7-1

Problems
1. Rectangular Waveguide Fundamentals
P7.1: Find the cutoff frequency for the first 8 modes of WR430.

a = 4.3 in = 0.1092 m, b = 2.15 in = 0.0546 m

For air-filled guide we have:
2 2
c m n
fcmn     
2  a  b
Evaluating all the combination of modes for m = 0,1,2,3 and n = 0,1,2,3 we find
Mode fcmn (GHz)
TE10 1.374
TE01 2.747
TE20 2.747
TE11 3.07
TM11 3.07
TE21 3.885
TM21 3.885
TE30 4.121

P7.2: Calculate the cutoff frequency for the first 8 modes of a waveguide that has a =
0.900 inches and b = 0.600 inches.

a = 0.900 in = 0.02286 m, b = 0.600in = 0.01524 m

For air-filled guide we have:
2 2
c m n
fcmn     
2  a  b
Evaluating all the combination of modes for m = 0,1,2,3 and n = 0,1,2,3 we find
Mode fcmn (GHz)
TE10 6.56
TE01 9.84
TE11 11.83
TM11 11.83
TE20 13.12
TE21 16.40
TM30 19.69
TE02 19.69

P7.3: Calculate the cutoff frequency for the first 8 modes of a waveguide that has a =
0.900 inches and b = 0.300 inches.
 7-2

a = 0.900 in = 0.02286 m, b = 0.300 in = 0.00762 m

For air-filled guide we have:
2 2
c m n
fcmn     
2  a  b
Evaluating all the combination of modes for m = 0,1,2,3 and n = 0,1,2,3 we find
Mode fcmn (GHz)
TE10 6.56
TE20 13.12
TE30 19.68
TE01 19.68
TE11 20.75
TM11 20.75
TE21 23.66
TM21 23.66

P7.4: Calculate uG, the wavelength in the guide and the wave impedance at 10 GHz for
WR90.

From Table 7.1 for WR90 we have fc10 = 6.56 GHz. So

2 2
 fc   6.56  8 m
uG  uU 1     3x108 1     2.26 x10
 f   10  s
U 3x108 10 x109
 2

2
 0.0397m,   4cm
 fc   6.56 
1   1  
 f   10 
Since fc10 = 6.56 GHz, at 10 GHz only TE 10 is present and therefore we only have the
Z10TE impedance.
U 120
Z10TE    500
2 2
 fc   6.56 
1   1  
 f   10 

P7.5: Consider WR975 is filled with polyethylene. Find (a) uu, (b) up and (c) uG at 600
MHz.

From Table 7.1 for WR975 we have a = 9.75 in and b = 4.875 in. Then
 7-3

c 3 x108 m s 1  1in 
fc10      403MHz
2 r a 2 2.26 9.75in  0.0254m 
2 2
 fc   403 
F  1    1    0.741
 f   600 
Now,
c 3x108 m
uU    2 x108
r 2.26 s
uU m
uP   2.7 x108
F s
m
uG  uU F  1.48 x108
s

P7.6: MATLAB: Plot up and wavelength in the guide as a function of frequency over the
cited useful frequency range for WR90.

% MLP0706
%
% Plot propagation velocity and guide wavelength
% over the cited useful freq range of WR90.
%
% 2/2/03 Wentworth
%
c=3e8;
a=0.900;b=0.450;
fc=(c/(2*.0254*a));
flo=8.2e9;
fhi=12.4e9;
N=100;
df=(fhi-flo)/N;
f=flo:df:fhi;
A=sqrt(1-(fc./f).^2);
Lu=c./f;
LG=Lu./A;
up=c./A;

fG=f./1e9;
subplot(2,1,1) Fig. P7.6
plot(fG,LG)
ylabel('guide wavelength (m)')
 7-4

grid on
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(fG,up)
xlabel('frequency(GHz)')
ylabel('propagation velocity (m/s)')
grid on

P7.7: WR90 waveguide is to be operated at 16 GHz. Tabulate the values of the guide
wavelength, phase velocity, group velocity and impedance for each supported mode.

