@iyahvera
modify adjectives and other adverbs and
English Reviewer 9
nd
(2 quarter)
Grammar (stream Grammar Nazi by Reese Lansangan)
Adverbs- word or phrase that modifies or qualifies
an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group,
expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance,
manner, cause, degree, etc.
(e.g., gently, quite, then, there).
Types of adverbs
 Adverb of manner- how, or in what
manner, something was carried out. They
mostly modify verbs and can often be found
at the end of a clause. This category
comprises the most common adverbs - the
ones that end in -ly.
Examples: generously, gently, gracefully,
beautifully, happily, neatly
Sentence: My crush happily smiled when he
saw his crush.
Sentence: When I saw that, it broke my
heart quickly.
 Adverb of frequency- how often the verb
occurs. Therefore they mostly modify
verbs. These adverbs tend to appear right
before the main verb in the sentence
Examples: again, always, never, normally,
rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually
Sentence: I usually look at him when I’m
sad.
Sentence: I bet he never looked at me the
same way.
 Adverb of degree- tell us about the
intensity of the verb in the sentence, in
other words, they describe how much, or to
what degree. They can be categorized as
low degree (e.g. somewhat), medium
degree (e.g. fairly), and high degree
(e.g. extremely). Adverbs of degree can also
are placed before the word they modify
Examples: almost, enough, hardly, just,
nearly, quite, simply, so, too
Sentence: Number Five is almost perfect.
Sentence: “The Umbrella Academy” is so
amazing.
 Adverb of time- when the verb took place.
We usually see these kinds of
adverbs placed at the beginning or end of a
sentence.
Examples: annually, daily, monthly,
recently, tomorrow, weekly, yearly,
yesterday
Sentence: He goes back to his hometown
weekly.
Sentence: Catholic people celebrate
Christmas annually.
 Adverb of place- tell us about where the
verb took place. These tend to pop up after
the main verb or direct object of the
sentence.
Examples: above, below, inside,
everywhere, out, outside
Sentence: Hey, come here, I am surrounded
by a lot of handsome boys.
Sentence: I am already inside, where are
you?
Conditionals- Sometimes we call them 'if clauses'.
They describe the result of something that might
happen (in the present or future) or might have
happened but didn't (in the past) . They are made
using different English verb tenses.
-‘when’ is similar with ‘if’
-the two events are somewhat connected.
-express some kind of condition
@iyahvera
 Zero conditional- always true, always
happen
-general truths and general habits
-If/when + present simple, present simple
-unquestionable and always true
Example sentence: If you add two and two,
you get four. or You get four if you add two
and two.
Example sentence: If you boil water at 100
degrees, it evaporates. or Water evaporates
if you boil it at 100 degrees.
Example sentence: If babies are hungry,
they cry. Or Babies cry if they are hungry.
(hinugak na ako mag baliktad sentence sa
mga sunod hihe)
 First conditional- possible or likely things in
the future
-might happen
-If/when + present simple, will +
infinitive/base verb
-always remember that the first conditional
describes a particular situation, whereas the
zero conditional describes what happens in
general
Note: may chance lang na mangyari, dae
arog sa hopeless crushes ta, chos.
Example sentence: If it rains tomorrow, I
will not come.
Example sentence: If I study now, I will go
to the party this evening.
Example sentence: If I smile at him, he will
ignore me.
 Second conditional- impossible things in
the present/unlikely things in the future
Note: Imposible mangyari arog kang next
season sa mga favorite nindong
anime/series/shows/kdrama o ano pa man
yan. Akala mo crush nanaman pero pideh
man.
-If/when + past simple, would +
infinitive/base verb
-Unreal situations
Example sentence: If I won the lottery, I
would travel around the world.
Example sentence: If my crush liked me
back, I would be so happy. (ipagpalagay
natin na fictional character i2 or pwede man
totoong buhay ksksks)
Example sentence: If I were you, I would
watch “The Umbrella Academy” this
semester break.
-exception: If the verb in the “if” clause is
“to be,” use “were”, even if the subject of
the clause is a third person singular subject
(i.e., he, she, it).
Example: incorrect- If I was a rich man, I
would make more charitable donations.
Correct- If I were a rich man, I would make
more charitable donations.
Example: incorrect- If he was here right
now, he would help us.
Correct- If he were here right now, he
would help us.
Note: Remember, though, that this
exception applies only to unreal
conditionals—that is, situations that do not
reflect reality. (Hint: unreal conditionals
often contain words like “would” or “ought
to.”) When you’re talking about a possibility
that did happen or might be true, use “was”
and “were” as you normally would.
Example: incorrect- If I were rude to you, I
apologize.
Correct- If I was rude to you, I apologize.
 Third conditional (sorry kulang sa saro)-
things that didn’t happen in the past and
their imaginary result
-If + past perfect, would + have + past
participle
Example sentence: If I had studied harder, I
would have passed the exam.
Example sentence: If I had finished the
exam, I would have passed the exam.
Example sentence: If titanic hadn’t sailed
across the Atlantic, it would not have sunk.
Speaking
Verbal Communication- it is the spoken or written
messaged used by a person to express
himself/herself
@iyahvera

-it is an interaction in which words are used to relay 5. Vividness- words that vividly describe
a message things.

