See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/335833593

A Study of the Urban Morphological Processes of Baghdad: Implications and

Guidelines for Urban Design and Planning in Middle Eastern Cities

Thesis · May 2017

CITATION READS

1 105

1 author:

Dhirgham Alobaydi
University of Baghdad
14 PUBLICATIONS   21 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Urban Morphology of Metropolis View project

21.09. – 02.10.2010Joint Urban Design Workshop Aleppo, "The edge of the old town – the integration of the historic town into the inner city, Case study Bab Al-Farag
area Aleppo" View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Dhirgham Alobaydi on 19 September 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 A Study of the Urban Morphological Processes of Baghdad:
Implications and Guidelines for Urban Design and Planning in
Middle Eastern Cities
By
© 2017
Dhirgham Mizher Alobaydi
M.A., the University of Kansas, 2015
M.Sc., the University of Baghdad, 2003
B.Sc., the University of Baghdad, 2000

Submitted to the graduate degree program in Architecture, Design, and Planning and the
Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

________________________________

Chairperson Mahbub Rashid

________________________________

Bonnie J. Johnson

________________________________

Stacey Swearingen White

________________________________

Kent F. Spreckelmeyer

________________________________

Xingong Li

Date Defended: 04 May 2017





ProQuest Number: 10281306




All rights reserved

INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.

In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript
and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed,
a note will indicate the deletion.






ProQuest 10281306

Published by ProQuest LLC (2017 ). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author.


All rights reserved.
This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code
Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.


ProQuest LLC.
789 East Eisenhower Parkway
P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346
 ii

The dissertation committee for Dhirgham Mizher Alobaydi certifies that

this is the approved version of the following dissertation:

A Study of the Urban Morphological Processes of Baghdad:

Implications and Guidelines for Urban Design and Planning in
Middle Eastern Cities

_____________________________

Chair: Mahbub Rashid

Date approved: 04 May 2017

 iii

Abstract

The growth of many old Middle Eastern cities occurred in a somewhat spontaneous

manner, without pre-planning, for several hundred years. In the recent decades, however, modern

planning practices and models have been applied to these cities for controlling and managing their

rapid expansions. The overlap between these two phases of the development of these old cities

increased the complexity of their urban form over time, which presently exhibits itself in three

different patterns: organic, modern, and hybrid (i.e. a pattern included both of organic and modern

patterns).

The main purpose of this dissertation is to study the physical qualities and spatial properties

of the structures and configurations of the urban form of a typical Middle Eastern city, and to

identify a set of urban typologies of growth by exploring its processes of formation and

transformation. The past research evaluating urban morphology in the Middle East region has been

limited. A review of the existing literature found many studies, covering issues, such as Arab-

Islamic influences, colonial interventions, and their socio-economic implications. However, they

do not sufficiently illustrate the morphological variations of a typical Middle Eastern city, which

is a critical need for urban design and planning.

This dissertation utilized an exploratory approach combining several existing

morphological techniques, methods, and measures presented in Conzen (1960), Southworth and

Owens (1993), and Hillier (2007) in order to better distinguish the physical and spatial differences

among the three urban patterns – organic, modern, and hybrid – of a Middle Eastern city. Baghdad,

Iraq was selected as the case study, because it is one of the oldest cities in the Middle East and it

has witnessed phenomenal growth and change during the last century. The complex nature of

historic urban growth of this city suggested that the exploratory research approach of the study be
 iv

built across a detailed examination of the five morphological phases of Baghdad’s history. This

approach consisted of gathering, classifying, and building digitized data based on old maps and

satellite images for analysis using the available GIS and space syntax tools.

Measured urban structures and identified spatial typologies of the study provided

significant insights into the relationships between the trends of urban growth and the scales of

expansion. Qualities, such as direction, integration, segregation, and choice of urban forms, were

generally useful for their association with other qualities, such as the processes of growth and land

development, and for their ability to describe the observed variations of urban forms in different

morphological phases.