For the TE10 mode we have

c
fc10  , where a = 0.900 in = .02286m, so fc10  6.562GHz.
2a
Then
u c 3x108
 , where u    1.88cm
  f 16 x109
2
1 fc
f
.0188m
  0.0206m
 
2
1  6.562
16
uu c 3x108 m
up     3.3x108
 f  f   s
2 2 2
1  fc 1  fc 1  6.562
16

1   fc   16 
2 2 m
uG  uu  3x108 1  6.562  2.74 x108
f s
u 120
TE
Z mn    413
 f  
2 2
1  fc 1  6.562
16
Likewise values are found for the TE20 and TE11 mode. For the TM11 mode, a different
expression for impedance is used:

 f
2
Z TM
mn  u 1  fc

Mode fc(GHz) (m) up(m/s) uG(m/s) Z()

TE10 6.56 0.0206 3.3x108 2.7x108 413
TE20 13.1 0.0328 5.2x108 1.7x108 659
TE11 14.7 0.0470 7.5x108 1.2x108 945
TM11 14.7 0.0470 7.5x108 1.2x108 150
 7-5

P7.8: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 7.1 by plotting uG and up versus frequency for the
same guide over the same frequency range.

% M-File: MLP0708
%
% Waveguide Velocity Plot
% Plots uG and uP for TE11 and TM11
% vs freq. for air-filled waveguide
% (modifies ML0701)
%
% Wentworth, 11/26/02
%
clc %clears command window
clear%clears variables

% Initialize variables
c=2.998e8; %speed of light
Zo=120*pi;
ainches=0.900;
binches=0.450; Fig. P7.8
% convert to metric
a=ainches*0.0254;
b=binches*0.0254;
% calc fc11
fc=c*sqrt((1/a)^2+(1/b)^2)/2;

% Perform calculations
f=15e9:.1e9:25e9;
fghz=f/1e9;
Factor=sqrt(1-(fc./f).^2);
uu=c.*Factor./Factor; %just filling array with c
up=c./Factor;
ug=c.*Factor;

% Display results
plot(fghz,up,'-.k',fghz,uu,'--k',fghz,ug,'-k')
legend('up','c','uG')
xlabel('frequency, (GHz)')
ylabel('velocity (m/s)')
grid on
 7-6

P7.9: MATLAB: Plot the TE10 wave impedance for WR430 waveguide versus frequency
if the guide is filled with Teflon. Choose a suitable frequency range for your plot.

% MLP0709
%
% Plot TE10 wave impedance for teflon filled
% WR430 guide over a suitable frequency range.
%
% 2/2/03 Wentworth
%
c=3e8;
er=2.1;
uu=c/sqrt(er);
a=4.30;b=2.150;
fc=(uu/(2*.0254*a));
flo=1.7e9/sqrt(er);
fhi=2.6e9/sqrt(er);
N=100;
df=(fhi-flo)/N;
f=flo:df:fhi; Fig. P7.9
A=sqrt(1-(fc./f).^2);
ZTE=(120*pi/sqrt(er))./A;

fG=f./1e9;
plot(fG,ZTE)
xlabel('frequency(GHz)')
ylabel('TE10 mode impedance (ohms)')
grid on

P7.10: Suppose a length of WR137 waveguide operated at 7.0 GHz is terminated in a

short circuit. At what distance from this short circuit does the input impedance appear
infinite?

From our study of T-Lines, we know that looking into a quarter guide-wavelength section
of waveguide terminated in a short circuit, the input impedance appears infinite. The
cutoff frequency for the TE10 mode is 4.29 GHz. Then,
U c f 3 x108 7 x109
    0.0542m
     
2 2 2
1 fc 1 fc 1 4.29
f f 7
So the quarter wave length is 0.0542m/4 = 0.0136 m. Therefore a distance 1.4 cm away
from the short circuit, the input impedance appears infinite.
 7-7

2. Waveguide Field Equations

P7.11: Manipulate (7.41) to get (7.1).

