Control Valves: Ansi American National Standards Institute

CONTROL VALVES
Control Valves 1
STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS
ANSI American National Standards Institute

1819 L Street, N.W.
New York, New York 10018
Telephone: +1-202-293-8020, Fax: +1-202-293-9287
email: info@asme.org, website: www.asme.org
API American Petroleum Institute
1220 L Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20005-4070
Telephone: +1-202-682-8000, Fax: +1-202-682-8408
email: info@api.org, website: www.api.org
ASME Th American
The A i Society
S i off Mechanical
M h i l Engineers
E i
Three Park Avenue
New York, New York 10016-5990
Telephone: +1-973-882-1167
email: infocentral@asme.org, website: www.asme.org
Control Valves 2
1
ASTM ASTM International (American Society of Testing Materials)

100 Barr Harbour Drive
West Conhohcken, PA 19428-2959
Telephone: +1-610-832-9585, Fax: +1-610-832-9555
email: info@astm.org, website: www.astm.org
AWWA American Water Works Association
6666West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235
Telephone: +1-303-794-7711, Fax: +1-303-347-0804
email: info@awwa.org, website: www.awwa.org
MSS M f
Manufacturers S
Standardization
d di i Society
S i
127 Park Street N.E.
Vienna, VA 22180-4602
Telephone: +1-703-281-6613, Fax: +1+703-281-6671
email: info@mss-hq.com, website: www.mss.hq.com
Control Valves 3
AFNOR Association Francaise de Normalisation

11, avenue Francis de Pressense
FR-93571 Saint Denis la Plaine Cedex France
Telephone: +33-1-41-62-80-00, Fax: +33-1-49-17-90-00
email:
il uari@afnor.fr,
i@ f f website:
b i www.afnor.fr
f f
BSI British Standards Institute
389 Chiswick High Road
London W4 4AL
United Kingdom
Telephone: +44-(0)208-996-9000, Fax: +44-(0)208-996-7001
email: info@bsi
info@bsi-global.com,
global com website: www.bsi-co.uk
www bsi co uk
DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung eV
Burggrafenstrasse 6
10787 Berlin Germany
Telephone: +49-30-2601-0, Fax: +49-30-2601-1260
email: postmaster@din.de,
Control Valves website: www.din.de 4
2
STANDARDS PERTAINING TO VALVE ENDS AND
GENERAL VALVE STANDARDS
MSS SP-6 Standard finishes for contact faces of pipe flanges and connecting-
end flanges of valves and fittings.
MSS SP-9 Spot facing for bronze, iron, and steel flanges.
MSS SP-44 Steel pipeline flanges.
MSS SP-51 Class 150 LW corrosion-resistant cast flanges and flanged fittings.
MSS SP-65 High-pressure chemical industry flanges and threaded
stubs for use with lens gaskets.
MSS SP-91 Guidelines for manual operation of valves.
MSS SP-92 MSS valve user guide.
MSS SP-96 Guidelines on terminology for valves and fittings.
MSS SP-98 Protective coatings for the interior of valves, hydrants, and fittings.
MSS SP-99 Instrument valves.
MSS SP 120 Flexible graphite packing systems for rising stem steel valves.
MSS SP-42 Class 150 corrosion-resistant gate, globe, angle, and check valves
with flanged and butt-weld ends.
MSS SP-61 Pressure testing of steel valves.
MSS SP-80 Bronze gate, globe, Control
angle,Valves
and check valves. 5

MSS SP-85 Gray iron globe and angle valves, flanged and threaded ends.
MSS SP-117 Bellows seals for globe and gate valves.
MSS SP-118 Compact steel globe and check valves—flanged, flangeless,
threaded and welding ends.
MSS SP-42 Class 150 corrosion-resistant gate, globe, angle, and check valves
with flanged and butt-weld ends.
MSS SP-45 Bypass and drain connection standard.
MSS SP-70 Cast iron gate valves, flanged and threaded ends.
MSS SP-81 Stainless steel, bonnetless, flanged, wafer, knife gate valves.
MSS SP-78 Cast iron plug valves, flanged and threaded ends.
MSS SP-68 High pressure butterfly valves with offset design.
MSS SP-72
SP 72 Ball valves with flanged or butt
butt-welding
welding ends for general service.
service
MSS SP-110 Ball valves threaded, socket-welding, solder joint, grooved and flared
ends.
MSS SP-122 Plastic industrial ball valves.
MSS SP-67 Butterfly valves.
MSS SP-88 Diaphragm-type valves.
Control Valves 6
3
MSS SP-42 Class 150 corrosion-resistant gate, globe, angle, and
check valves with flanged and butt-weld ends.
MSS SP-71 Gray iron swing check valves, flanged and threaded ends.
MSS SP-126 Steel in-line spring assisted center guided check valves.
API Spec 6A Wellhead
llh d andd Christmas
hi tree equipment.
i
API Std 605 Large diameter carbon steel flanges.
API RP 6FA Fire test for valves
API Std 595 Cast iron gate valves, flanged ends.
API Std 597 Steel venturi gate valves, flanged or butt-welding ends.
API Std 598 Valve inspection and test.
API Std 600 Bolted bonnet steel gate valves for petroleum and natural gas
industries
industries.
API Std 602 Compact carbon steel gate valves.
API Std 603 Corrosion-resistant, bolted bonnet gate valves— flanged and butt-
welding ends.
API Spec 6D Pipeline valves (gate, plug, ball, and check valves).
API Std 599 Metal plug valve—flanged and welding ends.
Control Valves 7

