Des Sophia PDF

“A study to assess the knowledge regarding selected aspects of
reproductive health among adolescent girls with a view to develop a
health education package” at B E S College, Bangalore.
By
SOPHIA
Dissertation submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Bangalore,

Karnataka.
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of,

Master of Science in Nursing
in
Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing
Under the guidance of
Mrs. Sangeetha, Assoc. Professor
Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing
Sarvodaya College of Nursing

Vijayanagar, Bangalore – 79
( Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore )
2005
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND SCIENCE BANGALORE
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I hereby declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled “A study to assess the
knowledge regarding selected aspects of reproductive health among adolescent girls
with a view to develop a health education package” at B E S College, Bangalore is a
bonafide and genuine research and work carried out by me under the guidance of Mrs.
SANGEETA, Prof. Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing.
Date : Signature of the Candidate
Place : Bangalore SOPHIA
ii
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A study to assess the knowledge
regarding selected aspects of reproductive health among adolescent girls, with a
view to develop a Health education package in B.E.S. College, Jayanagar,
Bangalore” is a bonafied research work done by Mrs. Sophia, in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Obstetrics and Gynaecological
Nursing.
Date : Signature of the Guide
Place : Bangalore Mrs. N. Sangeetha

Asst. Professor
Obstetrics and Gynaecological
Nursing Department
iii
ENDORSEMENT BY THE H.O.D., PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE
INSTITUTION
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A study to assess the knowledge
regarding selected aspects of reproductive health among adolescent girls, with a
view to develop a Health education package in B.E.S. College, Jayanagar,
Bangalore” is a bonafide research work done by Mrs. Sophia under the guidance of Mrs.
N. Sangeetha, Asst. Professor in Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing.
Seal & Signature of the HOD Seal & Signature of the Principal
Asst. Prof. N. Sangeetha Prof. G. R. Chamnalkar
Date : Date :
Place : Bangalore Place : Bangalore
iv
COPY RIGHT
Declaration by the candidate
I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Karnataka
shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation / thesis in print or
electronic format for academic / research purpose.
Date : Signature of the Candidate
Place : Bangalore Name : Sophia
v
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise and thanks to the Lord Almighty for his loving care and special graces
bestowed during this research endeavour.
The investigator, owes a deep sense of gratitude to all those who have
contributed to the successful completion of this study.
My sincere thanks and appreciation are due to :
Mr. Chamnalkar, Principal, Sarvodaya College of Nursing for his support and
guidance suggestion and constructive criticism
Ms. Chitra, Associate professor and the head of the department – Medical
Surgical Nursing, Sarvodaya college of Nursing for her support , guidance and
suggestion.
Mrs. Sangeetha, Assistant Professor and head of the department – Obstetric and
Gynaecological Nursing, Sarvodaya College of Nursing for her keen interest guidance
valuable suggestion and co operation extended to this study as a guide.
I wish to express my heart felt gratitude’s to Mrs. Victorial, Mr.Amal Xeviour,
Mrs. Sugandhi, Mrs. Hilda and other members of Master of Science in Nursing
programme for their constructive criticism and valuable suggestion which contributed
towards completion of this study.
vi
I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to all the experts who have
contributed in the form of criticism and suggestion to formulate the tool to be practical
and objective.
I am oblige to the participants for sacrificing their valuable time and extending
their co operation to provide the data.
Mr. Ravikumar, Statistician, for his expert guidance and assistance in the
statistical analysis. Throughout my sail on the Academic ship and specially during this
investigation, he has been a continued source of encouragement and help.
I am deeply indebted to my husband Mr. Sundaresan and my brother Celastian
Babu for their co operation and support.
I also extend my gratitude to Mr Bangar Raju and also to the Manager of
Corporatipon Bank for their Kind help for my studies.
I extend my sincere thanks to my dear parents, in – laws , sisters and other family
members who have helped me directly and in directly towards the completion of this
thesis.
All colleagues and friends who have helped me from the beginning from the end
of the study
(SOPHIA)
vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED
E. V = External variable
I.V. = Internal variable
Sc = Science
A = Arts
Ch = Christian
M = Muslim
H = Hindu
WHO = World health organization
STD = Sexually transmitted disease
viii
ABSTRACT
“A Study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding aspects of
reproductive health among adolescent girls at B. E. S. College, Jayanagar, Bangalore.”
Objectives of the study
1) To assess the knowledge on selected aspects of reproductive health among
adolescent girls.
2) To compare the level of knowledge regarding selected aspects of reproductive
health between science students and arts students.
3) To determine the relationship between knowledge and selected socio democratic
variables such as subject chosen, mothers education place of residence, source of
information and family income.
4) To prepare a health education package on selected aspects of reproductive health.
The study was descriptive in nature, which was carried out in B.E.S. College,
Jayanagar, Bangalore, 60 adolescent girls were selected by simple random sampling
by lottery method. Among sixty female adolescent belong to Arts group. Semi –
structured interview schedule was held by the investigator to collect needed data,
which has two parts.
PART – I : Comprises socio – demographic variables
PART – II : Deals with knowledge of adolescent girls regarding selected
aspects of reproductive health under four sections. Section – A
ix
deals with knowledge regarding Anatomy and Physiology of
reproductive system, Section – B comprises knowledge regarding
menstruation & menstrual hygiene, Section – C & Section – D
deals with knowledge regarding pregnancy and care, and family
planning methods respectively.
Collected data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Result of the study revealed that the adolescent girls knowledge on over all
aspects of reproductive health was average ( 50.6% ). Mean percentage knowledge
score on pregnancy and care ( 58.7% ) was higher and the subject were having less
knowledge regarding family planning ( 42.2% ) than the areas of menstrual hygiene
( 53.7% ) and anatomy and physiology of reproductive health ( 49.7% ).
The study revealed that socio – demographic variables like subject studying,
mother’s education, place of residence, type of family, source of information,
guardian’s occupation and family income are significantly influencing the knowledge
level of adolescent girls. Also present study evidences the need for education and
proper guidance to adolescent girls to promote a positive reproductive health. It is a
part of professional nurses responsibility.
A health education pamphlet is prepared by the investigator for the use of
adolescent girls based on their needs identified. The prepared health education
material handed over to the school library for the students reference.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
Contents
No. No.
I Introduction 1 – 11
II Objectives 12 – 13
III Review of Literature 14 – 27
IV Methodology 28 – 36
V Results 37 – 55
VI Discussion 56 – 59
VII Conclusion 60 – 64
VIII Summary 65 – 67
IX Bibliography 68 – 71
X Annexure 72 – 134
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Titles
No. No.
SECTION- I
5.1.1 • Distribution of adolescent girls according to
religion 40
place of residence 41
source of information. 42
occupation. 43
monthly income. 44
their mother’s education. 45
SECTION – II
Mean, standard deviation , and mean score percentage

5.2.1
of 4 dimension of reproductive health. 46 - 47
xii
Table Page
Titles
No. No.
SECTION – III
5.3 ( 1-4) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AND KNOWLEDGE
SCORE 48
5.3(1a-4) • Mean score of knowledge on reproductive
health by subject of studying. 49
5.3(1b-4) • Mean score of knowledge on reproductive

50
health by literacy status of mothers.
5.3(1c-4) • Mean score of knowledge on reproductive
health by source of income. 51
5.3(1d-4) • Cumulative table showing the statistical
significance of selected socio- demographic

52
variables on knowledge.
5.3.5 • Mean score percentage of knowledge on
reproductive health based on occupational status

53 – 54
and family income.
5.3.6 • Cumulative table showing the statistical
significance of selected socio – demographic

55
variables on knowledge.
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
TITLE
No. No.
1.1 Conceptual framework based on health promotion model 10
4.1 Schematic representation of the research design of the study 30
5.1.1 Distribution of adolescent girls according to Religion 40
5.1.2 Distribution of adolescent girls according to place of residence 41
5.1.3 Distribution of adolescent girls according to Source of
Information. 42
5.1.4 Distribution of adolescent girl’s Guardian according to their
Occupation. 43
5.1.5 Distribution of adolescent girls according to family Income. 44
5.1.6 Distribution of adolescent girl’s mothers according to their
Education. 45
5.2.1 Mean Score percentage of Knowledge on four dimensions of
reproductive health. 47
5.3 (1-4) Mean score of knowledge on reproductive health based on
subject studying, mother’s educational status, place of
residence, source of information. 48
5.3.5 Mean score of knowledge on reproductive health based on

Occupational status and family income. 53
xiv
1. INTRODUCTION
“ How beautiful is youth ?
How bright at gleams
With it illusions
Aspiration and dreams
Book of beginning , story
With out end
Each maid a heroine
Man a friend”
-H .W. Long
In India it is estimated that 1/3rd of the total population is under the age group of
20 and adolescent are at the high risk of sexual and reproductive health problems. More
than 15 millions girls aged 15-19give birth every year. The adolescent girls who get
pregnant before 18 may be upto 5 times more likely to die, than a women aged 20-28.
This is also a concern for health care providers.
Each country has its own legal age for having sex. The child marriage –Restrains
Act of 1978, in India raises the legal age at marriage from 15 years to 18 years for girls
and 18-21 years for boys. The law is there to protect from an unplanned pregnancy and
other reproductive health problems. But half of the women in India are married before the
legal age of 18 years.

The survey conducted by MCH, family planning. Ministry of health and family
welfare in India reported that the fertility rate of rural and urban adolescence in the age
group of 15-19 years is 97% and 57.2% respectively. In the early adolescent years a girl
is still growing and her pelvis has not reached as adult size. Pregnancy increases the
nutritional demands of adolescents. Along with growth demands, nutritional demand
reduces the total growth of adolescent, so pregnant adolescent is more likely to suffer
from obstructed labour if her pelvis is not in full size. Girls who become pregnant in
their teens are less likely to seek prenatal care compared to women of adult hood. Thus
pregnant adolescent are likely to have health problems like Eclampsia, than women over
20 years. Studies in several countries have shown that the risk of death during child birth
higher among adolescent than adult women. So knowledge regarding pregnancy care is
important for adolescents.
The data about contraceptive used by adolescents in India is not well documented.
Available data reveals 90.4% of 15 to 19 age groups have heard of one method
contraception, 90.2% knows about modern methods and 79.95% know where to obtain
the contraceptives. The main source of information on contraceptives was radio (17.9% )
television ( 42.2% ) and ( 14.6% ) got from both the sources.1
Studies on adolescence sexual behaviour in different parts of the world show that
adolescence premarital sexual encounters are generally unplanned, in frequent and
sporadic.2 Adolescence related health problems are important issues which have not
received the attention in our country especially in the context of the girl child. So good
reproductive should include freedom from the risk of sexual diseases, the light to regulate
once own fertility with full knowledge of contraceptive choices and ability to control
sexuality.
Reproductive health strategies includes education for responsible and healthy
sexuality, safe and appropriate contraception and service for pregnancy, delivery and
abortion. Therefore reproductive health must be protected and restored by social as well
as educational interventions across the lifespan of individual particularly adolescence
girls by using the “Lifespan approach”. 3
Many poets describe Adolescence period so glamorously. Adolescence is period
of transition from childhood to adulthood which encompasses puberty, the period where
secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop. Puberty is the process of change, that
takes place as the girl grows up and become physically matured and capable of having
children. As a result of hormonal influence many changes takes place in human beings
during adolescence. Adolescence is a complex period of myriad of physiological as well
psychological changes. This is a time for them to prepare for making responsibilities, a
time of exploration and widening horizons and a time to ensure healthy all around
development.
According W H O “Adolescence is a period of a life between 10 to 19 years”.
THE CHANGES GIRLS EXPERIENCE DURING PUBRETY :
• Slight change in body odour .
• Hips gets wider
• Increase in height and weight
• Broadening of the pelvic bone to prepare a room for a baby to be carried safely
• Some pubic and armpit hair appear

