CDU - CAS Combustible and Very few are combustible

CHEM 103M (LEC) produces carbon (soot) and do not form carbon
REVIEW ON ORGANIC CHEMISTRY when burned when burned
Chemicals reactions are Chemical reactions are
- Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon usually very slow often very fast
compounds containing few other elements (H, O, N, S, P
and halogens). Important Properties of Carbon
1. Carbon can form 4 strong covalent bonds with each
History of Organic Chemistry other and other elements.
- Organic chemistry originated from the idea that living I
things contain “vital force” which was necessary to –C–
create organic compounds (Theory of Vital Force). In I
other words, organic compounds can only be created 2. Carbon can form multiple bonds (up until triple
inside a living thing because there is a necessity for a vital bond).
force. 3. Carbon has the ability for catenation (form long
- The Theory of Vital Force was disproven by Friedrich chains) into long linear chains, branched chains, and
Wohler when he was able to synthesize urea, a rings.
compound found in human urine, in the laboratory, using Linear Chains
ammonium cyanate, an inorganic compound. - Carbon atoms are
connected one after
another.

Branched Chains
- Linear chain of carbon atoms
- His discovery only means that organic compounds can branches when a carbon atom
actually be created from inorganic and non-living bonds to more than two other
substances. carbon atoms.

Organic Compounds
- Organic compounds are hydrocarbons and
hydrocarbon derivatives Rings
- These can be found in living things (biochemical - The chain of carbon atoms can
compounds) or can be synthetic loop into a ring.

Difference Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds
Composed of carbon and
Composed of almost all Types of Carbon Based on the Number of Carbon Atoms
few other elements (H,
kinds of elements Directly Bonded
O, N, S, P, and halogens)
1. Primary (1o) Carbon – has only one carbon atom
Composed entirely of
Mostly ionic bonds directly attached to it.
covalent bonds
2. Secondary (2o) Carbon – has two carbon atoms
May be gases, liquids, or
Usually solids with high directly attached to it.
solids with low melting
melting point 3. Tertiary (3o) Carbon – has only three carbon atoms
points
directly attached to it.
Mostly insoluble in water Mostly soluble in water
4. Quaternary Carbon – has four carbon atoms directly
and soluble in non-polar and insoluble in non-
attached to it.
solvents polar solvents
When soluble in water,
Aqueous solutions Bonding and Structure of Organic Compounds
solutions do not conduct
conduct electricity - The other major elements present in organic
electricity compounds aside from carbon (H, O, N, S and halogens)
are all non-metals, therefore the bonds that they form
with carbons are all covalent.
- Following Octet Rule, each non-metal should have 8 - Common functional groups include:
bonds around it, and would mean that the elements C, 1. carbon-carbon double bond
H, O, N, S and halogens should form bonds as shown 2. carbon-carbon triple bond
below: 3. hydroxyl (-OH)
4. sulfhydryl (-SH)
5. carbonyl (C=O)
6. carboxyl (-COOH)
7. ether (C-O-C)
8. amino (-NH2)

Classes of Organic Compounds

1. Hydrocarbons – composed entirely of carbon and
hydrogen
- Hydrocarbons are isolated from fossil fuels by the
process known as fractional distillation.
Determination of Correct Structural Formulas for - They are mainly used as fuel.
Organic Compounds - Major Classes of Hydrocarbons:
- The correctness of a structural formula of an organic Alkane S
compound is based on the fact that each element - contains only A
composing the compound should satisfy the bonds carbon-carbon single T
shown in the table above. bonds U
- Example: - no functional groups, R
1. and is considered as A
the parent carbon T
chain for any organic E
compounds D
(a) (b) Alkene
- Two structural formulas are shown above. Which of the - contains at least one
U
following is an invalid structure? carbon-carbon double
N
- Looking at (a), we can see that all hydrogens have one bond
S
bond and all carbons have four bonds; therefore, (a) is a - Functional groups:
A
valid structure. carbon-carbon double
T
- Upon examining (b), we see that all of the hydrogens bond
U
have one bond, oxygen has two bonds, and nitrogen has Alkyne
R
3 bonds. However, one of the carbons actually has only 3 - contains at least one
A
bonds which violates the fact that carbons should have 4 carbon-carbon triple
T
bonds. bond
E
- Functional groups:
D
carbon-carbon triple
bond
Arene A
Functional Groups - contains a phenyl R
- These are group of atoms within an organic compound ring O
that have characteristic chemical behaviors. - Functional group: M
- Functional groups are structural features in which we phenyl ring (benzene) A
can groups myriads of organic compounds into classes. T
I
C
2. Alcohols – have a saturated carbon atom attached to 4. Aldehydes – have carbonyl group located in between
the oxygen of a hydroxyl group (-OH) a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom.
- The aldehydic group is always in the terminal side of a
Hydroxyl compound.

carbonyl
saturated
- This is an alcohol because the -OH is attached to a hydrogen
saturated carbon

hydroxyl carbon

aromatic 5. Ketones – have carbonyl group located in between a

carbon atom and another carbon atom.
- The ketonic group is always in never found in the
- This is not an alcohol because the –OH is attached to an terminal side of a compound.
aromatic ring. This is a phenol.
- Alcohols can be classified as:
 Primary (1o) Alcohol – the hydroxyl group is carbon
attached to a primary carbon

Hydroxyl
carbon
carbonyl

6. Carboxylic acid – have carboxyl group attached to a

o
1 carbon carbon.
 Secondary (2o) Alcohol – the hydroxyl group is - The carboxyl group is always located at the terminal
attached to a secondary carbon side of a compound.

2o carbon
carboxyl

hydroxyl 7. Ether – have oxygen atom in between 2 carbon atoms.

 Tertiary (3o) Alcohol – the hydroxyl group is
attached to a tertiary carbon

hydroxyl
Ether

3o carbon 8. Ester – have carbonyl group in between a carbon atom

and an ether-like group.
3. Thiols – have carbon atom attached to a sulfhydryl
group.

sulfhydryl
ester bond (acyl group)
9. Amines – have amino group attached to a carbon
atom.

amino

10. Amide – have amino group attached to a carbonyl

group.

amino

carbonyl