7/9/2020

BUILDING MATERIALS
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1

AR. NIKKO D. CASAS

UC-CEA

16 DIVISION OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

(CSI MASTERFORMAT)
0 - Contract and Bid 8 - Doors and Windows
information
9 -Finishes
1 - Scope of Work and
Procedures 10 - Specialties
2 - Site Construction 11 - Equipment
3 - Concrete 12 - Furnishings
4 - Masonry 13 - Special Construction
5 - Metals 14 - Conveying Systems
6 - Wood and Plastics 15 - Mechanical Systems
7 - Thermal and Moisture 16 - Electrical Systems
Protection

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DIVISION 3 - CONCRETE

CONCRETE
An artificial, stonelike building
material made by mixing cement
and various mineral aggregate with
sufficient water to cause the
cement to set and bind the entire
mass.

“beton brut”

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CONCRETE
INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE:

CEMENT

AGGREGATE

WATER

(ADMIXTURE)

CONCRETE
INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE:

CEMENT

AGGREGATE

WATER

(ADMIXTURE)

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CEMENT
May be defined as a material which,
when mixed with water or other
substance, will:
• Form temporarily a plastic paste;
easily molded or deformed
• After a short period of time will
harden or set to a rigid mass

CEMENT (classification)
1. HYDRAULIC CEMENT
a cement that sets and hardens
by chemical interaction with water
and is capable of doing so
underwater, for example, Portland
cement and ground granulated blast-
furnace slag are hydraulic cements.

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CEMENT (classification)
2. PORTLAND CEMENT
a hydraulic cement produced by
pulverizing a Portland-cement clinker,
usually in combination with calcium
sulfate

“PORTLAND CEMENT IS THE STANDARD”

PORTLAND CEMENT
HISTORICAL NOTE:
• Around 3,000 BC, the Egyptians used
mud mixed with straw as a binder to
make sun dried bricks. Moreover, they
also used gypsum mortars in their
pyramids
• About 300 BC, the Babylonians and
Assyrians used bitumen as a component
in building stones and bricks
• The Greeks used lime mortars which are
much harder that Roman mortars

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PORTLAND CEMENT
HISTORICAL NOTE:
• Around 300-476 AD, the Romans used Pozzolana
cement from Pozzuoli in Italy near Mt. Vesuvius to
build the Appian way, the Coliseum, Roman baths,
the Pantheon and other magnificent structures
including the Pont du Gard, an aqueduct in France.

PORTLAND CEMENT
HISTORICAL NOTE:
• In 1779, Bry Higgins was issued a patent
for hydraulic cement (stucco) for
plastering application.
• In 1824, Englishman Joseph Aspdin
invented the Portland cement. The
Portland cement name came form the
building stones quarried at Portland ,
England which resembles the material
produced by him.

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COMPONENTS OF A PORTLAND CEMENT

1. TRICALCIUM SILICATE
responsible for the hardening or early gain in strength of cement
2. DICALCIUM SILICATE
responsible for the aging or long term gain in strength of cement
3. TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE
contributes to the initial setting of cement
4. TETRACALCIUM ALUMINOFERRITE
contributes to the process of cement manufacturing by allowing
lower clinkering temperatures

TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

TYPE I “GENERAL PURPOSE”
used for most purposes of construction

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TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

TYPE II “MODERATE SULFATE
RESISTANCE”
used in contact with water
with sulfate present

TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

TYPE III “EXTRA RAPID HARDENING
CEMENT”
for use where high strength is
desired at early periods; usually
within week or less.

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TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

TYPE IV “LOW HEAT HYDRATION”
for use where low heat of
hydration is desired; used in massive
structures like dams, nuclear plants,
etc.

TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

TYPE V “SULFATE RESISTANT”
used when high resistance to
sulfate is desired.

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TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

OTHER TYPES
WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT
uses selected raw materials so
that the finished product would be
white rather than gray

TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

OTHER TYPES
MASONRY CEMENT
a mixture of Portland cement,
air entraining additives, plasticizers,
etc. used exclusively for masonry
works.

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CONCRETE
INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE:

CEMENT

AGGREGATE

WATER

(ADMIXTURE)

CONCRETE
INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE:

CEMENT

AGGREGATE

WATER

(ADMIXTURE)

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AGGREGATE
Any of various hard, inert material
such as sand and gravel added to
cement to make concrete

AGGREGATE CLASSIFICATION
1. FINE AGGREGATE
consisting of sand having a
particle size smaller than ¼ inch
(6.4mm), and shall pass through a
3/8” (9.5mm) sive

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AGGREGATE CLASSIFICATION
2. COARSE AGGREGATE
consisting of crushed stones,
gravel or blast furnace slag having a
particle size larger the ¼ inch
(6.4mm). Specify the portion of
aggregate that is retained on No. 4
(4.8mm) seive