• Nipples gets darker
• Breast becomes full
• Menstruation occurs about 2 ½ years after onset of puberty
Boys experience increase in height, weight, muscle mass, pennies and testicles
size increases, face and body hair growth and voice deepening occurs during this periods.
Onset of spontaneous emission of seminal fluid is an overt sign of puberty analogous to
menarche in girls.4
Along with this physical changes many psychological and psychosexual changes
also takes place in the Adolescence. They need to be aware of this changes and should be
able to cope with not only to physical changes but also with the psychological and
psychosexual changes. In order to make them competent to adopt positively to such
change knowledge of reproductive health is essential.
Need for the study
Adolescent girls lack knowledge regarding reproductive health problems etc. leading
to depression, mental stress and seeking of advice from quacks and incompetent persons
for knowledge on the subject which is undesirable. Moreover the routine health services
do not provide adequate care of the adolescent health problem which exaggerates the
problems further. Understanding their awareness about related issues will help us in
giving education based on need.
If adolescent period is given due attention, more confident and healthy adulthood
emerges. They are the citizens of the tomorrow on whom the future of the nation
depends. The status of women and girls in society is a crucial determinant of their
reproductive health. Education opportunity for girls decide their status, the control they
have on their own lives, their health and fertility. So female education is an important
step and essential element for health. 5
In line with the 1994 international conference on population and development,
reproductive health care is defined as the constellation of methods, techniques and
services that contribute to reproductive health and well being by preventing and solving
reproductive health problems.
In the world’s population about 19% are in the age group of 10 to 19 years. In
another study it was estimated that 25% of the Indian population lies in the age group of
15 to 25 accounting for 138 million persons. He also noted that adolescent girls between
the age of 10 – 19 years comprise about 22% of the female population in India.6
The goal of achieving health for all which, India is committed to, would certainly not
be feasible without priority to the vulnerable group in which the future of any society
depends upon the character of competence of its youth.7
Ideally a well informed parent who communicates well with an adolescent girl can
provide this information. But in our culture still parents hesitant to talk these matters
with children’s.
Considering the above factor the investigator felt there is a need of preparing a health
education package, on the reproductive health which is most important to the adolescent
girls and this will help to know about free from the risk of reproductive disease, the light
to regulate once own fertility with the knowledge of contraceptive choices and the ability
to control sexuality.
Statement of Problem
“ Study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding aspects of
reproductive health among adolescent girls at B. E. S. College, Jayanagar, Bangalore.”
Hypothesis
H0 :- There is significant association between demographic variables and knowledge of
reproductive health.
H1 : - There is significant association between subject selected by the adolescent girls.
H2 : - Their is significant association between literacy status of the mother and
knowledge of reproductive health among adolescent girls.
H3 : - There is significant association between source of information and knowledge of
H4 : - There is significant association between place of residence and knowledge of
H5 : - There is significant association between occupation of parents, family income and
knowledge of reproductive health.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
1. Knowledge : Refers to awareness and understanding of
adolescent girls in the areas of anatomy and
physiology of reproductive system, menstrual
hygiene, pregnancy and care and family planning
method.
2. Adolescent girls : Refers to unmarried females in the age group of
16 – 19 years.
3. Reproductive health : In the present study reproductive health is the health
of adolescent girls related to the knowledge on
anatomy and physiology of reproductive system,
menstrual hygiene, pregnancy and family planning
methods.
4. Health Education : Information regarding the health aspects & healthy
practices.
Assumption
1) It is assumed that adolescents may not have adequate knowledge about
2) It is assumed that science students have more knowledge than arts students
regarding reproductive health.
3) It is assumed that socio demographic variables will influence the knowledge level
of adolescent girls regarding reproductive health.
Criteria for Sample :
Inclusion Criteria :
• Un married adolescent girls between 18 to

20 Years.
• Only those who attended menarche.
• Only those who give consent for the study.
Exclusion Criteria :
• Married adolescent girls are excluded.
• Student who have not given consent for the

study.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual framework of study is based and designed on the concept of
“Health Promotion Model” proposed by Pender.8 This model describes the causal
mechanisms that explain and predict the health promoting components of life style.
The model focuses on the following three areas :
Cognitive perceptual factors ( individual perception )
Modifying factors ( demographic and social )
Participation in health promotion behaviours ( Likelihood of action )
Individual Perceptions :
The individual perceptions, “The primary motivational mechanisms of health
promoting behaviours” are said to exert a direct influence on health promoting behaviour.
Of all the cognitive – perceptual factors, perceived control of health, perceived self
efficacy and perceived health status are among the strongest determinants of health
promoting behaviours.
In the present study, the individual perceptions considered are need for knowledge
about selected aspects of reproductive health including anatomy and physiology of
reproductive system, menstrual hygiene, pregnancy care, family planning methods, and
perceived barriers such as lack of understanding and knowledge.

CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
Health Promotion Model
Cognitive Perceptual Factors Modifying Factors Participation in health

Promotion behaviour
Knowledge about selected aspect of Demographic characters such as Likelihood of taking action to
reproductive health including anatomy parent’s education, occupation, income, improve the knowledge about
and physiology of reproductive system, subject chosen. menstrual hygiene,
menstrual hygiene pregnancy care and Pregnancy care, family
family planning methods. planning methods by
Interpersonal influences – peer group, attending group education,
reference group, group pressure and consulting medical persons
Perceived barriers such as lack of health seeking patterns when need arises, practicing
understanding and knowledge healthy behaviours, avoiding
Situational factors – like place of unhealthy behaviours.
residence ( rural and Urban )
Cues to Action
Mass media
Behavioural Factors – Practices Attending group
influencing reproductive health, education
knowledge influencing reproductive Health Professionals
health Parents
Teachers
Self Observation
Conversations with
friends
Conceptual Model Modified from Pender’s Health – Promotion Model ( 1996 )

