SECTION 3 Comprehensive notes

(4 marks)

Describe the flag of Pakistan (4)

The dark green and white colors indicated the prosperity and peace. Green is
traditional color of Islam. The moon indicates the continuous progress. The five rayed
star encourages the concept of learning and light. The white strip represents the
religious minorities. The flag was designed by Syed Amir ud din.

Q. Who was Liaquat Ali khan. (4)

Liaquat ali khan was born in a noble family in karnal, India in October 1895. He
received early education at the MAO collegiate school in Aligarh and in 1919 he
graduated from Aligarh university. He left for oxford the same year to study law and
returned to India in 1921. He joined Muslim league in 1923 and was an active
member. He was strongly in favour of female education.

Q. Describe the achievements of Liaquat Ali khan. (4)

He was the first prime minister of Pakistan. In his tenure, twice Pakistan’s balance
of trade became positive. He protected minorities through the minority protection act
of 1950 with India. Objective resolution was passed unanimously and work on making
constitution became fast. Appointed Ayyub khan as first Pakistan commander in chief.
He enjoyed the confidence, trust and support of the people.

Q. Who was Rana Liaqat Liaqat Ali Khan (4)

In 1949 she set up all Pakistan women’s association for the hundred of thousands of
women who had been affected by the partition. Following her husband’s murder, rana
Liaquat ali khan devoted her to social work but she remained active in politics. In
1952 appointed as Pakistan’s un delegate. Present Pakistan in 1954 and 1966 as the
first woman ambassador to Holland, Italy and others. Became governor of Sindh in
1973. Opened several educational institutes in Karachi which still benefits the women

Q. Who was Fatima Jinnah (madar I Millat) (4)

Fatima gave up her career as a dentist to support her brother (Jinnah) work.
Especially after the death of Jinnah’s wife. After death of Jinnah she continued to
contribute to this nation to make it better especially politics. In 1965, at the age of
71 she stood in the presential election against Ayyub khan in attempt to restore
democracy. She had no chance of victory as the electorate was restricted. She died
in Karachi in 1967. Received the title of khatoon e Pakistan and madar I millat.

Q. Describe the Radcliffe award. (4)

it was agreed between Jinnah and Nehru that a boundary commission should be setup
to locate boundaries between Pakistan and India. Sir Cyril Radcliffe was appointed
head of the commission along with 8 members. When the boundaries were drawn
between India and Pakistan. It resulted in many tragic events. It was announced on
16 august 1947 and Ferozepur and Gurdaspur was given to India which created canal
water, Kashmir and refugee problems for Pakistan.

Q. What does Islamabad mean?

Islamabad means the ‘home of Islam’ in 1958 a site in the potohar plateau,
immediately north of Rawalpindi was chosen as the permanent capital by Ayyub khan.
Rawalpindi itself was temporary capital. Work began in Islamabad in 1960s under
leadership of Ayyub khan. Its planning was headed by Greek urban planner ‘doxiadis.;
in 1967 Islamabad was officially declared the capital of Pakistan

Q. What was objective resolution (4)

The resolution was passed by the first constituent assembly on 12 March 1949, it
states the sovereignty belongs to Allah, federal system will be followed, golden
principles of Islam. Supreme authority of the people, life and laws according to the
teachings of Islam, protection and rights of the minority and independent judiciary.
This resolution is of fundamental importance in the history of constitutions making
from first constitution of 1956 till 1973 (present one).it contains those aim which
were taken to fulfil the basic aim of the freedom struggle and Islamic society.

Q. Describe the 1956 constitution (4)

It was adopted by second constituent assembly it was a compromise between muslim

league and united front. The name of Pakistan was suggested Islamic republic of
Pakistan. Iskandar mirza became president who could choose the prime minister. The
president had to be a muslim and had emergency. President can dissolve the national
assembly. A cabinet was made which was only advisory to the president.

Q. What was PRODA act? (4)

In 1949 the Public and Representative Office Disqualification Act (PRODA) allowed
the government to disqualify persons found guilty of "misconduct," its purpose was to
eliminate corruption from the society. In 1952 the Security of Pakistan Act expanded
the powers of the government in the interests of public order. The act showed that
Pakistan had yet to become the free democratic country.

Q. What was one-unit scheme? (4)

The one-unit scheme was passed by Iskandar mirza on 5th October 1955. It stated
that Pakistan would have only two provinces. East and west with the equal number of
seats in both the assembly. The 4 provinces and princely states of western Pakistan
were made one province. It was to create closeness between east and west Pakistan
but east objected because it had majority of population, but its majority was
reduced. This further led to separation of east Pakistan.

Q. What was minority protection act 1950? (4)

In 1950, Liquat ali khan met Nehru and signed the pact. In this both the
governments agreed to protect their minorities and provide all facilities for the
rehabilitation of the refugees. After this pact, the arrival of refugees in both
countries had reduced. The visa system was introduced in this pact. It was a great
step towards solving the refugee problem by both the countries.

Q. Describe Indus Water Treaty. (4)

Indus water treaty was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan. World bank acted
as witness. As a result of this treaty 3 rivers; Indus, Jhelum and Chenab were given
to Pakistan where as india got control of the Ravi beas and Sutlej. In this way the
canal water dispute ended between these two countries. Dams and canals were
constructed in Pakistan.

Q. What was Basic Principle of committee.

After passing the objective resolution, the constituent assembly of Pakistan set up a
‘basic principal committee’ to spell out proposals for the constitution in accordance
with the guidelines contained in the objective resolution. The first report of the
committee received criticism from almost everyone in the society thus it was taken
for reconsideration and new report was published in 1952 which also failed. Though
government refused to take it back but resulted in delay.