In future, the proposed research approach may be applied across various scales of urban

form, such as quarters, neighborhoods, urban blocks, plots, buildings and landmarks; and across

cities by means of a comparative approach. The limitations of this research included the

complexity of a built environment such as Baghdad; and the limited sources of historic data and

information of such cities for morphological analysis of the kind presented in this dissertation.
 viii

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1

1.1 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 1

1.2 THE PROBLEM STATEMENT .............................................................................. 8
1.3 SCOPE OF RESEARCH ........................................................................................ 10
1.4 POTENTIAL RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS ................................................... 11
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION .............................................................. 12
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE ..................................................................... 13

2.1 THEORY AND METHODOLOGY....................................................................... 13

2.1.1 Traditional Urban Morphological Approaches ......................................................... 13
Conzen’s approach................................................................................................ 14
Southworth’s and Owens’ approach ..................................................................... 16
2.1.2 Approaches to Study Spatial Configurations ............................................................ 19
2.2 THE MIDDLE EASTERN CITIES........................................................................ 21
2.2.1 Studies on Urban Morphology ...................................................................................... 21
2.2.2 Studies on Spatial Configuration .................................................................................. 26
2.3 BAGHDAD, IRAQ................................................................................................. 28
2.3.1 Studies of Urban Morphology in Baghdad ................................................................ 28
2.3.2 Studies of Spatial Configurations in Baghdad .......................................................... 30
2.4 DEFINING THE RESEARCH GAP ...................................................................... 31
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 33

3.1 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK................................................................................. 33

3.1.1 Conzen’s Methods............................................................................................................. 33
3.1.2 Southworth’s and Owens’ Methods ............................................................................. 34
3.1.3 Hillier’s Methods ............................................................................................................... 34
Integration Measure .............................................................................................. 35
Choice Measure .................................................................................................... 36
3.3 THE CASE OF BAGHDAD (762-2010) ............................................................... 37
3.3.1 Pre-Islamic Phase (-762) ................................................................................................. 38
3.3.2 Foundation Phase (762-11th century) ........................................................................... 38
3.3.3 The Bwayhid Phase (954-1055) .................................................................................... 39
3.3.4 The Seljuqid Phase (1055-1152) ................................................................................... 40
3.3.5 The Ilkhandi Phase (1258-1338) ................................................................................... 41
3.3.6 The Ottoman Phase (1534-1830) .................................................................................. 41
3.3.7 Colonial Power and Iraqi Kingdom Periods (1917-1950s) ................................... 41
3.3.8 Iraqi Republic Phases (1960s-2000s) .......................................................................... 43
 ix

3.3.9 The Phase after Democracy (2003-present) .............................................................. 44

3.4 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 46
3.4.1 Gathering and Classifying Data .................................................................................... 46
Formation.............................................................................................................. 48
Densification ......................................................................................................... 48
Colonization.......................................................................................................... 49
Modernization ....................................................................................................... 49
Post-modernization ............................................................................................... 49
3.4.2 Preparing and Digitizing Data ....................................................................................... 50
Study Scales .......................................................................................................... 51
3.4.3 Analyzing and Measuring Data ..................................................................................... 52
Representation....................................................................................................... 52
Regeneration ......................................................................................................... 52
Definition .............................................................................................................. 53
Classification......................................................................................................... 53
CHAPTER FOUR: THE EVOLUTION OF STREET STRUCTURES ........ 55

4.1 RELEVANCE OF STREETS................................................................................. 55

4.2 STREET PATTERNS............................................................................................. 57
4.2.1 Deformed Patterns............................................................................................................. 58
4.2.2 Organic Zigzag Pattern with Cul-de-sacs ................................................................... 59
4.2.3 Hybrid of Organic and Gridiron Patterns ................................................................... 61
4.2.4 Hybrid of Gridiron and Incremental Infills................................................................ 62
4.2.5 Hybrid of Super Grid and Interrupted Parallels........................................................ 64
4.2.6 Hybrid of Organic, Composite, and Deformed Grid............................................... 65
4.3 URBAN DESIGN IMPLICATIONS...................................................................... 67
4.4 GUIDELINES FOR URBAN DESIGN ................................................................. 69
CHAPTER FIVE: THE PATTERNS OF LAND USE DISTRIBUTION ...... 74

5.1 RELEVANCE OF LAND USE .............................................................................. 75

5.2 LAND USE PATTERNS........................................................................................ 75
5.2.1 Strip Commercial and Fragmented Residential ........................................................ 76
5.2.2 Concentrated Commercial and Continuous Residential ........................................ 77
5.2.3 Linear Commercial and Fragmented Residential and Industrial ......................... 78
5.2.4 Central Mixed-use, Semi-continuous Residential, and Fragmented Institutional
................................................................................................................................................. 79
5.2.4.1 Central Socio-cultural and Regular Residential .................................................... 80
5.2.4.2 Radial Mixed-use with Concentric Residential .................................................... 81
5.3 URBAN DESIGN IMPLICATIONS...................................................................... 82
5.4 URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES .......................................................................... 83
 x

