2 TYPES OF CELL DEATH

1. NECROSIS- pathologic death of a cell or tissue

- Inflammation involved
- caused by heat, trauma or infection (something that is accidental)
- irreparable damage caused by injury
- some are called “Necroptosis”- genetically controlled
- pathologic process
- can become progressive especially when stimuli causing it is not removed, it will become
irreversible and would cause cell death
- denaturation of cellular proteins which will leak coming from the membranes in the
surrounding tissues or cells that will cause localized inflammation and eventually enzymatic
digestion of the injure cell.
2. APOPTOSIS- programmed cell death
- No inflammation involved

 Ischemia/anoxia- main cause of necrosis

- Caused by lack of oxygen delivery in the tissues
 Cytoplasmic changes

ALP (alkaline phosphatase) – marker to detect damage in the liver

 Liquefaction necrosis
- There is digestion of dead cells that results to vicious liquid
 Fat necrosis
- In the pancreas is the result of the release of pancreatic lipases into the pancreas and the
peritoneal cavity (ex. acute pancreatitis)
 Caseous necrosis
- Cheese-like
- Usually caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Related in granuloma
 Gangrenes
- Usually found in the limbs
 Wet gangrene
- A type of liquefactive necrosis caused by the actions of degradative enzymes due to
presence of infection and wbc
- Usually caused by bacterial infection

AUTOPSY PATHOLOGY

- for criminal cases or when disease needs to be studied, research, or academic studies
 en masse- removed per section as a whole and dissect per organ block
 en bloc- removed as functional related blocks
 somatic death- death of the whole organism
 ecchymosis- discoloration appears when pressure is applied, disappears when pressure is
released in living body
- no oozing of blood when incised
 ante-mortem thrombi- clot is friable
 postmortem thrombi- clot is elastic
 STAGES OF PUTREFACTION
1. INITIAL DECAY- greenish discoloration
2. PUTREFACTION- bacterial growth in the abdomen of dead body that increases gases
including cadaverine, which causes bloating of the body
3. BLACK PUTREFACTION- further lividity or discoloration
4. BUTYRIC FERMENTATION- where liquefaction of different organs happens
5. MUMMIFICATION- slowest in places that are usually dry or hot that causes leathery
appearance on their skin.