Iem PDF

Vertical
Transportation
Systems
Course 1:
Design and
Installation of VTS
Raghib Azmi Grad IEM
Organised by :
Mechanical Engineering TD, IEM
26th March 2019
Programme
TIME Design and Installation of VTS
08:30am Registration
09:00am Introduction to Vertical Transportation Systems
09.45am Overview of Vertical Transportation Systems
10:30am Morning Tea Break
10:45am Standards and Codes
12:00noon Traffic Analysis
01:00pm Lunch
02:00pm Planning and Design
03:30pm Afternoon Tea Break
03:45pm Installation, Testing and Commissioning
04:45pm Q&A
05:00pm End of Course
Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Course 1: Design and Installation of VTS 26th March 2019
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References

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Introduction
Vertical transportation is a phrase used to describe the
various means of travelling between floors in a building.
All buildings with more than one storey of course have
at least one set of stairs and the provision of stairs is a
very important consideration when designing buildings
in order to ensure all the occupants of the building can
escape safely in the event of a fire.
In buildings with more than four

storeys, a lift (commonly known
as an elevator in the US) is
desirable as there is a limit to how
far people are willing to walk up
stairs. In addition to this, stairs
are unsuitable for infirm and
mobility impaired persons so
buildings with only two storeys
are sometimes fitted with a lift. Source:
Slide 4 of 183
Introduction
Another option is
the escalator and
moving walk which
is ideally suited for
of high volume
applications such
as shopping malls
and airports but
not practical for
high rise buildings
as they take up a
lot of space.
Source:
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History
The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the
works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported
that Archimedes (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) built his first
elevator probably in 236 BC. Some sources from later
historical periods mention elevators as cabs on a hemp
rope powered by hand or by animals. It is supposed that
elevators of this type were installed in the Sinai
monastery of Egypt.
In 1000, the Book of Secrets by al-Muradi in Islamic
Spain described the use of an elevator-like lifting
device, in order to raise a large battering ram to
destroy a fortress.
In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were
located in the palace buildings of England and France.
Louis XV of France had a so-called 'flying chair' built
at the Chateau de Versailles in 1743.
Source:
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History
Ancient and medieval
elevators used drive systems
based on hoists or winders.
The invention of a system
based on the screw drive was
perhaps the most important
step in elevator technology
since ancient times, leading
to the creation of modern
passenger elevators. The
first screw drive elevator was
built by Ivan Kulibin and
installed in Winter Palace in
1793. Several years later
another of Kulibin's elevators
was installed in
Arkhangelskoye near
Moscow.
Source:
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History
An ingenious form of elevator,
vintage about the eighteenth
century. Guides or vertical rails
are a characteristic of every
modern elevator.
In the modern sense, an elevator

is defined as a conveyance
designed to lift people and/or
material vertically. The
conveyance should include a
device to prevent it from falling in
the event the lifting means or
linkage fails.

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History
In 1852, Elisha Otis
introduced the safety elevator,
which prevented the fall of the
cab if the cable broke. The
design of the Otis safety
elevator is somewhat similar
to one type still used today.
He demonstrated it at the
New York exposition in the
Crystal Palace in a dramatic,
death-defying presentation in
1854, and the first such
passenger elevator was
installed at 488 Broadway in
New York City on March 23,
1857.
Source:
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Passenger Lifts
Passenger lifts are designed primarily for moving
people although they are often used for moving small
hand trolleys, persons in wheelchairs and sometimes
prams/pushchairs. Passenger lifts in hospitals are often
large enough to accommodate a hospital bed.
Passenger lifts nearly always have sliding automatic
doors although in installations, they may have a hinged
manually operated door.
Source:
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Passenger Lifts

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Observation Lifts
Installed in hotels and shopping complexes to provide a
feature or visual impact. They may attract a large
percentage of pleasure riders. They will be part of the
vertical transportation system of a building. Generally
they have longer flight and door times, which reduces
their traffic handling performance.
© September 2015 (5th edition)

The authors/Chartered Institution of
Building Services Engineers London
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Hospital Bed Lifts

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Double Deck Lifts
Used mainly in very tall
buildings and comprise
two passenger cabs one
above the other connected
to a single
suspension/drive system.
The upper and lower cabs

can serve two adjacent
floors simultaneously.
During peak periods the
cabs are often arranged to
serve even and odd floors
respectively with
passengers guided into the
appropriate cab for their
destination.
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Goods Lifts
In most office buildings, separate good lifts are not
required as most goods are small enough to fit in
passenger lifts, however industrial sites, mixed use
complexes and large retail stores often have a need for
separate goods lifts. The smallest goods lift can
generally accommodate a pallet plus pump truck. It is
vital when sizing a goods lift to make sure that the
equipment used for moving pallets can fit in the lift.
Source:
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Motor Vehicle Lifts
They need to be designed to MS EN 81-20. Where
vehicles only are transported, the lift can be provided
under the Machinery Directive (EC, 2006), enacted as
the Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 2008
(TSO,2008) (as amended (TSO, 2011)), which allows a
more realistic loading requirement to be provided.