CHAPTER SIX: EVOLUTION OF STREET CONFIGURATIONS ............ 85

6.1 SPACE URBAN CONFIGURATION ................................................................... 85

6.2 PATTERNS OF URBAN CONFIGURATION ..................................................... 86
6.2.1 City form in 1050s ............................................................................................................ 86
6.2.2 Linear Pattern ..................................................................................................................... 86
Integration Core .................................................................................................... 86
Choice Core .......................................................................................................... 87
6.2.3 City form in 1850s ............................................................................................................ 87
6.2.4 Tree and Linear Patterns.................................................................................................. 88
Integration Core .................................................................................................... 88
Choice Core .......................................................................................................... 88
6.2.5 City form in 1940s ............................................................................................................ 89
6.2.6 Supergrid Pattern ............................................................................................................... 90
Integration Core .................................................................................................... 90
Choice Core .......................................................................................................... 91
6.2.7 City form in 1960s ............................................................................................................ 92
6.2.8 Hybrid of Supergrid and Fragmented Linear ............................................................ 93
Integration Core .................................................................................................... 93
Choice Core .......................................................................................................... 94
6.2.9 City form in 2010s ............................................................................................................ 95
6.2.10 Hybrid of Linear, Supergrid, and Tree ..................................................................... 97
Integration Core .................................................................................................... 97
Choice Core .......................................................................................................... 98
6.3 URBAN DESIGN IMPLICATIONS...................................................................... 99
6.4 URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES ........................................................................ 101
CHAPTER SEVEN: URBAN GROWTH PATTERNS ................................. 103

7.1 GROWTH PROCESSES ...................................................................................... 103

7.2 GROWTH PATTERNS........................................................................................ 104
7.2.1 Concentric Growth .......................................................................................................... 105
7.2.2 Irregular Strip Growth.................................................................................................... 106
7.2.3 Scattered Growth ............................................................................................................. 106
7.2.4 Multi Nuclei Growth ...................................................................................................... 108
7.2.5 Sectoral Growth ............................................................................................................... 109
7.2.6 Instant Growth .................................................................................................................. 109
7.3 TRENDS AND SCALES OF GROWTH PROCESSES...................................... 110
7.3.1 Fragmentation at small scales ...................................................................................... 110
7.3.2 Diffusion at medium scales .......................................................................................... 111
 xi

7.3.3 Densification within existing grids ............................................................................ 112

7.3.4 Separation at large scales .............................................................................................. 113
7.4 URBAN DESIGN IMPLICATIONS.................................................................... 114
7.5 GUIDELINES FOR URBAN DESIGN ............................................................... 116
CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSIONS............................................................. 117

8.1 THE OVERALL FINDINGS ............................................................................... 118

8.1.1 Patterns of Streets ............................................................................................................ 118
8.1.2 Patterns of Land Use Distribution .............................................................................. 119
8.1.3 Patterns of Syntactic Structures................................................................................... 120
8.2 RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE............................................................................. 123
8.2.1 The Integrated Model for Urban Morphological Studies .................................... 123
Physically............................................................................................................ 124
Spatially .............................................................................................................. 124
Functionally ........................................................................................................ 124
8.2.2 Urban Typologies ............................................................................................................ 124
8.2.3 Trends and Scales of Growth Processes ................................................................... 125
8.3 LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT RESEARCH ..................................................... 126
8.4 DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH........................................................ 127
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................... 129
 xii