Modifying Factors
Modifying factors consists of demographic characteristics, interpersonal
influences, situational and behavioural factors.
Pender states that according to the “health promotion model”, modifying factors
exert their influence through the cognitive – perceptual mechanisms that directly affect
behaviour.
Characteristics included in this study are parents education, occupation, income,
subject chosen, place of school, peer group, reference group, health seeking patterns,
practices and knowledge influencing reproductive health.
Participation in Health – Promotion behaviour
Cognitive : Perceptual factors constitute the exclusive source of all the
connections between the modifying factors and participation in
health promoting behaviours.
Cues to action : Is the last part of the health promotion model and consist of
activating cues or triggers that spark of health promotion activity
such as mass media, attending group education, information from
health professionals, parents, teachers, self observations,
conversations with friends. Interventions to improve knowledge
about menstrual hygiene, pregnancy care, family planning
methods, includes emphasis on attending group education,
consulting medical persons when need arises, practicing healthy
behaviours and avoiding unhealthy behaviours.
25
26
2. OBJECTIVES
adolescent girls.
27
28
3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature is a broad systematic and critical collection and evaluation of
the important scholarly published literature as well as unpublished scholarly print
material, it serves an evidence and essential back ground for any research.
Review of literature is critical summary of research on a topic of interest generally
prepared to put a research problem in context to identify gaps and weakness in prior
studies so as to justify a investigation9. In order to accomplish the goal of present study,
an attempt has been made to review and discuss the literature which shall covers the
fallowing area
• Literature related to anatomy and physiology of reproductive system,
menstruation, pregnancy and care, and family planning methods.
• Studies related to menstruation, pregnancy care and family planning methods.
REVIEW RELATED TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Indian journal of maternal and child health, states " human life has been
divided into periods. The period of adolescence extends from puberty to last year
of second decade(late teens) in females”.10
• “Adolescence is an important stage in developmental milestone which starts from
10 years of age and goes up to 14 years later it was extended up to 19 years”.
Growth and development of the child during this stage encompasses, two closely
related maturation phenomena which includes :
29
¾ Puberty : The process of physical growth and development
¾ Adolescence : The process of cognitive and physiological growth
and development. Both the phases are important and
extra attention and care.11
• In the text book of “ Maternity Nursing” states that Puberty as the age at which
the internal reproductive organs reach maturity, the age puberty varies between
10- 14 years and number of physical and psychological changes takes place”.12
• The text book of “Maternal Child – Health Nursing” defines adolescence as the
passage from childhood to maturity. Adolescence begins with appearance of
secondary sex characteristics and ends with cessation of growth. Puberty is the
onset of physical maturity. At puberty secondary sex characteristics begins
develop and capability of sexual reproduction is attained. The events leading
puberty is initiated with secretions of gonad hormones and development of the
secondary sexual characteristics.13
• “ Essentials of community health nursing” states adolescent as the developmental
task and it’s the state of Identity versus role confusion in the developmental
phase. It is also the premise of emotional maturity and independence. It means
that, the adolescent must detach herself from current relationships to be able to
grow and develop a new, productive adult identity.14
30
REVIEW RELATED TO MENSTRUATION AND MENSTURAL HYGIENE
• The text states “Menarche is the beginning of the menstrual function or the onset
of the first menstrual period as result of the hypothalamic- pituitary-ovarian axis
and age of menarche from 9 to 17 years”.15
• The Journal states “menstruation is the periodic discharge of the blood mucus
and epithelial cells from the uterus. It usually occur monthly in through out the
reproductive period, except during pregnancy and lactation, when it is usually
suppressed”. Accordingly the span of years during which child bearing is
possible that is about ages 12 – 45, corresponds to the period during which
ovulation and menstruation are closely interlinked, and because no process of
nature is purposeless, menstruation must play some vital and indispensable role in
child bearing. Menstruation represents the abrupt termination of a process
designed to prepare lodging for a fertilized ovum. It for cents the break down of
bed that is not needed because the “border” does not maternalize. Thus, its
purpose is to clear away the old bed so that a new and fresh one may be created
the next month. The average age at which menstruation occurs between 12 and
14 years of age . there are wide variations in the same women about the intervals
of menstruation cycle this has been the subject of several studies on normal
young women. This has been the subject of several studies on normal young
women. These investigations show that the majority of women of even 10 days
are not uncommon and may occur with out apparent detriment to health. 16
31
• In the text Maternity and women’s health, mentions “menarche occurs in
adolescent females about 3 yrs of the growth spurt and occurs in about half of
girls when they are about 12 ½ years old, but may occur as early as 16 yrs or as
late 16yrs”.17
• The text book of maternity nursing states “Historical literature contains many
references about myths related to menstruation as its recurring nature and
similar sequence, menstrual cycle were thought to be under the control of moon,
some behavioral changes falsely attributed to menstruating women such as, if
menstruating women walking through a farmer’s field crops of the field would
not grow and get flowers. In many culture menstruating women is kept in a
separate place , then following a realized cleaning the women joins her
family”.18
LITERATURE RELATED TO PREGNANCY AND CARE
• “Pregnancy is a time of great changes and adaptation for women”. These changes
affect her physical well being, self esteem interaction with others daily activities
and future plans. So early prenatal care is essential aspects, which presents
benefits to the client, her partner and her family. Numerous teaching
opportunities arise, especially regarding normal physiological changes
Psychological concerns and pregnancy care, thus avoiding stress and undue
concern for clients.19
• Adequate care during pregnancy, particularly in the early stages of pregnancy,
reduces the incidence of neonatal mortality, congenital malformation or other
32
birth defects, maternal mortality and pre maturity. Many studies showed that
women in the younger age group tend to receive care later than in the other age
groups (National center for health statistics-1990). This may be owing to the fact
that the highest rates of illegitimacy are in the youngest age groups, young
mothers tend to be late comers to prenatal care. In this context the maternity
nurse has a crucial role to play several studies have indicated that the nurse can
perform roles involving the receiving and giving of information to concerned
person far more effectively than physicians.
Knowledge of the pregnancy care and risk factors has increased dramatically in
the 10-15 yrs. In 1991 the perinatal mortality and morbidity estimated to be 8.5
per 1000 and recorded to low in (1994). A better understanding of human
reproduction has greatly reduced maternal morbidity and mortality.20
• The study results of Attitude of girls towards marriage & Planned family states
that “to prevent and manage high risk pregnancy, conditions that cause poor
pregnancy, can be reduced by proper education. And it is important to transfer the
antenatal information and patient’s risk status in order to assure appropriate intra
partum and new born care. 21
LITERATURE RELATED TO FAMILY PLANNING METHODS
Today couples choosing contraception must be informed about prevention of
unintended pregnancy as well as protection against sexually transmitted disease.
• The study states that “Oral contraceptive are used more frequently than any other
method among 15 – 19 years old women. The condom is the second most
33
frequently used method. Adolescence frequently misuse and misunderstand the
rhythm method. This method is often less effective for adolescence who have
irregular menstrual cycle. Teenagers should also be taught safe sexual practice
which include the use of family planning methods”.22
• Adolescence who are sexually active often do not use contraceptives consistently
and correctly. Research indicated that those who more reliable use contraceptives
are more likely to have friends who use contraceptives.
Hacker and more stated in the title “Essentials of obstetrics and gynecology”
under the headlines of “Birth control counseling in adolescence” that unplanned
pregnancy remains one of the principal concerns for teenaged women, in spite of
the availability of effective contraceptive technology.
Teens tend to delay contraceptive use for several months after the onset of sexual
activity and younger teens are likely to delay longer than older girls. Risk taking
is commonplace in adolescence, in large part from a sense of invincibility. So any
teenager needs careful counseling to ensure that she knows how to use it, how to
deal with any errors in use and has had her questions about mode of action and
possible side effects answered.
Parents may not involve themselves in sexuality education for several reasons
1. They may not have adequate information
2. They may be uncomfortable with the topic of sex. In addition adolescents may be
uncomfortable when parents discuss sex. Parent’s refusal to discuss sexual
activity a secret and may interfere with the adolescent’s efforts to seek help.
34
National surveys to parents reveal greater support for the inclusion of comprehensive
sex education in school curriculum and at earlier ages for today’s youth.
Sexuality education programs should begin before puberty and provide adolescents
with experience in personal sexual decision – making and practice in applying these
information to their lives.
Health education at the primary prevention level includes the provision of
information about good hygiene, the prevention of STDS / and contraceptive use. Health
education strategies need to be creative and developmentally, culturally, educationally
and linguistically appropriate.
Nurses should promote school – based sexuality education fro early ages. In addition,
because teachers, report a lack of training in sex education, nurses should take a more
active role in teaching sexuality concepts in school.23
STUDIES RELATED TO REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
A recent study was conducted by Revathi ( 1996 ) “To determine the knowledge an
attitude of adolescent girls regarding reproductive health before and after a structured
teaching programme at Vellore in 150 high school girls”. The study showed that there
was a significant difference in the knowledge score between the pretest and posttest.
STUDIES RELATED TO MENSTRUATION AND MENSTUAL HYGIENE
Abioye – Kuley EA (1999) conducted “ a study on menstrual knowledge and practice
among secondary school girls in Nigeria” among 352 randomly selected healthy Nigerian
school girls revealed that 187 ( 53.1% ) had attained menarche, 40% of subjects were
35
deficient in knowledge about menstruation and menstrual knowledge was higher in post
– menarcheal girls.
• Singh MM, Devir (1999) conducted “ a study on awareness and health seeking
behaviour of rural adolescent school girls on menstrual and reproductive health
problem” among 130 students ages 13 – 17 years in Haryana revealed that,
menstrual problem was dysmenorrhoea ( 40.7%) followed by irregular menses
( 2.3%). Out of which 5.3% consulted a doctor and 22.4% took over the counter
medications from the chemist shops, most of the girls knew about menstrual
hygiene and medical examination during pregnancy. The major sources of
information were Television ( 73.1% ) radio ( 37.1% ) and parents ( 36.1% )
• Mbizvo MT, Kasule J, Gupta V. (1997) conducted “ a study on effects of a
randomized health education intervention on aspects of reproductive health
knowledge and reported behaviour among adolescent in Zimbabwe”, results
showed as a significant increase in correct knowledge about aspects of
menstruation in intervention as compared with control schools.
• Mary J. (1995) Conducted “an exploratory study on the socio – cultural and
health related problems of unmarried adolescent girls in selected slum at
Bombay”. Revealed that majority of the adolescent girls (94.29% ) expressed fear
at menarche and 68.57% did not have any knowledge about menstruation. Also
71.43% had menstrual problems, like heavy bleeding and irregular menstruation.
• Mibizo et al. (1995) conducted “a study on reproductive biology, knowledge and
behaviour of teenagers is East, central and Southern Africa at Zimbabwe” that
36
was misconceived as an illness. Peers followed by magazines were the first
sources of information on various aspects of reproductive biology both of which,
might not provide the correct first hand information. The findings point to the
need for targeting the adolescent pupils for information on reproductive health
and increased awareness on the risk of pregnancy, STDs and HIV.
• Koffe. Rierdan J. (1995) conducted “a study on adolescent girls understanding of
menstruation” among adolescent girls, revealed that girls viewed themselves as
prepared for menarche and claimed that had discussed it with their mothers. Their
explanations of menstruation reflected as they are having incomplete knowledge
and more typically a variety of misconception or ignorance.
• Ludwing (1994) revealed in a study on “menarche” that it is one of the most
important biologic signals in the life of a women and he further stated that
education for the understanding of menstruation should stress that of primary
express feminity and should avoid depicting menstrual bleeding as a reproductive
nuisance.
• Morse, J.M. (1993) conducted “ a study regarding the attitude of adolescents
towards menstruation among 860 pre and 1013 post menarcheal girls from 49
randomly selected schools in a Canadian City” related that post menarcheal girls,
the self report of menstrual symptoms gives insight into the prevalence of
symptoms and the perception of symptom severity.
• Anjali J. (1992) in a “descriptive co – relational survey, in two selected schools,
one central government school and the other private school in Bathinda City of
Punjab state” related that adolescent girls, on the whole had inadequate
37
knowledge of menstrual hygiene. But the convent school girls had higher
knowledge than the central school girls. The girls from a higher socio-economic
background and mothers who had better education were having better knowledge
than others.
• Sveins dottir H (1990) conducted “a study about the attitudes towards
menstruation among 178 Nursing students” revealed that the students view
menstruation as natural not very predictable or debilitating, even though they do
not deny that menstruation can effect behaviour in some way.
• Dashiffc (1987) conducted “a study regarding hygiene in children and
adolescents” revealed that feminine hygiene in concern not only in the
reproductive years, but should be observed through out life. Thus proper
education and guidance of little girls are essential.
• Havens B (1986) conducted “a study regarding menstruation perception and
preparation among female and adolescents among 8th and 10th grade students
attending a private girls school in Hawaii” revealed that 80% had already started
menstruating. Many were first informed their mothers when they started
menstruating. Surprise, fear and embarrassment were common initial reactions,
rather than strong negative or positive emotions.
• Mittag, J.E. (1986) conducted a study in German “regarding personal hygiene and
sex education of young girls” reveals that sexual education of young girls and
guidance for their personal hygiene are closely related”.
• Clarke, A.E. ( 1985 ) conducted a study among 54 adolescent girls “about young
adolescent beliefs concerning menstruation” the result showed that pre
38
menarcheal girls had less negative evaluation of menstruation than post
menarcheal girls.
STUDIES RELATED TO PREGNANCY AND CARE
• Inhabra et al ( 1998 ) conducted a survey between January 1990 and December
1994, found that 7515 deliveries took place in the obstetrics and gynecologic
departments of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Science, in India. Out of
which about 1.25% of all women who gave birth had eclampsia and 3% of all
who had abortions were admitted with severe sepsis due to damaged uterus.
Factors responsible for still births and neonatal death were obstructed labour,
early pregnancy, eclampsia and abnormal presentations.
• Kannan ( 1995 ) stated that over 50% of the world’s population is under 25 yrs in
which one in 3 persons were aged between 10 & 24 years. He further concludes
that in India adolescent girls ages 10 to 19 comprise about 22% of female
population and they have special health needs during ante, intra – and postnatal
period of child bearing age.
• Bang et al (1989) found 92.2% to be suffering from gynaecologic or sexual
disease. 55% of them symptomatic and 44% asymptomatic in our area 51.1%
symptomatic and 41.2% asymptomatic rural women and gynaecologic disease in
1994.
• WHO (1992) reported that every day at least 1600 women die of the
complications of pregnancy and childbirth in developing countries. In addition to
these 585,000 maternal deaths occur each year and further a 50 million women
suffer from acute complications, 18 million of these women suffer from long term
39
disability and only 65% of women received antenatal care in the developing
countries.
• Agarwal et al (1989) identified in their study “the nutritional status of rural
pregnant women in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh by anthropometric measurement like
weight, height, mid – aim skull circumference and hemoglobin” results revealed
that 81% of women in Bihar and 87% in Uttar Pradesh were anemic with
hemoglobin level either 11gm/dl. or less than this.
STUDIES RELATED TO FAMILY PLANNING METHODS
• Bhaka V and Swami H.M. ( 2000 ) conducted “a study on adolescent girl in
school of Chandigarh regarding knowledge on fertility control methods”. This
study involved 389 students from rural and urban areas, revealed that 51.9% of
girls were aware of fertility control methods, out of which 39.7% of the girls from
rural areas and 54.7% from urban areas were having awareness about
contraception.
• Aemstrong K ( 1994 ) conducted a study “to achieve a goal to encourage earlier
use of family planning services and effective birth control for teens”. Result
revealed that the use of condom is more common in reducing conception rate and
incidence of STD.
• WHO ( 1993 ) reported that sexuality is to taboo subject in most societies and
young adolescents frequently have little knowledge about the basic facts of
contraception. So they are unsuccessful in avoiding unwanted pregnancy.
• Singha B ( 1991 ) had done a “study to assess the adolescents attitude towards
family planning” in a sample of 50 Hindu and 50 Muslim undergraduate students
40
in Bihar and confirmed that Hindu students had more positive attitudes than
Muslim students.
• Brabin N. conducted a “Study on knowledge and attitudes towards reproductive
health issues in the government schools and Anganwadi premises of three
villages, of the primary health centers, in Hariyana”. This study revealed that all
the girls were knew the legal age of marriage. Early marriage was preferred by 19
( 7.6% ) and 84.3% girls were of the small family norm.
41
42
4. METHODOLOGY
For any research work the methodology of investigation is of vital importance.
Research methodology is a way to solve the problems. It is a systematic procedure in
which the researcher starts from initial identification of the problems to final
conclusions.24
This chapter includes research approach, setting, sample, sampling technique,
development and description of tool, pilot study, data collection and plan for data
analysis.
RESEARCH APPORACH
Research approach is an umbrella that covers the basic procedure for conducting
research.
The research approach adopted for this study is an descriptive survey. It is used
to explore knowledge regarding anatomy and physiology of reproductive system,
menstrual hygiene, pregnancy and care and family planning methods with the help of
semi-structured interview schedule.
Descriptive research studies collect detailed description of existing variables and
use the data to justify and assess current condition.25
REASEARCH DESIGN
Research design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigations of answering
research questions. It is the over all plan or blue print the researcher selects to carryout
the study.26
The research design adopted for the present study is depicted in figure.
43
ACCOUNTABLE SAMPLE & SAMPLING VARIBLES DATA COLLECTION PLAN FOR
POPLUTION TECHNIQUE TECHNIQUES ANALYSIS
B E S College
I V
* Frequency and
• Subject chosen percentage
Students studying 1ST B A 1ST B Sc • Mother’s education
in 1st year BA • Monthly income
and 1st year Bsc 17-19 yrs 17- 19 yrs • Source of * Mean, mean
at BES college information percentage and
jayanagar standard
Bangalore- deviation.
S.R.S Semi- structured
DV interview schedule
By Lottery method
using Questionnaire * Co efficient of
Knowledge on selected
aspects of reproductive correlation
Health including anatomy
and physiology of
30 30 reproductive system, * t – test
menstruation, pregnancy
care,& family planning
method
60
S.R.S. = SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING D.V = DEPENDENT VARIABLE I. V = INDEPENT VARIABLE
FIG. RESEARCH DESIGN FOR THE STUDY
44
VARIABLES UNDER STUDY
A Variable is any phenomena or characteristic or attribute understudy. Variables are the
measurable characteristics of a concept and consist of a logical group of attributes.
The variables in the study are subject chosen, mother’s education, monthly income,
source of information, knowledge on selected aspects reproductive health, including
anatomy and physiology of reproductive system, menstruation, pregnancy care & family
planning method.
SETTING OF THE STUDY
The study was conducted in B E S college Bangalore , among the 1st year B.A &
B Sc students.
POPULATION
The target population for the study includes adolescent girls of 1st year B A & B.Sc.
students . The total number of students was 100.
SAMPLE & SAMPLINNG TECHNIQUES
States that sampling refers to the process of selecting the portion of population to
represent the entire population.27
The sample for the study comprised of 60 students, 30 from arts and 30 from science
group. By simple random technique the samples were selected.
45
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SAMPLE
Inclusion criteria :
• Un married adolescent girls between 18 – 20 years
• Only those who attended menarche