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Home Lifts

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Goods Only Lift/Hoist
Goods only lifts
must be designed
so that persons
can’t easily travel
in the lift based on
EN 81-31.
Warning signs
are not legally
acceptable and the
lift must have call
and send buttons
on the landing
without the normal
car controls found
in a conventional
lift.

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Dumbwaiter
A specialist type of goods
lift is the “Dumb Waiter”.
Its name is derived from
the traditional use of
transporting food
between a kitchen and
serving area on different
floors.
Source:
Source:
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Dumbwaiter

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Gearless

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Gearless
Double-wrap principle
is generally applied to
obtain traction and to
minimize rope wear.

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Geared

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Geared

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Roping
The groove seats are
round, providing
support on the full half
of the rope, thus
eliminating pinching
action and minimizing
wear. Traction is
obtained by the
pressure of the ropes
on the sheave. As may
be noted, increasing
the weight on the car
or counterweight
increases the force so
that friction between
the ropes and the
sheave increases
traction.
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Roping
The 2:1 arrangement
allows the use of a
higher-speed, and
therefore a smaller but
faster elevator motor.
The mechanical
advantage of 2:1
roping requires that
only half the weight be
lifted. The economy of
the faster motor, which
can be built smaller
and lighter than lower-
speed dc motors, also
makes 2:1 roping
attractive for a full
range of speed
requirements
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Groove
Instead of ropes being Sheave groove with

wrapped around the sheave, polyurethane liner.
grooves were cut into the Polyurethane groove
sheave and the necessary liners capable of
friction was created by the providing greater
pinching action of the traction and less rope
grooves on the rope.
Generally, the sharper the
undercut angle, the greater
the traction (and, usually,
the greater rope and sheave
wear).
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Traction Drives
Electric traction drives can
be grouped into several Improvements in the control
categories based on the of ac motors mean that good
motor type and its control. ride quality may now be
achieved using ac motors.
Geared traction drives Some manufacturers have
systems: used ac motors with helical
—— single speed ac or worm reduction
—— two-speed ac gearboxes to attain speeds
—— VVAC of up to 2.5 m/s.
—— VVVF
—— VVDC Advanced voltage and
Gearless traction drives frequency control
systems: techniques have also led to
—— VVDC the introduction of ac
—— VVVF compact gearless
permanent magnet drives.
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LMR vs MRL

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Machine Below Lift
The machine is positioned
adjacent to the shaft at low
level. The drive sheave can be
supported on an extended gear
shaft within the lift well or a
series of pulleys can be
utilised to achieve the correct
rope alignment to the overhead
pulleys.
The overhead pulleys may be

positioned in a pulley room
directly above the lift shaft.
The loadings at the top of the
shaft are the same as for
bottom drive with machine
below.
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Hydraulic Lift
For certain applications hydraulic
drives have many advantages
over electric traction. However,
when misapplied, hydraulic
drives can cause major problems
for the building owner and users.
The hydraulic lift comprises a

cylinder and piston located
directly below the car. Oil is
pumped from a tank by an
electric motor. This raises the lift
car.
Low-traffic passenger, goods and

vehicle lifts are all suitable
applications for hydraulic drives.
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Hydraulic Lift
Telescoping
“holeless”
hydraulic
elevator
Roped
indirect
hydraulic
Holeless elevator
hydraulic
elevator
(dual
plungers)

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Escalators & Moving Walks
Escalators have been in public use since the turn of the
20th century and their derivative the pallet based
moving walk since the 1950s. Escalator applications
range from low rise installations to accommodate a
small change in level within a storey of a building to
high rise installations found in locations such as deep
underground railways. Inclined moving walks are found
in retail premises and transportation facilities, where
trolleys need to be accommodated.

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Escalators
There are two types of

escalator equipment
available. The compact
escalator is the most
common. The remote drive
escalator is typical of
underground railway
systems. The drive
machinery is located
external to the truss.
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Escalators – Curved

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Legislation

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UBBL 1984
EN 115 – 1:2017

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UBBL 1984

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UBBL 1984

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UBBL 1984

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UBBL 1984

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UBBL 1984

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UBBL 1984

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Insulated Door Requirement

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Act 139 : F&M Act 1967

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Act 139 : F&M Act 1967
An Act to provide for the control of factories with
respect to matters relating to the safety, health and
welfare of person therein, the registration and
inspection of machinery and for matters connected
therewith.
[1 February 1970, P.U. (B) 5/1970]
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
PART I - PRELIMINARY
Sections 1 – 9
Interpretation; appointment, supervision and powers of
officers; entry into premises; and licencing.

