- World-systems theory (also known as world-systems analysis or the world-systems perspective),[1] is a

multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change which emphasizes the world-
system (and not nation states) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis.

"World-system" refers to the inter-regional and transnational division of labor, which divides the world
into core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the periphery countries.

GAD

What is Gender and Development?

      Philippine Commission on Women defined Gender and Development as the

development perspective and process that is participatory and empowering, equitable,
sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-
determination and actualization of human potentials.

How Gender and Development started?

        Gender and Development was developed in the 1980’s as an alternative to the

Women in Development (WID) approach.

        Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not concerned specifically with women, but with
the way in which a society assigns roles, responsibilities, and expectations to both men
and women.

        GAD applies gender analysis to uncover the ways in which men and women work
together, presenting results in neutral terms of economics and competence.

       GAD focus primarily on two major frameworks, Gender Roles and Social Relations
Analysis. Gender role focus on social construction of identities within the household, it
also reveals the expectations from ‘maleness and femaleness’ in their relative access to
resources. Social relations analysis exposes the social dimensions of hierarchical power
relations imbedded in social institutions; also it’s determining influence on ‘the relative
position of men and women in society. In an attempt to create gender equality,
(denoting women having same opportunities as men, including ability to participate in
the public sphere) GAD policies aim to redefine traditional gender role expectations.

Gender and Development in Philippines

       Philippine Plan for Gender and Development, 1995-2025, is a National Plan that
addresses, provides and pursues full equality and development for men and women.
Approved and adopted by former President Fidel V. Ramos as Executive No. 273, on
September 8, 1995, it is the successor of the Philippine Development Plan for Women,
1989-1992 adopted by Executive No.  348 of February 17, 1989.

       Three years after, DENR Administrative Order No. 98 – 15 dated May 27, 1998
came up as the Revised Guidelines on the Implementation of Gender and Development
(GAD) Activities in the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in
order to strengthen the DENR GAD Focal Point System and accomplishing the GAD
vision “Partnership of Empowered Men and Women for Sustainable Development”.

        Republic Act No. 9710, otherwise known as the Magna Carta of Women was
approved on August 14, 2009 which mandates non-discriminatory and pro-gender
equality and equity measures to enable women’s participation in the formulation,
implementation and evaluation of policies and plan for national, regional and local
development.

        A Memorandum Circular No. 2011 – 01 dated October 21, 2011 was released
addressing to all Government Departments including their attached agencies, offices,
bureaus, State Universalities and Colleges (SUCs), Government-Owned and Controlled
Corporations (GOCCs) and all other government instrumentalities as their guidelines
and procedures for the establishment, strengthening and institutionalization of the GAD
Focal Point System (GFPS).

Society Before the Gender And Development…

      Gender stereotypes are generalizations about the roles of each gender. Gender
roles are generally neither positive nor negative, they are simply inaccurate
generalizations of the male and female attributes. Since each person has individual
desires, thoughts, and feelings, regardless of their gender, these stereotypes are
incredibly simplistic and do not at all describe the attributes of every person of each
gender.

         Here are some examples to simplify on how society works before Gender and
Development was formed:

   
 

BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT BUREAU - GENDER AND

DEVELOPMENT FOCAL POINT SYSTEM (BMB-GFPS)

      The Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) formerly Parks and Wildlife Bureau
(PAWB),  being a staff bureau which is mandated to establish and manage Protected
Areas, conserve wildlife, and promote and institutionalize Ecotourism. As well as to
manage Coastal Biodiversity and Wetlands Ecosystems, conserve caves and cave
resources, to have information and education on Biodiversity and Nature Conservation,
manage Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife and the Hinulugang Taktak National Park and
to negotiate biodiversity-related Multilareal Environmental Agreements and Monitoring
National Implementation. The BMB is continuing its efforts in reconstituting and
strengthening its Gender and Development Focal Point System (GFPS).  This will form
part to pursue equality of women and men and their right to enjoy equal benefits from its
programs and policies. 
     Through the continuous assistance, support and partnership of BMB to the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources National GAD Secretariat (DENR-
NGFPS) and the Philippine Commission on Women (PCW), all programs and projects
of BMB-GADFPS for the past years were successfully undertaken.  Added by the fact
that the operation of BMB-GADFPS was strengthen and fully operationalized by virtue
of PAWB Special Order No. 2009-26 dated February 05, 2009 which is the
Reconstitution of the PAWB Gender and Development Committee which is later
ameliorated to PAWB Special Order No. 2011-29.   Through this issuance the BMB is
true to its mandate of  providing natural resiliency and sustained benefits for all and to
conserve and sustainably manage the country's biodiversity.