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: The overlapping historic organic structures and modern urban expansions in 1950s
Baghdad .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 1.2: The Master plans of Baghdad in 1956 and 1959......................................................... 4
Figure 1.3: The Master Plan of Baghdad designed by Polservice Inc. in 1967............................. 5
Figure 1.4: Modern developments and practices overlaid on historic organic fabric.................... 6
Figure 1.5: The Historic Core of al-Kadhimiya before and after modernization. ......................... 6
Figure 1.6: Patterns of the urban forms found in the city of Baghdad .......................................... 9
Figure 1.7: A key map of the City of Baghdad, 2000s ................................................................ 11
Figure 2.1: Conzen’s three morphological layers ........................................................................ 15
Figure 2.2: Conzen’s techniques and methods to study the morphology of Alnwick ................. 15
Figure 2.3: Southworth and Owens’ methods to study historic evolutions at different scales.... 18
Figure 2.4: Showing syntactic properties of urban configuration of Old Baghdad ..................... 20
Figure 2.5: A partial map of Old Baghdad showed the pattern of historic organic fabrics ......... 25
Figure 3.1: Research Framework of this Dissertation ................................................................. 33
Figure 3.2: The architecture and planning of the Round City of Baghdad (762-769 CE)........... 40
Figure 3.3: The site and physical structures of Old Baghdad...................................................... 41
Figure 3.4: The map of Baghdad was founded by Felix Jones in 1853....................................... 42
Figure 3.5: Colonial and modern influences of Baghdad’s urban development during 1940s ... 43
Figure 3.6: The rapid growth of the City of Baghdad. ................................................................ 44
Figure 3.7: The metropolitan City of Baghdad in 2000s ............................................................. 45
Figure 3.8: The five historical phases of Baghdad’s urban development.................................... 50
Figure 4.1: Urban expansions and the transportation system of Baghdad in 1957 ..................... 56
Figure 4.2: The pattern of organic zigzag and cul-de-sac street network in the maps of the 1050s
and 1850s of Baghdad................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 4.3: Residential organic roads (left) and widened streets (right) in the historic cores of
Baghdad ........................................................................................................................................ 61
Figure 4.4: The pattern of hybrid of organic and gridiron street network found in the city of
Baghdad in 1940s.......................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 4.5: Implemented gridded street patterns in Baghdad between 1960s and 1980s............ 63
Figure 4.6: The pattern of hybrid of supergrid and interrupted parallels of street network ........ 65
 xiii

Figure 4.7: the pattern of hybrid of Organic and Deformed Grid of street network ................... 67
Figure 5.1: The pattern of strip commercial and fragmented residential found in the map of
Baghdad in 1050s and 1850s ........................................................................................................ 76
Figure 5.2: The pattern of concentrated commercial and continuous residential........................ 77
Figure 5.3: The pattern of linear commercial and continuous residential ................................... 79
Figure 5.4: The central mixed-use, semi-continuous residential, and fragmented institutional.. 80
Figure 5.5: The central socio-cultural and regular residential ..................................................... 81
Figure 5.6: The radial mixed-use with concentric residential ..................................................... 82
Figure 6.1: The integration map (on the left) and the segment map of Baghdad in 1050s (on the
right).............................................................................................................................................. 87
Figure 6.2: The integration map (on the left) and the segment map of Baghdad in 1850s (on the
right).............................................................................................................................................. 89
Figure 6.3: Influences of Colonial and modern planning on Baghdad during 1940s.................. 90
Figure 6.4: The integration map (on the left) and the segment map of Baghdad in 1940s (on the
right).............................................................................................................................................. 92
Figure 6.5: Appearance of the Supergrid in Old Baghdad during 1960s-80s.............................. 93
Figure 6.6: The integration map (on the left) and the segment map of Baghdad in 1960s (on the
right).............................................................................................................................................. 95
Figure 6.7: The main three segment of the current city of Baghdad ........................................... 97
Figure 6.8: The integration map (on the left) and the segment map of Baghdad in 2000s (on the
right).............................................................................................................................................. 99
Figure 7.1: The patterns and processes of urban growth defined by Southworth and Owens... 105
Figure 7.2: Concentric, irregular stripe, and scattered growth patterns..................................... 107
Figure 7.3: Scattered and multi nuclei growth patterns ............................................................. 108
Figure 7.4: Sectoral and instant growth patterns ....................................................................... 110
Figure 7.5: Fragmentation and diffusion of urban development during 1940s ......................... 111
Figure 7.6: Densification of urban development during 1960s ................................................. 112
 xiv

List of Tables

Table 3.1: Techniques and methods adopted by this dissertation................................................ 37

Table 3.2: Selected old maps for study purposes......................................................................... 48
Table 4.1: Identification of Street Typologies ............................................................................. 58
Table 5.1: Identification of Land use Typologies ........................................................................ 74
Table 6.1: Identification of Syntactic Urban Cores ..................................................................... 85
Table 7.1: Identification Typologies of Urban Growth ............................................................. 104
 129

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abu-Lughod, J. (1964). Urban-rural differences as a function of the demographic transition:

Egyptian data and an analytical model. American Journal of Sociology, 476-490.