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Act 139 : F&M Act 1967
PART II - SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE
Sections 10 – 25
Provisions relating to safety, etc.; exposure to
explosive, inflammable, etc., substances; weights; fire;
machinery; Certificate of fitness; Duties of persons
employed and occupier, relating to health, exposure to
elements, personal protective clothing and appliances,
relating to welfare.
PART III - PERSON IN CHARGE AND CERTIFICATES OF

COMPETENCY
Sections 26 – 30
Training and supervision of inexperienced workers &
young persons; certificated staff; written authority;
Panel of Examiners and Board of Appeal.

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Act 139 : F&M Act 1967
PART IV - NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENT, DANGEROUS
OCCURENCE AND DANGEROUS DISEASES
Sections 31 – 33
Accidents and dangerous occurrence to be reported;
Notification of occupational diseases; Investigation and
enquiries.
PART V - NOTICE OF OCCUPATION OF FACTORY, AND

REGISTRATION AND USE OF MACHINERY
Sections 34 – 46
Operation, works of engineering construction,
installation of machinery etc.; Registration, moving or
alteration of or addition to machinery; Periodical
inspections, decision by an Inspector and appeals;

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Act 139 : F&M Act 1967
Reporting changes, etc.; Machinery or factory no longer
in use, notice of sale, hire or transfer; report of enquiry
and powers of the Chief Inspector and Senior
Inspectors at enquiries.
PART VI - GENERAL
Sections 47 – 59
Criminal or civil liability; Protection against personal
liability; Fees; Chief Inspector's powers; Offences;
Penalties; Jurisdiction to try offences; Institution of
prosecution; Power to compound offences; Power to
modify agreements; Power to apportion expenses;
Exemptions; Regulations; Medical supervision; Repeal;
Amendment of Schedule.
FIRST SCHEDULE - Dangerous Occurrence

SECOND SCHEDULE - Serious Bodily Injury
THIRD SCHEDULE - Notifiable Occupational Diseases
LIST OF AMENDMENTS
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Act 139 : F&M Act 1967
2. Interpretation of "factory".
(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,

"factory" means any premises or part of a premises
where—
(a) within the close or curtilage or precincts of the

premises or part thereof persons are employed in
manual labour in any process for or connected with or
incidental to the making, altering, repairing,
ornamenting, sorting, finishing, cleaning, washing,
breaking, demolishing, constructing, reconstructing,
fitting, refitting, adjusting or adapting of any article or
part thereof; and

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Act 139 : F&M Act 1967
(b) the said work is carried on by way of trade for the
purposes of gain or incidentally to any business so
carried on,
and (whether or not they are factories by reason of the

foregoing definition) the expression factory also
includes the following premises in which persons are
employed in manual labour:

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Act 139 : F&M Act 1967
"lift"
means an appliance designed to transport passengers
or goods or both between two or more levels in a
vertical direction by means of a guided lift car or
platform in which the motion of the lift car or platform
is obtained through an electric motor coupled to the
lifting element, and includes the machinery, suspension
ropes, hydraulic rams, supports and enclosures
required in connection therewith, and includes electric
or hydraulic lifts and paternoster or continuous lift, but
does not include mine cages as used in underground
mines;
“hoisting machine”
means a lift, escalator, hoist, crane, sheer legs, gin,
crab, winch, excavator, teagle, runway, transporter or
piling frame and allied equipment;

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Act 139 : F&M Act 1967
“hoist”
means a lifting machine other than a lift whether
worked by mechanical power or not with a carriage
platform or cage the direction of movement of which is
restricted by a guide or guides;
56. Regulations.
The Minister may make regulations in respect of any
matter which may be prescribed under this Act and in
particular prescribe the duties of the Chief Inspector,
officers, licensed person; the records, the certificates
and the person by whom the same are to be kept and
the nature of the examinations and fees.

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F&M (Electric Lift) Regulations, 1970

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Preamble
IN exercise of the powers conferred upon him by
section 56 (1) of the Factories and Machinery Act, 1967
[64/1967], the Minister of Labour hereby makes the
following Regulations:
PART I - GENERAL
Regulation 1. Citation and Commencement.

These regulations may be cited as the Factories and
Machinery (Electric Passenger and Goods Lift)
Regulations, 1970, and shall come into force on the 1st
day of February, 1970.
Regulation 2. Interpretation.

