Artificial Intelligence

by
Aamir Saleem Ansari

www.techora.net
THE HUMAN BRAIN
TEST…
Something Rotating or NOT?
Moving or Not
Want to confuse your eyes with brain
PARALLEL OR NOT?
Concentrate On The Cross In The Middle
Just Focus on 4 dots.
 What is AI?
 Artificial intelligence can be thought of as
constructing computer models of human
intelligence
 Recognising a face.

 Navigating a busy street.

 Understanding what someone says.

 All tasks require reasoning on

knowledge.
 Who does AI?
 Many disciplines contribute to create
intelligent entities:
 Computer Science

 Psychology (human reasoning)

 Philosophy (nature of belief etc)

 Languages (Lisp & Prolog)

 Human Biology (how brain works)

 Typical AI Problems
 Everyday tasks - consider going shopping:
 Planning a route!

 Recognising buses, people.

 Communicating through natural language.

 Navigating obstacles on the street.

 Expert tasks are things like:

 Medical Diagnosis.

 Equipment repair.
Could AI Stop This?
Can We Build Artificial People?
•Historical attempts
•Roots of Modern Technology
•The modern quest for robots
•Us vs. Them
Historical Attempts - Frankenstein
The original story,
published by Mary
Shelley, in 1818,
describes the attempt of
a true scientist, Victor
Frankenstein, to create
life.
 Historical Attempts - Euphonia
Joseph Faber's Amazing Talking Machine
(1830-40's).
 Historical Attempts - RUR
In 1921, Karel produced the play R.U.R.
(Rossum's Universal Robots).

"CHEAP LABOR. ROSSUM'S ROBOTS." 

"ROBOTS FOR THE TROPICS.  150 DOLLARS
EACH."
"EVERYONE SHOULD BUY HIS OWN ROBOT." 
"DO YOU WANT TO CHEAPEN YOUR OUTPUT? 
 ORDER ROSSUM'S ROBOTS" 
Robota actually means "forced workers"
or "slaves."
The Roots of Modern Technology

 Beads on Rods to count and calculate

 Still widely used in Asia!
 Slide Rule 1630
 used until 1970s
In 1642 Pascal built an Adding Machine
 First stored
program - metal
cards
 First computer
manufacturing
 Still in use today!
 Analytical Engine 1833
 could store numbers
 powered by steam!
 UNIVAC – 1951
UNIVersal Automatic Computer
 first fully electronic digital
computer built in the U.S.
 Created at the University of
Pennsylvania
 ENIAC weighed 30 tons
 contained 18,000 vacuum
tubes
 Cost a paltry $487,000
 Grace Hopper (1906-1992)
 Programmed UNIVAC
 First Generation - 1940 – 1950
Vacuum Tubes
 Expensive, bulky, unreliable and more
power used to run these computers
 Used punched card / tapes, magnetic
drum memories.
 Machine Language used
Second Generation - 1950 – 1960
Transistor
 Smaller, faster &
cheaper and more
reliable and energy-
efficient than
vacuum tubes
 Assembly, Fortran
& COBOL used
 Third Generation - 1960 – 1970
Integrated Circuits

 Speed and efficiency increased

 Keyboard and monitor used
 Operating System run the computers
Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation - 1970 – Present
Microprocessor
 Graphics and mouse
 Hand held devices

 Embedded computing

 PCs at home

 Apple II released 1977

 widely used in schools
 Fifth Generation-Present & Beyond
Artificial Intelligence

 Voice Input / Output

 Natural Language Input / Output

 Parallel Computing
 Looking into the Future

 Grid Computing
 Nano Technology

 Quantum Computing

 DNA Computing
 How Will We Recognize AI?
1990 Loebner Prize established. Grand
Prize of $100,000 and a Gold Medal for the
first computer whose responses just like a
human.
 Were Newell and Simon Right?

•1957 Newell and Simon predicted

that a computer will beat a human
at chess.
 Chess Today

In 1997, Deep Blue beat Gary Kasparov.

 Robotics - Tortoise
1950 W. Grey Walter’s light seeking tortoises. In
this picture, there are two, each with a light source
and a light sensor. Thus they appear to “dance”
around each other.
 Robotics – Hopkins Beast
1964 Its goal was to find power outlets.
 Robotics - Shakey
1970 Shakey (SRI)
remote-controlled
computer, which
formulated plans for
moving and acting.
 Robotics – Stanford Cart
1971-9 Stanford cart.
Remote controlled by
person or computer.
1971 follow the white
line
1975 drive in a straight
line by tracking skyline
1979 get through
obstacle courses.
 Planning vs. Reacting
1979 – in “Fast, Cheap and Out of Control”
The Ant, has 17 sensors. They are designed
to work in colonies.
 Robotics - Dante
In 1993, eight
volcanologists were killed
in two separate events
while sampling and
monitoring volcanoes.
1994 Dante explored the
High-temperature, gas by
volcano.
Robotics – Mars Rover
 Sand Storm Robot Car Race

In 2004 - An Unmanned offroad race,

142 miles from Barstow to Las Vegas.
 Soccer Match by Robot Dogs
1997 – First official Cup soccer match

Picture from 2003

competition
 Human like Robot

Humanoid intelligence
 The Differences Between
Us and Them
•Emotions

•Understanding

•Consciousness
 Robot Emotions

SAD SURPRISE
Understanding
 Consciousness
Perception
 Educational Impact
 Machines in the classroom would be
teachers
 Machines may motivate or inspire
students
 Medical Impact
 Doctors and nurses uses AI for Treatment

 Silicon chips to replace damaged nerve cells

 You can operate human on moon from the earth

 Military Impact
 Laser and particle beam weapons

 Smart weapons

 Planes without pilots

 Human Vs Computer
 Computational tasks
 Computers are better than humans

 Recognition tasks
 Humans are better than computers

 Reasoning tasks
 Require a large amount of knowledge

 Humans are far better than computers

 Islam & AI
In Islam, God created man in his
own image
So:
 How can man create artificial life
if God is the creator of life?
 THANKS….
Q & A If Any…

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