Abu-Lughod, J. (1980). Contemporary relevance of Islamic urban principles (extract). Ekistics,

6-10.

Abu-Lughod, J. L. (1987). The Islamic city–historic myth, islamic essence, and contemporary
relevance. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 19(02), 155-176.

Agha, R. (2015). Traditional Environmental Performance: The Impact of Active Systems upon
the Courtyard House Type, Iraq. Journal of sustainable development, 8(8), 28.

Akbar, J. (1988). Crisis in the Built Environment: the Case of the Muslim city: Concept media.

Al-Akkam, A. J. (2012). Towards Environmentally Sustainable Urban Regeneration: A

Framework for Baghdad City Centre. Journal of sustainable development, 5(9), 58.

Al-Akkam, A. J. (2013). Urban heritage in Baghdad: Toward a comprehensive sustainable

framework. Journal of sustainable development, 6(2), 39.

Al-Ashab, K. H. (1974). The urban geography of Baghdad. Newcastle University.

Al-Azzawi, S. (1996). Daily impact of climate on the pattern of urban family life: Indigenous
courtyard houses of Baghdad regions of the hot-dry climates Part I: Daily shifts or daily
movements in summer. Renewable energy, 8(1), 289-294.

Al-Haidary, A. (2009). Vanishing point: the abatement of tradition and new architectural
development in Baghdad's historic centers over the past century. Contemporary Arab
Affairs, 2(1), 38-66.

Al-Hasani, M. K. (2012). Urban Space Transformation in Old City of Baghdad–Integration and

Management. Megaron Architecture, 7(3), 79-91.

Al-Rahmani, S. F. (1986). Principle for urban renewal in Iraq: a study to develop town planning
principles for the renewal of the Iraqi cities with particular reference to Baghdad central
area. PhD Thesis, University of Manchester.

Al-Wardi, A. (1951). The Personality of Iraqi Individuals. Al-Raipta Press, Baghdad.

Al-Wardi, A. (1965). A Study in the Society of Iraq: Baghdad.

Allawi, I. (1988). Some Evolutionary and Cosmological Aspects to Early Islamic Town
Planning. Theories and Principles of Design in the Architecture of Islamic Societies,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 57-72.
 130

Alobaydi, D., Bakarman, M., & Obeidat, B. (2016). The Impact of Urban Form Configuration on
the Urban Heat Island: The Case Study of Baghdad, Iraq. Procedia Engineering, 000,
000-000.

Alobaydi, D., & Rashid, M. (2015). Evolving syntactic structures of Baghdad. Paper presented at
the Proceedings of the Tenth International Space Syntax Symposium London, United
Kingdom.

AlSayyad, N. (1991). Cities and caliphs: on the genesis of Arab Muslim urbanism (Vol. 26):
Greenwood Pub Group.

AlSayyad, N. (1992). Forms of Dominance on the Architecture and Urbanism of the Colonial
Enterprise: Avebury.

Bianca, S. (2000a). Basic Principles of Islam and their Social, Spatial and Artistic Implications.
Urban Form in the Arab World: Past and Present. London; New York: Thames and
Hudson, 23-46.

Bianca, S. (2000b). Urban form in the Arab world: Past and present (Vol. 46): vdf
Hochschulverlag AG.

Bianca, S., Yamada, S., Fethi, I., & and Lombardi, G. (1984a). Synthesis Report of Rusafa:
Study on Conservation and Redevelopment of Historical Centre of Baghdad City (Vol.
2A, pp. 1-111). Baghdad, Iraq: Amanat Al Assima (Municipality of Baghdad).

Bianca, S., Yamada, S., Fethi, I., & and Lombardi, G. (1984b). Synthesis Report of Rusafa:
Study on Conservation and Redevelopment of Historical Centre of Baghdad City (Vol.
2B, pp. 1-135). Baghdad, Iraq: Amanat Al Assima (Municipality of Baghdad).

Bianca, S., Yamada, S., Fethi, I., & and Lombardi, G. (1984c). Technical Report of Rusafa:
Study on Conservation and Redevelopment of Historical Centre of Baghdad City (Vol.
3A, pp. 1-87). Baghdad, Iraq: Amanat Al Assima (Municipality of Baghdad).

Blake, G. H., & Lawless, R. I. (1980). The Changing Middle Eastern City: Rowman &
Littlefield.