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Regulation 3. Application.
(1) Parts I, III and IV of these regulations shall apply to

all electric passenger and goods lifts.
(2) Part II of these regulation shall apply to every

electric passenger and goods lift installed in any
premises after the date of the coming into force of
these regulations and to every existing electric
passenger and goods lift substantially altered after
such date:
Provided that where the owner of any lift installed after

such date can satisfy the Chief Inspector that the lift
was contracted for on or before such date the Chief
Inspector may, in his discretion, permit such
modification in the application of these regulations to
the lift as he deems to be reasonable.
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(3) For the purpose of these regulations an existing lift
shall be deemed to have been substantially altered
when, in the opinion of the Chief Inspector-
(a) it has been converted from a goods lift to
passenger lift; or
(b) its travel has been increased by an additional floor
or floors; or
(c) its contract load has been increased; or
(d) its contract speed has been increased.
Regulation 4. Exemption.
Where the Chief Inspector is of the opinion that, owing
to special circumstances, the enforcement of any
provision of these regulations in respect of any lift is
not necessary or reasonable he may by certificate in
writing, which he may in his discretion revoke, exempt
that lift from such provision subject to such conditions
as he may specify therein.
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Regulation 5. Owner's Liability.
Nothing contained in these regulations shall relieve or

exempt the owner of any lift from complying with any
other written law.
Regulation 6. Approval of Installation of Lift.
Pursuant to sub-section (1) of section 36 of the Act,

relating to the purpose of obtaining approval for the
installation of a lift, the owner shall furnish the Chief
Inspector with the following each of which shall be
in duplicate.

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PART II - DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND
TESTS
Regulation 7. Lift Loading and Capacity.
(1) Every lift shall be designed and constructed to carry

the contract load.
(2) (a) The contract load of every passenger lift and

every hospital bed lift shall not be less than given in
Table I corresponding to the clear lift car floor area,
disregarding any seat and space between car door
frames.

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(b) The number of persons which can be carried at any
one time in any passenger lift shall not be greater than
that given in Table I corresponding to the clear lift car
floor area.
(3) The minimum contract load for goods lift shall be

based on the following:

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(4) (a) A capacity plate bearing the contract load of a
lift shall be permanently and securely fastened in a
conspicuous position in a lift car.
(b) (i) In the case of passenger lifts the contract load

shall be given in number of persons and pounds in
accordance with Table I shown in paragraph (2) of this
regulation.
(ii) In the case of goods lift the contract load shall be

given in pounds and also, for emergency purposes, in
number of persons calculated at one hundred and fifty
pounds per person.

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Regulation 8. Lift Machine and Supports.
Regulation 9. Machine Rooms.
Regulation 10. Lift Well.
Regulation 11. Lift Well Enclosure.
Regulation 12. Landing Doors.
Regulation 13. Landing Door Locking Devices.
Regulation 14. Lift Car Construction.
Regulation 15. Car Doors and Gates.
Regulation 16. Hatches.
Regulation 17. Ventilation.
Regulation 18. Lighting.
Regulation 19. General.
Regulation 20. Counterweight.
Regulation 21. Guides.
Regulation 22. Safety Gear.
Regulation 23. Governors.
Regulation 24. Buffers.

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Regulation 25. Clearances and Overtravels For Lift Cars
And Counterweights.
Regulation 26. Terminal Stopping Devices.
Regulation 27. Suspension Ropes.
Regulation 28. Operation and Control.
Regulation 29. Clearances Between Cars and
Counterweights, etc.
Regulation 30. Tests.
PART III – MAINTENANCE

Regulation 31. Duties of the Owner.
PART IV - MISCELLANEOUS
Regulation 32. Notices.
Regulation 33. Attendants.
Regulation 34. Penalties.
FIRST SCHEDULE
SECOND SCHEDULE
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EBOPS & CLD – JKKP Directive
LIFT COMPONENTS
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LIFT COMPONENTS
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LIFT COMPONENTS
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Malaysian Standard

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CEN/TC 10

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MS EN81-20:2017 MS EN81-50:2017

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MS EN81-20:2017 MS EN81-50:2017

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MS EN81-20:2017 MS EN81-50:2017

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MS EN 81-20:2017 - Improvements

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EN 81-20 & EN 81-50

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EN 81-20 & EN 81-50

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EN 81-20 & EN 81-50
PESSRAL (Programmable Electronic System in Safety Related Applications)
SIL - Safety integrity level defined as a relative level of risk-reduction provided

by a safety function, or to specify a target level of risk reduction.