API Std 607 Fire test for soft-seated quarter-turn valves.
API Std 609 Butterfly valves, “double flanged” lug-type and wafer-type.
API Std 594 Check valves: wafer, wafer-lug and double flanged
ASME B1.20.1 Pipe threads, general purpose (inch).
ASME B1.20.3 Dry seal pipe threads (inch).
ASME B16.1 Cast iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings.
ASME B16.5 Pipe flanges and flanged fittings.
ASME B16.20 Metallic gaskets for pipe flanges.
ASME B16.21 Non-metallic flat gaskets for pipe flanges.
ASME B16.24 Cast copper pipe flanges and flanged fittings.
ASME B16.25 Butt-welding ends
ASME B16
B16.10
10 Face to face and end-to-end
Face-to end to end dimension of ferrous valves
valves.
ASME B16.34 Steel valves, flanged and butt-welding end.
ASME/AWWA Flanges for water-works service, 4 in. through 144 in. steel.
C207-78
ASME/AWWA Joints, grooved and shouldered type
C606-78
Control Valves 8
4
BS 21 Pipe threads for tubes and fittings where pressure-tight joints are
made on the threads (metric dimensions).
BS 1560 Steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings (nominal sizes 12 in. to 24 in.)
for the petroleum industry. Part 2 (1970), metric dimensions.
BS 1873 Steel gglobe valves and stopp and check valves (flanged
( g and butt-
welding ends), for the petroleum, petrochemical, and allied industries.
BS 5352 Cast and forged steel wedge gate, globe, check, and plug valves,
screwed and socket welding, sizes 50 mm and smaller, for the
petroleum, petrochemical, and allied industries.
BS 5152 Cast iron globe and globe stop and check valves, for general
purposes.
BS 5154 Copper alloy globe, globe stop and check, check, and gate valves
(i l di parallel
(including ll l slide
lid type),
t ) for
f generall purposes.
BS 5160 Specification for flanged steel globe valves, globe stop and check
valves, and lift-type check valves for general purposes.
BS 1414 Steel wedge gate valves (flanged and butt-welding ends) for the
petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries.
BS 5150 Cast iron wedge and double-disc gate valves, for general purposes.
Control Valves 9

BS 3293 Carbon steel flanges (over 24 in. nominal size) for the petroleum
industry.
BS 4504 Flanges and bolting for pipes, valves, and fittings, metric series.
Part 1 (1969), ferrous. Part 2 (1974), copper alloy and composite
flanges.
flanges
BS 5163 Double-flanged cast iron wedge gate valves for water works
purposes.
BS 5158 Cast iron and cast steel plug valves for general purposes.
BS 5353 Specification for plug valves.
BS 5159 Cast iron carbon steel ball valves for general purposes.
BS 5351 Steel ball valves for the petroleum, petrochemical, and allied
industries.
BS 5156 Screw down diaphragm valves for general purposes.
BS 5418 Marking of general purpose industrial valves.
BS 1868 Steel check valves (flanged and butt-welding ends) for the
petroleum, petrochemical, and allied industries.
ISO 5209 Marking of general purpose industrial valves.
DIN 3359 Membran-Absperrarmaturen aus metallischen Werkstoffen.
Control Valves 10
5
WHAT IS CONTROL VALVE ?
•To limit
•To
To drive as per desired parameters
•To stop
Control Valves 11

•Process plants consist of hundreds, or even thousands, of
control loops all networked together to produce a product to be
offered for sale.
•Each of these control loops is designed to keep some important

process variable such as pressure, flow, level, temperature, etc.
within a required operating range to ensure the quality of the end
product.
•Each of these loops receives and internally creates disturbances

that detrimentally affect the process variable, and interaction
from other loops in the network provides disturbances that
influence the process variable.
Control Valves 12
6
•To reduce the effect of these load disturbances, sensors and

transmitters collect information about the process variable and its
relationship to some desired set point.
•A controller then processes this information and decides what

must be done to get the process variable back to where it should
be after a load disturbance occurs.
•When all the measuring, comparing, and calculating are done,

some type of final control element must implement the strategy
selected by the controller.
Control Valves 13

•The most common final control element in the process control
industries is the control valve.
•The control valve assembly typically consists of the
valve body, the internal trim parts,
an actuator to provide the motive power to operate the
valve,
and a variety of additional valve accessories,
which can include positioners, transducers, supply
pressure regulators, manual operators, snubbers, or limit
switches.
Control Valves 14
7
GROUPING OF VALVES BY METHOD OF FLOW REGULATION
Valves may be grouped according to the way the closure member

moves onto the seat. Four groups of valves are thereby
distinguishable:
1. Closing-down valves. A stopper-like closure member is moved
to and from the seat in the direction of the seat axis.
2. Slide valves. A gate-like closure member is moved across the

flow passage.
3. Rotaryy valves. A pplug

g or disc-like closure member is rotated
within the flow passage, around an axis normal to the flow
stream.
4. Flex-body valves. The closure member flexes the valve body.