TYPES OF AGGREGATES
1. EXPANDED SHALE
a strong lightweight aggregate
obtained by the exfoliation of clay or
shale. Also called “expanded clay”

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TYPES OF AGGREGATES
2. EXPANDED SLATE
a strong lightweight aggregate
obtained by the exfoliation of slate

TYPES OF AGGREGATES
3. PERLITE
a volcanic glass expanded by
heat to form lightweight aggregate
and as loose-fill thermal insulation.
Also called “Pearlite”

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TYPES OF AGGREGATES
4. VERMACULITE
Mica expanded by heat into
very light, worm-like threads, used
as non-structural lightweight
aggregate and as loose-fill insulation

TYPES OF AGGREGATES
5. DIATOMITE
consists of the skeletons of
tiny aquatic plants called diatoms
which can be heated to melting
point and used as a cylinder-like
lightweight aggregate

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TYPES OF AGGREGATES
6. FLY ASH
consists of fine material
particles produced by the
burning of coal. It is useful in
Portland cement concrete as a
substitute for cement

TYPES OF AGGREGATES
7. CINDER
used as aggregates fused
into lumps by combustion of
coal and are not softer ashes
formed by lower temperature
combustion

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COMMON SANDS WE USE IN CONSTRUCTION

CRUSHED SAND
or manufactured sand, are
produced by crushing quarried
stones to desired or fine sizes

COMMON SANDS WE USE IN CONSTRUCTION

RIVER SAND
sand that is naturally available
and extracted from the river beds or
riverbank

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COMMON GRAVEL WE USE IN CONSTRUCTION

GRAVEL ¾”
quarried stones crushed to ¾”
diameter

COMMON GRAVEL WE USE IN CONSTRUCTION

GRAVEL 1” (G1)
quarried stones or stones
crushed to 1” diameter

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CONCRETE
INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE:

CEMENT

AGGREGATE

WATER

(ADMIXTURE)

CONCRETE
INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE:

CEMENT

AGGREGATE

WATER

(ADMIXTURE)

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WATER
WATER
water we use for concrete
mixture should be clean, if not
potable, be free from oil, acid, mud
or any foreign material

CONCRETE
INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE:

CEMENT

AGGREGATE

WATER

(ADMIXTURE)

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CONCRETE
INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE:

CEMENT

AGGREGATE

WATER

ADMIXTURE

ADMIXTURE
ADMIXTURE
• any substance other than cement,
water or aggregate, added to a
concrete or mortar mix to alter its
properties or those of the hardened
products.
• A material other than water,
aggregates, cement and other fiber
reinforcement, used as an ingredient
of a cementitious mixture to modify
its freshly mixed, setting, or
hardened properties and that is
added to the batch before or during
its mixing
• Also called “additives”

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TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
1. AIR ENTRAINING AGENT
an admixture that disperses
entrained air in concrete or mortar
mix to increase workability, improve
resistance to cracking induced by
freeze thaw cycles or the scaling
caused by deicing chemicals

TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
2. ACCELERATOR
hasten the setting and strength
development of a concrete, mortar or
plaster mix

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TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
3. RETARDER
slows the setting of concrete,
mortar or plaster mix in order to
allow more time for placing and
working the mix

TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
4. WATER REDUCING AGENT
reduces the amount of
mixing water required for the
desired workability. Lowering
water- cement ratio generally
results in increased strength.
Also called “Superplasticizer”

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TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
5. COLORING AGENT
a pigment or dye added
to a concrete mix to alter or
control its color

TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
6. CONCRETE HARDENER
improves denseness of
concrete surface which are
subjected to rolling live loads
and impact

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TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
7. CONCRETE WATERPROOF
makes concrete more
impermeable

TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
8. BONDING AGENT
improves bond between
to concrete surfaces

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TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
9. SET INHIBITING AGENT
prevents cement paste
from bonding to the surface
and inhibits the setting of the
cement paste

TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
10. SURFACE SEALING AGENT
prevents the
evaporation of water from
concrete and allow it to be
retained for hydration

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TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
11. NON-SKID SURFACE AGENT
an abrasive material
used as topping to prevent
slippery surfaces

TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
12. POZZOLANIC ADMIXTURE
sometimes used in
structures where it is desirable
to avoid high temperature or in
structures exposed to sea water
containing sulfates

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CONCRETE

CONCRETE
An artificial stone-like building
material made by mixing cement
and various mineral aggregates with
sufficient water to cause the cement
to set and bind the entire mass

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CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
• Is the ratio or quantity of
cement, sand, and gravel.
• Class AAA
• Class AA
• Class A
• Class B
• Class C
• Class D

CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
Class AAA
• 1:1:2
• 4,500 psi
• Used for concrete subject to post
–tensioning or pre-tensioning,
dams, and similar uses

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CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
Class AA
• 1:1.5:3
• 4,000 psi
• Used for concrete under water,
retaining walls and elevator shear
walls

CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
Class A
• 1:2:4
• 3,500 psi
• For standard mixtures for
reinforced slabs, beams, columns,
arches, and building foundation

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CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
Class B
• 1:2.5:5
• 3,000 psi
• For medium mixtures for slabs on
fill, retaining walls, abutment
piers, building wall and sidewalk

CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
Class C
• 1:3:6
• 2,500 psi
• For lean mixture for stone
masonry and filling, parapet walls
and plant boxes

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CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
Class D
• 1:3.5:7
• 2,000 psi
• For foothpath, walkway and lean
concrete

CONCRETE METHOD OF MIXING

1. HAND MIXING
a manual method of mixing
concrete done on a water tight
platform

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CONCRETE METHOD OF MIXING

2. STATIONARY MIXERS
these are used by some
ready-mix producers. Concrete is
mixed at the central yard and
delivered to the job site in transit
mix trucks.

CONCRETE METHOD OF MIXING

3. PORTABLE MIXERS
used in smaller concrete
jobs

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CONCRETE METHOD OF MIXING

4. PAVING MIXERS
these are concrete mixers
mounted on crawler threads,
usually for road construction

CONCRETE METHOD OF MIXING

5. SHOTCRETE (GUNITE)
a term used to describe a
mortar or concrete placed by high
velocity compressed air that
adheres to the surface. The
concrete is sprayed to the surface

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CONCRETE METHOD OF MIXING

6. PUMPCRETE
any concrete which is
transported through a hose or
pipe by means of a pump

CONCRETE METHOD OF MIXING

7. READY MIX
concrete production
system which is delivered to the
site ready for placement
• Central mix
• Transit mixed concrete
• Shrink mixed concrete

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CONCRETE DEFECTS

CONCRETE DEFECTS
Different types of defects in concrete structures can be cracking,
crazing, blistering, delamination, dusting, curling, efflorescence, scaling and
spalling. These defects can be due to various reasons or causes.
• Structural deficiency resulting from errors in design, loading criteria,
unexpected overloading, etc.
• Structural deficiency due to construction defects.
• Damage due to fire, floods, earthquakes, cyclones etc.
• Damage due to chemical attack.
• Damage due to marine environments.
• Damage due to abrasion of granular materials.
• Movement of concrete due to physical characteristics

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Structural Deficiency due to Construction

Defects
• Defects due to the quality of raw materials.
• Non adoption of designed concrete mix.
• Use of defective construction plant for producing, transporting, and
placing the concrete.
• Defective workmanship.
• Inadequate quality detailing.

Other factors leading to poor design detailings

• Re-entrant corners.
• Abrupt changes in section.
• Inadequate joint detailing.
• Deflection limits.
• Poorly detailed drips and scuppers.
• Inadequate or improper drainage.
• Poor detailing of expansion joints.

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
1. Cracking

Cracks are formed in concrete due

to many reasons but when these
cracks are very deep, it is unsafe to
use that concrete structure

CONCRETE DEFECTS
1. Cracking

CAUSE
Various reasons for cracking are
improper mix design, insufficient
curing, omission of expansion and
contraction joints, use of high slump
concrete mix, unsuitable sub-grade
etc.

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
1. Cracking PREVENTION
To prevent cracking, use low water –
cement ratio and maximize the
coarse aggregate in concrete mix,
admixtures containing calcium
chloride must be avoided. Surface
should be prevented against rapid
evaporation of moisture content.
Loads must be applied on the
concrete surface only after gaining
its maximum strength

CONCRETE DEFECTS
2. Crazing

Crazing also called as pattern

cracking or map cracking, is the
formation of closely spaced shallow
cracks in an uneven manner

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
2. Crazing

CAUSE
Crazing occurs due to rapid
hardening of top surface of concrete
due to high temperatures or if the
mix contains excess water content
or due to insufficient curing.

CONCRETE DEFECTS
2. Crazing PREVENTION
Pattern cracking can be avoided by
proper curing, by dampening the
sub-grade to resist absorption of
water from concrete, by providing
protection to the surface from rapid
temperature changes.