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EN 81-20 & EN 81-50

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CEN/TC 10
STANDARD
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EN 115-1:2017
On July 19, 2017, the European Standards Committee officially issued the
new standard EN 115-1:2017 for the escalator. By January 31, 2019, the
original escalator standard EN115-1:2008 will be abolished. The new
structure resulting from the electrical requirements specified in the
provisions of the protection, safety and control equipment and functions of
the escalator has been improved accordingly. That is, from February 1,
2019, all the escalator products sold to EU countries will provide the CE
certificate of the new standard EN 115-1:2017.
The main difference between the new standard and the original standard
1. For 5.2.1.2 exterior trim panels: add any gaps or openings that may be at
risk of contact with moving parts should be limited to 4mm. Applying a
force of 250 N perpendicularly at any point on the exterior trim panel acts
on a circular or square area of 2500 mm2 without rupture.

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EN 115-1:2017
2. For the 5.2.4 access cover: EN 115-1: 2017 new requirements, if the
access cover is more than one piece, then a safety device should be placed
at the first opened access cover; and other consecutive The block access
cover shall be prevented from being opened before the first access cover is
opened; mechanical interlocking, overlap or separate safety cover shall be
provided for each safety cover; the access cover shall be non-porous At the
same time, it meets the requirements of the installation location (for
example: handrail device, decorative panel, floor panel); the floor panel can
be used as an access panel. In this case, the relevant requirements for
accessing the cover also apply to the floor panels.
3. For 5.2.5 structural design: new comb plates and floor panels are added
under the rated load of the structure, the maximum deflection should not
exceed 4mm, and the comb teeth should be ensured.

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EN 115-1:2017
4. For the 5.3.3.2.1 step: EN115-1: 2017 new requirements, when
passing a square steel backing plate with a thickness of at least 25mm
and close to the side edge of the step, apply a vertical to the step on the
area of 2500mm2 When the force of the tread is 1500N, the step tread
on the apron side shall not be deformed more than 4mm at any
position; If the step tread is fitted with inserts or fixtures, the load shall
only be applied to the insert or the fixture itself. The load area shall be
50 mm times the width of the insert or fixture; the applied force shall be
constant in the vertical direction. During the test, the direction of the
applied force should not change; there should be no permanent
deformation.

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EN 115-1:2017
5. For 5.3.3.2.2 step kick: EN 115-1:2017 increases the load to be
applied to the 3 positions (width direction) of the entire height
centerline of the step kick plate, in the middle of the fully assembled
step and At both ends, the applied force should be fixed, and the
direction of the applied force should not change during the test. The
steps should be fixed to the through or short shaft (if any) for testing.
EN 115-1:2017 is the same as EN 115-1:2008, but the explanation is
more specific.
EN 115-1:2017 imposes requirements on the strength of the inserts or

fasteners mounted on the step kick plate. During the test, the load shall
be applied to the position of the entire height centerline of the insert or
fixture and the step kick plate on the kick plate. The load area shall be
50 mm times the width of the insert or fixture.

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EN 115-1:2017
6. About 5.3.6 step or pedal missing detection device: EN 115-1:2017
specifies the installation position of the detection device. The safety
device or function should be set at the return branch of the step or
pedal in each drive station and steering station to ensure Implement
this feature. However, the detection elements of the device must not be
located in a straight section between the transition sections, as this
does not belong to the drive station or part of the steering station.
7. Design for 5.4.1.3.2 drive components: new requirements and

descriptions for EN 115-1:2017, all drive components shall be designed
to meet the requirements of nominal infinite fatigue life; drive
components are movements and are thus applied Dynamic load
components such as shafts, gears, and multiple rows of chains. The
fixing of these components in the truss shall be in accordance with the
specific requirements of these fixed components (eg European
standards related to trusses, relevant standards for welding and screws).
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EN 115-1:2017
8. For 5.4.2.1 working brakes: new requirements for EN 115-1:2017,
It is proposed that the braking can be achieved electrically (for example
using variable frequency braking) (5.4.2.1.1.3); Electromechanical brakes
are still required for electrical braking (5.4.2.1.1.3); It is considered that
as long as the control system immediately starts the braking process, it
is not considered to have a deliberate delay (5.12.3.5.2.1); When
electrically braking, the power supply of the electromechanical brake
shall be cut off within 1 s after the completion of the electric brake
(5.12.3.5.2.2.1); The time between the start of the electrical braking
procedure and the action of the electromechanical brake shall not
exceed 4 s and shall be monitored by a safety circuit or
E/E/PE meeting the SIL2 rating (5.12.2.9.2); Electromechanical brakes
shall act immediately when 1.2 times overspeed (5.12.2.7.2), non-
steering reversal (5.12.2.7.3), and braking time exceeding (5.1 2.2.9.2)
occur (5.12.3.5.2.2.2) ;2