Ref. Valve selection hand book by Peter Smith & Control Valves 15
R.W. Zappe
•Each valve group represents a number of distinct types of

valves that use the same method of flow regulation, but differ in
the shape of the closure member.
•For example, plug valves and butterfly valves are both rotary
valves, but of a different type.
•In addition, each valve is made in numerous variations to satisfy

pparticular service needs. Figure
g ((next slide)) illustrates the
principal methods of flow regulation and names the types of
valves, which belong to a particular valve group.
Control Valves 16
8
Control Valves 17
TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES
Control Valves 18
9
•GLOBE VALVES.- Globe valves are

probably the most common valves in
existence. The globe valve derives its name
from the globular shape of the valve body.
However, positive identification of a globe
valve must be made internally because other
valve types may have globular appearing
bodies. Globe valve inlet and outlet openings
are arranged in several ways to suit varying
requirements of flow. Figure G-1 shows the
common types off globe
l b valve
l bodies:
b di Fig G
Fig. G-11
straight-flow, angle-flow, and cross flow.
Globe valves are used extensively throughout
the engineering plant and other parts of the
ship in a variety of systems
Control Valves 19
•Globe valves are closing-down valves in which the closure member is

moved squarely on and off the seat. It is customary to refer to the closure
member as a disc, irrespective of its shape.
•By this mode of disc travel, the seat opening varies in direct proportion
to the travel of the disc. This proportional relationship between valve
opening and disc travel is ideally suited for duties involving regulation of
flow rate.
•In addition, the seating load of globe valves can be positively controlled
b a screwedd stem, andd the
by h disc
di moves with i h little
li l or no friction
f i i onto the h
seat, depending on the design of seat and disc. The sealing capacity of
these valves is therefore potentially high. On the debit side, the seatings
may trap solids, which travel in the flowing Fluid.
Control Valves 20
10
•Globe valves may, of course, be used also for on-off duty, provided the
flow resistance from the tortuous flow passage of these valves can be
accepted. Some globe valves are also designed for low flow resistance
for use in on-off duty.
•Also, if the valve has to be opened and closed frequently, globe valves
are ideally suited because of the short travel of the disc between the open
and closed positions, and the inherent robustness of the seatings to the
opening and closing movements.
Gl b valves
•Globe l may therefore
h f be
b usedd for
f most duties
d i encounteredd in i fluid
fl id
handling systems. This wide range of duties has led to the development
of numerous variations of globe valves designed to meet a particular duty
at the lowest cost.
Control Valves 21
Globe Valve
(High pressure & value )
11
Globe Valve.
Globe Valve Ops.
12
Globe Valve, Standard Pattern, Globe Valve, Standard Pattern, Globe Valve, Standard Pattern,
Globe Valve, Standard Pattern, Welded
Bonnet, Plug Disc, Bellows Stem Seal Integral Bonnet, Plug Disc. Union Bonnet and Plug Disc Union Bonnet and Renewable
with Auxiliary Compression packing.
Soft Disc
The standard-pattern valve body is the most common one, but offers by
its *tortuous flow passage the highest resistance to flow of the patterns
available. *indirect Control Valves 25

Globe Valve, Angle Pattern,
Bolted Bonnet, Plug Disc with Globe Valve, Angle Pattern,
V-Port Skirt for Sensitive screwed-in Bonnet, Needle
Throttling Control Disc.
•If the valve is to be mounted

near a pipe bend, the angle-
pattern valve body offers two
advantages. First, the angle-
pattern body has a greatly
reduced flow resistance
compared to the standard-
pattern body. Second, the angle-
pattern
tt body
b d reduces
d the
th
number of pipe joints and saves
a pipe elbow.
Control Valves 26
13
Globe Valve, Oblique Pattern, Globe Valve, Oblique Pattern, Screwed-in
Pressure-Seal Bonnet, with impact and Seal-Welded Bonnet, Plug Disc, with
Hand wheel, Plug Disc. Domed Diaphragm Stem Seal and
Auxiliary Compression Packing for
Nuclear Application.
•The oblique pattern

globe valve body is
globe-valve
designed to reduce
the flow resistance of
the valve to a
minimum. This is
particularly well
achieved in the valve.
•This valve combines low flow resistance for on-off duty with the
robustness of globe-valve seatings.
Control Valves 27
Applications (Globe Valves)
Duty:
•Controlling flow
•Stopping and starting flow
•Frequent valve operation
Service:
•Gases essentially free of solids
i id essentially
•Liquids i ll free
f off solids
lid
•Vacuum
•Cryogenic
Control Valves 28
14
Piston Valves
•Piston valves are closing-down valves in which a piston-shaped closure
member intrudes into or withdraws from the seat bore, as in the valves
shown in Figures. In these valves, the seat seal is achieved between the
lateral faces of the piston and the seat bore.
•When the valve is being opened, flow cannot start until the piston has
been completely withdrawn from the seat bore. Any erosive damage
occurs, therefore, away from the seating surfaces. When the valve is
being closed, the piston tends to wipe away any solids, which might have
deposited themselves on the seat. Piston valves may thus handle fluids
that carry solids in suspension
suspension.
•When some damage occurs to the seatings, the piston and the seat can
be replaced in *situ, and the valve is like new without any machining.
*In-place
Control Valves 29
Piston Valve, Adapted for Piston Valve, Standard Piston Valve, Standard
Draining Vessels, Seat Pattern, Seat Packing Pattern, Seat Packing
Packing Mounted in Valve Mounted in Valve Body, Mounted in Valve Body,
Body. Piston Pressure Balanced. Piston Pressure Unbalanced.
Control Valves 30
15
Piston Valve Adapted for