Bosselmann, P. (2011). Metropolitan landscape morphology. Built Environment, 37(4), 462-478.

Calthorpe, P. (1993). The next American metropolis: Ecology, community, and the American
dream: Princeton Architectural Press.

Chadirji, R. (1986). Concepts and Influences Towards a Regionalized International Architecture,

1952-1978.

Chadirji, R. (1991). Al-Ukhaider and the crystal Palace: Riad El-Rayyes Books.
 131

Conzen, M. R. (1960). Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis. Transactions

and Papers (Institute of British Geographers)(27), iii-122.

Conzen, M. R. (1962). The plan analysis of an English city centre: Ohlssons Boktryckeri.

Conzen, M. R. (1966). Historical townscapes in Britain: a problem in applied geography.

Northern geographical essays in honour of GHJ Daysh, 56-78.

Conzen, M. R. (1968). The use of town plans in the study of urban history: na.

Costello, V. F. (1977). Urbanization in the Middle East: CUP Archive.

Dagher, S. (2007). Baghdad Safer, But It’sa Life Behind Walls. Christian Science Monitor, 10.

Elsheshtawy, Y. (2004). Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope: Routledge.

Elsheshtawy, Y. (2008). The evolving Arab city: tradition, modernity and urban development:
Routledge.

Fethi, I. (1977). Urban Conservation in Iraq: The Case for Protecting the Culteral Heritage of
Iraq with Special Reference to Baghdad including a Comprehensive Inventory of its
Areas and Buildings of Historic or Architectural Interest. University of Sheffield.

Fethi, I. (1979a). The architectural heritage of Baghdad: Exhibition catalogue, London: Iraqi
Cultural Centre Gallery.

Fethi, I. (1979b). Contemporary Architecture in Baghdad: Its Roots and Transition. Process:
Architecture, Medinat al Salaam: Baghdad, 1983, 58.

Geddes, S. P., Geddes, P., Biologist, S., Biologiste, S., & Urbaniste, G. B. (1915). Cities in
evolution: An introduction to the town planning movement and to the study of civics:
Williams & Norgate London.

Gulick, J. (1967). Baghdad: Portrait of a City IIM Physical and Cultural Change. Journal of the
American Institute of Planners, 33(4), 246-255.

Hakim, B. S. (1994). The" Urf" and its role in diversifying the architecture of traditional Islamic
cities. Journal of architectural and planning research, 108-127.

Hakim, B. S. (2007). Generative processes for revitalizing historic towns or heritage districts.
Urban Design International, 12(2-3), 87-99.

Hakim, B. S. (2008). Towards Eco-Urbanism for all Iraqi cities, towns, and villages Rebuilding
Sustainable Communities in Iraq: Policies, Programs and International Perspectives
 132

(Vol. 101, pp. 101-116): Cambridge Scholars Publishing in association with GSE
Research.

Hakim, B. S. (2013). Arabic Islamic Cities Rev: Building and Planning Principles: Routledge.

Hanson, J. (1989). Order and structure in urban design: the plans for the rebuilding of London
after the Great Fire of 1666. Ekistics, 56(334-335), 22-42.

Hanson, J. (2000). Urban transformations: a history of design ideas. Urban Design International,
5(2), 97-122.

Hillier, B. (1999). Centrality as a process: accounting for attraction inequalities in deformed

grids. Urban Design International, 4(3-4), 107-127.

Hillier, B. (2005). The art of place and the science of space. World Architecture, 185, 96-102.

Hillier, B. (2007). Space is the machine: a configurational theory of architecture.

Hillier, B. (2008). Space and spatiality: what the built environment needs from social theory.
Building Research & Information, 36(3), 216-230.

Hillier, B., & Hanson, J. (1984). The social logic of space, 1984. Cambridge: Press syndicate of
the University of Cambridge.

Hillier, B., & Iida, S. (2005a). Network and psychological effects in urban movement Spatial
information theory (pp. 475-490): Springer.

Hillier, B., & Iida, S. (2005b). Network effects and psychological effects: a theory of urban
movement. Paper presented at the Proceedings Space Syntax. 5th International
Symposium, Delft.

Hillier, B., Penn, A., Hanson, J., Grajewski, T., & Xu, J. (1993). Natural movement: or,
configuration and attraction in urban pedestrian movement. Environment and Planning
B: planning and Design, 20(1), 29-66.