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Handling Capacity Of Lifts
Lifts cannot handle the traffic volumes handled by other
facilities and have a considerable throttling effect on
pedestrian movement.
For example, the most efficient 8 car group comprising

21-person capacity cars serving 14 office floors can
only provide a handling capacity of 50 person/min.
(3000 person/hour). This is less than a flight of stairs
can provide.
And a 3-car group comprising 10-person cars serving 8

floors can only manage 16 person/min. (960
person/hour). Thus the recommendation to use
escalators in bulk transit systems is proven.
Considerable care should be taken in sizing a lift

system to accommodate the worst passenger demands.
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Basic Factors
The circulation of people in the interior of buildings is a
complicated activity (Dober, 1969) and is affected by a
number of basic factors:
Mode (horizontal and vertical movement): inclined
moving walks, they then change to vertical movement
to reach a higher or lower level. Movement type (natural
or mechanically assisted): mechanically assisted when
using escalators, moving walks and lifts.
Complications (human behaviour): the movement of
people around a building is complex because people
are complex. Individuals have:
• their concepts of route
• their purpose for travel
• their level of urgency
• their characteristics of age, gender, culture,
handicaps etc.
• the unpredictability in human behaviour. © September 2015 (5th edition)
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Design Factors
The design of circulation in buildings is to ensure the
free flow of people, goods and vehicles. The levels of
occupancy and density of usage should be such as to
permit the free movement of people and goods. The
efficiency of interior circulation is very dependent on
building shape.
Factors that affect the effective and efficient design of

the interior circulation in a building:
• Consider all circulation routes: principal and secondary
circulation areas, escape routes, service routes and
areas.
• Provide clear and obvious routes: able to see the
route to take and be assisted by good signage and
open vistas.
• Ensure that the circulation patterns are rational:
avoidance of pedestrians passing through a lift lobby,
importance of the journey undertaken © September 2015 (5th edition)
Slide 100 of 183
Circulation Elements
This is mainly applicable to office buildings,
where a number of factors affect pedestrian
movement including:
• pedestrian dimensions
• pedestrian velocities
• unidirectional/bidirectional flow
• cross flows
• patterns of waiting
• site and environmental conditions
• statutory requirements.

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Circulation In Offices
There are significant numbers of lifts installed in
offices and without them most office buildings would be
untenable. Some locations may also include escalators.
The interior circulation in a building should be designed
to consider all principal and secondary circulation
areas, escape routes, service routes and service areas.
Pedestrians should be able to see the route to take,
assisted by good signage. Circulation patterns should
be rational, e.g. avoid pedestrians passing through a lift
lobby, where other persons are waiting. Ensure that
incompatible types of circulation do not coincide, e.g.
tenants and goods traffic. Minimise the movement of
people and goods by locating similar activities close to
each other, e.g. sales and marketing, and personnel
(human resources) and training.
Consider the levels of occupancy and density of usage
so as to permit the free movement of people and ©goods.
September 2015 (5th edition)
Slide 102 of 183
Circulation In Hotels & Residential
Hotels: Lifts play an important part in the circulation
of guests and service staff in a hotel. Ideally there
should be at least two service lifts to each floor in
large hotels. Escalators should be employed for short
range movements, e.g. to connect function levels with
the lobby. For security reasons it is normal practice
that the aboveground guest lifts do not serve
underground car parks directly. Guests should cross
the main lobby in the sight of the hotel staff to access
the car park lifts.
Residential buildings: include flats (housing

association and private), university, college and
hospital residencies. Circulation is not normally a
problem except in high rise flats, where sufficient lifts
should be installed.
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Traffic Patterns
Four distinct classical passenger demands

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Traffic Patterns
Elements of a round trip

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Traffic Patterns
Four important equations
1. Round Trip Time
2. Uppeak interval
3. Uppeak handling capacity
4. Percentage of building population

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Quality Of Services

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Quality Of Services

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Quality Of Services
The average number of passengers in the car (P) should
be taken as 80% of the maximum probable car capacity
(PC).

Slide 109 of 183
Quality Of Services
Value for adjacent floor transit time (tV)
The average interfloor distance can be obtained by

dividing the total travel from the main terminal to the
highest served floor (DT) by the number of served
floors.
Performance time (T)

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Quality Of Services
The performance time (T) has the most effect on the
round trip time, equation 3.1. Reducing the value of T by
one second can increase the handling capacity of a lift
installation by about 5%. Quality of service may be
judged by the value selected for T. For a 3.6 m interfloor
height, Table 3.8 gives the values of T that can indicate
the probable performance of an installed lift system.