Applications (Piston Draining Vessels, Seat Packing
Piston Valve, Standard Pattern, Seat
Valves) Mounted on Piston; the “Ram-
Packing Mounted on Piston.
Seal” Principle
Duty:
y
•Controlling flow
Service:
•Gases
•Liquids
•Fluids with solids in
suspension
•Vacuum
Control Valves 31
GATE VALVES.- Gate valves are used when a straight-line

flow of fluid and minimum restriction is desired. Gate valves
are so named because the part that either stops or allows flow
through the valve acts somewhat like the opening or closing
off a gate
t andd is
i called,
ll d appropriately,
i t l the t The
th gate. Th gatet is
i
usually wedge shaped. When the valve is wide open, the gate
is fully drawn up into the valve, leaving an opening for flow
through the valve the same size as the pipe in which the valve
is installed. Therefore, there is little pressure drop or flow
restriction through the valve. Gate valves are not suitable for
throttling purposes since the control of flow would be difficult
d to valve
due l design
d i andd since
i the
h flow
l of fluid
l id slapping
l i
against a partially open gate can cause extensive damage to
the valve. Except as specifically authorized, gate valves Gate Valve
should not be used for throttling.
Control Valves 32
16
Gate valve
Gate Valve :-
• ON – Off Valve ,Used
Used in:
• 1-Water.
• 2- Oil.
• 3- Gas
• 4- Steam
• And Other Fluid Services.
17
Wedge gate valve and parallel
slide valve
Gate valve 2.
18
Parallel Gate Valves
•Parallel gate valves are slide valves with a parallel-faced gate-like
closure member. This closure member may consist of a single disc or
twin discs with a spreading mechanism in between.
•The force that presses the disc against the seat is controlled by the fluid
pressure acting on either a floating disc or a floating seat. In the case of
twin disc parallel gate valves, this force may be supplemented with a
mechanical force from a spreading mechanism between the discs.
•One advantage of parallel gate valves is their low resistance to flow,

which in the case of full-bore valves approaches that of a short length of
straight pipe. Because the disc slides across the seat face, parallel gate
valves are also capable of handling fluids, which carry solids in
suspension.
Control Valves 37
This mode of valve operation also imposes some limitations on the use
of parallel gate valves:
• If fluid pressure is low, the seating force may be insufficient to produce

a satisfactory
if seall between
b metal-to-metal
l l seatings.
i
• Frequent valve operation may lead to excessive wear of the seating

faces, depending on magnitude of fluid pressure, width of seating faces,
lubricity of the fluid to be sealed, and the wear resistance of the seating
material. For this reason, parallel gate valves are normally used for
infrequent valve operation only.
only
• Loosely guided discs and loose disc components will tend to rattle
violently when shearing high density and high velocity flow.
Control Valves 38
19
limitations – contd.
•Flow control from a circular disc travelling across a circular flow
passage becomes satisfactory only between the 50% closed and the fully
closed positions. For this reason, parallel gate valves are normally
used for on-off dutyy only,
y, though
g some types
yp of parallel
p gate
g valves
have also been adapted for flow control, for example, by V-porting the
seat.
Parallel Slide Parallel Gate Valve with

Gate Valve with Scrap View of Seating
Converging- Arrangement Showing
Spring-Loaded Floating
Diverging Flow Inserts in Disc.
Passage and
Follower
Eyepiece.
Control Valves
39
•The parallel gate valve shown in Figure is

known as the knife gate valve, and is
designed to handle slurries, including
fibrous material.
material
•The valve owes its ability to handle these
fluids to the knife-edged disc, which is
capable of cutting through fibrous material,
and the virtual absence of a valve body
cavity. The disc travels in lateral guides and
is forced against the seat by lugs at the
bottom.
•If a high degree of fluid tightness is
required, the valve may also be provided
Knife Gate Valve.
with an O-ring seat seal.
Control Valves
40
20
Conduit Gate Valves

Four types of valves shown in the figures are representative of conduit
gate valves. All four types of valves are provided with floating seats that
are forced against the disc by the fluid pressure. Conduit Gate Valve with
Scrapp View of Seating
g
The seats of the conduit gate valve shown in Figure are Arrangement Showing
Floating seats.
faced with *PTFE and sealed peripherally by O-rings.
The disc is extended at the bottom to receive a porthole.
When the valve is fully open, the porthole in the disc
engages the valve ports so that the disc seals the valve
body cavity against the ingress of solids. The sealing
action
ti off th
the fl
floating
ti seatst also
l permits it double
d bl block bl k
and bleed. If the seat seal should fail in service, a
temporary seat seal can be produced by injecting a
sealant into the seat face. *PTFE - polytetrafluoroethylene
41
Applications (Parallel and conduit Gate Valves)
Duty:
pp g and startingg flow
Stopping
Infrequent operation
Service:
Gases,
Liquids,
Fluids with solids in suspension
Knife gate valve for slurries, fibers, powders, and granules
Vacuum
Cryogenic
Control Valves
42
21
WEDGE GATE VALVES
•Wedge gate valves differ from parallel gate valves in that the closure
member is wedge-shaped instead of parallel.
•The purpose off the