Q. What was basic Democracies? (4)

The Basic democracies (BD) was introduced by Ayyub khan which was passed on 26
October 1959. Ayyub khan introduced this in order to improve political system which
was damaged by corrupt political. The four-tier structure was developed. Village
council at the most basic level, a sub-district council, a district council and divisional
councils. The local district magistrates and divisional commissioners would act as
chairman of local bodies. The country was divided into 80,000 single member
constituencies. Each containing 1000-1200 people.

Q. Who was sheikh Mujib ur Rahman (4)

Sheikh Mujib was a strong believer in self government for East Pakistan. He founded
the awami league in 1949 and led it to victory in 1970 with the demand for
autonomy. He presented his six points in 1966 which later became the agenda of
awami league. He played key role in the successful uprising against Pakistan with the
help of mukti bahni and India. He became the first prime minister of Bangladesh. He
set up one-party state. In august 1975 he and his wife were murdered.

Q. What was Bogra formula? (4)

The Bogra Formula was a political compromise presented and proposed by Prime
Minister Bogra on 7 October 1953 before the Constituent Assembly. The Bogra
Formula sought to permanently abolish the Governor-General who represented the
British monarchy in the country to be replaced with the elected figurehead
presidency.

Q. Describe the nationalization policy of Bhutto (4)

1st phase in 1972 31 industries were nationalized. in 2nd phase other industries were
nationalized including private commercial banks. Labour unions were allowed to set up.
Board of industrial management was setup. As a result of this program inflation was
reduced. 22 families no longer had monopoly over Pakistan. Concentration of foreign
exchange was checked. The disadvantages of nationalization outnumbered the
advantages as the trust of investors was effect. A drop in industrialization was
observed. Mismanagement etc. resulted in less growth.

Q. Describe the constitutional crisis of 1954-55 (4).

Bogra the PM had little political experience and Ghulam Muhammad expected him to
support his authority and do as he was told. Bogra wanted to curb his power. Ghulam
Muhammad was out of country bogra introduced an amendment to 1935 government of
india act. Trying to take away some power. The was passed which restricted power of
governor general. It caused political crisis. GM declared state of emergency and
dissolved assembly.

Q. what was Shimla agreement? (4)

It was signed between Hinda Gandhi and Zulfiqar ali Bhutto. The main points of this
agreement were that india will release 90,000 Pakistani soldiers arrested between
indo-pak war. Zulfiqar ali Bhutto was bound not to discuss Kashmir issue on any
international level. The issue will remain between india and Pakistan it reduced the
dependency on army.

Q. What was afghan miracle? (4)

USSR attempted to invade Afghanistan in 1979 which led to an immediate impact on

international relations. Zia was seen a leader of a muslim on the line against
communist forces. Economic and military support came from the west and Pakistan
became important base against USSR. Pakistan became a leading country in world
politics. Pakistan huge sums of money in form of funds which made economic progress.

Q. What was hudood ordinance? (4)

It was part of Islamic program. Introduced in 1977 by Zia. In the light of hadood
ordinance different punishments were decided for various crimes in the light of holy
Quran. According to hadood ordinance, business of alcohols was considered as a
crime. Any person found guilty will be liable of the punishment of 30 lashes and 5
years in prison. The second law was concerned with the crime of theft. The third law
was for adultery and rape (Zina bil Jabr) whose punishment is stoning the adultery to
death.

Q. What was zakat ordinance? (4)

Zakat and Ushr Ordinance was introduced on June 20, 1980. According to this
ordinance, 2.5% wealth tax was imposed o savings over a certain amount. This was a
wealth tax in keeping with Islamic principles by deducting from his/her account in the
bank. Ushr tax imposed on farmers and agricultural land in cash or kind. According to
this every farmer is bound to deposit 10% of his earning in cash or kind, ushr.

Q. What was 8th amendment? (4)

8th amendment was passed in 1985 under junejo’s government on the dictation of Zia
ul haq. It gave the president the power to dismiss the pm and national assembly.
After passing of 8th amendment Zia lifted the martial law. Junejo became the first
victim of this amendment as in 1988 he was removed by Zia and later three more
prime ministers were removed because of misuse of this power.

Q. What was Ojhri camp incident? (4)

The incident took on 10 April 1988 in arms dept at Ojhri camp Rawalpindi. The army
camp blew up and was set on fire. It was in the middle of Rawalpindi resulting in
several casualties and hundred of peoples were killed. Junejo announced immediate
inquiry of this incident and blamed army for this incident in the end. On which Zia
became angry and removed Junejo from Prime minister in 1988 and Zia dissolved
national assembly.

Q. What was the Pakka Qila massacre? (4)

In May 1990, the government decided to send police into Pakka Qila in search of
MQM workers. The police besieged the area. As a result of this siege the water
supply from the water tower in the citadels was cut off. Disrupting the water supply
in large sections of Hyderabad, resident of Pakka Qila could not access basic
necessities i.e. water, power, telephone and gas. Protestors protested against this
curfew which was enforced from more than 245 hours on raid. when protesters
marched towards Pakka Qila. Policed opened fire and use tear gas on them. This
ended with the involvement of army

Q. Describe Geneva accords. (4)

The Geneva accord signed on 14 April 1988 between Pakistan and Afghanistan with
the USA and the USSR as guarantors. Facilitated the withdrawal of red army from
Afghanistan. The accord contained provision for the timetable of the timetable of the
withdrawal of soviet troops from Afghanistan. It officially began on 15 May 1988
and ended on 15 February 1989. Thus, putting an end to 9-year long war, afghan
mujahideen opposed this agreement

Q. Describe U-2 spy plane incident.

In 1960 a U-2 spy plane flew from US base Peshawar. It was on a spy mission over
USSR. Gary powers the CIA pilot was shot down, captured and sentenced to ten
years prison. USSR became angry with Pakistan and its plane started flying over
Pakistan territory, threatening military action. Pakistan told USA that It could no
longer use Peshawar airbase unless destination of aircraft is known.