• Only those who give consent for the study
Exclusion Criteria :
• Married adolescent girls are excluded
• Student who have not given consent for the study
• More than 20 years
DEVELOPMENT OF TOOL
The instrument is a vehicle that could best obtain data pertiner to the study and at
the same time add to the body of general knowledge in the discipline.
The investigator developed semi-structured interview schedule to fulfill the
specific need of the study.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TOOL
TOOL – 1 (Part I)
Demographic data
The first part of the tool consists of thirteen items for obtaining information about
the selection background factors such as name, age, sex, religion, mother’s education,
father’s occupation etc.
PART – II
Questionnaire regarding selected aspects of reproductive health.
46
SECTION A : Questionnaire to asses the knowledge on anatomy and
physiology of reproductive system consisting of 18 items.
Total score is 25.
SECTION B: Questionnaire to asses the knowledge on Menstrual
hygiene consisting of fourteen items. Total score is 17.
SECTION C : Questionnaire to asses the knowledge on pregnancy care
consisting of twelve items. Total score is 23
SECTION D: Questionnaire to asses the knowledge on family
planning methods consisting of seven items. Total score
is 9.
The knowledge level has been divided in to three categories based on the girls
score in the semi – structured interview schedule.
o Below average : Below 50% score
o Average : 50 to 70% score
o Excellent : Above 70% score
CONTENT VALIDITY
Validity refers to the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed
to be measuring. Content validity refers to the degree to which the items in an instrument
adequately represent the universe of content.28
Experts comprising 5 nursing educators, and 4 doctors established the content
validity of the tool.
47
There were 100% agreement on 17 items of the Knowledge questionnaire were retained,
4 items which had 80% agreement were modified as per exports opinion. The 3 items that
had less than 70% agreement were discarded.
Based on their suggestion
PART-I
Previously there are only 11 items in the socio demographic variables and number of
items in Part – I is increased to 13 items as per suggestion given by experts.
PART-II
Previously Section - A consists of 19 items , but on expert suggestion (question 7)
is eliminated. In Section – B ( question 32 -33 ) are changed and new questions were
included. Section C and Section – D were cent percent accepted by experts.
PART – I 14 ITEMS
PART – II Section – A there are 18 items
Section – B there are 14 items
Section – C there are 12 items
Section – D there are 7 items
RELIABILITY
Reliability of an instrument is the degree of consistency with which it measures
the attribute it is supposed to be measuring.
48
The reliability of tool established by collecting data from 6 students of BES
College. The reliability was found by split half method using Spearman Brown Prophey
formula. Reliability score (r) was 0.76. So the tool was considered highly reliable for
this study.
PILOT STUDY
Pilot study is a small scale version of trial run for the major study.
A study was conducted on 5 – 8th December at B E S college. Administrative
approval was obtained for conducting the pilot study. The tool was found to be
comprehensible, feasible and acceptable. There was no identified need for any further
change. There fore the investigator decided to carry out the actual study process with out
making any changes.
DATA COLLECTION PROCESSES
The data collection was scheduled for the month of march 2005. Before the data
collection the investigator obtained the formal permission from the principle to conduct
the study. The Investigator visited the college on the given date and was introduced to
the students by the class co-coordinator. The purpose of the study was explained to the
students. The questionnaire was introduced to the students. The students took 45 min to
completed the tool. After collecting the completed questionnaire the correct answer were
discussed according to the students interest and doubts were clarified.
49
PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
The data were analyzed in terms of the objectives of the study using descriptive
statistical and inferential static’s.
The plan of data analysis was as follows : -
1. The percentage analysis will be carried out for socio-demographic variables.
2. Descriptive static’s such as Mean, Standard deviation, and Mean score Percentage
for Four Dimensions of reproductive Health.
3. Inferential statistics especially independent “t” test to find out the relationship of
knowledge with selected demographic variables such as subject chosen, literacy
status of mother, place of re3sdence, source of information and “ANOVA” to find
out the relationship of knowledge with family income and occupation of guardian.
The significant findings will be presented in tables, figures, and graphs.
SUMMARY
This chapter dealt with research approach and design, variables, setting and sampling.
It includes the preparation and pre testing of the tools. This chapter also dealt with the
pilot study, data collection procedure and plan for data analysis.
50
51
5. RESULTS
This chapter deals with analysis of data collected from 60 female adolescents
regarding selected aspects of reproductive health.
Analysis is described as “Categorizing , ordering, manipulating and summarizing
the data to obtain answer to research questions. The purpose of analysis is to reduce the
data to an intelligible and interpretable form so that the relation of research can be
studied”.29
Objectives of the study

adolescent girls.
Organization of Findings
The data is organized, analysed and presented under following section.
SECTION –1
The percentage analysis was carried out for the socio- demographic variables.
SECTION – II
Descriptive statistics such as Mean, standard Deviation and Mean score
percentage were calculated for four dimensions of reproductive health.
52
SECTION –III
Relationship between selected socio demographic variables such as subject
chosen, Mother’s education status, source of information, guardian’s occupation, income
of the family and knowledge score.
53
SECTION – I
SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
Table – 5.1.1 Distribution of adolescent girls according to Religion
Religious status Subject(60) Percentage %

Hindu 53 88.3
Muslim 2 3.3
Christian 5 8.4
3.3% 8.4%
Hindu
Muslim
Christian
88.3%
Figure – 5.1.1 Distribution of adolescent girls according to Religion
Table – 5.1.1 Shows that among all the subjects studies, 88.3% were Hindus, 8.4% were
Christians and rest of the 3.3% were Muslims.
54
Table – 5.1.2 Distribution of girls according to place of residence
Place of Residence Subject Percentage
Urban 36 60
Semi urban 24 40
Rural 0 0
70
60 %
60
50
40 %
40
30
20
10
0%
0
Urban Semi - Urban Rural
Figure – 5.1.2 Distribution of girls according to place of residence
Table – 5.1.2 presents that more than half of the girls ( 60% ) were residing in urban area
and remaining 40% were from rural area.
55
Table – 5.1.3 : Distribution of adolescent girls according to source of information
Source of information Subject Percentage
Teachers & Friends 41 68.4
Parents 14 23.3
Mass media 5 8.3
8.3%
23.3%
Teachers & Friends
Parents
Mass media
68.4%
Figure – 5.1.3 : Distribution of adolescent girls according to source of information
Table – 5.1.3 depicts that 41 (68.4%) girls gained knowledge on reproductive health
through teachers and friends, 14 (23.3%) gained knowledge through parents and 5 (8.3%)
from mass media.
56
Table – 5.1.4 : Distribution of adolescent girls according to guardians occupation
Guardian’s occupation Subject Percentage
Daily wages 14 23.3
Monthly income 23 38.4
Business 14 23.3
Self employment 9 15.0
45
40 38.4 %
35
Percentage
30
25 23.3 % 23.3 %
20
15 %
15
10
5
0
Daily Wages Monthly Income Business Self Employment
Source of Information
Figure – 5.1.4 : Distribution of adolescent girls according to

guardians occupation
Table – 5.1.4 depicts that among 60 female adolescents, 23 (38.4%) of the adolescent
girl’s mothers were having monthly income, proportion of parents ( 23.3% ) were found
in occupation of daily wages and business and rest of them 9 (15% ) were self
employment.
57
Table – 5.1.5 : Distribution of adolescent girls according to monthly income of the
family
Family income
Subject Percentage
(per month)
< 1000 19 31.7
1001 – 3000 22 36.7
3001 – 5000 13 21.6
> 5000 6 10
10%
21.6% 31.7%
< 1000
1001-3000
3001-5000
> 5000
36.7%
Figure – 5.1.5 : Distribution of adolescent girls according to monthly income of

the family
Table – 5.1.5 depicts that among 60 adolescent girls 22 (36.7%) of them belong to
income of 1001 – 3000 , 19 ( 31.7% ) were belong to below 1000, 13 ( 21.6% ) of them
belong to 3001 – 5000, and 6 ( 10% ) were belong to more than 5000.
58
Table – 5.1.6 : Distribution of adolescent girls mother’s according to their
Education
Education Subject Percentage
Illiterate 10 16.7
Primary school 8 13.3
High school 21 35.0
Higher secondary 19 31.7
Degree 2 3.3
40
35%
35 31.7 %
30
Percentage
25
20 16.7%
15 13.3%
10
5 3.3%
0
Illiterate Primary High School Higher Degree
School Secondary
Mother's Education
Figure – 5.1.6 : Distribution of adolescent girls mother’s according to their

Education
59
SECTION – II
Mean, Standard deviation, and mean score Percentage of four

dimension of reproductive health.
Table – 5.2.1 : Mean, Standard deviation, and mean score Percentage of four
dimension of reproductive health.
Maximum Mean
Areas Mean S. D
score score%
Anatomy & physiology
20 9.93 4.02 49.7
of reproductive system
Menstrual hygiene 18 9.66 2.19 53.7
Pregnancy and care 24 14.10 4.18 58.8
Family planning 29 12.25 3.43 42.2
Over all knowledge 91 46.1 10.32 50.7
60
70
58.8%
60 53.7%
49.7%
Percentage
50
42.2 %
40
30
20
10
0
A B C D
Mean Score
A = Anatomy & physiology of reproductive system
B = Menstrual hygiene
C = Pregnancy & care
D = Family Planning
The Figure revels that Mean , S.D. and Mean score percentage of Knowledge on
reproductive health over 4 dimensions. Findings shows that mean score percentage of
over all Knowledge in the area of reproductive health was (50.7%). Among these 4
dimension more knowledge was found to be in the area of pregnancy and care (58.8%).
The mean score percentage of menstrual hygiene is 53.7% and in the area of
anatomy & Physiology of reproductive health was 49.7%. The least Knowledge score
was about family planning which was about 42.2%
61
SECTION – III
Relationship between selected socio-Demographic variables and

Knowledge score
Figure – 5.3 ( 1-4) : Mean score of knowledge on Reproductive health by selected

Socio – Demographic Variables.
60 52.7 51.1
49.8
45.3 47.7
50 39.4
43.4 44.6
Mean Score
40
30
20
10
0
Subject Mother's Place of Source of
Studying Educational Residence Information
Status
Demographic Variables
Science Arts
Illiterate Literate
Urban Rural
Teachers, Friends Parents
Figure – 5.3 ( 1 – 4 ) : Mean score percentage of knowledge based on subject studying,
mother’s educational status, place of residence, source of
information.
62
Table 5.3 ( 1a – 4 ) : Mean score of knowledge on reproductive health by subject
studying
Subject
Mean S.D t – value Result
studying No
Science 30 52.7 9.1

6.03* Significant
Arts 30 39.4 6.5
* Significant at . 1% level ( i.e . p< 0.001)
That is the score of subject those who are studying science was found to be 52.7
which is comparatively more than the mean score f students those who are chosen Arts
as a subject 39.43 .Independent ‘t’ test was used assessing the statistical significance and
found to be significance at 0.001 level ( i.e . p< 0.001). It authenticates that subject
studying is influencing the knowledge on reproductive health.
63
Table – 5.3 ( 1b – 4 ) : Mean score of knowledge on reproductive health by
Literacy status of mothers
Literacy status No Mean S.D t- value Result
Illiterate 12 45.3 4.7

2.50*
Literate 48 49.8 5.7 Significant
* Significant at 2% level ( i.e . p< 0.02)
The relationship between knowledge on reproductive health and literacy status of
mother is portrayed in the table. Those with illiterate mothers and a mean of 43.3 and
those with literate mothers had a Mean 49.8. The statistical significance in mean score of
knowledge over the literacy status was out by the application of independent ‘t’ test and
it was found to be significance at 2% level (i.e. p< 0.002). The result showed a clear
gradation of knowledge over their mother’s educational status. This was high and also
statistically significant.
64
Table – 5.3 ( 1c – 4 ) : Mean score of knowledge on reproductive health by
place of residence
Place No Mean S.D t- value Result
Urban 36 47.7 7.4

2.81* Significant
Semi urban 24 43.4 6.1
* Significant at 5% level ( i. e . p < 0.05)
Table revels that Mean score 47.7 of adolescent girls residing in urban is found to
be comparatively more Knowledge than the student residing in semi urban area 43.4 .
Independent ‘t’ test was used for assessing the statistical significance and it was found to
be significant at 5% level (i.e. p< 0.005). It authenticates that the place of residence is
influencing the knowledge on reproductive health.
65
Table – 5.3 ( 1d – 4 ) : Mean score of knowledge on reproductive health by source
of information
Source of
No Mean S.D t- value Result
information
Teachers, 46 44.6 7.4

friends
2.39* Significant
Parents 14 51.1 8.6
* Significant at 0. 01% level ( i.e . p< 0.01)
Table represents the relationship between the knowledge on reproductive health
and source of information, those who have gained information through their parents had a
mean of 51.1 and through other source of the information received through parents is
comparatively more than the other sources. To find out the statistical significance the ‘t’
test was carried out and was found to be significant at 1% level (i.e. p< 0.01). It
confirmed that the sources of information influencing the knowledge score3.
66
Table – 5.3.5 : Mean score of knowledge on reproductive health based on
occupational status and family income
Knowledge score
Variables/ categories No. F – ratio Result
Mean S.D
1. Occupational status
Daily wages 14 41.78 13.18
Monthly income 23 43.44 6.64 7.50 P<0.001

Significant
Business and self
employment 23 52.53 9.38
2. Income
<1000 19 39.94 10.23 P<0.001
6.53 Significant
1001-3000 22 48.72 8.91
3000 19 50.68 9.35
60 52.53 50.68
48.72
50
41.78 43.44
Mean Score
39.94
40
30
20
10
0
Occupation Income
Demographic Variables
Figure – 5.3.5 : Mean score percentage of knowledge based on occupational status

and family income.
67
Table 5.3.5 presents the Mean score of knowledge on reproductive health over the
different categories of occupational and income status of the family. The girls those who
have better knowledge than the parents engaged in daily wages for their income.
To assess the significance of mean score of knowledge over the three categories
of occupation, ANOVA ( Analysis of variance ) was worked out and it was found to be
significant at 0.001 level ( P < 0.001 ). This implies that knowledge is significantly
increases with the occupational status.
of income, ANOVA ( Analysis of variance ) was worked out and it was found to be
significant at 0.001 level ( p <0.001). This implies that the knowledge score of the girls
significantly increases with family income.
This shows that the guardian’s occupation and family income are significantly
related to knowledge of the girls on reproductive health.
68
Table – 5.3.6 : Cumulative table showing the statistical significance of selected socio
demographic variables on knowledge.
Selected Socio Demographic

