The document discusses well heads, which provide the structural and pressure-containing interface at the surface of oil and gas wells. A well head consists of several components, including the casing head, casing spools, casing hangers, pack-off flange, tubing head, tubing hanger, and tubing head adapter. Together these components provide casing and tubing suspension, pressure sealing between casing strings, access to annuli, and attachment points for blowout preventers and Christmas trees. Well heads can be classified based on location as land, surface offshore, or subsea, or based on design as spool or unitized systems.
The document discusses well heads, which provide the structural and pressure-containing interface at the surface of oil and gas wells. A well head consists of several components, including the casing head, casing spools, casing hangers, pack-off flange, tubing head, tubing hanger, and tubing head adapter. Together these components provide casing and tubing suspension, pressure sealing between casing strings, access to annuli, and attachment points for blowout preventers and Christmas trees. Well heads can be classified based on location as land, surface offshore, or subsea, or based on design as spool or unitized systems.
The document discusses well heads, which provide the structural and pressure-containing interface at the surface of oil and gas wells. A well head consists of several components, including the casing head, casing spools, casing hangers, pack-off flange, tubing head, tubing hanger, and tubing head adapter. Together these components provide casing and tubing suspension, pressure sealing between casing strings, access to annuli, and attachment points for blowout preventers and Christmas trees. Well heads can be classified based on location as land, surface offshore, or subsea, or based on design as spool or unitized systems.
Roll NO. :R870218098 Sap Id: 500068047 WELL HEADS A wellhead is the component at the surface of an oil or gas well that provides the structural and pressure-containing interface for the drilling and production equipment. The primary purpose of a wellhead is to provide the suspension point and pressure seals for the casing strings that run from the bottom of the hole sections to the surface pressure control equipment.[1] While drilling the oil well, surface pressure control is provided by a blowout preventer (BOP). If the pressure is not contained during drilling operations by the column of drilling fluid, casings, wellhead, and BOP, a well blowout could occur. When the well has been drilled, it is completed to provide an interface with the reservoir rock and a tubular conduit for the well fluids. The surface pressure control is provided by a Christmas tree, which is installed on top of the wellhead, with isolation valves and choke equipment to control the flow of well fluids during production. Wellheads are typically welded onto the first string of casing, which has been cemented in place during drilling operations, to form an integral structure of the well. In exploration wells that are later abandoned, the wellhead may be recovered for refurbishment and re-use. Offshore, where a wellhead is located on the production platform it is called a surface wellhead, and if located beneath the water then it is referred to as a subsea wellhead or mudline wellhead Components of well heads
1. Casing head: It is the lowest part of the wellhead assembly. The
bottom of the casing head is configured to attach to the casing below (typically, the surface casing). The upper inside of the casing head provides a bowl in which the next casing string can be set and sealed (if required). The top of the casing head then connects to the next wellhead component. A casing head may also be supplied with a landing base plate that takes the weight load off the surface casing and spreads it over the conductor pipe. Access to the annulus between the surface casing and the next casing string is available through side outlets. 2. Casing Spool: If a well includes one or more intermediate casing strings between the surface and production casing, the next component required after the casing head is the casing spool. The bottom of the casing spool mounts on top of a casing head or previous spool, and the top connects to the next spool or tubing head assembly. The spool is designed so the bottom bowl or counter-bore will allow a secondary seal to be set on the previous casing string, while the top bowl will hold a casing hanger to suspend and allow a primary seal around the next string of casing. 3. Casing hanger: Both casing heads and casing spool assemblies may require the use of casing hangers. Casing hangers attach to the end of a given casing string and suspend and seal the casing string in the top bowl of a casing head or spool. Casing hangers come in two main varieties: – Slip type hangers that are installed around the casing after it is run, either before or after the casing is cemented into place. Slip type casing hangers are used as a contingency when pipe is stuck, allowing the casing to be cut off and set where it sits. 4. PACK-OFF FLANGE: A pack-off flange is rarely used. It is set above a casing head or spool assembly and also sealed against the intermediate or production casing to enable a safe increase in pressure rating between the casing head or spool and any wellhead equipment above the flange, for example, a tubing head. It is also known as a “restricted pack-off flange” or “crossover flange”. 5. TUBING HEAD: The tubing head assembly provides a means to suspend and seal the production tubing in the wellhead. The tubing head is the top spool in the wellhead assembly and is installed after the last casing string is set. The bottom of the tubing spool includes a counterbore that can be used to set a seal against the production casing. The top of the tubing head provides a landing shoulder and a seal bore for landing and enabling a seal to the tubing hanger. Above the tubing head is the tubing head adaptor which provides a transition to the Christmas tree. 6. TUBING HANGER: A tubing hanger is also commonly known as a dog nut. A tubing hanger typically is threaded onto the top of a tubing string and is designed to sit and seal in the tubing head. Usually the tubing hanger is run through the BOP and landed in the top bowl of the tubing head. The top of the tubing hanger provides a profile necessary for the lock screws that will secure the hanger in the tubing head. 7. TUBING HEAD ADAPTOR: The tubing head adaptor provides a transition from the tubing head to the Christmas tree. With a basic tubing head configuration where the tubing hanger is seated in the top of the tubing head. The bottom of the tubing head adaptor will seal against the tubing head and contain reservoir or injection fluids moving through the top of the tubing. With an extended neck tubing hanger, the adaptor will provide a secondary seal against the hanger, isolating the seal between tubing head and adaptor and any lock screws holding the tubing hanger in place. This configuration provides a means to test the primary and secondary seals on the tubing hanger. FUNCTIONS: 1. Provide a means of casing suspension. (Casing is the permanently installed pipe used to line the well hole for pressure containment and collapse prevention during the drilling phase). 2. Provides a means of tubing suspension. (Tubing is removable pipe installed in the well through which well fluids pass). 3. Provides a means of pressure sealing and isolation between casing at surface when many casing strings are used. 4. Provides pressure monitoring and pumping access to annuli between the different casing/tubing strings. 5. Provides a means of attaching a blowout preventer during drilling. 6. Provides a means of attaching a Christmas tree for production operations. 7. Provides a reliable means of well access. 8. Provides a means of attaching a well pump, Well Head Classification :
According to the well According to the well
location head design Wellhead for land drilling Spool well head deign Surface location offshore Unitized well head system Subsea well head