Q. Who were mukti bahni? (4)

The Mukti Bahni, also known as the Bangladesh Forces, was the guerrilla resistance
movement consisting of the Bangladeshi military, paramilitary and civilians during the
War of Liberation that transformed East Pakistan into Bangladesh in 1971. An earlier
name Mukti Fauj was also used

Section 3 comprehensive notes

(7 and 14 marks)
Early Problems faced by Pakistan
Q. What were the early problems faced by Pakistan (7)

There were several problems faced by Pakistan in 1947.

1. the first and most important problem Pakistan faced after the creation was
refugee problem. Millions of people migrated to Pakistan leaving their properties and
it became very difficult for government of Pakistan to adjust them immediately. Urdu
was made national language, but Bengalis rejected as they wanted Bengali to be
national language which caused dispute among Pakistanis. Provinces among themselves
had no things in common except Islam.

2. Another pressing problem was, there were a smaller number of experienced

officers and politicians who made it difficult to run the government as most of the
members were wealthy landowners who had little experience. There was shortage of
buildings for the administration and government which led to administrative problems.

Q. The Government of Pakistan was totally successful in solving the problems of

Pakistan during 1947 and 1948. Do you agree? Explain your answer. (14)

Q. As governor of general of Pakistan, Jinnah was successful in solving the early

problems faced by Pakistan. Do you agree? Explain your answer. (14)

The Government of Pakistan under Jinnah’s Governorship made many efforts to solve
the early problems of Pakistan. There were several problems Pakistan faced after the
creation. Such as refugee problem, poor division of military and financial assets and
others.

1. The very first Problem Pakistan face was refugee problem. Soon after partition a
great migration started and over million people migrated to Pakistan. It became very
difficult for Pakistani government to o adjust such amount of people. Refugees were
empty handed, mentally and morally disturbed. Pakistan’s economy was already weak.
Jinnah took step to solve this issue by setting up rehabilitation camps and appealed
the rich people to give charity and donate to the government so it could bore the
expenses of the refugees. Jinnah co-operated with Indian government and migration
was done in more organized way.

2. Another problem was the division of financial and military assets. Pakistan was to
receive 750 million from india from which only 200 million were given by india and war
broke out on Kashmir so india refused to give rest of money. Pakistan received
weapons from india which were poor in quality. Pakistan got its remaining 500 million
amounts with the help of Gandhi; he went on hunger strike thus Pakistan received its
remaining amount. Jinnah resolved the issue of poor military by setting the
headquarter of forces and factory at wah cannot. Pakistan started creating its own
military equipment. Jinnah also set up state bank in 1948 therefore Pakistan no
longer have to rely on india’s reserve bank anymore.

3. However, there were some failures as well. Such was the Kashmir issue. Both india
and Pakistan were not ready to give up on Kashmir and this led to war in 1948. This
same incident led to war two more times. Its been in UNO since the creation of
Pakistan and this issue is not solved till today. This issue also started an arm race in
the region later converted into nuclear race. This brought both countries on the brick
of the war.

4. There were many social problems too which is counted as failure. people from
different regions interacted with each other and among these provinces they had
nothing in common except Islam. Their traditions, culture and language were
different. Some of the regions were not ready to accept Urdu as language. The
selection of Urdu as national language arose many problems among these regions
especially Bengal who wanted Bengali to be their language. The same reason was
among one of the reasons which led to the separation of east Pakistan.

In my opinion, M.A Jinnah with his tireless efforts solved most of the early
problems. He assured the survival of country through his policies and steps he took
such as he joined UN, raised the issue of canal water dispute on international level
and presented Pakistan as important country in world politics.

Q. To what extent the Radcliffe award was responsible in creating the initial
problems for Pakistan? (7)

Q. Why was Radcliffe award considered unfair by Pakistan? (7)

Q. Why was Radcliffe award considered responsible in triggering some initial problems
for Pakistan? (7) s

it was agreed between Jinnah and Nehru that a boundary commission should be setup
to locate boundaries between Pakistan and India. Sir Cyril Radcliffe was appointed
head of the commission along with 8 members

1. when the boundaries were drawn it resulted in many tragic events. Immigrant
suffered most. As most of the refugees were in Pakistan according to the decided
border for example immigrants stayed in Gurdaspur according to the decided border
they were in Pakistan but after Radcliffe it was announced that its no longer part of
Pakistan instead its india which resulted in chaotic situation.
2. Radcliffe award was also responsible in triggering Kashmir issue by awarding
Gurdaspur to india which provided land access. The Kashmiri raja decided to join india
secretly and Indian forces sent troops through Gurdaspur to protect him which
resulted in war. Kashmir was supposed to be part of Pakistan but due to Radcliffe,
the issue is still present between these two nations till today.

Q. Why did Pakistan join United Nations in 1947? (7)

Because of following reasons and benefits Pakistan joined united nations

1.When Pakistan appeared on world map in 1947 it immediately joined united nations.
So that it could gain maximum benefit by being a member of world organization as it
was a developing county, required aids, trading opportunities and recognition of
Pakistan in International market.

2. Another factor why Pakistan joined the UN as its always been in foreign policy of
Pakistan to play important role in world politics. Therefore, Pakistan aimed to
represent the muslim world and speak on their liberation and represent rights of
muslim. Moreover, Kashmir issue was also a factor to avoid more wars in future
Pakistan joined UN as in this issue a third country could act as arbitrator.

