offer over 20 different series in wire-wound construction.

which can be chosen based on mounting, application, and resistance
range. Different types of wire-wound resistors include Precision, Axial,
Tubular, Surface-mount, and Adjustable, which all have good stability

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and resistance range, and are produced in many wattage sizes. The
higher wattage wire wound resistors are used in High
Current/Braking applications.

6. 0.22µF Capacitors

A ceramic capacitor is a fixed-value capacitor where the ceramic

material acts as the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating
layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as the electrodes. The
composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behavior and
therefore applications. Ceramic capacitors are divided into two
application classes:

 Class 1 ceramic capacitors offer high stability and low losses for
resonant circuit applications.
 Class 2 ceramic capacitors offer high volumetric efficiency for
buffer, by-pass, and coupling applications.
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6. 12V Rechargeable battery

A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or secondary cell, (or

archaically accumulator) is a type of electrical battery which can be
charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, as opposed
to a disposable or primary battery, which is supplied fully charged and
discarded after use. It is composed of one or more electrochemical cells.
The term "accumulator" is used as it accumulates and stores
energy through a reversible electrochemical reaction. Rechargeable

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batteries are produced in many different shapes and sizes, ranging
from button cells to megawatt systems connected
to stabilize an electrical distribution network.

During charging, the positive active material is oxidized,

producing electrons, and the negative material is reduced, consuming
electrons. These electrons constitute the current flow in the
external circuit. The electrolyte may serve as a simple buffer for
internal ion flow between the electrodes, as in lithium-ion and nickel-
cadmium cells, or it may be an active participant in
the electrochemical reaction, as in lead–acid cells.

The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually comes

from a battery charger using AC mains electricity, although some are
equipped to use a vehicle's 12-volt DC power outlet. The voltage of the
source must be higher than that of the battery to force current to flow
into it, but not too much higher or the battery may be damaged.

Devices which use rechargeable batteries include automobile

starters, portable consumer devices, light vehicles (such as motorized
wheelchairs, golf carts, electric bicycles, and electric forklifts),
tools, uninterruptible power supplies, and battery storage power stations.
Emerging applications in hybrid internal combustion-battery and electric

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vehicles drive the technology to reduce cost, weight, and size, and
increase lifetime.

7. Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of

input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of
operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of
contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break
contacts, or combinations thereof.

Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an

independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must be
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controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-
distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal
coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays
were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to
perform logical operations.

WORKING OF INVERTER

The IC CD 4047 is configured in astable multivibrator mode with

the help of variable resistor RV1 and capacitor C1. By varying the value
of RV1 we can get a different range of output pulse at Q and Q’ pins of
CD4047. Consequently, there is a variation in the output voltage at the
transformer.

The n-channel power MOSFETs IRFZ44 Drain pins are connected

with the transformer secondary pins and common pin in the secondary

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winding is connected with battery positive. Both MOSFET source pins
are connected to the negative terminal of the battery. When the alternate
square pulse from Q & Q’ drives the MOSFET, it switches ON. Then
the secondary winding is forced to induce an alternate magnetic field.
This magnetic field induced produces high alternate voltage around
220V.

BATTERY CHARGING

The inverter that we use is a combination of three circuits.

1. An inverter which can convert DC voltage coming from the

battery to household mains voltage.
2. A battery charging circuit that uses the mains power to charge
the battery bank, by providing an appropriate voltage across the
battery bank terminals.
3. A relay system: The relay system in the inverter is just as
important as the immigration department in a country.
When the mains power is being supplied, the relays are in a particular
position that helps in powering the battery charger circuit that makes
sure that the battery bank is completely charged and also adopts pulse
charging and trickle charging to keep the batteries topped up to the
100% mark.

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When the power is cut, the relay system changes the position in such a
way that now the inverter circuit is receiving power from the battery
bank. The inverter circuit is now able to power up the entire set of
appliances.

So the combination of these three circuits helps in making the inverter a

useful household device.