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
3. Blistering

Blistering is the formation of hollow

bumps of different sizes on concrete
surface due to entrapped air under
the finished concrete surface

CONCRETE DEFECTS
3. Blistering

CAUSE
It may cause due to excessive
vibration of concrete mix or
presence of excess entrapped air in
mix or due to improper finishing.
Excessive evaporation of water on
the top surface of concrete will also
cause blistering

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
3. Blistering PREVENTION
It can be prevented by using good
proportion of ingredients in
concrete mix, by covering the top
surface which reduces evaporation
and using appropriate techniques
for placing and finishing

CONCRETE DEFECTS
4. Delamination

Delamination is also similar to

blistering. In this case also, top
surface of concrete gets separated
from underlying concrete.
Hardening of top layer of concrete
before the hardening of underlying
concrete will lead to delamination

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
4. Delamination

CAUSE
It is because the water and air
bleeding from underlying concrete
are struck between these two
surfaces, hence space will be
formed.

CONCRETE DEFECTS
4. Delamination PREVENTION
Like blistering, delamination can
also be prevented by using proper
finishing techniques. It is better to
start the finishing after bleeding
process has run its course.

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
5. Dusting

Dusting, also called as chalking is

the formation of fine and loose
powdered concrete on the
hardened concrete by
disintegration. This happens due to
the presence of excess amount of
water in concrete.

CONCRETE DEFECTS
5. Dusting

CAUSE
It causes bleeding of water from
concrete, with this fine particles like
cement or sand will rise to the top
and consequent wear causes dust at
the top surface.

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
5. Dusting PREVENTION
To avoid dusting, use low slump
concrete mix to obtain hard
concrete surface with good wear
resistance. Use water reducing
admixtures to obtain adequate
slump. It is also recommended to
use better finishing techniques and
finishing should be started after
removing the bleed water from
concrete surface.

CONCRETE DEFECTS
6. Curling

When a concrete slab is distorted

into curved shape by upward or
downward movement of edges or
corners

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
6. Curling

CAUSE
It occurs mainly due to the
differences in moisture content or
temperature between slab surface
(top) and slab base (bottom).

CONCRETE DEFECTS
6. Curling PREVENTION
To prevent curling, use low shrink
concrete mix, provide control joints,
provide heavy reinforcement at
edges or provide edges with great
thickness

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
7. Efflorescence

Efflorescence is the formation of

deposits of salts on the concrete
surface. Formed salts generally
white in color

CONCRETE DEFECTS
7. Efflorescence

CAUSE
It is due to the presence of soluble
salts in the water which is used in
making concrete mix.

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
7. Efflorescence PREVENTION
It can be prevented by using clean
and pure water for mixing, using
chemically ineffective aggregates
etc. And make sure that cement
should not contain alkalis more than
1% of its weight.

CONCRETE DEFECTS
8. Scaling and Spalling

Scaling and spalling, in both the

cases concrete surface gets
deteriorated and flaking of concrete
occurs

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
8. Scaling and Spalling

CAUSE
The main cause for this type of
cases is penetration of water
through concrete surface. This
makes steel gets corroded and
spalling or scaling may occurs.

CONCRETE DEFECTS
8. Scaling and Spalling PREVENTION
This type of defects can be
prevented by, using well designed
concrete mixes, by adding air
entrainment admixtures, proper
finishing and curing, providing good
slope to drain water coming on to
the surface etc

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
9. Honeycomb

Are hollow spaces and cavities left

in concrete mass on the surface or
inside the mass where concrete could
not reach. These look like honey bees
nest

CONCRETE DEFECTS
9. Honeycomb

CAUSE
Improper vibration and workability
of concrete are main causes
of honeycombs in concrete.

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CONCRETE DEFECTS
9. Honeycomb PREVENTION
Observe proper concrete pouring,
compaction and vibration
techniques. Also the water-cement
ratio

CONCRETE TESTING
Quality tests on concrete are performed as a part of quality
control of concrete structures. Different quality tests on concrete such
as compressive strength tests, slump tests, permeability tests etc. are
used to assure the quality of the concrete that is supplied for a given
specification

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CONCRETE TESTING METHODS

1. SLUMP TEST
A method of determining the
consistency and workability of
freshly mixed concrete by measuring
the slump of a test specimen after it
has been released from the cone.

CONCRETE TESTING METHODS

1. SLUMP TEST

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CONCRETE TESTING METHODS

1. SLUMP TEST
Allowable slump for Various Construction
STRUCTURAL MEMBER ALLOWABLE SLUMP

Beams and Columns 75mm

Slabs 50mm

Walls, Parapets, Piers 50mm

Arches and Retaining Walls 100mm

Canal Lining 75mm

Heavy Mass Construction 50mm

CONCRETE TESTING METHODS

2. COMPRESSION TEST
a test for determining the
compressive strength of a
concrete batch, using a
hydraulic press to measure the
maximum load of a test cylinder
(specimen) can support

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CONCRETE TESTING METHODS

2. COMPRESSION TEST

CONCRETE TESTING METHODS

3. CORE TEST
a compression test of a
cylinder cut from a hardened
concrete structure by means of
a core drill

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CONCRETE TESTING METHODS

3. CORE TEST

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