Iskandar Mirza
One Unit scheme (4 marks done)

Q. Why did Iskandar Mirza introduced one-unit policy? (7)

Iskandar Mirza introduced One-unit policy because of

1) He believed that through this policy he would unify and eliminate the differences
between East and West Pakistan. He claimed that unification would bring about
greater effectiveness from both sides resulting in rapid development of country.

2) The dominant politicians and administrators were from the west wing in particular
from the Punjab. East Pakistanis were 10 million more than the west. By dividing
Pakistan into two wings officially and ensuring equal representation in assembly
prevented east from gaining majority in the assembly.

Ayyub Khan
Q. Why did Ayyub khan impose martial law in 1958? (7)

Ayyub khan imposed martial law because

1) the country was in crisis as the political leaders were now power-hungry. They
were not working for the development of Pakistan. In 1948 Jinnah died and in 1951
Liaquat Ali khan was murdered. There was lack of good political leaders. In 1954
Ghulam Muhammad dismissed the assembly which further once again dismissed the
process of constitution.

2) the food crisis in Pakistan also caused trouble and the government could handle the
situation which shows how incompetent the administrators were. Iskandar mirza was
power hungry as he changed 4 prime ministers in 2 years. In 1958 political parties
rose the voice against Iskandar mirza because of multiple dismissal of prime
ministers. Mirza called Ayyub khan to handle situation who later introduced martial
law.

Q. Explain why Ayyub khan’s era from 1959 to 1969 is called ‘decade of progress.’
(7)

The policies of Ayyub khan were really effective that is why it is called decade of
progress such as

1) the educational reforms are important as Ayyub khan’s advisors made an up to

date syllabus for schools and colleges along with suggested new textbooks to be
published. The government began an extensive literacy program by building new
schools and colleges.

2) his industrial reforms are also the reason of his progress as well. With the help of
loans Pakistan was more industrialized. Such as in 1962 an oil refinery was
established in Karachi and mineral development corporation set up. In 1964 an
economic union was form with Iran and turkey where they agreed to develop ties in
trading and industries

Q. Why did Ayyub khan fell from Power? (7)

1) one reason for the fall of Ayyub was the loss of 1965 war. Due to this Pakistan
army had to retreat after the Tashkent Agreement. This appeared unacceptable to
some politicians who withdrew their support for Ayyub. This weakened his and started
his decline. He also sacked Zulfiqar ali Bhutto which further made situation worst.

2) social reforms like right of khula to women, family planning ways etc. invited
criticism from the religious groups. This coupled with the East Pakistan crisis and
political instability due to six of Mujeeb loosened his hold in government

Q. Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayyub khan’s domestic policies
between 1959 to 1969. Do you agree? Explain your answer. (14)
Constitutional reforms of Ayyub khan had a great impact on country. He introduced
basic democracy (BD)

1. he formed a constitution committee to provide the report on constitution making in

Pakistan. When the committee issued the report, the constitution was based on
democracy In Pakistan. Ayyub khan rejected report of committee as he wanted that
type of constitution in which the more powers to be given to the president.
Therefore, he designed the presidential type of constitution

2. The Basic democracies (BD) was introduced by him which was passed on 26
October 1959. Ayyub khan introduced this in order to improve political system which
was damaged by corrupt political. The four-tier structure was developed. Village
council at the most basic level, a sub-district council, a district council and divisional
councils. The local district magistrates and divisional commissioners would act as
chairman of local bodies. The country was divided into 80,000 single member
constituencies. Each containing 1000-1200 people. It was known as basic democracies
this system was later considered a tool to control democracy.

3. however, there were other factors which were important aspects of his domestic
policies. Land was redistributed to farmers with medium and agriculture was
revitalized to such an extent that crops output were at record level in 1935. Big
landowners were forced to find tenants for parts of their land and this too raised
productivity as the tenants and smaller were often more efficient than the larger,
poorly run farms. The system of irrigation was improved which made farming more
effective.

4. his industrial reforms were important as well. An oil refinery was setup in Karachi
in 1962 along with a mineral development corporation was setup for the exploration of
mineral. Such as in 1962 an oil refinery was established in Karachi and mineral
development corporation set up. In 1964 an economic union was form with Iran and
turkey where they agreed to develop ties in trading and industries.

In my opinion, his industrial forms were more important as it portrayed a good image
of Pakistan to the world and investments came to Pakistan from foreign countries.
However, it was revealed later that that 22 families controlled more that 66% of
industrial assets.

Separation of East Pakistan and Mujeeb

Who was Mujeeb ur Rehman (4 marks done)

Q. Why did Mujeeb give his six points (7)

There were multiple reason why Mujeeb gave his six points such as

1) the purpose was to have a directly elected government as this would ensure the
proper governmental representation of East Pakistanis because of their population
strength. This would break the dominance of the west Pakistani politician and improve
the political condition of east Pakistan

2) Another reason was to ensure provincial power. This was necessary as he believed
that the federal government was biased and favour West Pakistan over east Pakistan.
Mujeeb believed that a great degree of provincial, fiscal and military autonomy was
what the east Pakistani’s wanted.

Q. Why did the Bengalis rebelled against Pakistan in 1971? (7)

Following are among the reason why Bengalis rebelled against Pakistan in 1971

1. the bringing of army by Yahya khan after he failed to persuade mujib ur Rehman,
the head of awami league. Not to form the government. The involvement of the army
made the east Pakistan realize that west Pakistani politicians and leaders would never
let them remain free. Therefore, they rebelled in order to liberate themselves from
what they believed to be tyranny of Pakistan.