Rearranging (7.41), we have

2 2
 m   n 
 u2   2      ,
 a   b 
Also from (7.41) we have

 
2
   u 1  fc f .

So
 
   
2 2
 u2   2 , u 2  1-1+ fc f  =u 2 fc f
 
and
2
2  fc 
 m  2  n  2  2
 u         ,
 f   a   b  
2 2
 2   fc   m   n   2
2 2

           
 u   f   a   b  
2 2
2 fc m n
    
u f  a  b
Solving for fc, where we have uu = uf,
2 2 2 2
1 m n 1 m n
fc  uu          
2  a  b 2   a  b

P7.12: Find expressions for the phasor field components of the TE01 mode.

With m = 0 and n = 1, the nonzero field components in equations (7.67) - (7.71)are

  y   j z
H zs  H o cos  e
 b 
j    y   j z
Exs  2 H o sin  e
u   b
2
 b 
j    y   j z
H ys  2 H o sin  e
u   b2
 b 

P7.13: Find an expression for the magnetic field of the TE11 mode.
 7-8

 j  x   y 
H H o sin   cos   cos(t   z )a x
u   a
2 2
 a   b 
j  x   y 
 H o cos   sin   cos(t   z )a y
  b
2
u
2
 a   b 
x   y 
 H o cos   cos   cos(t   z )a z
 a   b 

P7.14: Modify MATLAB 7.2 to look at the Hz field for the TE20 mode.

% M-File: MLP0714
%
% TE02 Hz Field Pattern
% Generates contour and surface plots
%
% Wentworth, 11/26/02
%
% Variables
% m,n mode indicators
% a,b unitless guide dimensions
% betax x component of phase constant
% betay y component of phase constant
% Ez Ez for contour plot
% Ezc Ez for conventional plot
% Ezs Ez for surface plot

clc %clears the command window

clear %clears variables

% Initialize variables
m=0;n=2;
a=40;b=20;
betax=m*pi/a;
betay=n*pi/b;

% Generate data for contour plot

for i=1:a/40:a
x(i)=(i/40)*a;
for j=1:b/20:b
y(j)=(j/20)*b;
Hz(j,i)=cos(betax*x(i))*cos(betay*y(j));
end
 7-9

end

% Generate data for conventional plot at y=b/2

xc=a/2;
yc=1:b/20:b;
Hzc=20*cos(betax*xc)*cos(betay*yc);

% Generate data for surface plot

[X,Y]=meshgrid(0:a,0:b);
Hzs=10*cos(betax.*X).*cos(betay.*Y);

subplot(3,1,1)
contour(x,y,Hz,4)
title('Hz')
ylabel('y')
axis('equal')
axis([0 a 0 b])

subplot(3,1,2)
plot(Hzc,yc)
ylabel('y')
xlabel('10*Hz, (at y=b/2)')
axis('equal')
axis([-20 20 0 b])

subplot(3,1,3)
surf(Hzs)
axis([0 40 0 20 0 10])
axis('equal')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y') Fig. P7.14
zlabel('Hzs*10')

P7.15: MATLAB: You are to create a movie showing how a surface plot of Hz over a
cross section of rectangular waveguide changes with position. Use WR284 waveguide
operating at 5 GHz and animate Hz for the TE11 mode.

% M-File: MLP0715
%
% Movie of the Hz contour field pattern in TE11
% mode as a function of z-position along the line.
% Here we'll take a time snapshot at t = 0.
 7-10

%
% Wentworth, 2/5/03
%
clc %clears the command window
clear %clears variables

% Initialize variables
m=1;n=1;
f=5e9;
c=3e8;
a=2.84*.0254;
b=1.34*.0254;
fc=(c/2)*sqrt((m/a)^2+(n/b)^2);
betau=2*pi*f/c;
betax=m*pi/a;
betay=n*pi/b;
beta=betau*sqrt(1-(fc/f)^2);

M=40;
N=20;
Lguide=2*pi/beta;

%note: as movie runs the pattern shape remains the same,

%but the intensity varies as indicated by the change in
% color as the position z changes.