Sl. t – value p – value Result
Variable
1. Subject studying 6.03 P<0.001 Significant
2. Literacy status of mothers 2.509 P<0.02 Significant
3. Source of information 2.39 P<0.001 Significant
4. Place of residence 2.817 P<0.05 Significant
Variables F - ratio P-Value Result
5. Guardian’s Occupation 7.50 P<0.001 Significant
6. Family Income 6.53 P<0.001 Significant
Table 5.3.6 envisage the summary of results related to the statistical significance of the
selected socio – demographic variables with the knowledge on reproductive health.
Results of significance were tabulated at different exact probability level. All the
variables were significant to the maximum critical level of 5% ( i.e. 0.05). But, among
these socio – demographic variables, subject studying, source of information, guardian’s
occupation and family income were highly significant (i.e. P<0.001). Literacy status of
mothers were moderately significant and place of residence was significant at only 5%
level ( i.e. P <0.05). It shows that subject studying, source of information, guardian’s
occupation and family income were highly influencing the knowledge on reproductive
health.
69
70
6. DISCUSSION
An descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge of reproductive
health among the adolescent girls at B.E.S. College, Jayanagar, Bangalore.
Data were collected from 60 students, by using semi – structured interview
schedule. Collected data was analyzed and presented in the form of tables and graphs.
Independent “t” test to find out the relationship of knowledge with different demographic
variables i.e. subject studying, literacy status of the mother, place of residence, source of
information. And ANOVA to find out the relationship of knowledge with family income
and occupation of guardian.
This chapter attempts to discuss the findings of study.
The findings are discussed under the following headings.
1. Demographic characteristics of the sample.
2. Land of knowledge of adolescent girls on reproductive health.
3. Association between knowledge of reproductive health to family income and
parent’s occupation.
1) Demographic Characteristics of the sample :
Analysis revealed that most of the adolescent girls were Hindus ( 88.3% ) when
compared to other religious. It might be associated with the national figure as in India
the percentage of Hindus are more than any other religion.
With regard to the place of residence most of them ( 60% ) are residing in Urban
and 40% are residing in semi – urban.
71
Regarding the source of information on reproductive health, reveals that 68.4% of
adolescents girls gained knowledge from teachers and friends and 23.3% gained
knowledge from parents and only 8.3% gained knowledge from mass media.
Distribution of adolescent according to guardian’s occupation, reveals that
majority of the parents ( 38.4%) earning monthly and 15% are self employed, 36.7% are
earning < Rs.3000/- and 10% are earning < Rs.5000/-.
The analysis also reveals that 35% of the girls mother’s are studied upto high
school and only 3.3% completed degree.
2) Land of knowledge of adolescent girls on reproductive health :
Mean knowledge score was highest 14.10 + 4.18 for the area “Pregnancy and
care”. That is about 58.8%. Mean knowledge score of menstrual hygiene was ( 9.66 +
2.19 ) about 53.7%. Mean knowledge on A/P of reproductive health shows ( 9.93 + 4.02)
mean & S. D. of score which is around 49.7%. Mean knowledge score on family
planning shows ( 12.25 + 3.43 ) mean & standard deviation of score, which is around
4.22%.
However, the total mean knowledge score regarding the reproductive health
shows ( 46.1 + 10.32 ). Mean and S. D. of score which is around 50.7% of the total
score.
3) Association between knowledge of reproductive health to family income and

parent’s occupation :
of occupation, ANOVA ( Analysis of variance ) was worked out and it was found to be
significant at 0.001 level ( P < 0.001 ). This implies that knowledge is significantly
increases with the occupational status.
72
of income, ANOVA ( Analysis of variance ) was worked out and it was found to be
significant at 0.001 level ( p <0.001). This implies that the knowledge score of the girls
significantly increases with family income.
This shows that the guardian’s occupation and family income are significantly
related to knowledge of the girls on reproductive health.
All the variables were significant to the maximum critical level of 5% ( i.e. 0.05).
But, among these socio – demographic variables, subject studying, source of information,
guardian’s occupation and family income were highly significant (i.e. P<0.001). Literacy
status of mothers were moderately significant and place of residence was significant at
only 5% level ( i.e. P <0.05).
73
74
7. conclusion
Education can generally change people from their wrong and unhealthy
perceptions and practices. A major goal to Nursing practices is to encourage the healthy
practices.
The following conclusion were drawn from the present study
• The adolescent girls have average knowledge
Overall knowledge score of adolescent girls regarding selected aspects of
reproductive health was average ( 50.6% ). The study also showed that socio –
demographic variables such as subject chosen, mother’s educational status, type of
family, place of residence, source of information, guardian’s occupations and family
income are significantly related to the knowledge level of the adolescent girls.
This indicates that an effective programme of health education must be instituted
in school / college with a view to make the adolescents knowledgeable about different
aspects of reproductive health, which help to promote a positive attitude, and healthy
practices of reproductive health.
Nursing Implications
The findings of the study Nursing education, Practice, Research and Nursing
administration.
Nursing Education
Basic education of nursing should include their aspects of education of
adolescents with a special focus on teaching about puberty and the accompanying
change. The primary task is to help the nurse to master at basic level and evaluate the
update content as an ongoing future.
75
The result of the study enables the nurses to prepare themselves to give health
education more effectively based on culture and social background of the people. The
proper dissemination of information on sexual matters is essential to help children and
adolescent to develop correct and healthy attitude towards sex.
Nursing Practice
Nurses as women and competent professionals have responsibility to promote
health information and practice among women and girls in the society.
It is necessary to have guidance in the school, consisting of school health nurse,
teachers and mothers, so that they can provide guidance to the girls from their pre
adolescent period itself.
Generally, the adolescents are shy and resistant to speak about sex and sex related
matters with mother or family members. So there is a need to take – up an awareness
programme with school teachers to guide them and keep them in a right track. Also most
of the parents have a negative attitude towards reproductive education. Nurses can ply a
major role in changing their attitude about these aspects.
So the provision of information to the mothers have an influence on knowledge of
girls regarding reproductive health since they are the first source of information.
As the teachers are the key personnel in imparting, knowledge to students there is
a need to have a special training programme for the teachers regarding reproductive
health, so that they are equipped with adequate knowledge to guide their students. This
helps in proper dissemination of information since teachers are the major source of
information.
76
Nursing service department can have a health education cell with a bunch of
adequately prepared nurses. Nursing personnel should be given in service education
regarding the importance of reproductive health. Carefully prepared health education
programme as part of mass education will be useful in creating, awareness among general
public. Nurses have a crucial role in educating the public through such programmes.
Research
The study also revealed that there is knowledge deficit regarding reproductive
health. Compared to other aspects of health there is a need for extended and intensive
nursing research on the areas of reproductive health among adolescent girls using better
methods of teaching and effective teaching materials. At the same time awareness about
the importance of conducting research in the area of reproductive health can be created
among the nurses those who are working in the clinical area. It will help the future
generation to become healthy.
Nursing Administration
Nursing personnel should be prepared to take leadership role in educating school
teaching in reproductive health. They should inculcate interest in educating these
teachers during their school visits and disseminate information on areas of reproductive
health. Nurses should take up responsibility to publish more information booklets and
other health education packages to teachers.
LIMITATIONS
1) Data were obtained using on the semi – structured interview schedule.
2) Effectiveness of information booklet was not assessed.
77
RECOMMENDATIONS
1) A similar study may be replicated using a large sample, thereby findings can be
generalized.
2) A similar study can be conducted on all area of reproductive health ( AIDS,
Teenage abortion, STD, Sex education ).
3) A Study can be conducted to find out the attitude of parents, teachers and students
towards reproductive health.
4) Experimental study can be conducted with structured teaching programme on
knowledge.
5) A longitudinal study may be conducted to assess sexual behaviour of adolescent
girls.
6) A study can be carried out to determine the cost effectiveness of reproductive
health programme.
7) Educational programme on reproductive health can be conducted by the public
health department.
8) Comparative study can be conducted among the urban and rural adolescent girl’s
knowledge regarding reproductive health.
9) Public health nursing students can be instructed to conduct the health education
programme in their school health units.
78
79
8. SUMMARY
A descriptive study was adopted and the study was conducted in B.E.S. college
Jayanager Bangalore. Data was collected from 60 adolescent girls by using semi-
structured interview schedule
The findings of the study can be summarized as follows:
1) Findings related to Sample characters
The most of the subject’s mothers ( 35% ) were found to be literate.
Majority of the subject’s ( 60% ) were residing in urban area.
A majority of the study subject’s ( 68.4% ) gained knowledge on reproductive
health through teachers and friends.
Major portion the study subject’s guardians were employees drawing monthly
income ( 38.4% ).
Majority of girls ( 36.7% ) family income was 1001 – 3000 per month.
2) Finding related to knowledge scoring of Adolescent girls :
In present study the mean percentage of knowledge of anatomy and physiology of
reproductive health was 49.7%.
Mean score knowledge of study subjects regarding menstrual hygiene was 53.7%.
Most of the study subjects had more knowledge ( 58.8% ) in the area of
pregnancy and care.
Minimum number ( 42.2% ) of the subjects had knowledge in the area of family
planning.
Over all mean core knowledge of adolescent girls on the selected aspects of
reproductive health were ( 50.7% ) and Standard deviation was 10.32.
80
3) Findings regarding the relationship between selected Demographic variables and
knowledge level of adolescent girls
There exists a significant relation between the knowledge on selected aspects of
reproductive health and subjects have chosen science as their core subject. It was
found to be significant at .1% ( P < 0.001).
There is a significant relation between the knowledge on reproductive health and
source of information. Independent ‘t’ test was worked out to determine the
statistical significance of the mean score, it was found to be significant at 1% i.e.
( P <0.01).
The knowledge of the subjects residing in urban area ( 47.7% ) significantly
higher than the rural residing subjects ( 48.4% ) and it was confirmed at 5% level
( P < 0.05 ). It authenticated that the type of residence in influencing the
knowledge on reproductive health.
There is a significant relation between the knowledge of students on reproductive
health and type of family. Independent ‘t’ test was carried out to find out the
statistical significance and there is a significant difference between the mean
score on knowledge over family type at 2% level ( i.e. P < 0.02 ).
The study also showed that there is a significant relation between the knowledge
on reproductive health and mother’s education, which was significant at 2%
( P < 0.02 ).
Guardian’s occupational status and family income are significantly related to the
knowledge level of the adolescent girls regarding reproductive health.
81
82
9. Bibliography
1. Rajkumari S. Attitude of girls towards marriage & Planned family, The Journal
family welfare. 1985; (31):36 – 38.
2. World Health Organization. Expanding options in Reproductive Health Geneva
UNDP / UNFPA / WHO / World Bank special programme of Research,
Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Geneva : 1992.
3. Varghese Mini. Reproductive child health in the context of women’s Health.
Health for the millions. 1998; 24:16 – 17.
4. Dawn C.S. Text book of Gynaecology and contraception. Calcutta : Dawn
books.1985;13 – 15.
5. Thaneja P.N. The girl child in India. Journal of Indian pediatrics. 1990; (7) : 1041.
6. Khanna J. et al. Challenges in reproductive health. WHO:1994; (4): 12 – 13.
7. Sharma. The why and how of reproductive education in India. Indian Journal of
Maternal and Child health. 1997;(8): 69 – 71.
8. Marriner Ann. Nursing Theorists and their work. Toronto; C.V. mosby company.
9. Polit Denise F. & Bernadette P. Hungler. Nursing Research Philadelphia, J.B.
Lippincott company.1995.
10. Sharma. The why and how of reproductive education in India. Indian Journal of
Maternal and Child health.1997; (8) 69 – 71.
11. Rao A. R. The challenge of adolescent health. Health for the millions.1995; ( 21)
26 – 38.
12. Bobak, Irene. Maternity nursing. Phildelphia : Mosby year book. 1994. 20-23.
83
13. Pillitteri Adele. Maternal Child – Health Nursing. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincot
company.1992; 45-46.
14. K. Park. Essentials of community health nursing. 3rd Edition. Jabalpur :
Banarsidas publication, 2000. 198 – 200.
15. K. Katharyn, A. May. Comprehensive maternity nursing. 2nd Edition.
Philadelphia: lippincott company. 1999; 98-101.
16. Susan. The experience of menarche. Journal of Nurse Midwifery.1985; 3 – 9.
17. Bobak and Lowder milk. Maternity and women’s health care. Phildelphia :
Mosby year book. 1996; 20-23.
18. Boback Irene et al. Essentials of Maternity Nursing. The Nurse and the
childbearing family. Toronto C.V., Mosby Company. 1987.
19. Bennet, Ruth, India Brow. Myles text book for midwives. 12th Edition. England :
ELBS. 1995; 118 - 141.
20. James, D.K. High risk pregnancy. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders,
1999; 9 –11.
21. Rajkumari S. Attitude of girls towards marriage & Planned family, The Journal
family welfare. 1985; (31):52-54.
22. Kannan A.T. Adolescent Health issues and concerns in India. Health for
Millions.1995; ( 21) 29 – 30.
23. Smitha, M.V. A study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding
Premarital sex and contraception among adolescent students of selected Pre-
University colleges of Mangalore. 2004.
84
24. Kothari, C.R. Research methodology and technique. Hyderabad : Willey eastern
publications. 1990 ; 68 – 69.
25. Chin & Jacob. Nursing research methods of critical appraisal and utilization.
Philadelphia : Mosby year book, 1994; 228.
26. Polit, Denise F., Hungler, B.P. Nursing Research, Principles and methods.
Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company. 1991; 400.
27. Polit, Denise F., Hungler, B.P. Nursing Research, Principles and methods.
Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company. 1991; 400.
28. Basavanthappa, B.T. Nursing Research.1st Edition. J. P. Brothers, 1998.
29. Kerlinger, Fred, N. Foundations of Behavioural Research. Holt Rinchast &
Winston. Newyork : 1976.
30. Dutta, D. C. Text book of obstetrics. 5th Edition. Calcutta : New central Book
Agency, 2001; 1-16.
books.1985.
32. Pillitteri Adele. Maternal Child – Health Nursing. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincot
company.1992; 45-46.
books.1985.
85
86
ANNEXURES
A. Letter seeking permission to conduct the study
B. Letter granting permission to conduct study
C. Letter seeking expert opinion to establish the content validity of the tool
D. Evaluation Criteria Check List
E. Letter of consent by the student for the study
F. List of Content Validators of the prepared Tool
G. Tool used for the study.
H. Health education package on reproductive health.
I. Master Sheet
87
ANNEXURES-A
LETTER SEEKING PERMISSION TO CONDUCT STUDY
From
SOPHIA
M.Sc. Nursing – II year
Vijayanagar
Bangalore
To
The Principal
B. E. S. College
Jayanagar, Bangalore
Sub : Permission to conduct a study in B. E. S. College, Jayanagar, Bangalore
I am IInd year student of M.Sc., Nursing ( Maternity Nursing ), Sarvodaya College
of Nursing, Vijayanagar, Bangalore. I have undertaken a thesis on the topic “ A STUDY
TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING SELECTED ASPECTS OF
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS, WITH A VIEW
TO DEVELOP A HEALTH EUDCATION PACKAGE IN B.E.S. COLLEGE,
JAYANAGAR, BANGALORE”.
88
The Objectives of the study are :
adolescents.
2) To determine the relationship between knowledge and selected socio –
demographic variables such as subject chosen, mother’s education, type of family,
place of residence, source of information, guardian’s occupation and family
income.
3) To compare the level of knowledge regarding selected aspect of reproductive
health between Science students and Arts students.
4) To prepare a health education package on selected aspects of reproductive –
health.
In this point of view, I request you to kindly grant me permission to conduct the study
in B. E. S. College, Jayanagar, Bangalore by collecting the necessary information related
to the study.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
SOPHIA
Place : Bangalore
Date :
89
ANNEXURES-B
LETTER GRANTING PERMISSION TO CONDUCT STUDY
The Principal
B. E. S. College
Jayanagar
Bangalore
Sub : Permission to conduct a study
With reference to the above letter it has been informed that Ms. SOPHIA, Final
year M.Sc. Nursing student, Sarvodaya College of Nursing, Vijayanagar granted
permission to conduct her study in B. E. S. College, Jayanagar, Bangalore. In this regard
the teachers have been directed to provide full help and co-operation in facilitating the
study.
Principal
B. E. S. College
Jayanagar, Bangalore
Place : Bangalore
Date :
90
ANNEXURES-C
LETTER REQUESTING THE EXPERTS TO COMPUTE THE
CONTENT VALIDITY OF THE TOOL
From :
Mrs. SOPHIA
II year M.Sc., Nursing
Bangalore – 560 040
To :
Sir / Madam,
Sub : Request of the Validation of the tool
I Mrs. SOPHIA, M.Sc., Nursing IInd year student of Sarvodaya College of
Nursing, Bangalore have taken a project on “Study on assessment of knowledge
regarding reproductive health among adolescent with the view to develop health
education package” in B E S college, Jayanagar, Bangalore to be submitted to Rajiv
Gandhi University Of Health Sciences, Bangalore as partial fulfillment for Master of
Nursing Degree.
91
The Objectives of the study are :
¾ To assess the knowledge on selected aspects of reproductive health among
adolescents.
¾ To determine the relationship between knowledge and selected socio -
demographic variables such as subject chosen, mother’s education, type of family,
place of residence, source of information, guardian’s occupation and family
income.
¾ To compare the level of knowledge regarding selected aspects of reproductive
health between Science students and Arts students.
¾ To prepare a health education package on selected aspects of reproductive –
health.
I request you to give me your expert opinion and suggestion on the
appropriateness of the items, which need to be modified or deleted, by using the
evaluation criterion check list enclose.
Kindly sign the certificate of validation stating that you have validated the tool
Thanking you in anticipation
Yours faithfully,
Place : Bangalore SOPHIA
Date :
92
ANNEXURES-D
EVALUATION CRITERIA CHECKLIST
Kindly go through the evaluation criteria checklist for a validation of the tool.
There are two columns given for your responses and a columns for remarks, kindly place
a check ( ) in the appropriate column and give your remarks in the remark column
whenever appropriate.
I request you to kindly give me your valuable suggestions to the content of the
tool. Please give your expert comments on the items you think should be modified or
deleted in respective tool.
Sl. No. Criteria Yes No Remarks
1 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
1.1 All the items necessary for the study are