 Voice- the sound produced by human Non-verbal communication- communication w/o

beings when speaking, singing, and etc. words
Qualities –Pitch- highness or lowness of the
voice (high, mid, low) -A process of communication through sending
- Volume- loudness or softness of voice. wordless messages
It depends on the speaker’s purpose or
 Kinesics- comes from the root word kinesis
situation.
which means movement
- Duration- length of time a sound is
-refers to the study of hand, arm, body, and
produced. Involves the pauses.
face movements
- Quality- refers to the tone or timbre of
 Gestures- movements with some parts of
the human voice. Refers to the unique
the body such as the head, shoulders, arms
characteristics of the individual voice
and etc. to convey meaning and emphasis
 Pronunciation- the process of articulation
-Adaptors: are touching movements and
of the sound or the shaping of the sound
behaviors that indicate internal states
into intelligible speech.
typically related to uneasiness, anxiety, or a
 Stress- emphasis or force given to a syllable
general sense that we are not in control of
or syllables in a word or phrase as it is
our surroundings
pronounced.
-Emblems: are gestures that are
- Compound nouns emphasis on first
conventional and have meanings on their
component
own
- Compound verb emphasis on verb
-Illustrators: are less conventional and are
(second component)
more individualized gestures that employed
- Numbers have the emphasis on the last
when the speaker is describing the size,
syllable (teen)
shape, height, and curves
- Stress the suffix if it ends in –ee, -
 Posture- refers to the way one holds up
er,and –ese
himself when standing or sitting
- Words that end with –tion, -sion, -ic,
 Facial expression- results when we express
etc. give emphasis before the suffix
specific emotional states
 Intonation- refers to the rise or fall of your
 Eye contact/oculesics- a term derived from
voice when you speak
the Latin word, oculus meaning eye
- Tone and melody
-“The eye is the window for the soul”
 Consider the ff. for effective and successful
 Proxemics- refers to the language of space
verbal communication:
and distance
1. Appropriateness- language you use for
-amount of distance between two people
appropriate scenarios
-coined by Edward T. Hall
2. Brevity- use simple yet precise and
-intimate: 0-18 inches
powerful words
-personal: 18 in-4feet
3. Clarity- clearly state your message and
-social: 4-12 feet
express your ideas and feelings.
-public: 12 feet>>
4. Ethics- words should be carefully chosen
 Chronemics- language of time
in consideration of the person you’re
 Haptics- gives emphasis to what one needs
talking to.
to say
 Chromatics- language of colors
@iyahvera

 Olfactics- language of smell existence with the sacred image in which

 Gustorics (sanaol gusto)- language of taste
Speech styles
 Style- the set of linguistic variants that a
person uses and that has specific meanings
-Factors:
1. Formality of the occasion
2. Type of listener
3. The kind of relationship that exist
between the sender and receiver
4. Topic of the conversation
5. Real purpose or intention of the speaker
 Speech style
1. Intimate- private style that is used
between or among close family members or
intimate individuals
-characterized by an economy of words
with high incidence of non-verbal
communication
2. Casual- an informal communication style
that is common among family members and
friends
-it makes use of slang, colloquial words, gay
language, or vulgar words
3. Consultative- a standard and operational
style that is used for speaking to strangers
4. Formal- it is an impersonal style whose
aim is to inform a captive audience
-one-way type communication makes use of
careful and standard speech
5. Frozen- the most formal style that is used
in formal events or ceremonies
-makes use of carefully chosen words that
are in fixed form
God supposedly created humanity.
-Type of text: poem
 The Lottery by Shirley Jackson
-Purpose: In this case, Shirley Jackson
wrote "The Lottery" in order to express the
theme of mindless adherence to tradition.
Let's face it. The only reason this town
continues to conduct a lottery is because
they've always done it.
-Type of text: short story
 I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr.
-Purpose: to expose the American public
to the injustice of racial inequality and to
persuade them to stop discriminating
on the basis of race
-Type of text: speech
 By the Railway Side by Alice Meynell
-Purpose: to narrate the experience of the
author by the railway side
-Type of text: Essay (Narrative)
 Thank You, Ma’am by Langston Hughes
-Purpose: to tell a short story
-Type of text: short story
Note: nilagay ko lang yung mga nasa pointers I’m not sure if this is
complete. Anyway, I hope it’ll be a big help for u :>> Good luck sa
exams!!
p.s. di ko alam sa vocabulary scan niyo na lang dictionary
HAHAHAHA

Reading Comprehension
 The Man with the Hoe by Edwin Markham
-Purpose: Inspired by a painting by Millet,
Edwin Markham wrote “The Man with the
Hoe” to draw attention to the plight of
those forced into lifelong labor and poverty.
He describes a man whose spirit has been
broken by toil and compares his hopeless