% Generate reference frame

[X,Y]=meshgrid(0:a/40:a,0:b/20:b);
Hzs=10*cos(betax.*X).*cos(betay.*Y);
surf(Hzs);
axis([0 40 0 20 -20 20])
axis('equal')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y')
zlabel('Hzs*10')
pause

% Generate data for surface plot

M=Moviein(1);
[X,Y]=meshgrid(0:a/40:a,0:b/20:b);
for n=1:60
z(n)=(n/30)*Lguide;
 7-11

Hzs=10*cos(betax.*X).*cos(betay.*Y).*cos(-
beta.*z(n));
surf(Hzs);
axis([0 40 0 20 -20 20])
axis('equal')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y')
zlabel('Hzs*10')
M(n)=getframe;
end
movie(M);

Fig. P7.15 (Snapshot at end of movie)

3. Dielectric Waveguide
P7.16: Start with (7.83) and derive (7.84) and (7.85).

n1 cos i  n2 cos t
(7.83)  
n1 cos i  n2 cos t
Now, from the definition of index of refraction, we have
n1 sin t n
 , or sin t  1 sin i ,
n2 sin i n2
2
n 
cos t  1   1 sin i 
 n2 
Substituting this into (7.83) we have
2 2
n  n n 
n1 cos i  n2 1   1 sin  i  cos i  2 1   1 sin  i 
 n2  n1  n2 
 
2 2
n  n n 
n1 cos i  n2 1   1 sin  i  cos  i  2 1   1 sin  i 
 n2  n1  n2 
 n2 n1    sin i   n2 n1    sin  i 
2 2 2 2
cos i  cos i  j 2
 
 n2 n1    sin i   n2 n1    sin i 
2 2 2 2
cos i  cos i  j 2
 7-12

 sin i    n2 n1 
2 2
cos i  j
 (7.84)
 sin i    n2 n1 
2 2
cos i  j
To arrive at the phase, we must break (7.84) into its real and imaginary parts.
Multiplying both numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator results
in:

 
2
 sin i    n2 n1 
2 2
cos i  j
 ,
cos 2 i  sin 2 i   n2 n1 
2

or
 sin i    n2 n1 
2 2
cos i  j
 ,
1   n2 n1 
2

So we can find the phase angle for the square root of ,

 sin 2    n n  2 
1  i 2 1 .
   tan
 cos i 
 
Now, since   2  ,
 sin 2    n n  2 
  2 tan   . (7.85)
1 i 2 1

 cos i 
 

P7.17: MATLAB: Compose a program that will plot the left and right side of (7.86)
versus all possible values of i for m = 0. Test the program using the following values: a
= 1 mm, f = 100 GHz, n1 = 3 and n2 = 1.

% MLP0717
% plot the left and right sides of (7.86)
% vs incident angle.
clc
clear
n1=3;
n2=1;
m=0;
a=.001;
f=100e9;
c=3e8;
N=100;
b1=2*pi*f*n1/c;
 7-13

thc=asin(n2/n1); %critical angle in radians

thcd=thc*180/pi; %critical angle in degrees

dth=round(90-thcd)/N;

thmin=acos(pi/(a*b1)); %This corresponds to the tangent

% argument of (7.86) going to infinity.
thmind=thmin*180/pi;

thi1=thmind+dth:dth:90;
thir1=thi1*pi/180;
phi=a*b1*cos(thir1)/2;
left=tan(phi);

thi2=thcd+dth:dth:90-2*dth;
% Note that we avoid thi2 getting too close to 90 degrees
% where the function goes to infinity.
thir2=thi2*pi/180;
right=sqrt(sin(thir2).^2-(n2/n1)^2)./cos(thir2);

plot(thi1,left,'-*',thi2,right,'-o')
xlabel('incident angle (degrees)')
ylabel('equation (7.86)')
legend('left','right')
grid on

Fig. P7.17
 7-14

P7.18: MATLAB: Compose a program that will plot the left and right side of (7.89)
versus all possible values of i for m = 0. Test the program using the following values: a
= 1 mm, f = 100 GHz, n1 = 3 and n2 = 1.