present
1.2 Items are in measurable terms
1.3 Any other suggestions
2 STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE
2.1 Relevant to the objectives of the study
2.2 Flow of thought about concept present
2.3 Language is clear to understand
93
Sl. No. Criteria Yes No Remarks
2.4 Content is
• Appropriate
• Organized well
2.5 Items would permit responses, which

would be in measurable terms
2.6 Any other suggestions
Any other suggestion (s) about the tool in general
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Thanking you in anticipation
SIGNATURE OF THE VALIDATOR
94
ANNEXURE – E
CONSENT BY THE SUBJECT
Dear Participants,
I Ms. SOPHIA, M.Sc. Nursing student of Sarvodaya College of Nursing,
Vijayanagar, Bangalore interested to know more about your knowledge regarding
selected aspects of reproductive health. The information which you are giving will be
kept confidential and will be used only for this study. Please participate in this program
by answering my questions honestly and state your willingness to participate in this
study.
Thanking you,
Yours truly,
SOPHIA
Participant’s Signature :
95
ANNEXURE – F
LIST OF CONTENT VALIDATORS OF THE PREPARED TOOL
Mr. Chamanalakar
Principal
Bangalore
Mrs. Thamarai Selvi

Associated Professor
Bangalore
Mrs. Sangeetha
Associated Professor
Bangalore
Mrs. Thialakavathi
Professor
Oxford College of Nursing
Bangalore
Mrs. Jaya Kadambari

Principal
Nightingale College of Nursing
Bangalore
Mrs. Annamma Thomas

Lecturer
K. T. J. College of Nursing
Bangalore
96
Miss. Kanitha
T. John College of Nursing
Bangalore
Dr. Malini
Professor
Department of OBG
Bangalore
Dr. Kumaraswamy
Professor
Department of OBG
Bangalore
Ms. Chithra
Professor
Department of M.S.N.
Bangalore
97
ANNEXURE - G
The tools used for the study “ Semi – Structured interview Schedule
On
Reproductive Health
Part – I : Demographic Data

Instructions : Here are some personal questions which will be kept confidential.
Please complete the following by placing tick ( ). Mark in the
appropriate column.
1. Name of the Student : __________________________________
2. Age : __________________________________
3. Religion : __________________________________
4. Qualification : __________________________________
5. Type of College : (1) Women’s College ( )

(2) Co – Education ( )
6. Mother’s Education : (1) Illiterate ( )

(2) Higher Secondary ( )
(3) Degree ( )
(4) Professional / Technical ( )
7. Father’s Occupation : (1) Business ( )

(2) Professional ( )
(3) Daily Wages ( )
(4) Unemployed ( )
98
8. Family Income – Monthly : (1) Below Rs.1000/- ( )
(2) Rs.1’000/- to Rs.3’000/- ( )
(3) Rs.3’000/- to Rs.5’000/- ( )
(4) Rs.5’000/- and Above ( )
9. Place of living : (1) Urban ( )

(2) Rural ( )
(3) Semi Urban ( )
10. College : (1) Urban ( )

(2) Rural ( )
11. Had you attended any

Sex Education class : (1) Yes ( )
(2) No ( )
12. Your Hobbies : (1) Browsing Internet ( )

(2) Watching Cinema ( )
(3) Sports / Games ( )
(4) Reading Books ( )
13. Sources of reproductive
health ( or ) Sex
Informative from : (1) Parents ( )
(2) Teachers ( )
(3) Friends ( )
(4) Mass Media ( )
99
Part – II : Knowledge regarding reproductive health
Section – A : Anatomy & Physiology of Reproductive System
Instructions :
• Read the question carefully

• Answer all the questions to the best of your ability
• Please tick ( ) in the appropriate box provided
• You may tick more than response if applicable
1. Age of a girl considered as physically mature ?
(1) Above 15 years ( )

(2) After the age of 18 years ( )
(3) After the age of 21 years ( )
(4) Don’t now ( )
2. Most visible changes that occurs in a girl’s physic during Puberty ?
(1) Development of breast ( )

(2) Auxiliary and Public hair appearance ( )
(3) Widening of hip ( )
(4) All the above ( )
3. Reason for changes in Puberty ?
(1) Ovulation ( )
(2) Increased hormonal levels ( )
(3) Attraction towards opposite Sex ( )
(4) Don’t Know ( )
100
4. Female reproductive Organ consist of ?
(1) Ovaries and fallopian tubes ( )

(2) Uterus and Vagina ( )
5. Female sex cell is named as ?
(1) Sperm ( )
(2) Zygote ( )
(3) Ovum ( )
(4) Don’t know ( )
6. Name of the organ which produces female sex cell ?
(1) Uterus ( )
( 2) Cervix ( )
(3) Ovary ( )
7. The release of Ovum from Ovary is called as ?
(1) Fertilization ( )
(2) Ovulation ( )
(3) Menstruation ( )
101
8. Normally the eggs produce during each cycle ?
(1) One ( )
(2) Two ( )
(3) Three and above ( )
9. Released Ovum is carried to uterus through ?
(1) Cervix ( )
(2) Fallopian tubes ( )
(3) Vagina ( )
10. The male sex cell is named as ?
(1) Ovum ( )
(2) Sperm ( )
(3) Zygote ( )
11. Sperms in male are produced by ?
(1) Testis ( )
(2) Abdomen ( )
(3) Penis ( )
(4) Kidney ( )
102
12. The fluid containing male sex cell ?
(1) Semen ( )
(2) Serum ( )
(3) Urine ( )
13. Fusion of Ovum and Sperm is called as ?
(1) Menstruation ( )
(2) Menopause ( )
(3) Conception ( )
14. Hormones produced by Ovary ?
(1) Oestrogen and Progestrone ( )

(2) Oestrogen and Androgen ( )
(3) Any other ( )
15. The male hormone responsible for secondary sexual characteristic ?
(1) Estrogen ( )
(2) Progestrone ( )
(3) Testosterone ( )
103
16. Hereditary traits are passed to children through ?
(1) Genes ( )
(2) Circulation ( )
(3) Hormones ( )
17. Sex of the child is determined by the chromosomes of ?
(1) Father ( )
(2) Mother ( )
(3) Both ( )
18. Consequences of Chromosomal abnormality is ?
(1) Congenital abnormality ( )

(2) Death of foetus ( )
(3) Both ( )
Section - B : Menstruation & Hygiene
19. Menstruation is ?
(1) White discharge from Vagina ( )

(2) Blood from Uterus ( )
(3) It is a destruction of endometrium through vagina every month( )
104
20. The first Menstruation is known as ?
(1) Menarche ( )
(2) Puberty ( )
(3) Menopause ( )
21. Reason for menstruation ?
(1) Hormonal changes ( )