Hillier, B., Turner, A., Yang, T., & Park, H.-T. (2009). Metric and topo-geometric properties of
urban street networks: some convergences, divergences and new results. Journal of Space
Syntax Studies.

Hourani, A. H., & Stern, S. M. (1970). The Islamic City.

Hoyt, H. (1945). The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighbourhoods in American Cities
(Washington, DC: Federal Housing Administration, 1939); idem. One Hundred Years of
Land Values in Chicago (Chicago: Univer-sity of Chicago Press, 1933).
 133

Jackson, I. (2016). The architecture of the British Mandate in Iraq: nation-building and state
creation. The Journal of Architecture, 1-43.

Jun, M.-J. (2006). The effects of Portland's urban growth boundary on housing prices. Journal of
the American Planning Association, 72(2), 239-243.

Karimi, K. (1997). The spatial logic of organic cities in Iran and the United Kingdom. Proc.
Space Syntax 1st Intl. Sym. London. pp, 1-17.

Karimi, K. (2000). Urban conservation and spatial transformation: preserving the fragments or
maintaining the ‘spatial spirit’. Urban Design International, 5(3-1), 221-231.

Karimi, K. (2012). A configurational approach to analytical urban design:‘Space

syntax’methodology. Urban Design International, 17(4), 297-318.

Karimi, K., & Motamed, N. (2003). The tale of two cities: Urban planning of the city Isfahan in
the past and present. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 4th International Space
Syntax Symposium.

Kostof, S. (1991). The city shaped: Urban patterns and meanings through history: Thames and
Hudson.

Kubat, A. (1997). The morphological characteristics of Anatolian fortified towns. Environment

and Planning B: planning and Design, 24(1), 95-123.

Kubat, A. S. (1999). The morphological history of Istanbul. Urban Morphology, 3, 28-40.

Lapidus, I. M. (1969). Middle Eastern Cities: University of California Press.

Lapidus, I. M. (1984). Muslim cities in the later Middle Ages: CUP Archive.

Larkham, P. J., & Whitehand, J. W. (2013). Urban landscapes: international perspectives:

Routledge.

Lassner, J. (1968). The Caliph's Personal Domain: The City Plan of Baghdad Reexamined. Kunst
des Orients, 5(H. 1), 24-36.

Lassner, J. (1970). The topography of Baghdad in the early Middle Ages: text and studies:
Wayne State University Press.

Macfarlane, P. (1956). The Plan for Baghdad-the Capital of Iraq.

Makiya, K. (1998). Republic of fear: The politics of modern Iraq: Univ of California Press.

Makiya, M. (2005). Baghdad: London, Alwarrak Publishing Ltd.

 134

Marr, P. (2011). The modern history of Iraq: Westview Press.

Mehdi, S. (2008). Modernism in Baghdad. DC PAPERS, revista de crítica y teoría de la

arquitectura(1), 81-89.

Moudon, A. V. (1994). Getting to know the built landscape: typomorphology. Ordering space:
types in architecture and design, 289-311.

Moudon, A. V. (1997). Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field. Urban

Morphology, 1(1), 3-10.

Murrani, S. (2016). Baghdad’s thirdspace: Between liminality, anti-structures and territorial

mappings. Cultural Dynamics, 0921374016634378.

Nooraddin, H. (2004). Globalization and the search for modern local architecture: Learning from
Baghdad. Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope In a Globalizing
World:, edited by Yasser Elshishatawi Routledge,. London, 59-84.

Peponis, J., Hadjinikolaou, E., Livieratos, C., & Fatouros, D. (1989). The spatial core of urban
culture. Ekistics, 56(334/335), 43-55.

Pieri, C. (2008). Urbanism in Bagdad before the planning: A codification between the fates of
the arbitrary and urgent needs (1920-1950). DC PAPERS, revista de crítica y teoría de la
arquitectura(1), 266-271.

Pieri, C. (2015). Sites of Conflict: Baghdad’s Suspended Modernities versus a Fragmented

Reality. Urban Design in the Arab World: Reconceptualizing Boundaries, 199.

Portugali, J. (2011). The First Culture of Cities Complexity, Cognition and the City (pp. 17-38):
Springer.

Portugali, J. (2012). Self-organization and the city: Springer Science & Business Media.

Pyla, P. (2008a). Back to the Future: Doxiadis's Plans for Baghdad. Journal of Planning History,
7(1), 3-19.