% MLP0718
% plot the left and right sides of (7.89)
% vs incident angle.
clc
clear
n1=3;
n2=1;
m=0;
a=.001;
f=100e9;
c=3e8;
N=100;
b1=2*pi*f*n1/c;
thc=asin(n2/n1); %critical angle in radians
thcd=thc*180/pi; %critical angle in degrees

dth=round(90-thcd)/N;

thmin=acos(pi/(a*b1));
thmind=thmin*180/pi;

thi1=thmind+dth:dth:90;
thir1=thi1*pi/180;
phi=a*b1*cos(thir1)/2;
left=tan(phi);

thi2=thcd+dth:dth:90-10*dth;
thir2=thi2*pi/180;
rightnum=sqrt(sin(thir2).^2-(n2/n1)^2);
rightden=((n2/n1)^2)*cos(thir2);
right=rightnum./rightden;

plot(thi1,left,'-*',thi2,right,'-o')
xlabel('incident angle (degrees)')
ylabel('equation (7.89)')
legend('left','right')
grid on
 7-15

Fig. P7.18 Fig. P7.19

P7.19: MATLAB: Devise a Newton-Raphson iterative technique to solve for i from

equation (7.86). Test the program for m = 0, 1 and 2 using the following values of Figure
7.16: a = 50 mm, f = 4.5 GHz, and r = 4.

The Newton-Raphson iterative approach is explained with Figure P7.19, a plot of a

function F(x). We start by ‘guessing’ the value of x such that F(x) = 0. We take the
slope of the function at this point, or F’(xi0), and for improved value of x we then have
F  xi0 
xi  xi  ' 0 .
1 0

F  xi 
We then calculate F and F’ at this better point for x in order to arrive at a better still value
for x. Such an iterative procedure can usually quickly arrive at a solution.

Applying this approach to equation (7.86), we have

sin 2 i   n2 n1 
2
 a 1 cos i m 
F  tan    .
 2 2  cos i
The first derivative is
du sin i cos 2 i
F'   v sin i ,
cos 2 u v
where
a cos  i m
, v  sin 2 i   n2 n1  ,
2
u 1 
2 2
and
 a1 sin  i
du  .
2
 7-16

We can also consider that the minimum possible i occurs where tan(u) = ∞, at cos u = 0.
And the maximum possible i occurs where tan(u) = 0, at sin u = 0. Solving, we find
 (m  1)  1  m 
i min  cos 1   , and i max  cos  .
 a 1   a 1 

% MLP0719
%
% Use a Newton-Raphson iterative approach to solve
% for data in Equation 7.86.
%
% 2/3/03 Wentworth
%
% Variables
% a dielectric thickness (m)
% er relative permittivity
% f operating frequency (Hz)
% m mode
% n1,n2 indices of refraction
% n21 ratio of n2 to n1
% qi angle theta (rad)
% qimin minimum qi (rad)
% qimax maxiumum qi (rad)
% qicrit critical angle for qi (rad)
% b1 beta (rad/m)
% N number of iterations
% F,Fp function and 1st derivative

clc
clear

% Initialize Variables
a=0.050;
er=4;
f=4.5e9;
m=0;
n1=sqrt(er);
n2=1;
n21=n2/n1;
c=3e8;
b1=2*pi*f*sqrt(er)/c;
N=100;
 7-17