•Th th wedged shape
h is
i to
t introduce
i t d a high
hi h supplementary
l t
seating load that enables metal-seated wedge gate valves to seal not only
against high, but also low, fluid pressures.
•The degree of seat tightness that can be achieved with metal-seated

wedge gate valves is therefore potentially higher than with conventional
metal-seated
metal seated parallel gate valves
valves.
• However, the upstream seating load is not normally high enough to

permit block-and-bleed operation of metal-to-metal seated wedge gate
valves.
Control Valves
43
Wedge Gate Valve Wedge Gate Valve with

Applications with Plain Hollow Plain Hollow Wedge,
Wedge, Bolted Bonnet, Screwed-in Bonnet, and
and Internal Screw. Internal Screw.
Duty:
•Infrequent operation
Service:
•Gases
•Liquids
•Rubber-seated wedge gate valves
without bottom cavity for fluids
carrying solids in suspension
•Vacuum
•Cryogenic Control Valves
44
22
PLUG VALVES
•Plug valves are rotary valves in which a plug-shaped closure member is
rotated through increments of 90◦ to engage or disengage a porthole or
holes in the plug with the ports in the valve body. The shape of the plug
•may thereby be cylindrical or tapered.
•Rotary valves with ball-shaped plugs are likewise members of the plug
valve family, but are conventionally referred to as ball valves.
•The shape of the port is commonly rectangular in parallel plugs, and

truncated triangular shapes in taper plugs. These shapes permit a slimmer
valve
l construction
i off reduced
d d weight,
i h but
b at the
h expense off some
pressure drop. Full area round-bore ports are normally used only if the
pipeline has to be scraped or the nature of the fluid demands a full area
round bore. However, some plug valves are made only with round-bore
because of the method of sealing employed.
Control Valves
45

Applications
Duty: Lubricated
Cylindrical Plug Valve with Cylindrical Plug Valve.
•Stopping and starting flow Expandable Split Plug.
•Moderate throttling
•Flow diversion
Service:
•Gases
•Liquids
•Non-abrasive slurries
•Abrasive slurries for lubricated
plug valves
•Sticky fluids for eccentric and lift
plug valves
•Sanitary handling of
pharmaceuticals and food stuffs
•Vacuum Control Valves
46
23
BALL VALVES.- Ball valves, as the name

implies, are stop valves that use a ball to stop
or start the flow of fluid. The ball (fig BA-1)
performs the same function as the disk in the
globe valve. When the valve handle is
operated to open the valve, the ball rotates to a
point where the hole through the ball is in line
with the valve body inlet and outlet. When the
valve is shut, which requires only a 90-degree
rotation of the handwheel for most valves, the
ball is rotated so the hole is perpendicular to
the flow openings of the valve body, and flow
is stopped. Ball valves are normally found in Fig BA-1
the systems like aboard ship: seawater,
sanitary, trim and drain, air, hydraulic, and oil
transfer.
Control Valves 47
Ball Valve (on-off)
24
Ball Valve (on-off)
25
Applications (Ball Valves)
Duty: • Hydraulic systems

•Stopping and starting flow • Water .
•Moderate throttling • Air.
•Flow diversion • Oil .
• Petrochemical .
Service:
•Gases • High volume, high pressure and
•Liquids high temperature flow
b i slurries
•Non-abrasive l i
•Vacuum
•Cryogenic
Control Valves
51
Needle Valve
• Fine accurate flow Cont.
Cont
26
BUTTERFLY VALVES.- The butterfly valve are

rotary valves, one type of which is shown in figure
B-1 may be used in a variety of systems aboard
ship These valves can be used effectively in
ship.
freshwater, saltwater, JP-5, F-76 (naval distillate),
lube oil, and chill water systems aboard ship. The
butterfly valve is light in weight, relatively small,
relatively quick-acting, provides positive shut-off,
and can be used for throttling. Butterfly valves are
relativelyy easyy to maintain. The resilient seat is
held in place by mechanical means, and neither
bonding nor cementing is necessary, Because the B-1
seat is replaceable, the valve seat does not require
lapping, grinding, or machine work.
Control Valves 53
THROTTLING
(Regulating)
SERICE
27
Butterfly Valve
• Flow Control
• Low Speed
• Both Side flow
28
Butterfly Valve 2

Applications (Butterfly Valves)
Duty:
C t lli flow
•Controlling fl
Service:
•Gases
•Liquids
•Slurries
Powder
•Powder
•Granules
•Sanitary handling of pharmaceuticals and food stuffs
•Vacuum
Control Valves
58
29
PINCH VALVES
•Pinch valves are flex-body valves consisting of a flexible tube that is
pinched either mechanically, or by the application of a fluid pressure to
the outside of the valve body.
•One of the principal advantages of this design concept is that the flow
passage is straight without crevices and moving parts. The soft valve
body also has the ability to seal around trapped solids. Pinch valves are
therefore suitable for handling slurries and solids that would clog in
obstructed flow passages, and for the sanitary handling of foodstuffs and
pharmaceuticals.
•Depending on the construction material used for the valve body, pinch
valves will also handle severely abrasive fluids and most corrosive
Fluids.
Control Valves
59
•Applications (Pinch Valves)
•Duty:
•Controlling flow
•Service:
•Liquids
•Abrasive slurries
•Powders
•Granules
•Sanitary handling of pharmaceuticals
and food stuffs
60 Control Valves
30
Ball check valve (for heavy fluids)
installed horizontal ,vertical & angle
Check valve (Ball)
31
Prevention of
b k flow
back fl
split disc check
32
Split disc check valve operation
Lift check valve (Recommended for Vapor service)
33
Swing check valve (liquids)
installed horizontal & vertical
Swing check valve Ops.
34
Piston check valves
check valves
35
ACTUATORS
A pneumatic, hydraulic, or
electrically powered device that
supplies force and motion to open or
close a valve.
Control Valves 71
Types of Actuators
•Diaphragm Actuators Piston