(2) Bad blood is being purified ( )
(3) Body waste is remove ( )
(4) Women’s fate ( )
22. Common age for attaining menarche is ?
(1) Before 9 years ( )

(2) 10 – 13 years ( )
(3) 14 – 17 years ( )
(4) 18 – 24 years ( )
23. Amount of blood loss during each menstrual period ?
(1) 30 ml ( )
(2) 60 – 120 ml ( )
(3) More than 200ml ( )
105
24. Duration of normal menstrual cycle is ?
(1) 1 – 3 days ( )
(2) 3 – 5 days ( )
(3) 5 – 7 days ( )
25. Interval period between each menstruation cycle in ?
(1) 20 days ( )
(2) 22 days ( )
(3) 28 days ( )
(4) 35 days ( )
26. The Hygienic way during menstrual period hygienic is ?
(1) Use clean cloths ( )

(2) Use home made Sanitary napkins ( )
(3) Use of ready made Sanitary napkins ( )
27. If the cloth is used, it should be ?
(1) Washed in cold water first and then in hot water and dry in sunlight
( )
(2) Wash in hot water then soak in dettol for few minute and dry in dark room
( )
(3) Wash in soap & water ( )
106
28. Sanitary pad should be changed by ?
(1) Once a day ( )

(2) Twice a day ( )
(3) 4 – times a day ( )
(4) Whenever soaked ( )
29. The best method of disposing used pads ?
(1) Cover and discard in waste bin ( )

(2) Burying ( )
(3) Burning ( )
30. The correct technique to clean the hands after placing the pad ?
(1) Wash the hand with water ( )

(2) Wash with soap and water ( )
(3) Keep it as it is ( )
31. Menstrual hygiene is important because ?
(1) To avoid bad smell ( )

(2) To prevent infection ( )
(3) To give comfort ( )
107
32. The correct technique to clean the perineum ?
(1) Urithral orifice to down wards ( )

(2) Anal orifice to urithral wards ( )
(3) No specific method to clean ( )
Section – C : Pregnancy and Care
33. Recommended minimum age for marriage of boys in India is ?
(1) 18 – 20 years ( )
(2) 21 – 25 years ( )
(3) 25 – 30 years ( )
34. Recommended age for marriage for girls in India is ?
(1) 15 – 17 years ( )
(2) 18 – 20 years ( )
(3) 21 – 30 years ( )
35. Early marriage is unadvisable because ?
(1) Bad effect on mother’s health ( )

(2) Bad effect on Baby’s health ( )
(3) All of the above ( )
108
36. Decision to become pregnant is made by ?
(1) Husband ( )
(2) Wife ( )
(3) Parents ( )
(4) 1&2 ( )
37. Normally women become fertile during ?
(1) All days of menstruation ( )

(2) 5 – 7 days following menstruation ( )
(3) 10 – 14 days after the menstruation ( )
38. Early sign of pregnancy is ?
(1) Missing periods ( )

(2) Breast enlargement ( )
(3) Frequency in urination ( )
(4) Nausea / Vomiting ( )
39. A pregnant woman should have regular checkup to prevent ?
(1) Complications of mother ( )

(2) Complications of Baby ( )
(3) Both ( )
109
40. The pregnant woman’s diet should contain ?
(1) Egg, Milk, Meat, Fish, Pulses ( )

(2) Fresh fruits, Vegetables ( )
41. Vaccine to be given during pregnancy ?
(1) Injection Tetanus Toxide ( )

(2) Injection B12 ( )
(3) Injection BCG ( )
42. A pregnant women must avoid ?
(1) Alcohol / Self medication ( )

(2) Tobacco ( )
43. Pregnant woman should visit a Doctor if there is ?
(1) Bleeding from the genital passage ( )

(2) Swelling in any part of the body ( )
(3) Severe Headache ( )
(4) All of the above ( )
110
44. Expected month of delivery is ?
(1) 8 – 9 months of pregnancy ( )

Section – D : Family Planning
45. Meaning of family planning is ?
(1) Avoid unwanted pregnancy ( )

(2) Regular interval between pregnancy ( )
(3) Determine number of children in family ( )
46. The ideal gap between two pregnancy ?
(1) 1 – 2 years ( )
(2) 2 – 3 years ( )
(3) 4 – 5 years ( )
47. The number of children per a couple recommended by Indian family planning ?
(1) Two Children ( )

(2) One Child ( )
(3) Three children ( )
(4) Any Number ( )
111
48. Family planning method are ?
(1) Natural method ( )

(2) Artificial method ( )
(3) Both ( )
49. The temporary method of male contraception is ?
(1) Condom ( )
(2) Cutting the tube which carries sperm ( )
(3) Both ( )
50. The permanent method of male contraception is ?
(1) Condom ( )
(2) Cutting the tube which carries sperm ( )
(3) Both ( )
51. The permanent method of female contraception is ?
(1) Copper – T ( )
(2) Oral pills ( )
(3) Cutting the tube which carries Ovum ( )
112
ANNEXURE – H
HEALTH EDUCATION PAMPHLET
INTRODUCTION
Adolescence is the period between the beginning of puberty ( 11 to 14 years ) and
the cessation of bodily growth, during this period there will be massive changes in
psychical growth and psychological development, with emotional maturity and transition
in sexual roles. This period can be divided into early ( 12 through 14 years ) middle ( 15
through 16 years ) and late adolescence ( 17 through 18 years ). Adolescent girls should
have basic knowledge regarding the aspect of reproductive health.
OBJECTIVE
The health education pamphlet helps the girls to learn about anatomy and
physiology of reproductive health, menstrual hygiene, pregnancy and care and family
planning methods.
113
LESSON – 1
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
The female reproductive system consists of the external, internal and accessory
reproductive organs.
External Female Genitalia
Vulva : The term used to designate all visible structure from
pubis to perineum.
Mons Pubis : It is the fatty cushion that lies over the anterior
symphysis pubis.
Clitoris : Is a small cylindrical body which corresponds with the
penis of the male. It is very sensitive to touch and
temperature and also the center of sexual arousal and
orgasm in the female.
114
Labia Majora : Labia majora forms the side of vulva
Labia Minora : Posterior to monsveneris, spread two folds of
connective tissue is labia minora.
Vestibule : Is an almond – shaped area, that extends from the
clitoris to the posterior fourchette. It contains urethra,
skene’s dects, vaginal orifice and bartholin’s gland.
Hymen : It is a thin elastic tissue covering the opening the
vagina, which is perforated centrally to drain menstrual
blood flow.
The Internal Genital Organ
115
Vagina
Vagina is a muscular tube opening, which leads to the uterus.
Functions :
Active part in sexual intercourse.
To receive the sperm.
It act as a excretory channel for uterine secretions and
menstrual blood flow.
It forms the birth canal during delivery.
Uterus
The Uterus is a small, hollow organ. It has got three layers – endometrium,
myometrium and perimetrium. Its weight is about 60 gms.
Functions :
Protect and nourishes the fetus for nine months

Ovaries
Two almond shaped organ, situated by the side of uterus. The ovary
releases an ovum called ovulation.
Functions :
Produces Ovum
Produces hormones, estrogen and progesterone responsible
for secondary sexual characteristics.
ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
Breast :
It concerned with lactation following child birth. A dark colored
pigmented area at the center of breast called areola and a muscular projection at
the center of areola is called nipple.
116
PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN GIRLS
Enlargement of the breast and nipples
Widening of hips
Growth of hair in the armpits and genital area
Development of pimples on the face
Occurrence of menstruation at each month
Skeletal growth ends by 18 years of age.30
LESSION – II
MENSTRUATION AND HYGIENE
Meaning : It is the monthly discharge of blood, and endometrium, from the
uterus, beginning at the age of puberty and lasting until the menopause.
Interval between menstrual cycle : 28 – 30 days
Average duration of menstrual cycle : 3 – 5 days
Average amount of blood flow during menstruation : 60 – 120ml
Menstruation is not caused by disease but controlled
by the sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone
117
PHASE OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
There are three phases of menstrual cycle. The phases occur as a result of the effect
of hormonal influence on the ovaries and uterus.
Menstrual Phase :
This is the phase of menstrual bleeding.
Proliferative-follicular phase :
During this phase, a single follicle has assumed dominance. Under the influence
of LH, the release of the dominant follicle in preparation for conception.
Secretary – luteal phase :
Begins after ovulation. During this phase the endometrial lining charges in
substance to provide a glycogen rich environment to foster implantation. If pregnancy
does not occur, shedding of endometrium occurs which results in menstruation.
Menstrual Hygiene
Give special attention to cleaning the vulva thoroughly from urethral orifice to anal
orifice with water every time your change your sanitary pad / cloth.
Change your sanitary pad / cloth every 3 to 4 hours or as often as necessary to prevent
odour and infection.
Dispose the pad by burning & sanitary cloth can be washed with tap water and soap
and dry under sun before the next use.
It is common to have some discharge coming from vagina, before menstruation.
If the discharge is smelling, a doctor may be consulted
118
There may also be some itching around the genital opening or in the groins especially
after menstruation.31
LESSION - III
PREGNANCY AND CARE
i) Meaning of Pregnancy : It is a period from conception to the
expulsion of the fetus. Normally it covers
280 days or nine calendar months.
ii ) Conception : It is the stage, when the seed ( zygote ) is
formed by the union of male sperm and
ovum, and the uterus provides space and
nourishment to the “seed”.
iii) Signs and symptoms of pregnancy :
The woman misses her periods
Nausea and vomiting during the first three months
Frequency in urination
Abdominal enlargement
Enlargement of the breast
Dark areas on the face, breasts, silvery white markings in abdomen
Baby starts moving in the womb from the fifth month.
119
iv ) Stages of Growth :
1ST Lunar Month
The fetus is 0.75cm to 1 cm in length
Foundations for nervous system.
Genitourinary system, skin, bones and
Lungs are formed.
Buds of arms and legs begin to form
Eyes, ears and nose appear.
2nd Lunar Month
The fetus is 2.5cm in length and weighs 4gm.
Fetus is markedly bent
Head is disproportionately large for brain
Development
3rd Lunar Month
The fetus is 7cm to 9cm in length and
Weight 28gm.
Fingers and toes are distinct.
Fetal circulation is complete.
4th Lunar Month
The fetus is 10cm to 17cm in length and