% Determine range for qi

qicrit=asin(n21);
qimin=acos((m+1)*pi/(a*b1));
if qimin<qicrit
qimin=qicrit;
end
qimax=acos(m*pi/(a*b1));

qi(1)=(qimin+qimax)/2; %initial guess for qi

for n=1:N
u=(a*b1*cos(qi(n))-m*pi)/2;
du=-a*b1*sin(qi(n))/2;
v=sqrt(sin(qi(n))^2-(n21)^2);
F(n)=tan(u)-v/cos(qi(n));
Fp(n)=(du/cos(qi(n))^2)-(sin(qi(n))*cos(qi(n))^2/v)
+v*sin(qi(n));
qi(n+1)=qi(n)-F(n)/Fp(n);
end

qidegrees=180*qi(N+1)/pi

Now run the program:

qidegrees =
74.5224
>>

The program also works with m = 1 and m = 2. For m = 3, where there is no solution, a
complex number is calculated.

P7.20: Find (i)critical for a wave incident from distilled water into air.

Distilled water has r = 81, or n = 9. Then

n 1
sin icrit  air  , so icrit  6.4
nwater 9

P7.21: Suppose a Teflon slab of thickness 60 mm exists in air. What is the maximum
frequency at which this slab will support only one mode?
 7-18

For Teflon we have r = 2.1, or n = 1.45. Then,

a 1 1 a 1 1
 , or f 
o 2 n12  n22 c 2 n12  n22
For a single mode we have
c 1 3x108 m s 1
f   2.38GHz
2a n12  n22 2  60 x10 m  1.452  12
3

So fmax = 2.4 GHz.

P7.22: Suppose a polystyrene dielectric slab is sandwiched between thick slabs of

polyethylene. How thin must the polystyrene slab be such that only one propagating
mode is supported at 1 GHz?

We have for polyethylene: r = 2.26, n2 = 1.503

For polystyrene: r = 2.56, n1 = 1.600

a 1 1  1
 , so a  o .
o 2 n12  n22 2 n12  n22
1c 1
a
2 f n  n22
2
1

1 3x108 m s 1
a 9
 0.273m
2 1x10 / s 1.6  1.5032
2

So a < 273 mm.

P7.23: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 7.3 to find the odd TE mode field patterns. Use the
example information and duplicate the m = 1 plot for Figure 7.19.

% M-File: MLP0723
%
% This modifies ML0703 to find the odd TE mode
% field patterns at z = 0.
% The theta angle must be
% entered for a particular mode. The
% "hold on" function allows the results of
% multiple runs to be placed on one plot.
%
% Wentworth, 2/2/03
 7-19

%
% Variables
% a dielectric thickness (m)
% b phase constant
% thdeg angle theta in degrees
% th angle theta in radians
% n1,n2 indices of refraction
% n21 the ratio n2/n1
% f frequency (Hz)
% c speed of light (m/s)
% w radian frequency (rad/s)
% Eo initial amplitude (V/m)
% alpha Fig P7.23

clc %clears the command window

clear %clears variables

% initialize variables
a=50e-3;
thdeg=57.9; %corresponds to m = 1
th=pi*thdeg/180;
n2=1;
n1=2;
n21=n2/n1;
f=4.5e9;
w=2*pi*f;
c=2.998e8;
Eo=1;
b=(w/c)*n1;
alpha=b*sqrt(sin(th)^2-n21^2);

%m=0

x=-a/2:a/40:a/2;
Ey=Eo*sin(b*cos(th)*x);
hold on
plot(x,Ey,'k')
grid on

xlow=-2*a/2:a/40:-a/2;
Eylow=-Eo*sin(b*cos(th)*a/2)*exp(alpha*(xlow+a/2));
plot(xlow,Eylow,'k')
 7-20

xhi=a/2:a/40:2*a/2;
Eyhi=Eo*sin(b*cos(th)*a/2)*exp(-alpha*(xhi-a/2));
plot(xhi,Eyhi,'k')

P7.24: Generate a figure similar to Fig. 7.17(b) for the m=0 mode of 10 mm thick r1 = 9
dielectric for n1/n2 = 1.5, 2, and 3.