2. yet another reason was the arrest of Mujeeb ur Rehman, their main leader. The
East Pakistanis took this as an attempt of west Pakistani political figures to weaken
the political front of east Pakistan. They now came to believe that they would always
be politically oppressed. So, they rebelled to show their anger protect their political
rights.

Q, Mujib’s six points were the most important reason for the creation of Bangladesh.
Do you agree? Explain your answer. (14)

Indeed, six points of Mujib ur Rehman contributed to the creation of Bangladesh as

according to these points

1. Awami league wanted federal government to control defense and foreign policy only
and remaining authorities should be given to the provincial government means Bengalis
did not want interference of central and west Pakistan in east Pakistan’s internal
affairs. It also asked for separate currencies for both wings and each province
should have its own troops and trade. This was a clear indication that Bengalis wanted
to limit the power of central government and wished to govern east Pakistan
themselves. This also proves Bengalis were prepared for Bangladesh.
2. however, there were other factors as well. Bengalis took great pride in their
language i.e. Bengali. When Urdu was declared as the national language difference
grew between east and west Pakistan therefore, they criticized west Pakistan for
promoting their language. Furthermore, there was a large difference in dressing sense
of east and west. West Pakistan insulted the dress code of East. West saw Bengali
cultures, traditions and living style as second class thus believed themselves as
superior. There were other social problems as well such as western wing paying little
regard to eastern wing by promoting their own culture.

3. it was revealed during Ayyub’s time that 22 families controlled 66% of Pakistan
assets. Most of these belong to west Pakistan. The Bengalis saw that west had more
stake in economy of Pakistan. This was an issue that they were becoming more poor
where as west was becoming rich they saw it as negative point because east Pakistan
contributed more to the export of the country but their spending budget was lesser
compare to west Pakistan which financially exploited the benefits of their work as
their hard work was being enjoyed by west Pakistanis more compare to themselves.

4. Another factor was that the east faced continuous floods and draughts. The
Bengalis felt that the government’s attempt for their welfare were half hearted
despite the fact east contributed more to foreign exchange. The rescue and
rehabilitation were slow, and government did not bother to repair damages. They felt
oppressed and lost interest in west because the aid of government arrived late
compare to the aid and help of enemy india which reduced their love for Pakistan.

In my opinion, Mujib’s six points played great role in creation of Pakistan as through
these points Bengalis realized the injustice and their rights being oppressed. The
arrest of mujib ur Rehman when he refused Yahya to take his six points back was
actually a ‘spark’ for the creation of Bangladesh as well.

Note: beside these, other factors were one-unit policy, dismissal of east Pakistani
prime minister bogra and election results of 1970. You have to write only 4 points
along with a conclusion paragraph.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

Q. Describe the constitution of 1973. (4)

It was introduced by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Pakistan became a federal republic with
parliamentary system. Prime minister was the head of state. There will be muslim
president and prime minister. Fundamental human rights were guaranteed by court.
Upper house (senate) was elected and not to be dissolved. Armed forces are not
allowed to participate in political activities
Q. why did Bhutto nationalize industries and other sectors? (7)

There were multiple reasons such as

1. Bhutto nationalized the industries because he wanted to break the monopoly and
dominance of 22 families which were controlling the maximum industrial assets of
Pakistan. This would make him popular among the people of Pakistan by causing
circulation of wealth. Through nationalization he created employment opportunities.

2. Another reason was to win the support of the Labour class working in these
industries. They were being treated poorly by the private firms, so Bhutto
nationalized the industries to improve their salaries and provide their rights in return
as his slogan was ‘food, shelter and clothing.’ He worked on this slogan by providing
necessities and becoming the direct employer of the labours.

Q. why did Bhutto fall from Power? (7)

Following were the reasons of downfall of Bhutto (write any 2 points)

1. reason for downfall of Bhutto was the charges of the rigging of the 1977 elections
which became apparent with the ‘shocking’ victory of Bhutto’s party, the PPP. This
not only affected his reputation negative but also weakened his power and marked his
start of decline. Due to this, He faced strikes and severe opposition from PNA and
other opposition parties.

2. another reason was the failure of his economic policies; his industrialization
angered the businessmen who were also major political force of Pakistan. The foreign
investments also reduced because of nationalization. The businessman and tycoons
took effective steps to damage his rule.

3. the misuse of federal security force (FSF) against his opponents also damaged his
image. The dissolution of Baluchistan government illegally and disturbance which follow
in the province earned bad name for PPP. His party workers were found in corruption
and other cases.

Q. Why was Bhutto hanged? (7)

Q. Why was Bhutto executed in 1977 (7)

Bhutto was hanged because

1. he along with three others was accused of murdering political opponent by sending
the federal security force (FSF) to kill hm. Bhutto was charged for misusing FSF
against his political opponent. The trial which took two years, resulted in Bhutto being
found guilty and sentenced to death.

2. Apart from this, Bhutto had threatened Zia that he would him under the case of
tampering with the 1973 constitution. This would result in Zia getting considerable
for punish and it would also prove as insult for army of Pakistan. Therefore, Zia’s
advisor and military men advised to execute Bhutto in order to avoid such disrespect
and insult in future.

Moreover, when Bhutto was released from prison for a short period of time, he
participated in politics and got support form the people, therefore he refused to
withdraw from politics which was threat to Zia thus he was executed.

Q. Why was Bhutto’s policy of nationalization unsuccessful? (7)

1. One reason for the failure of the nationalization policy of Bhutto was the
Pakistan’s education system was not yet producing such effective educated workers to
take key posts in the industries. Most of the replacements in industries after
industrialization were of incompetent PPP workers who did not have skills to run
industries. This led to downfall of industries and decrease in GDP of economy.

