History and Subatomic Particle Review: Take Two

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions using complete sentences where needed.

1. Compare and contrast Thomson’s plum pudding atomic model with Rutherford’s nuclear atomic model.

Thomson proposed the atom to be positive

material with negative material embedded in it,
which he called electrons. Rutherford said that
the atom was mostly empty space with a very
small center of positive charge, which he called
the nucleus.

2. Which subatomic particle was discovered by researchers working with a cathode ray tube?

Electron, e-
3. Which statement is consistent with the results of Rutherford’s gold foil experiment?
a. All atoms have a positive charge
b. Atoms are mostly empty space
c. The nucleus of an atom contains protons and electrons.
d. Mass is spread uniformly throughout the atom.

4. Describe the structure of a typical atom. Identify where each subatomic particle is located.

Rutherford’s nuclear model described the atom

as having the protons & neutrons located in the
nucleus. The electrons are distributed around
the nucleus and occupy almost all the volume of
the atom.

5. Which subatomic particles are charged? protons (+) & electrons (-)
6. Which subatomic particle identifies an atom as that of a particular element? How is this particle related
to the atom’s atomic number?

The proton identifies an atom as that of a

particular element. The atomic number is equal
to the number of protons in the nucleus of an
atom.
7. How does the mass of a neutron compare to that of a proton? An electron?

The mass of a neutron is nearly equal to that of a

proton. Protons and neutrons have a mass about
1840 times that of an electron.

8. Which subatomic particles account for most of the atom’s mass? p+ and n0
9. How are isotopes of the same element alike? How are they different?

Isotopes of an element are chemically alike—they

have the same number of protons and electrons
(if neutral). They differ in mass because they
contain a different number of neutrons. They
also have different mass numbers and different
relative atomic masses.
10. Nitrogen has two naturally occurring isotopes, N-14 and N-15. The atomic mass of nitrogen is 14.007
amu. Which isotope is more abundant in nature? Explain your answer.

N-14 is more abundant in nature because it is

closest to the average atomic mass of 14.007. The
average atomic mass is a weighted average which
 takes into account not only the mass but the
abundance of a particular isotope. The more
abundant it is, the closer the average atomic mass
will be to that particular isotope’s relative mass.
11. Use the data from the four isotopes below to calculate the transition metal’s average atomic mass. Then,
identify the element. Show your work.
49.946 amu (4.35%)
51. 941 amu (83.79%)
52.941 amu (9.50%)
53.939 amu (2.36%)

= (49.946 x 0.0435) + (51.941 x 0.8379) + (52.941 x 0.0950) + (53.939 x 0.0236)

= 51.996 amu Chromiu

m
12. 67.26 g of mercury (II) oxide, a red powder, is heated to produce 62.28 grams of mercury, a silver liquid.
In this process, oxygen gas is also produced. According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, how many
grams of oxygen gas are produced when this sample is heated?
2HgO 2Hg + O2
67.26 g 62.28 g X
67.26 g
67.26g = 62.28 g + X
X = 4.98 g
13. How can one calculate the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom?

Subtract the atomic number from the mass

number.
(subtract the # of protons from the mass number)
14. What is the net charge on an element that has 55 p+, 78 n0, and 54 e-? +1
15. What could be calculated by combining Thomson’s work with Millikan’s experiment?
 The mass of an electron.

DIRECTIONS: Complete the following chart

Name of Symbol of Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of

Element Element Number Number Protons Neutrons Electrons
Copper Cu 29 64 29 35 29
Tin Sn 50 119 50 69 50
Iodine I 53 127 53 74 53
Uranium U 92 238 92 146 92
Potassium K 19 39 19 20 19
Lithium Li 3 7 3 4 3
Oxygen O 8 16 8 8 8
Gold Au 79 197 79 118 79
Sulfur S 16 32 16 16 16
Silver Ag 47 108 47 61 47
Chromium Cr 24 52 24 28 24
Cobalt Co 27 59 27 32 27
Nickel Ni 28 58 28 30 28
Zinc Zn 30 65 30 35 30
Aluminum Al 13 27 13 14 13
Mercury Hg 80 201 80 121 80
Platinum Pt 78 195 78 117 78
Iron Fe 26 56 26 30 26
Hydrogen H 1 1 1 0 1
Helium He 2 4 2 2 2
Beryllium Be 4 9 4 5 4
Magnesium Mg 12 24 12 12 12
Carbon C 6 12 6 6 6
Silicon Silicon 14 28 14 14 14
Chlorine Cl 17 35 17 18 17
Bismuth Bi 83 209 83 126 83
Boron B 5 11 5 6 5
Calcium Ca 20 40 20 20 20
Manganese Mn 25 55 25 30 25
Lead Pb 82 207 82 125 82
Sodium Na 11 23 11 12 11
Fluorine F 9 19 9 10 9
Phosphorus P 15 31 15 16 15