This is a relatively straightforward application of equation (7.89). The minimum critical

angle occurs for n1/n2 = 3; from (7.78) we find icrit = 19.5°. The m = 0 plot is calculated
assuming f = 4.5 GHz (as in Figure 7.17), and
  r1
1  .
c

P07.24

50

m=0

40
n1/n2=3

30

20
n1/n2=2

10
n1/n2=1.5

0
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
incidence angle (degrees)

Fig. P7.24

4. Optical Fiber
P7.25: A 100/240 silica optical fiber has a core index of 1.460 and a cladding index of
1.450. Estimate the number of propagating modes for a source wavelength (a) 850 nm,
(b) 1300 nm and (c) 1550 nm.

For a 100 micrometer diameter fiber we have a = 50 x 10-6 m. Then,

 7-21

2 2
a  2   (50 x106 ) 
N  2   n f  nc   2   (1.46) 2  (1.45)2 
2

     
9
1.436 x10
N .
2
(a) for 850 nm we have
1.436 x109
N  1990
(850 x109 ) 2
Likewise, (b) N = 850 and (c) N = 598.

P7.26: Given a fiber of core index 1.478 and cladding index 1.445, find the numerical
aperture for a source of light incident from (a) air, (b) distilled water.

(a) for air, no = 1 so we have

n 2f  nc2 1.4782  1.4452
NA  sin  a    0.310,( a  18 )
n0 1
(b) for distilled water, n0 = 9, so
n 2f  nc2 1.4782  1.4452
NA  sin  a    0.034,( a  2 )
n0 9

P7.27: Suppose nf = 1.475 and nc = 1.470. Determine the numerical aperture for a source
of light incident from air. What is the maximum core diameter allowed to support only a
single propagating mode if the source wavelength is 1300 nm?

n 2f  nc2 1.4752  1.4702

NA  sin  a    0.121
n0 1

amax 
 k01

 1300 x10   2.405  4.1 m,
9

2 n 2f  nc2 2  0.121
diameter  2amax  8.2 m.

P7.28: Given a step-index fiber with nf = 1.480 and a source wavelength of 1550 nm,
determine the minimum value of nc that will allow only one propagating mode for a core
radius of 2 m.

There is single mode propagation so long as

 7-22

2 a n 2f  nc2  k01
 , or n 2f  nc2  .
k01 2 a
Rearranging,
2 2
 k   k 
nc  n   01  , so nc min  n 2f   01 
2
f
 2 a   2 a 

  1550 x109   2.405

2

  1.480   
2
nc min   1.450

 2  2 x106  


P7.29: At a source wavelength of 1550 nm for a 5/125 silica fiber with nf = 1.470, what is
the minimum value nc can be and only allow one propagating mode?

From the given information we have a = 2.5 m. Then, rearranging

2 a n 2f  nc2
 , we arrive at
k01

  1550 x109   2.405

2
 k 
2

 1.470   
2
nc  n 2f   01   
 2  2.5 x10 
 2 a 
6 

nc  1.451

6. Optical Link Design

P7.30: A 10. km optical link is established between a typical LED and a typical PIN
photodiode using a 1300 nm graded-index multimode fiber. Find the power margin and
the maximum frequency analog signal that can be supported by this link. Assume 2
connectors and 4 splices.

Power budget:
Source 0dBm
Source-to-fiber -12dB (from Table 7.5)
Connector -0.7dB (from Table 7.5)
Fiber (1dB/km * 10km) -10dB (from Table 7.2)
4 splices (.05dB each) -0.2dB (from Table 7.5)
Connector -0.7dB (from Table 7.5)
Fiber-to-detector -1.5dB (from Table 7.5)
-25.1dB
Power Margin=-25.1dB-(-35dBm)= 9.9dB
 7-23