•Actuators Electrohydraulic
•Manual Actuators
•Rack and Pinion Actuators
•Electric Actuators
One Example
Control Valves 72
36
Types of Actuators
•Pneumatically operated control valve actuators are the most

popular type in use, but electric, hydraulic, and manual actuators
are also widely used.
•The spring-and-diaphragm pneumatic actuator is most

commonly specified due to its dependability and simplicity of
design.
•Pneumatically operated piston actuators provide high stem force

output for demanding service conditions.
Control Valves 73
Types of Actuators
•Adaptations of both spring-and-diaphragm and pneumatic piston

actuators are available for direct installation on rotary-shaft control
valves.
•Electric and electro-hydraulic actuators are more complex and

more expensive than pneumatic actuators.
•Electric
Electric and electro-hydraulic
electro hydraulic actuators offer advantages where
no air supply source is available, where low ambient temperatures
could freeze condensed water in pneumatic supply lines, or where
unusually large stem forces are needed.
Control Valves 74
37
Types of Actuators
Diaphragm actuators
•Pneumatically operated diaphragm
actuators use air supply from
controller, positioner, or other source.
•Various styles include: direct acting
(increasing air pressure pushes
down diaphragm and extends
actuator stem); reverse-acting
(increasing air pressure pushes up
diaphragm and retracts actuator
stem)
•Reversible (actuators that can be assembled for either direct or
reverse action, direct-acting unit for rotary valves (increasing air
pressure pushes down on diaphragm, which may either open or
close the valve, depending on orientation of the actuator lever on
Control Valves 75
the valve shaft)
Types of Actuators
Fail-Open: A condition wherein the valve closure member moves
to an open position when the actuating energy source fails.
Fail-Closed: A condition wherein the valve closure member
moves to a closed position when the actuating energy source
Piston Actuators fails.
•Piston actuators are pneumatically

operated using high–pressure plant air
to 150 psig, often eliminating the need
for supply pressure regulator.
•Piston actuators furnish maximum
thrust output and fast stroking speeds.
•Piston actuators are double acting to
give maximum force in both directions
or spring
i return
t tto provide
id fail-open
f il or fail-closed
f il l d operation.
ti
•Various accessories can be incorporated to position a double-
acting piston in the event of supply pressure failure. These
include pneumatic trip valves and lock-up systems.
Control Valves 76
38
Types of Actuators
Electrohydraulic Actuators
•Electrohydraulic actuators require only electrical

power to the motor and an electrical input signal
from the controller.
•Electrohydraulic actuators are ideal for isolated
locations where pneumatic supply pressure is not
available but where precise control of valve plug
position is needed.
•Units
U it are normally
ll reversible
ibl b
by making
ki minor
i adjustments
dj t t and
d
might be self-contained, including motor, pump, and double-
acting hydraulically operated piston within a weatherproof or
explosion-proof casing.
Control Valves 77
Types of Actuators
Manual Actuators
•Manual actuators are useful where automatic control
is not required, but where ease of operation and good
manual control is still necessary. They are often used
t actuate
to t t the
th bypass
b valve
l ini a three-valve
th l b bypass
loop around control valves for manual control of the
process during maintenance or shutdown of the
automatic system.
•Manual actuators are available in various sizes for
both globe-style valves and rotary-shaft valves.
•Dial-indicating devices are available for some models
to permit accurate repositioning of the valve plug or
disk.
•Manual actuators are much less expensive than
automatic actuators.
Control Valves 78
39
Types of Actuators
Rack and Pinion Actuators
•Rack and pinion designs provide a compact

and
d economical
i l solution
l ti ffor rotary
t shaft
h ft
valves.
•Because of backlash, they are typically used
for on–off applications or where process
variability is not a concern.
Backlash: The general name given to a form of dead band that results from a temporary discontinuity between the input and output of a device when the input
of the device changes direction. Slack, or looseness of a mechanical connection is a typical example.
Dead Band: The range through which an input signal can be varied, upon reversal of direction, without initiating an observable change in the output signal.
Dead band is the name given to a general phenomenon that can apply to any device. For the valve assembly, the controller output (CO) is the input to the valve
assembly and the process variable (PV) is the output. When the term Dead Band is used, it is essential that both the input and output variables are identified,
and that any tests to measure dead band be under fully loaded conditions. Dead band is typically expressed as a percent of the input span.
Control Valves 79
Types of Actuators
Electric Actuators
•Traditional electric actuator designs use an electric motor and
some form of gear reduction to move the valve.
•Through
Thro gh adaptation,
adaptation these mechanisms ha havee been used
sed for
continuous control with varying degrees of success.
•To date, electric actuators have been much more expensive
than pneumatic for the same performance levels.
•This is an area of rapid technological change, and future
designs ma
may ca
cause
se a shift to
towards
ards greater use
se of electric
actuators.
Control Valves 80
40
Control Valve End / pipe Connections
Control Valves 81
The three common methods of installing control valves in