Pyla, P. (2008b). Baghdad's Urban Restructuring, 1958: Aesthetics and Politics of Nation
Building. Modernism and the Middle East: Architecture and Politics in the Twentieth
Century, 97-115.

Raouf, L. (1984). Housing in postrevolutionary Iraq. International Journal of Urban and

Regional Research, 8(3), 332-353.

Raouf, L. (1985). Housing and social segregation in Iraq. International Journal of Urban and
Regional Research, 9(3), 368-382.
 135

Rashid, M., & Alobaydi, D. (2015). Territory, politics of power, and physical spatial networks:
The case of Baghdad, Iraq. Habitat International, 50, 180-194.

Rashid, M., & Bindajam, A. A. A. (2015). Space, movement and heritage planning of the historic
cities in Islamic societies: Learning from the Old City of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Urban
Design International, 20(2), 107-129.

Rashid, M., & Shateh, H. (2012). The dialectics of functional and historical morphology in the
evolution of a city: the case of the Stone Town of Zanzibar. The Journal of Architecture,
17(6), 889-924.

Saliba, R. (2015). Urban Design in the Arab World: Reconceptualizing Boundaries: Ashgate
Publishing, Ltd.

Sevcenko, M. B. (1988). Theories and Principles of Design in the Architecture of Islamic

Societies.

Southworth, M. (2005). Designing the walkable city. Journal of urban planning and
development, 131(4), 246-257.

Southworth, M., & Ben-Joseph, E. (1995). Street standards and the shaping of suburbia. Journal
of the American Planning Association, 61(1), 65-81.

Southworth, M., & Ben-Joseph, E. (2004). Reconsidering the cul-de-sac. ACCESS Magazine,
1(24).

Southworth, M., & Ben-Joseph, E. (2013). Streets and the Shaping of Towns and Cities: Island
Press.

Southworth, M., & Owens, P. L. (1992). The Evolving Metropolis: Neighborhood and Street
Form at the Urban Edge: University of California. Institute of Urban & Regional
Development: Berkeley, Calif.

Southworth, M., & Owens, P. L. (1993). The evolving metropolis: studies of community,
neighborhood, and street form at the urban edge. Journal of the American Planning
Association, 59(3), 271-287.

6WDQHNà0LDVWRSURMHNWJRHVDEURDGWKHWUDQVIHURIDUFKLWHFWXUDOODERXUIURPVRFLDOLVW

Poland to Iraq (1958–1989). The Journal of Architecture, 17(3), 361-386.

Theodosis, L. (2008). " Containing" Baghdad: Constantinos Doxiadisprogram for a developing

nation. DC PAPERS, revista de crítica y teoría de la arquitectura(1), 167-172.

Turner, A. (2007). From axial to road-centre lines: a new representation for space syntax and a
new model of route choice for transport network analysis. Environment and Planning B:
planning and Design, 34(3), 539-555.
 136

Vaughan, L. (2005). The relationship between physical segregation and social marginalisation in
the urban environment. World Architecture, 185(185), 88-96.

Vaughan, L. (2007). The spatial syntax of urban segregation. Progress in Planning, 67(3), 205-
294.

Wheeler, S. M. (2008). The evolution of built landscapes in metropolitan regions. Journal of

Planning Education and Research, 27(4), 400-416.

Wheeler, S. M., & Beatley, T. (2014). Sustainable Urban Development Reader: Routledge.

Whitehand, J. (1977). The basis for an historico-geographical theory of urban form. Transactions
of the Institute of British Geographers, 400-416.

Whitehand, J. (1988). Urban fringe belts: development of an idea. Planning perspectives, 3(1),
47-58.

Whitehand, J., & Morton, N. (2003). Fringe belts and the recycling of urban land: an academic
concept and planning practice. Environment and Planning B: planning and Design,
30(6), 819-839.

Whitehand, J. W. (2001). British urban morphology: the Conzenion tradition. Urban

Morphology, 5(2), 103-109.

Whitehand, J. W. (2009). The structure of urban landscapes: strengthening research and practice.
Urban Morphology, 13(1), 5-27.

Whitehand, J. W. R. (1981). The urban landscape: historical development and management:

Academic Press.

Whitehand, J. W. R. (1992). The making of the urban landscape: Blackwell.

Wilson, S. (1983). Kirkpatrick and partners. Baghdad Comprehensive Transportation Study,

Final Report.

View publication stats