2. Yet another reason, government had to spend a large faction of their budget in
order to keep industries running instead of collapsing as the word was going through
the economic recession. Hence government spent large faction of money, but result
was inappropriate. The nationalization also further damaged the trust of investors.
Foreign investors hesitated while investing in Pakistan.

Q. Constitutional reforms of were important of Bhutto’s domestic policies. Do you

agree? Explain your answer. (14)

1. Indeed the constitution reforms of Bhutto were important as Pakistan was running
without constitution for last 26 years. Bhutto came to power under martial law and
was determined to return Pakistan to democracy. In April 1972 Martial law was lifted
and PPP was elected as government according to the result of elections. A committee
was set up in April 1973 consist of different representatives from different parties
in assembly to draw a new constitution. In 1973 the new constitution was made
relying on the basic laws of 1956 constitution.

2. the most significant features of constitution were, there would be two houses, the
senate and the assembly, the assembly would be elected for a period of 5 years and
the members of the senate would be nominated in equal numbers from each of the
four provinces. The leader of the majority party in assembly will become PM.
President became largely a figurehead whose orders to be signed by the PM. Name
was changed to Islamic republic of Pakistan. Pakistan became federal state each
province had its own provincial assembly. All fundamental basic human rights were
guaranteed.

3. other aspects of his domestic policies were also important. He tried to improve the
infant mortality and expectancy by introducing rural health centre and basic health
unit. Pharmaceutical companies were banned from charging for a particular medical
brand name which made medicines cheaper. However, the profits of chemist declined,
and many international pharmaceutical companies closed their operation in Pakistan.

4. Bhutto’s education reforms were important as well. Primary education was

introduced. New schools were to be built and all private schools was nationalized to
make education cheaper. The aim was to increase literacy rate and raise economic
standard. The changes in education standards led to over crowding in existing schools
until new one could build. His reforms were not successfully implemented due to
shortage of schools and lack of teachers. Illiterate families did not send their
children to school thinking it as loss of earning.

Although Bhutto’s domestic reforms were also important as its improved healthcare
system of Pakistan, but constitutional reforms were more important as its still used in
Pakistan till today and Pakistan’s law and order were organized because 1947
constitution.

Zia Ul Haq
Q. Why did Zia dismiss Junejo in 1988? (7)

The following reasons led to dismissal of Junejo in 1988 (write any 2)

1. one reason was the inquiry that Junejo ordered for the incident of Ojhri camp
with orders to strictly punish the culprit. As the culprit would likely to be army
generals, Zia being the chief of army staff dismissed the Junejo to prevent the
image of army being damaged if some senior members were punished.

2. Yet another was that Junejo invited the PPP to the APC. This angered Zia as the
PPP, being party of Bhutto was the main opponent of Zia ul haq. He therefore
eventually dismissed Junejo for what he thought was a clear attempt to show the
disagreement for his rule.
3. one reason for the dismissal of Junejo was that he was taking steps to show that
the civil wing of the government was acting independently of the army, for example
he called an all party conference in march 1988 which was disliked by the Zia and
made him more alarmed at junejo’s struggle to free the civil from the army.

Q. Why did Zia introduce package of Islamic laws between 1979 to 1988? (7)

1. Zia found Pakistan in vulnerable situation in terms of Islam after Bhutto’s

government as Bhutto was a communist man. Zia ul haq introduced Islamic laws. It
was an attempt to produce a strong government based on Islamic laws. The business
and trading of alcohol was banned. He ignored the political process because he felt
that Pakistan’s political system is weak hence a strong leadership is required and
found himself suitable.

2. he introduced strict Islamic laws to overcome the crimes. Such as, the ones who
disrespect Holy prophet will be killed. He ensured Islamic education was implemented
in schools as to rise Islamic awareness amongst the students. During his tenure, the
redistribution of income was done through the wealth tax which is also known as
Zakat according to the Islamic laws.

Q. Why did Zia became unpopular by end of his rule? (7)

There were multiple reasons which marked the decline of Zia such as

1)The supply of weapons from the US to aid mujahideen in Afghanistan They were
supplied through Pakistan and sometimes got smuggled back in which resulted in these
weapons in hands of common Pakistanis. This led to an increase in crime and insecurity
as it was Zia who had allowed these weapons in Pakistan first place.

2) Another reason was Zia’s Islamic reforms. it made him popular among the Islamic
scholars and ulemas but at the same time it disturbed many Pakistanis living in
Pakistan and overseas. Liberals seen these Islamic reforms a step towards extremism
and believed his reforms damaged the image of Pakistan in the international society.

Q. Islamic reforms were the most important of Zia ul haq’s domestic policies between
1977 to 1988. Do you agree? Explain your answer (14)

Islamic reforms had great impact on the country therefore they are considered
important during Zia’s tenure/

1. Zia introduced Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable

government managed by people committed to Islamic value. He introduced a deferral
sharia court to consider existing laws and legal judgements to ensure they are
according to Islamic laws. He also came up with the hudood ordinance which
introduced Islamic punishment and laws such as the business of alcohol was made
illegal. The punishment of adultery was lashes and for the married one rajam (stone
to death) similar punishment was for the rapist. Wealth tax was introduced according
to Islamic laws known as zakat to redistribute income in economy.

2. when USSR invaded Afghanistan, Zia was able to portray his government as pro-
Islamic fighting against communists and help Muslims. This resulted in support from
west and it would also further highlight the anti-west communist ideas of the PPP.
Islamiat and Pakistan studies were made compulsory in schools and colleges to aware
students about Islamic principles and importance of Pakistan.

