66 COMPLEX ROOTS

r
If r is not a multiple of 3, 1-f co + o>2r =0; hence, adding (A), (B), (C) together,
n n 2 n
we have 3(c +c3 +c 6 4-..0=2 + (l +o>) + (l+o> ) .

XT
Now -i
1 +co = l
i 2rr.27r TT\
+ cos -^- + 1 sin -5- =2 cos- cos^+tsm- rt 7r/7r.
O O O O O /), \

and, since cos ~ =i, we have 1 -f o> = cos - + 1 sin - ;

AI
Also
i
1
01l 4-cos 27T -i sin
+aj 2 =
. 2-7T
and
, ,,
+o> 2 ) n
,.,
cos
Ttrr
-tsui
. nrr
.
, (1
O O o tJ

a
Again, multiply (B) by co , (C) by co, and add to (A) ; then
n n 2 n
8(^+04+07 + ...)=2 +co (l4-a>) +o)(l+a> )
2
-

Al
Also 2 /i mn / 277
sm
. 27T\/
cos-
TlTT
+tsm-~
. W7T\
a> (l+eo) =( cos -^--4 If 1

^ (n-2)ir
- .
(n-2)ir
^ -^~

and
,
-
3

Finally, multiply (B) by o>, (C) by o>

2
, and add to (A) ; it will be found that

EXERCISE VIII

COMPLEX ROOTS
1. Prove that the values of ^-1 are ~^(1
v^
t).

2. Find the values of ^(1 + 1) and *J(l-i).

3. Use Art. 19 to show that
1),

2x
) (#- cos^-H l).
4. Prove that

=a; 2 (a; '

where a, j3 are the roots of z* + z- 1=0.]

 COMPLEX ROOTS 67

5. Give a geometrical construction to find the points z l9 z 2 corresponding to

the values of *Jz.

[If 01 is the unit of length, Oz l bisects the angle XOz, and is a mean proportional
to 01 and Oz ; and 2 2 is on z-f) produced, so that Oz a =2 1 O.]

6. If a, b are complex numbers, show that

[Let 2 1 =a + */a a-*Ja*-b 2 then by Exercise VII, Ex. 10,

-6 2
a
,
z2 ,

I *i I
2
+ *$J 2 =i *!+** 2 + i *i -*2 2 =2 a )t + 2 a*-6>
I I ! I I I | | ;

.
|
a -6 |
-f |
a -6 |
2
}

= {|a + 6| + |a-6|}M
7. Solve the equation
f
+ 2(l+2i)z -(11 + 20=0.
Verify that the sum of the roots is -2(1 + 20 and the product
- (11 + 20.
[Put z~x + iy, equate real and imaginary parts to zero and solve for x, y.]

8. Prove that, with regard to the quadratic

z2 + (p + ip')z
(i) if the equation has one real root, then

(ii) if the equation has two equal roots, then

p*-p'*=:4q and pp'ty'*

[(i) If a is a real root, by the rule of equality a 2
Eliminate a.

(ii) In this case (p + ip')*=4:(q + i,q'), etc.]

9. If z ~x + ly =r (cos 6 + 1 sin 0), prove that

Jz=z--={'Jr + x + i*/r-x} or {Vr -f x - i\lr - x} 9

according as y is positive or negative.

[\/z */r ( cos

- -f l sin - and cos 6 = - ;
J

Also if y>Q then 0<^<?r, and if y<0 we have -7r<8<0 9 etc.]

the roots of zn = (z + l)
n
, and show that the points which represent
them are collinear.

[The roots are -J( l +i cot

J,
where r=0, 1, 2, ... n-1. The corresponding
points lie on the line x + i=0.]
68 COMPLEX FACTORS

Show that the roots of (1-f 2) n = (l -z) n are the values of i tan-^, where
r = 0, ... n - \ but omitting n/2 if n is even.
n
1, 2, ,

12. Prove that

(i) * 2W -2xn cos 194- 1 = /Trio" (* - 2x cos

1 2

"*
(ii) *n + ar* - 2 cos = /T^I JJ + ar * - 2 cos
(a?

(iii) cos rz<

- cos nS = 2n - 1
77^o
~*
cos <
- cos + ~
[(i) x m - 2#n cos 6 + 1 ~~ {xn - (cos 4 t sin 0)} {z
n-
(cos
- 1 sin 0)}. Now use
Art. 15. (iii) Put x =cos <f> + 1 sin ^, and for put n0.]

13. If n is odd and not a multiple of 3, prove that x(x + l)(x* + x + 1) is a

+ l)
factor of (x n -xn -l.
[Put x=Q,
- 1, co, where a; is an imaginary cube root of unity.]
n=a 2n
14. If ( 1 + x + x2 ) -f a^ -f a 2 + a:
2
. . . -f 2 n^ > prove that
aQ + a 3 + a 6 +

15. If u
v=x+y + z + a(z
w=x + y + z + a(x + y-2z),
2 3 3
prove thUt 21 a (x 4- y -f z
3 -
Sa^z) = w 3 -f v 3 -f- 1^
3 - Suvw.

(a + w')- 1 -f (6 -f co')- 1 + (c + co')" 1 + (d + w')- 1 - 2ft/- 1 ,

and w are the imaginary cube roots of unity, prove that

r
where a>

1
[Consider the equation (a -f a)"" -f (6 4- x)~
l
-f (c 4- z)-
1
4- (d 4 x)- 1 = 2ar 1 .]
2 2 2 4- z 3 2 - - Zfa - 2^2 = 0,
[IT] If 2^ 4- 2;
2 2;3 prove that

[For x 4- a>2:2 *- ^^s = 0, /. ZB - zt =

-
18. If o>=J( 1 4-t\/3), being an imaginary cube root of unity, and a, 6, c are
real, then
</( + oA+ <o 2c)= J{>

V(a 4- co
2
6 + we) =
where D = s/(

provided that 6>c. If 6<c, the sign of A must be changed.

[Use Ex. 9. For a positive number x 9 >Jx denotes the positive square root.]