pipelines :
•Screwed pipe threads
•Bolted gasketed flanges, and
•Welded end connections.
Control Valves 82
41
Screwed Pipe Threads
•Screwed end connections, popular in small control
valves, offer more economy than flanged ends. The
threads usually specified are tapered female NPT
(N ti
(Nationall Pi
Pipe Th
Thread)
d) on th
the valve
l b body.
d ThThey fform a
metal-to-metal seal by wedging over the mating male
threads on the pipeline ends.
•This connection style, usually limited to valves not
larger than 2-inch, is not recommended for elevated
temperature service. Valve maintenance might be
complicated b by scre
screwed
ed end connections if it is
necessary to take the body out of the pipeline because
the valve cannot be removed without breaking a
flanged joint or union connection to permit unscrewing
the valve body from the pipeline.
Control Valves 83

Bolted Gasketed Flanges
•Flanged end valves are easily removed from

the piping and are suitable for use through the
range of working pressures for which most
control valves are manufactured.
•Flanged end connections can be used in a
temperature range from absolute zero to
approximately 1500oF (815oC). They are used
on all valve sizes.
•The most common flanged end connections
include flat face, raised face, and ring type
joint.
Control Valves 84
42
Welded End Connections
•Welding ends on control valves are leak tight at
all pressures and temperatures and are
economical in first cost. Welding end valves are
more difficult
diffi lt tto take
t k from
f the
th line
li and
d are
obviously limited to weldable materials.
•Welding ends come in two styles, socket welding
and butt welding.
•The socket welding ends are prepared by boring
in each end of the valve a socket with an inside
diameter slightly larger than the pipe outside
diameter.
•The butt welding ends are prepared by beveling each end of the
valve to match a similar bevel on the pipe. The two ends are then
butted to the pipeline and joined with a full penetration weld.
Control Valves 85
SPECIAL VALVES
Control Valves 86
43
Standard Valves
•Standard control valves can handle a wide range of
control applications.
The range of standard applications can be defined as
•The
being encompassed by: atmospheric pressure and 6000
psig (414 bar), –150oF (–101oC) and 450oF (232oC), flow
coefficient Cv values of 1.0 and 25000, and the limits
imposed by common industrial standards.
Certainly, corrosiveness and viscosity of the fluid
•Certainly fluid,
leakage rates, and many other factors demand
consideration even for standard applications.
Control Valves 87
Standard Valves
•Perhaps the need for careful consideration of
valve selection becomes more critical for
applications outside the standard limits for normal
valves.
•Some special applications and control valve
modifications useful in controlling them, designs
and materials for severe service,, and test
requirements useful for control valves used in
services like nuclear power plant service etc.
Control Valves 88
44
SPECIAL VALVES
High Capacity Control Valves
•Generally, globe-style valves larger than 12-inch, ball valves over 24-
inch, and high performance butterfly valves larger than 48-inch fall in the
special valve category.
As valve sizes increase arithmetically,
•As arithmetically static pressure loads at shutoff
increase geometrically. Consequently, shaft strength, bearing loads,
unbalance forces, and available actuator thrust all become more
significant with increasing valve size.
•Normally maximum allowable pressure drop is reduced on large valves
to keep design and actuator requirements within reasonable limits. Even
with lowered working pressure ratings, the flow capacity of some
assembly into the pipeline and removal and replacement of major trim
parts require heavy-duty hoists.
•Maintenance personnel must follow the manufacturers’ instruction
manuals closely to minimize risk of injury.
Control Valves 89
SPECIAL VALVES
Low Flow Control Valves
•Many applications exist in laboratories and pilot plants

in addition to the general processing industries where
control of extremelyy low flow rates is required.
q
•These applications are commonly handled in one of two
ways. First, special trims are often available in standard
control valve bodies.
•The special trim is typically made up of a seat ring and
valve
l plugl th
thatt h
have b
been d designed
i d and
d machined
hi d tto
very close tolerances to allow accurate control of very
small flows.
Control Valves 90
45
SPECIAL VALVES
Low Flow Control Valves
•In addition to the very low flows, these specialty control