3. however, there were other important domestic policies of Zia are important. Such
as policies were made against nationalization which encouraged the investors and
private section to invest and operate business. Furthermore, he introduced interest
free-banking system according in which account holders became partners in profit and
loss of bank. It was based on Islamic banking which encouraged people to keep their
money in bank. The GNP was raised to 6.2%

4. Zia ul haq also tried to bring some constitution changes. He felt a need to
establish a measure of legitimacy to his presidency and came up with the 8th
amendment which gave president more power as now president could dissolve national
assembly and dismiss prime minister. As a result of this, Martial law was lifted but
Zia ul haq remained president.

Although Zia’s economics reforms led to GNP being raised to 6.2% and foreign
investment but Islamic reforms were important for him. Especially he won the support
of ulemas and religious elements of society. He promoted Arabic by introducing
Arabic language courses in radio. These islamization factors ensured his long ruling
period.

Benazir Bhutto
Q. What problems Benazir Bhutto face as prime minister from 1993-1996? (4)

Severe Opposition from MQM and PMLN as Nawaz sharif used to carry out rallies
against her government country wide. Corruption cases against her husband Asif ali
zardari damaged her reputation. Family feud was also a problem as her brother
Murtaza Bhutto founded party and acted as rival which weakened the support of PPP.
Government refused to carry out the decision of supreme court of dismissal of 20
judges led to political crisis.

Q. Why Did Benazir fall from office in 1990 (7)

She was dismissed because of corruption and violence

1. Benazir was criticized by many along with political parties for the alleged
corruption by her husband Asif Ali Zardari and PPP workers which damaged her
reputation. Her husband was later charged off and arrested for 2 years. Further
cases of corruption by PPP workers weakened her government.

2. another reason was, Benazir did not work well with President Ghulam ishaq khan
and she sometimes clashed with him. They had major differences between them over
the appointments of position in the military and judiciary. Ghulam ishaq considered
such rights are of president not PM whereas Benazir believed in opposite. The clash
grew which led to her dismissal in future.

Q. Why did Benazir fall from Office for a second time in 1996? (7)

Following reasons were the cause which led to dismissal of Benazir for the second
time

1. Family feud was an important factor as Murtaza Bhutto her brother returned from
France and demanded leadership from Benazir in PPP, but she denied. On which her
brother divided the PPP and weakened its support. She was also opposed by her
mother. Murtaza Bhutto and her mother were killed in Karachi by police and she
alleged for this murder.

2. 20 judges were appointed by the government who did not deserve that post.
Therefore, supreme court ordered the dismissal of those 20 judges, but government
refused to carry out the decision and kept those judges in service which caused
political crisis in Pakistan.

President Farooq Laghari after seeing these chaotic situations in country decided to
dismiss Benazir from prime minister according to the 8th amendment.

Q. How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime minister of Pakistan in the years
1988-90 and 1993-96? (14)

1. in 1988-90 following were the success observed in the rule of Benazir. She was
the first ever woman who became to head a government of a muslim nation which
strengthen the image of women in political system. Secured and safe transfer of
already purchased weapons to its designated place, ended a ban on trade unions and
released political prisoners, resorted students union, Pakistan rejoined commonwealth
and hosted the 4th SAARC conference resulted in 3 peace agreement being signed by
Pakistan and India. She visited USA to strengthen ties.
2. in her second tenure of 1993-96 following success were observed. Pakistan
entered in co-operative agreements with united states and united nations,
peacekeeping, 5000 troops were sent to Somalia which improved foreign relations,
there was reduction in Pakistan’s trade deficit, slight rise in foreign exchange was
observed, loan and grant assistance from world bank and IMF. United states lifted
economic and military restrictions. Hillary Clinton visited Pakistan which strengthen
ties between Pakistan and America.

3. however, there were some failures too. During her first tenure 1988-90 there
was conflict with Nawaz sharif which resulted in severe opposition and problems with
relations with growth of separatist government. President Ghulam Ishaq and Benazir
had major differences between them over the appointments of position in the military
and judiciary. Ghulam ishaq considered such rights are of president not PM whereas
Benazir believed in opposite. There was inflation and unemployment. Drug trafficking
became common. (the answer of this paragraph will remain same. Write this
paragraph as it is)

4. there were several Failures in her second era 1993-96 such as Family feud was an
important factor as Murtaza Bhutto her brother demanded leadership from Benazir in
PPP, but she denied. On which her brother founded his own party as rival and
weakened PPP’s support. She was also opposed by her mother. Murtaza Bhutto and
her mother were killed in Karachi by police and she alleged for this murder. Nawaz
sharif carried out rallies against her country wide which put a lot of pressure on her.
Devaluation in Pakistani rupee was observed along inflation and unemployment. An
incident took in 1995 in which 2000+ people were murdered. Kashmir tension also
grew during her 2nd tenure. (the answer of this paragraph will remain same. Write
this paragraph as it is)

In my opinion, the failures of Benazir Bhutto were more compare to her success. As
the Prime minister and president never worked together instead had clashes and
differences which led to her dismissal resulting in damage of political system of
Pakistan.

Nawaz Sharif
Q. What problems Nawaz sharif faced in 1990 as PM? (4)

Nawaz sharif faced opposition from PPP. They also held protests just like. There was
not much economic progress during his reign due to high dollar of left by Benazir. The
Islamic shariah bill failed as opponents disliked the increased role of Islam in
government. US aids stopped when US came to know about nuclear program. Sudden
death of chief of army staff led his clashes with army on the appoint of new COAS.
BCCI and co-operative societies scandal were also the problems he faced.

