CELL

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

GILBERT DE LOS SANTOS BERNARDINO JR
Cell structure and function
3 MAIN PARTS OF A CELL
1. The plasma membrane forms the cell’s flexible outer surface,
separating the cell’s internal environment (everything inside the
cell) from the external environment (everything outside the cell).

2. The cytoplasm consists of all the cellular contents between the

plasma membrane and the nucleus. This compartment has two
components: cytosol and organelles.

3. The nucleus is a large organelle that houses most of a cell’s DNA.

• The glycocalyx is the sugary coat on the
extracellular surface of the plasma membrane.
It is composed of the carbohydrate portions of
membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins.
• A cell without a centrosome probably
would not be able to undergo cell
division.
• Sperm, which use the flagella for
locomotion, are the only body cells
required to move considerable
distances.
•Digestion of worn-out organelles
by lysosomes is called autophagy.
• The concentration of K+ is higher in the
cytosol of body cells than in extracellular
fluids.
• DNA replicates during the S phase of
interphase of the cell cycle.

• DNA replication must occur before

cytokinesis so that each of the new cells
will have a complete genome.

• Cytokinesis usually starts in late anaphase.

TERMINOLOGIES
• Anaplasia - The loss of tissue differentiation and function that is
characteristic of most malignancies.

• Atrophy - A decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent

decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ; wasting away.

• Dysplasia - Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells

due to chronic irritation or inflammation; may progress to
neoplasia (tumor formation, usually malignant) or revert to normal
if the irritation is removed.
• Hyperplasia - Increase in the number of cells of a tissue
due to an increase in the frequency of cell division.

• Hypertrophy - Increase in the size of cells without cell

division.

• Metaplasia - The transformation of one type of cell into

another.
•
Progeny - Offspring or descendants.
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

A. Passive movement
B. Active movement
B. ACTIVE MOVEMENT

• Active transport
• Endocytosis and exocytosis
• Phagocytosis is the ingestion of solid
particles. Some white blood cells destroy
microbes that enter the body in this way.