valves are compact and light weight because they are
often used in laboratory environments where very light
schedule piping/tubing is used.
•These types of control valves are specially designed for
the accurate control of very low flowing liquid or gaseous
fluid applications.
Control Valves 91
SPECIAL VALVES
High Temperature Control Valves
•Control valves for service at temperatures above 450°F (232°C)
must be designed and specified with the temperature conditions in
mind.
•At elevated temperatures, such as may be encountered in boiler
feed water systems and super-heater bypass systems, the
standard materials of control valve construction might be
inadequate.
•For instance, plastics, elastomers, and standard gaskets
generally
g yp
prove unsuitable and must be replaced
p by
y more durable
materials. Metal-to-metal seating materials are always used.
Semi-metallic or laminated flexible graphite packing materials are
commonly used, and spiral wound stainless steel and flexible
graphite gaskets are necessary.
Control Valves 92
46
SPECIAL VALVES
High Temperature Control Valves
•Cr-Mo steels are often used for the valve body castings for
temperatures above 1000°F (538°C). ASTM A217 Grade WC9 is
used up to 1100°F (593°C).
•For temperatures on up to 1500°F (816°C) the material usually
selected is ASTM A351 Grade CF8M, Type 316 stainless steel.
•For temperatures between 1000°F (538°C) and 1500°F (816°C),
the carbon content must be controlled to the upper end of the
range, 0.04 to 0.08%.
•Extension
E tension bonnets help protect packing box
bo parts from extremely
e tremel
high temperatures. Typical trim materials include cobalt based
Alloy 6, 316 with alloy 6 hardfacing and nitrided 422 SST.
Control Valves 93
SPECIAL VALVES
Cryogenic Service Valves
•Cryogenics is the science dealing with materials and processes
at temperatures below minus 150oF (–101oC). For control valve
applications in cryogenic services, many of the same issues need
consideration as with high–temperature control valves
valves.
•Plastic and elastomeric components often cease to function
appropriately at temperatures below 0oF (–18oC). In these
temperature ranges, components such as packing and plug seals
require special consideration.
•For p
plugg seals,, a standard soft seal will become veryy hard and
less pliable thus not providing the shut-off required from a soft
seat. Special elastomers have been applied in these temperatures
but require special loading to achieve a tight seal.
Control Valves 94
47
SPECIAL VALVES
Packing is a concern in cryogenic applications because of the
frost that may form on valves in cryogenic applications. Moisture
from the atmosphere condensates on colder surfaces and where
the temperature of the surface is below freezing
freezing, the moisture will
freeze into a layer of frost.
As this frost and ice forms on the bonnet and stem areas of
control valves and as the stem is stroked by the actuator, the layer
of frost on the stem is drawn through the packing causing tears
and thus loss of seal.
The solution is to use extension bonnets which allow the packing
box area of the control valve to be warmed by ambient
temperatures, thus preventing frost from forming on the stem and
packing box areas.
Control Valves 95
SPECIAL VALVES
•The length of the extension bonnet depends on

the application temperature and insulation
requirements The colder the application
requirements. application, the
longer the extension bonnet required.
•Materials of construction for cryogenic
applications are generally CF8M body and bonnet
material with 300 series stainless steel trim
material. In flashing applications, hard facing
might be required to combat erosion.
Control Valves 96
48
Valves - Trouble Shooting & Safety
•Valves are set and sealed to prevent tampering,

guarantee is void if any seal is broken. The setting,
adjustment or repair should be done only by an
Authorized Valve repair
p facility.
y
•Occasionally a newly installed valve may leak as a
result of shipping and handling or installation
procedures.
•If a valve is leaking under normal operating conditions,
the following scenarios should be checked:
•Make sure that a minimum operating to set point
differential is maintained according to the guidelines
specified in the Sizing specifications.
Control Valves 97
Valves - Trouble Shooting & Safety
•It is possible that dirt or foreign material is lodged

under the seat. Perform the check as outlined in
part 2 of the troubleshooting.
•Valve seating surface could be worn or
damaged.
•Valve holes may be plugged. Check to make
sure all holes are not plugged and any shipping
plugs have been removed.
•Valve may be worn or damaged.
Control Valves 98
49

Control Valves: Ansi American National Standards Institute

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CONTROL VALVES

ANSI American National Standards Institute

ASTM ASTM International (American Society of Testing Materials)

AFNOR Association Francaise de Normalisation

STANDARDS PERTAINING TO VALVE ENDS AND

STANDARDS PERTAINING TO VALVE ENDS AND

STANDARDS PERTAINING TO VALVE ENDS AND

WHAT IS CONTROL VALVE ?

•Each of these control loops is designed to keep some important

•Each of these loops receives and internally creates disturbances

•To reduce the effect of these load disturbances, sensors and

•A controller then processes this information and decides what

•When all the measuring, comparing, and calculating are done,

WHAT IS CONTROL VALVE ?

Valves may be grouped according to the way the closure member

2. Slide valves. A gate-like closure member is moved across the

3. Rotaryy valves. A pplug

4. Flex-body valves. The closure member flexes the valve body.

GROUPING OF VALVES BY METHOD OF FLOW REGULATION

•Each valve group represents a number of distinct types of

•In addition, each valve is made in numerous variations to satisfy

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

•GLOBE VALVES.- Globe valves are

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

•Globe valves are closing-down valves in which the closure member is

Globe Valve Ops.

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

•If the valve is to be mounted

•The oblique pattern

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

Applications (Globe Valves)

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

Piston Valve Adapted for

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

GATE VALVES.- Gate valves are used when a straight-line

•One advantage of parallel gate valves is their low resistance to flow,

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

• If fluid pressure is low, the seating force may be insufficient to produce

• Frequent valve operation may lead to excessive wear of the seating

Parallel Slide Parallel Gate Valve with

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

•The parallel gate valve shown in Figure is

Conduit Gate Valves

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

Applications (Parallel and conduit Gate Valves)

•The purpose off the

•The degree of seat tightness that can be achieved with metal-seated

• However, the upstream seating load is not normally high enough to

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

Wedge Gate Valve Wedge Gate Valve with

•The shape of the port is commonly rectangular in parallel plugs, and

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

BALL VALVES.- Ball valves, as the name

Ball Valve (on-off)

Duty: • Hydraulic systems

BUTTERFLY VALVES.- The butterfly valve are

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

TYPES / COMPONENT OF CONTROL VALVES

•Applications (Pinch Valves)

Check valve (Ball)

split disc check

Lift check valve (Recommended for Vapor service)