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Quality Of Services
Table 3.6 gives suggested average passenger transfer
times (tp) for offices, taking into account door width
and car capacity. Note that it has been observed that
the time taken for passengers to exit lift cars (tu) is
often shorter than the time taken to enter (tl). This
effect can be accounted for by averaging, see equation
3.11.

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Quality Of Services
A facility manager has been asked the handling
capacity of a group of lifts installed in an office building
with an effective population (U) of 731 occupants. The
following information is known:

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Quality Of Services

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Quality Of Services

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Quality Of Services

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Quality Of Services

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Quality Of Services

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Quality Of Services
The average interfloor distance can be obtained by

dividing the total travel from the main terminal to the
highest served floor (DT) by the number of served
floors.

Slide 119 of 183
Quality Of Services
A facility manager has been asked the handling
capacity of a group of lifts installed in an office building
with an effective population (U) of 731 occupants. The
following information is known:

Slide 120 of 183
Quality Of Services

Slide 121 of 183
Quality Of Services
Performance time (T)

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Quality Of Services

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Quality Of Services

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Quality Of Services

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Sizing Of Office Lift Installation
The method sizes a lift system to serve the demands
of an office building’s occupants by matching the
passenger demands for transportation with the
handling capacity of the installed lift system for the
worst five minute
period during the morning uppeak traffic condition.
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
The method provides the means of calculation and
analysis for the planning and selection of lifts mainly
for office buildings.
The size of the demand may be measured, in terms of

the arrival rate of either, a specified number of
persons/5-minutes (Ar), or a specified percentage of
the building population (%pop) assumed to arrive in the
peak 5-minutes. The traffic design should select a lift
system to meet these
quantity of service criteria.

Slide 126 of 183
Estimation Of Office Population
Passenger demand is dependent on the population of a
building. The size of the intended population should be
obtained, either from the building owner, or from the
proposed occupier, or may be known for an existing
building.
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
If the population numbers are not available an
estimation may be made using floor areas.
Most estimates start from a knowledge of the net

usable area (nua), that is, the area which can be
usefully occupied. If gross floor area (gfa) is used this
can lead to inaccuracies.
The nua excludes circulation space (stairs, corridors,

waiting areas, escape routes), structural intrusions
(steelwork, space heating, ductwork), and facilities
(training rooms, toilets, cleaners’ areas, etc.). The authors/Chartered
Institution of
Slide 127 of 183
The net internal area (nia), sometimes called the
rentable area, is larger than the usable area.
The ratio of usable area (nua) to rentable area (nia)

might be 80–85%.
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
The occupancy density of a building should be obtained
for a new building from the owner or developer and for
an existing building from the occupant.
The number of people occupying the usable area can

vary according to the quality of the accommodation
(i.e. prestigious, standard or speculative) and the type
of occupancy (i.e. single, sector† or mixed tenancy).
Buildings based on open plan layouts have higher

populations than those with cellular offices.
Slide 128 of 183
For cellular offices, occupancy can range from 10 m2 to
14 m2 per person of nia. As a starting point assume an
occupancy of 12 m2 per person, then:
• for prestigious buildings add 2 m2 per person
• for speculative buildings deduct 2 m2 per person.
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
For open plan offices, occupancy can range from 8 m2
to 12 m2 of nia. As a starting point assume an
occupancy of 10 m2 per person, then:
• for prestigious buildings add 2 m2 per person
• for speculative buildings deduct 2 m2 per person.
For some task-based activities (e.g. trading desks and
callcentre workstations), the space per person may
range from 4 m2 to 6 m2. For ‘VIP’ floors the occupancy
density can extend to 25 m2 per person.
Design tip: various studies have shown that in many
buildings it is unlikely that all the total population is
present on any one day. © September 2015 (5th edition)
Slide 129 of 183
Time During Uppeak Demand
The quality of service relates to the passenger
experience. Its primary measure is how long a
passenger waits to board a lift, known as the
passenger average waiting time (AWT). The second
metric is the time it then takes for the passenger to
reach the destination, known as the passenger average
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
transit time (ATT)..
The passenger average waiting time and the passenger

average transit time can be combined to give the
average passenger time to destination (ATTD). Finally
there is the passenger average journey time (AJT). This
time includes the additional time from the time the lift
car doors open until the passenger alights onto the © September 2015 (5th edition)
landing.
Slide 130 of 183
Time During Uppeak Demand
With the increasing installation of hall call allocation
and adaptive call allocation traffic control systems the
passenger waiting, transit, journey times and time to
destination do not start with call registration, as they
do with a conventional two button call station, as
shown in Figure 3.3. The arriving passenger registers a
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
call on call stations, which may be placed in the
conventional locations, but are now often located some
distance from the lobby or even activated by turnstile
entry systems. In these cases the passenger has to
walk and then stand in front of their allocated lift car.
This
walking time has an assumed value. The various
passenger times are then measured from the end of the
assumed walking time, i.e. when the passenger arrives
as shown in Figure 3.3.