Frequency budget:
For an LED with  = 50 nm,
 ns nm 
tchrom   0.003   50nm   10km   1.5ns (see Tables 7.2, 7.3)
 km 
also
 ns 
tinterm   0.5   10km   5ns (see Table 7.2)
 km 
Combining,
t f  tchrom
2
 tinterm
2
 1.5ns 2  0.5ns 2  5.22ns
and using LED risetime of 10 ns from Table 7.3, and PIN diode risetime of 0.3 ns from
Table 7.4,
 10ns    5.22ns    0.3ns   11.28ns.
2 2 2
ts  tt2  t 2f  tr2 
The rise-time budget is satisfied for t < T/2, so T > 2t, or Tmin = 22.6 ns. Since T=1/f,
we have fmax =1/Tmin=44 MHz.

P7.31: Consider coupling efficiency from a typical LED to a graded-index multimode

fiber can be approximated as (NA)2. What is the power received by a typical PIN diode if
2 km of 850 nm fiber is used? Repeat for 2.0 km of 1300 nm fiber.

Using the data available in Tables 7.2 – 7.5, and with source-to-fiber loss = 10log(NA 2),
we find:
850nm GRIN MMF 1300nm GRIN MMF
NA 0.24 0.20
Atten 4dB/km 1dB/km

PIN = 0dB 0dB

Source-to-fiber -12.4dB -14dB
Connector -0.7dB -0.7dB
Fiber(2km*atten) -8dB -2dB
Connector -0.7dB -0.7dB
Fiber-to-detector -1.5dB -1.5dB
Prec(dB) -23.3dBm -18.9dB

Prec   1mW  10
Prec ( dB ) 10
 4.7W 13W
 7-24

P7.32: Calculate the maximum data rate, in bits per second, that could be supported for
each case of the previous problem.

For a typical LED we have (from Table 7.3)  = 50 nm and tt = 10 ns. The detector
has (from Table 7.4) tr = 0.3 ns. Data from Table 7.2 is also used.

850nm GRIN MMF 1300nm GRIN MMF

chromatic dispersion 0.10 (ns/nm)/km 0.003 (ns/nm)/km
intermodal dispersion 3 ns/km 0.5 ns/km
tt 10 ns 10 ns
tchrom (see(1)) 10 ns 0.3 ns
tintermodal(see(2)) 6 ns 1 ns
tf (see(3)) 11.7 ns 1.04 ns
tr 0.3 ns 0.3 ns
ts (see(4)) 15.4 ns 10.1 ns
bps (see(5)) <32MHz <49.5MHz

 ns nm 
 tchrom   0.10   50nm   2km   10ns
 km 
 ns 
 tintermodal   3   2km   6ns
 km 
(3) t f  tchrom
2
 tintermodal
2
 11.7 ns

 10ns    11.7ns    0.3ns   15.4ns

2 2 2
(4) ts  tt2  t 2f  tr2 
(5)ts<T/2, and T = 1/bps, so bps<1/(2ts)

P7.33: A 10. km optical link is established between a typical laser diode and a typical
PIN photodiode using a 1300 nm step-index single-mode fiber. Find the power margin
and the maximum frequency analog signal that can be supported by this link. Assume 2
connectors and 4 splices. Compare your answer with that of problem P7.30.

Using the data from Tables 7.2 – 7.5,

Power budget:
Source 0dBm
Source-to-fiber -2dB
2 Connectors -1.4dB
Fiber (0.6 dB/km * 10km) -6dB
4 splices (.05dB each) -0.2dB
Connector -0.7dB
Fiber-to-detector -1.5dB
 7-25

-11.1dB
Power Margin=-11.1dB-(-35dBm)= 23.9dB

Frequency budget:
For an LED with  = 50 nm,
 ns nm 
tchrom   0.003   3nm   10km   .09ns
 km 
and
 0.4ns    0.09ns    0.3ns   0.508ns.
2 2 2
ts  tt2  tchrom
2
 tr2 
Tmin = 2ts = 1.016 ns, and fmax=1/Tmin=984MHz.

So, the laser diode source and the SMF:SI results in a much larger power margin and
much higher maximum frequency.