Q. Why did Nawaz sharif fell from office in 1993 (7)

1.To tackle unemployment in country, Nawaz sharif imported thousands of taxis and
providing cheap installments to buy them but it failed as many of his workers and
people converted it into personal car. Drugs and weapons were common on the streets
which led to increase in the crime rate.

2. he did Operation clean up against MQM in 1992 when they demanded funds for
muhajir thus hundreds of MQM workers were killed in this operation which caused
chaotic and violent situation in the country.

By analyzing the situation president Ghulam ishaq dismissed him but supreme court
restored Nawaz sharif. When differences grew and both of them did not reach
agreement. in result both were dismissed from their positions.

Q. Why did Nawaz sharif fell from office in 1999? (7)

There were several reasons why sharif fell from office such as

1. Sharif was accused of corruption. When he was called for trial and to defend
himself against the accusations of corruption, his supporters and party workers
stormed the supreme court which prevented judge from giving his verdict in this case
and saved Nawaz sharif because of attack.

2. After kargil issue with Musharraf and Army being constant threat to Democracy.
Sharif feared a coup led by general Musharraf and decided to replace him. As
Musharraf returned from Siri lanka he was not allowed to land but with the help of
ISI officers he landed and immediately announced that the army was taking.

Sharif was arrested along with 5 other officials being charged for attempt to
murder. He was removed from the office.

Q. was the cooperative societies scandal the most important reason why Nawaz sharif
fell from Office in 1993? Explain your answer (14)

Cooperative societies scandal played major role which led to dismissal of Nawaz sharif
because

1. cooperative societies accepts deposits from members and can legally make loans
only to members for purposes that gives benefit to the society. Mismanagement of
these societies led to a major collapse in which millions of Pakistanis lost in money, in
sharif’s native state, 700,000 people from Punjab including poor and rich lost their
savings when the state’s societies became bankrupt. It was later discovered that
billions of rupees were lent to sharif’s family business (ittefaq group) the prime
minister’s reputation was severely damaged and people lost trust in him

2. Kalashankov culture and drug trafficking being common exploited the sharif’s
government as the crime rate increased. Target killings, kidnapping and other
terrorism activities were common in Sindh. Drugs also became common as well
therefore Government’s image was damaged. The violence was at that peek that
sharif had to cancel his trip to japan because violence. The government passed
twelfth amendment which provided speedy court trials which was criticized by
opposition as it was against basic human rights.

3. BCCI scandal was also a factor which led to his downfall. There was reduction in
overseas aid, high government spending and decrease in remittances from overseas
workers in the middle east placed severe pressure on Pakistan’s finance. Pakistan
further suffered when one of the major leading banks of Pakistan BCCI who was
world’s seventh largest bank collapsed during his rule. After further inquiry it was
found it collapsed because of fraud, manipulation and corruption. Sharif and his
government were alleged for corruption. This damaged Pakistan’s reputation
worldwide.

4. Sharif being member of Zia government promised to pass the Islamic shariah bill
but the opposition didn’t let it to pass as they disliked the increased role of Islam in
the government thus fundamental Muslims in the alliance with sharif were disappointed
as the bill didn’t go further. Federal shariah court was asked to take steps against
the payment of interest, but no action was taken by the government.

In my opinion, cooperative society scandal did play a major role in his dismissal, but
the most important factor was his clash with President Ghulam ishaq khan and army
over the appoint of chief of army staff.

Q. The attack on supreme court was the main reason why Nawaz sharif fell from
office in 1999. Do you agree? Explain your answer. (14)

1. Sajjad ali shah had been appointed as chief justice of the supreme court by
Benazir Bhutto. He became a critic of Nawaz sharif and matters to a head in 1977
when Sharif was defending himself in the supreme court against accusation of
corruption. A mob of Nawaz sharif supporters stormed into the supreme court forcing
sajjad ali shah to close the case against Prime minister sharif. Hundreds of
supporters of sharif broke through the police cordon which led chief justice to flee
for his life from the court. This attack severely damaged sharif’s reputation.
2. in 1998 when Pakistan decided to carry out series of nuclear tests in Baluchistan,
sharif became hinderance. He refused to allow the Pakistan to carry out nuclear
tests. This caused differences between sharif and Army of Pakistan. As sharif
believed that Pakistan economy was to collapse and already there is international
criticism and loss of US aid after nuclear program it will lead to further criticism.
Somehow sharif was convinced to allow the army to carry out nuclear test but this
caused tensions between him and the army.

3. in April 1999, muslim Kashmiri fighters crossed the line of control and captured
the Indian occupied towns of kargil and drass. Army claimed it as victory whereas
government denied its involvement which caused tensions between army and
government. After one month, army forces retreated, and Musharraf blamed that it
was the order Nawaz sharif to retreat at first Nawaz sharif declined but later
admitted it. this resulted in more tensions between sharif and army. Even the people
held rallies against Nawaz sharif on this kargil issue which damaged his image.

4. After kargil issue with Musharraf and Army being constant threat to Democracy.
Sharif feared a coup led by general Musharraf and decided to replace him. As
Musharraf returned from Siri lanka Nawaz sharif ordered civil aviation authority not
to give permission for his plane to land. Nawaz sharif removed Musharraf him from
COAS in his absence and appointed new COAS. With the help of ISI, Musharraf
landed and announced that army is taking control. Sharif along with 5 other official
members were charged for attempting to murder, therefore they were dismissed, and
Musharraf took the control.

In my opinion, the attack on supreme court was a major factor which led to his
dismissal but the kargil issue was the main reason why sharif was dismissed as this
time sharif came in serious clash with army and not only he lost his support from
army but people as well.