Weighs 55gm to 120gm.
Sex is differentiated.
120
Kidneys secrete urine
Heartbeat is present.
5th Lunar Month
The fetus is 25cm in length and weighs 223gm.
Hairs covers entire body.
Fetal movements are felt by mother
6th Lunar Month
The fetus is 28cm to 36cm in length
And weighs 680 gm.
Skin appears wrinkled
Eyebrows and fingernails develop.
7th Lunar Month
The fetus is 35cm to 38cm in length
And weighs 1200gm.
Skin is red.
The fetus has an excellent change of
Survival.
8th Lunar Month
Length 38cm to 43cm, weighs 2.7 kg.
Fetus is viable
121
9th Lunar Month
Length 42cm to 49cm, weighs
1900gm to 2700gm.
Fat deposit on the body.
10th Lunar Month
Length 42 – 42cm, weighs 3000gm.
Full term baby
V ) Do’s and Don’ts during Pregnancy :
Do’s in Pregnancy :
a) Diet :
The pregnancy diet ideally should be light, nutritious, easily digestible and rich in
protein, minerals and vitamins.
122
THE FOOD GUIDE PYRAMID
A guide to daily food choices
Recommended daily prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement for pregnant women.
Iron 30 – 60 mg Vitamin C – 80 mg
Zinc 15mg Vitamin D – 10mg
Copper – 2 mg Calories – 2800 kcal
Calcium – 250mg Protein – 60g / day
a) A pregnant mother has to drink ten to twelve glasses of water per day.
Supplementary iron therapy is needed for all pregnant mother from 20 week
onwards.
b) Exercise : Regular mild exercise like walking is helpful for pregnant women.
c) Rest and sleep : A pregnant woman should sleep at least, 8 hours at night and 2
hours at noon.
123
d) Antenatal Hygiene :
Bowel : Regular bowel movement can be encouraged by
regulation of diet, taking plenty of fluids, vegetables
and fruits.
Bathing : Bathe daily and wear light cotton loose clothes.
Avoid heel shoes.
Dental Care : Proper oral hygiene is to be maintained.
Care of the breasts : Maintain cleanliness. If the nipples are retracted,
correction is to be done in the later months by using
shields.
e) Immunization : Two does of injection tetanus toxoid at 6 weeks
interval is to be given.
f) Health checkup : Regular checkups are needed. Report to doctor
immediately if symptoms like intense headache,
disturbed sleep with restlessness, urinary troubles,
epigastric pain, vomiting and scanty urination
occurred.
g) Prepare for safe delivery: Keep article needed for both mother & baby.
( Money, clean cotton clothes for mother and baby
etc. )
Don’t in Pregnancy
Long journey to be avoided during first and last 3 months
Avoid smoking and alcoholism
124
Avoid self – medications
Avoid vigorous exercises like cycling, motor vehicle riding
Avoid X – ray examination during the first 6 months.
vi) Care of mother after delivery
Daily bathing and keep the genital area clean and dry. Change the pads, 3 – 4
times a day and whenever necessary.
Take a light diet on the first day and normal diet may be resumed from the 2nd
day.
Drink at least 6 – 8 glasses of fluid in a day.
Early ambulation and light exercises are encouraged
Observe for any abnormal discharge and bleeding per vagina
Pass urine every 4 – 5 hours interval
A diet rich in fiber, and fluids helps to move the bowel
Mother has to come to the hospital for check – up after 6 weeks.
vii) Care of Body
Feed the baby with colostrums ( first breast milk ) at the earliest. It is rich in
antibodies and vitamin A and protects the baby against infection
Protect the baby from excessive heat or cold.
Bathe the baby daily with mild soap and keep the umbilical cord clean and dry.
Keep the baby close to the mother’s body.
Change diaper or clothes each time it has got wet
Protect the baby from mosquitoes and insects.
125
Avoid people with infections coming in contact with the baby.
Provide a room away from smoke and dust.
Do not apply any ointments / powder on the umbilical stump.
Give immunization as per schedule.32
LESSION – IV
FAMILY PLANNING
Meaning :
Family planning is a way of thinking and living in order to build a healthy
family by small family norm.
Types of Family Planning
Temporary methods
Permanent methods
1. Temporary Methods
This method adopted to postpone or space births.
a) Birth control pills ( Oral contraceptives )
126
It is a temporary method of family planning. Seek medical advice before taking
birth control pills.
b) Condom ( Prophylactic, “Sheath or rubber” )
It is narrow, rubber, or latex bag intended for men. It helps to prevent pregnancy
as well as sexually transmitted diseases.
c) Diaphragm
It is a shallow cup made of soft rubber and intended for women.
d) The Intra Uterine Devices
It is a plastic or sometimes a metal object that a medical person, places inside the
womb to prevent pregnancy. It is the simplest and most economical method.
Spermicide : It is a chemical method of contraception, to kill the sperm.
e) Withdrawal method ( Coitus interrupts )
This is another form of family planning methods used by the men.
f) Injections
There are special injections to prevent pregnancy. An injection is given every
three months.
127
g) Safe period ( Rhythm method ) ( Calendar method )
The couple can be advised to have intercourse one week before the day of
menstrual cycle and up to one week from the first day of the menstrual period. Ovulation
usually occurs 14th day prior to the next menstruation.
II. Permanent Methods
Tubectomy or female sterilization
It is the surgery done where the tube which carries ovum is cut so that the
ovum and sperm cannot meet each other and pregnancy does not occur.
Vasectomy or male sterilization
In this the tube which carries sperm is cut and clamped. This helps the
male to become sterile.33
SUMMARY
You have learned the aspects of reproductive health such as anatomy &
physiology of reproductive system, menstruation and hygiene, pregnancy care and family
planning methods.
128
ANNEXURE – I
Demographic Data
Q. N
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
S. N
A
1. 17 H 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
2. 16 H A 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 4
3. 17 M Sc. 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
4. 18 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
5. 17 M Sc. 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 4
6. 19 H A 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
7. 17 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
8. 16 H Sc. 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
9. 17 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
10. 16 H A 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 4
11. 17 H Sc. 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
12. 18 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
13. 17 H Sc. 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 4
14. 19 H A 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
129
15. 17 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
16. 16 H Sc. 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
17. 19 H A 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
18. 17 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
19. 16 H Sc. 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
20. 17 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
21. 16 H A 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 4
22. 17 H Sc. 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
23. 18 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
24. 19 H A 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
25. 17 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
26. 16 H Sc. 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
27. 18 C A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
28. 17 H Sc. 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 4
29. 19 H A 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
30. 17 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
31. 16 H Sc. 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
32. 19 H A 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
33. 17 C A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
34. 16 H Sc. 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
130
35. 17 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
36. 19 H A 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
37. 17 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
38. 16 H Sc. 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
39. 19 H A 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
40. 17 C A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
41. 16 H A 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 4
42. 17 H Sc. 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
43. 18 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
44. 17 H Sc. 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 4
45. 18 C A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
46. 17 C A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
47. 16 H Sc. 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
48. 17 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
49. 16 H A 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 4
50. 17 H Sc. 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
51. 18 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
52. 17 H Sc. 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 4
53. 19 H A 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
54. 17 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
131
55. 16 H Sc. 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
56. 16 H A 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 4
57. 17 H Sc. 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
58. 18 H A 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 3
59. 17 H Sc. 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 4
60. 19 H A 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4
132
PART – II
Section – A : Anatomy and Physiology of Reproductive System
Q. N
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
S. N
1. 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3
2. 2 1 1 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 2
3. 2 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 2
4. 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 1 2 2 2
5. 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1
6. 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 3
7. 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3
8. 2 1 1 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 2
9. 2 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 2
10. 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 1 2 2 2
11. 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1
12. 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 3
13. 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3
14. 2 1 1 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 2
133
15. 2 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 2
16. 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 1 2 2 2
17. 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1
18. 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 3
19.
20. 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3
21. 2 1 1 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 2
22. 2 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 2
23. 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 1 2 2 2
24. 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1
25. 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 3
26. 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3
27. 2 1 1 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 2
28. 2 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 2
29. 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 1 2 2 2
30. 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1
31. 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 3
32. 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3
134
33. 2 1 1 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 2
34. 2 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 2
35. 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 1 2 2 2
36. 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1
37. 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 3
38. 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3
39. 2 1 1 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 2
40. 2 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 2
41. 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 1 2 2 2
42. 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1
43. 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 3
44. 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3
45. 2 1 1 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 2
46. 2 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 2
47. 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 1 2 2 2
48. 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1
49. 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 3
50. 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3
135
51. 2 1 1 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 2
52. 2 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 2
53. 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 1 2 2 2
54. 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1
55. 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 3
56. 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3
57. 2 1 1 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 2
58. 2 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 2
59. 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 1 2 2 2
60. 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1
136
Section – B : Menstrual Hygiene
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1
2 2 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 2
3 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 1
4 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
5 4 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
6 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
7 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1
8 2 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 2
9 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 1
10 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
11 4 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
12 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
13 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1
14 2 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 2
15 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 1
16 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
17 4 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
18 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
19 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1
20 2 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 2
21 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 1
22 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
137
23 4 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
24 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
25 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
26 4 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
27 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
28 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1
29 2 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 2
30 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 1
31 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
32 4 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
33 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
34 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
35 4 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
36 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
37 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1
38 2 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 2
39 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 1
40 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
41 4 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
42 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
43 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
44 4 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
45 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
46 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1
47 2 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 2
138
48 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 1
49 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
50 4 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
51 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1
52 2 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 2
53 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 1
54 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
55 4 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
56 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
57 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1
58 2 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 2
59 4 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
60 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
139
SECTION – C : Pregnancy and care
Q. N
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S. N
1 3 2 1 4 2 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
2
2 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1
3
2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2
4
3 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
5
3 2 3 4 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
6
3 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
7
3 2 1 4 2 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
8
2 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1
9
2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2
10
3 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
11
3 2 3 4 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
140
12
3 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
13
3 2 1 4 2 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
14
2 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1
15
2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2
16
3 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
17
3 2 3 4 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
18
3 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
19
3 2 1 4 2 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
20
2 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1
21
2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2
22
3 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
23
3 2 3 4 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
24
3 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
141
25
2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2
26
3 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
27
3 2 3 4 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
28
3 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
29
2 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1
30
2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2
31
3 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
32
3 2 3 4 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
33
3 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
34
2 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1
35
2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2
36
3 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
37
3 2 3 4 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
142
38
3 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
39
2 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1
40
2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2
41 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
42 3 2 3 4 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
43 3 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
44 2 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1
45 2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2
46 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
47 3 2 3 4 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
48 3 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
49 2 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1
50 2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2
51 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
52 3 2 3 4 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
53 3 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
54 2 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1
55 2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2
143
56 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
57 3 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1
58 2 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 2
59 2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 1
60 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 3 1 1
144
SECTION – D : Family planning
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
2 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
3 1 1 1 4 1 2 3
4 4 1 1 1 1 2 3
5 3 3 1 1 1 2 3
6 2 1 1 4 1 2 3
7 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
8 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
9 1 1 1 4 1 2 3
10 4 1 1 1 1 2 3
11 3 3 1 1 1 2 3
12 2 1 1 4 1 2 3
13 1 1 1 4 1 2 3
14 4 1 1 1 1 2 3
15 3 3 1 1 1 2 3
16 2 1 1 4 1 2 3
17 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
145
18 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
19 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
20 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
21 1 1 1 4 1 2 3
22 4 1 1 1 1 2 3
23 3 3 1 1 1 2 3
24 2 1 1 4 1 2 3
25 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
26 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
27 1 1 1 4 1 2 3
28 4 1 1 1 1 2 3
29 3 3 1 1 1 2 3
30 2 1 1 4 1 2 3
31 1 1 1 4 1 2 3
32 4 1 1 1 1 2 3
33 3 3 1 1 1 2 3
34 2 1 1 4 1 2 3
35 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
36 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
146
37 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
38 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
39 1 1 1 4 1 2 3
40 4 1 1 1 1 2 3
41 3 3 1 1 1 2 3
42 2 1 1 4 1 2 3
43 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
44 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
45 1 1 1 4 1 2 3
46 4 1 1 1 1 2 3
47 3 3 1 1 1 2 3
48 2 1 1 4 1 2 3
49 1 1 1 4 1 2 3
50 4 1 1 1 1 2 3
51 3 3 1 1 1 2 3
52 2 1 1 4 1 2 3
53 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
54 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
55 2 1 1 4 1 2 3
147
56 1 1 1 4 1 2 3
57 4 1 1 1 1 2 3
58 3 3 1 1 1 2 3
59 2 1 1 4 1 2 3
60 3 2 1 4 1 2 3
148

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“A study to assess the knowledge regarding selected aspects of

reproductive health among adolescent girls with a view to develop a

health education package” at B E S College, Bangalore.

Dissertation submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Bangalore,

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of,

Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing

Under the guidance of

Mrs. Sangeetha, Assoc. Professor

Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing

Sarvodaya College of Nursing

( Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore )

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

knowledge regarding selected aspects of reproductive health among adolescent girls

with a view to develop a health education package” at B E S College, Bangalore is a

SANGEETA, Prof. Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing.

Date : Signature of the Candidate

Place : Bangalore SOPHIA

regarding selected aspects of reproductive health among adolescent girls, with a

view to develop a Health education package in B.E.S. College, Jayanagar,

requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Obstetrics and Gynaecological

Date : Signature of the Guide

Place : Bangalore Mrs. N. Sangeetha

regarding selected aspects of reproductive health among adolescent girls, with a

view to develop a Health education package in B.E.S. College, Jayanagar,

N. Sangeetha, Asst. Professor in Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing.

Declaration by the candidate

electronic format for academic / research purpose.

Date : Signature of the Candidate

Place : Bangalore Name : Sophia

bestowed during this research endeavour.

contributed to the successful completion of this study.

My sincere thanks and appreciation are due to :

guidance suggestion and constructive criticism

valuable suggestion and co operation extended to this study as a guide.

I wish to express my heart felt gratitude’s to Mrs. Victorial, Mr.Amal Xeviour,

towards completion of this study.

their co operation to provide the data.

investigation, he has been a continued source of encouragement and help.

I am deeply indebted to my husband Mr. Sundaresan and my brother Celastian

Babu for their co operation and support.

I also extend my gratitude to Mr Bangar Raju and also to the Manager of

Corporatipon Bank for their Kind help for my studies.

I.V. = Internal variable

WHO = World health organization

STD = Sexually transmitted disease

“A Study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding aspects of

reproductive health among adolescent girls at B. E. S. College, Jayanagar, Bangalore.”

Objectives of the study

1) To assess the knowledge on selected aspects of reproductive health among

2) To compare the level of knowledge regarding selected aspects of reproductive

health between science students and arts students.

3) To determine the relationship between knowledge and selected socio democratic

variables such as subject chosen, mothers education place of residence, source of

information and family income.

4) To prepare a health education package on selected aspects of reproductive health.

Jayanagar, Bangalore, 60 adolescent girls were selected by simple random sampling

which has two parts.

PART – I : Comprises socio – demographic variables

PART – II : Deals with knowledge of adolescent girls regarding selected

aspects of reproductive health under four sections. Section – A

reproductive system, Section – B comprises knowledge regarding

menstruation & menstrual hygiene, Section – C & Section – D

deals with knowledge regarding pregnancy and care, and family