Chapter 3
ANALYSIS AND COST

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 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
A no-loads test was done on the inverter initially after completion;
the output of the transformer was measured (Tables 1-8).
The branded inverter and the locally constructed were subject to
two kinds of loads to determine the efficiency, how long the inverter
systems can power the loads.
• The resistive loads which are electric incandescent bulbs and
soldering iron.
• The inductive load which are electric fan and drilling machine.
The tests carried out on both the branded and the locally constructed
inverter and the readings taken with the use of multimeter
are as follows:
The tables of values were taken with the following conditions in place.
• The branded inverter was supplied with 12v battery source.
• There was no public utility supply to the inverter.

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Input voltage 12V
Output voltage 230V
Current drawn from the battery 1.1A
Frequency 50Hz
Open circuit voltage 19.90V
Short circuit current 5.23A

COSTING

Sr Equipment Quantity Price (Rs) Total

No. Price
1. IC CD 4047 1 40/- 40/-
2. IRFZ44 Power MOSFET 2 200/- 400/-
3. 12-0-12, 10A Centre 1 400/- 400/-
Tapped Transformer
4. 22K ohm Variable Resistor 1 10/- 10/-
5. 100 ohm/10 W Resistor 2 18/- 36/-
6. 0.22uf Capacitor 1 5/- 5/-
7. 18 pin dip IC Socket base 1 20/- 20/-
connector
8. 12V Rechargeable Battery 1 5500/- 5500/-
9. PCB Board 1 40/- 40/-
10. 3 Pin PCB Mount Screw 1 15/- 15/-
Terminal block connectors
11. Wires - 200/- 200/-
12. Plywood Box - 1500/- 1500/-
13. Relay 1 50/- 50/-
Total Cost 8216/-

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PHOTO GALLERY

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 Chapter 4
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND
APPLICATIONS OF INVERTER

Advantages of inverter
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1. About 30 per cent to 50 per cent cheaper to run as it consumes less
power compared to a conventional AC
2. No voltage fluctuation
3. Efficient cooling and heating
4. Can be run on solar panels
5. Apart from savings in monthly electricity bill, there is huge
savings on fuel if run on backup generator
6. The additional price paid for an inverter AC gets recovered in
electricity bills within a few months
7. Safe for household wiring due to lower power consumption
8. Suitable for large and small rooms

DISAdvantages of inverter

1. If room is not insulated, power consumption increases and so does

the electricity bill.
2. Efficiency decreases at noon if weather is extremely hot (over 45
degrees C).
3. Relatively expensive repair and maintenance due to the expensive
service support and the components used.

APPLICATION of inverter

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Typical applications for inverters are:

 Portable consumer devices that allow the user to connect a battery,

or set of batteries, to the device to produce AC power to run various
electrical items such as lights, televisions, kitchen appliances, and
power tools.
 Use in power generation systems such as electric utility companies
or solar generating systems to convert DC power to AC power.
 Use within any larger electronic system where an engineering need
exists for deriving an AC source from a DC source.
 Frequency conversion - if a user in (say) a 50 Hz country needs a
60 Hz supply to power equipment that is frequency-specific, such as a
small motor or some electronics, it is possible to convert the
frequency by running an inverter with a 60 Hz output from a DC
source such as a 12V power supply running from the 50 Hz mains.

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 Chapter 5
CONCLUSION AND
FUTURE SCOPE

FUTURE SCOPE
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 As whole world is facing a problem of global warming and energy
crisis, our project will help to reduce these problems by using energy to
generate electricity.

Prototype voltage is limited & current is also limited that can be

improved by connecting more battery banks & PV arrays.

The same concept can be used to develop the inverter for 6–36-kV
system by changing the number of secondary windings and the number
of levels. Research should be carried out to fulfill the future energy
demand since it is economic and renewable.

Voltage can be matched with the grid and power can be

transferred from battery to grid

In the future if we are successful in generating higher power with

less solar panels then this method for transmission of power from solar
plant will be cost effective and maintenance free.

CONCLUSION

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 After designing our simple DC to AC inverter we have observed
that the converter is converting the 12v DC supply to AC through
proper circuit and then by using 9v to 220v center trapped transformer
we are increasing the voltage and thus we can glow a led for a certain
time period. AC can’t be stored for future use whereas DC can be
stored in battery & it can be converted back to AC by using power
inverters when require.

Thus finally we have successfully completed our project & by

observing its results we can say that it’s a very important power cut
solution for this era & also potential material for coming years

References

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https://www.google.com/
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.electricalmaterials.com
https://www.wikipedia.com
https://inverter.net

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