Slide 131 of 183
Handling Capacity Of Escalators
Escalators provide a mechanical means of
continuously, transporting pedestrians from one level to
another. They are found in offices, stores, shopping
centres, railway stations, hospitals, museums, etc.
Speed, step widths, inclination and the size of boarding
and alighting areas are factors that affect their
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
handling capacity.

Slide 132 of 183
Handling Capacity Of Moving Walks
Moving walks can either be horizontal or inclined.
Horizontal moving walks are typically used for
medium/long range travel in airports, exhibition centres
and railway stations. Inclined moving walks are
typically used in shopping centres, stores and railway
stations. Table 2.10 indicates practical maximum
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
handling capacities in persons per minute and persons
per hour assuming a density of 2.0 person/m2

Slide 133 of 183
Traffic Analysis Parameters
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
Slide 134 of 183
Elevate
TM
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
Slide 135 of 183
Elevate TM
Elevate™ is software used by designers world-wide to

select the number, size and speed of elevators for all
types of new buildings. Elevate™ can also be used to
demonstrate that modernizing an existing elevator
installation will improve service for passengers.
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
Analysis of elevator performance in offices, hotels,
hospitals, shopping centres, residential buildings, car
parks, mixed use buildings, airports, public buildings,
sports and leisure complexes, schools and colleges.
This is achieved by techniques ranging from up peak
round trip time calculations through to full dynamic
simulation.
Dynamic simulation incorporating a graphical display of

elevators responding to passenger calls. For your
clients, this provides a convincing visual demonstration
of your proposals.
Elevate™ is also an excellent tool
Slide 136 of 183
for developing,
Course 1: Design and Installation of VTS
26th March 2019
Elevate
TM
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
Slide 137 of 183
Planning Guides
Planning Guide equips designers with an independent
ability to make initial elevator system design decisions
of quality, during the “concept” stages of a project.
PLANNING & DESIGN

Slide 138 of 183
Planning
Modern elevator systems are driven by electric motion.
The main criteria which decide the method to be used
for a specific design are:
• Elevator speed.
PLANNING & DESIGN

• Intensity of elevator usage.
• Headroom constraints.
• Passenger comfort.
• Energy consumption.
• Site constraints.
• Capital and operating costs.

Slide 139 of 183
Location
Normally, the most efficient method of locating
elevators to
serve an individual building is to group them together.
Groups should be located for easy access to and from a
main building entrance and should normally be located
PLANNING & DESIGN

centrally for general ease of passenger transit
throughout the building.

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Grouping
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Full Collective Operation
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Full Collective Operation
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Duty Table – Lifts
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Duty Table – Lifts
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Escalator Arrangement – Parallel
PLANNING & DESIGN

Slide 146 of 183
Escalator Arrangement – Parallel
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Escalator Arrangement – Criss Cross
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Escalator Arrangement – Scissor
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Escalators Dimensions
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Escalators Dimensions
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Dimensional Requirements – Lifts
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Overhead & Pit
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Hoistway Plan
PLANNING & DESIGN

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Lift Entrance
PLANNING & DESIGN

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LMR Plan
PLANNING & DESIGN

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First Schedule

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First Schedule

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First Schedule

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First Schedule

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First Schedule

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First Schedule

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First Schedule

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First Schedule

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First Schedule

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First Schedule

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First Schedule

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Initial Inspection Of Lifts – JKJ166

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Vertical

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

In buildings with more than four

In the modern sense, an elevator

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

© September 2015 (5th edition)

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

The upper and lower cabs

© September 2015 (5th edition)

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Instead of ropes being Sheave groove with

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

The overhead pulleys may be

The hydraulic lift comprises a

Low-traffic passenger, goods and

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

© September 2015 (5th edition)

There are two types of

© September 2015 (5th edition)

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

PART III - PERSON IN CHARGE AND CERTIFICATES OF

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

PART V - NOTICE OF OCCUPATION OF FACTORY, AND

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

FIRST SCHEDULE - Dangerous Occurrence

(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,

(a) within the close or curtilage or precincts of the

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

and (whether or not they are factories by reason of the

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

Regulation 1. Citation and Commencement.

Vertical Transportation Systems Raghib Azmi, Grad IEM

(1) Parts I, III and IV of these regulations shall apply to

(2) Part II of these regulation shall apply to every

Provided that where the owner of any lift installed after