FOLKLფოლკლორის განმარტება

im SemoqmedebiTi sferos saxelwodeba, romelic folkloris

saxeliT aris cnobili, anglosaqsuri kompozitiT gamoixateba:
folk-lore. raki, sazogadod, kompoziti, sul mcire, ori
wevrisagan mainc Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTTan garkveuli
kavSiriT arian Sekrulni da, SesaZloa, SeduRabebulnic, misi
Sinaarsic met-naklebad rTulia. kerZod, Cvens SemTxvevaSic,
is masala, romelsac disciplina, saxelwodebiT folkloristika,
Seiswavlis, ar aris martivi: igi ori wevris, saxeldobr,
xalxisa da sibrZnis, urTierTSerwymaa. amitomac arsebiTia
folkloristikis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinis,
moculobisa da sazRvrebis dadgena, romlebic SeiZleba
Seicvalos imisda mixedviT, Tu ras vigulisxmebT kompozitis
folk+lore, rogorc mTlianis, cnebaSi. unda ganimartos am sayovelTao
terminis Sinaarsi. ramdenadac Tavad termini Sedgeba
ori sityvisagan – `xalxi~ da `sibrZne~, terminiT aRniSnuli sagani
Tavisi interesebis sferoSi unda aqcevdes or realobas:
is unda swavlobdes, erTi mxriv, xalxis, rogorc garkveuli er-
Tobis, cnobierebas da SemoqmedebiT Taviseburebas, meore
mxriv, im produqts, romelic Seqmnilia an gardaqmnilia am cnobierebaSi.
folkloristma unda Seiswavlos xalxis cnobierebis
struqtura, cnobierebisa, romelic Taviseburad aRiqvams
yofierebis movlenebs da faqtebs, gardaqmnis da inaxavs maT.
cxadi xdeba, rom eTnografia da eTnologia folkloristikis
momijnave (Tu damxmare) sxva disciplinebidan yvelaze ufro
axlos aris masTan, ramdenadac folklorul Semoqmedebas yofaSi
udgas fesvi da misgan mowyvetili kargavs Tavis arsebiT
niSnebs. es aris misi erT-erTi fundamenturi niSani, romelic
mas literaturuli Semoqmedebisgan ganasxvavebs.
folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifikuri niSnebi maT urTierTkavSirSi,
maT erTobliobaSi, erTmaneTisgan gamomdinareobaSi
unda iqnes ganxiluli da gaazrebuli. tradiciuli niSnebi
xalxuri Semoqmedebisa, romlebic SeiZleba dayvanil iqnes
gansazRvrul raodenobamde, rogoric aris anonimuroba, gav14
rcelebis zepiri forma, variantuloba da koleqtiuroba, arsebiTad,
arawignuri kulturis damaxasiaTebeli da ganmsazRvreli
niSnebia, riTac folklori literaturas upirispirdeba,
Tumca es niSnebi, met-naklebi intensivobiT da gansxvavebuli
motivaciiT, mwerlobas anu individualur Semoqmedebasac
axasiaTebs. warmoiSveba problema, romelic amgvarad iqneba
dasmuli: ra gansxvavebaa, magaliTad, folklorul anonimurobasa
da literaturul anonimurobas Soris, anu: ra iwvevs anonimurobas
erT SemTxvevaSi da ra – meoreSi.
problema ganzogadebul saxes iRebs da yalibdeba Semdegnairad:
erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori kultura – zepiri (udamwerlobo),
smenaze dafuZnebuli, da wignuri (samwerlo), xedvaze
dafuZnebuli. yuri da Tvali aq fundamenturi (amosavali) niSnebia,
romlebic Tav-Tavis daRs aCneven am kulturebs. es problema
gadaizrdeba msmenelisa da mkiTxvelis problemaSi. folklorul
SemoqmedebaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs msmenelTan, rogorc
folkloruli teqstis erT-erTi SesaZlebeli variantis potenciur
avtorTan.
termin `folklors~ folklore, Tumca masSi nagulisxmevi masala
– zepirsityvieri sibrZne Tu codna – Tavisi arsiT anonimuria
da principulad dauTariRebeli, avtoric hyavs da misi
Seqmnis droc cnobilia. misi arseboba iwyeba 1846 wlidan, roca
uiliam Tomsma (William Thoms) inglisur Jurnal `aTeneumis~ (The
Athenaeum) 22 agvistos nomerSi gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT
`folklore~, sadac pirvelad gamoCnda termini, romelic man
ori Zvelinglisuri (saqsonuri) sityvisgan – folk (xalxi) da lore
(sibrZne, codna) – monetasaviT `moWra~. statia daviwyebas mieca,
magram mis furclebze dabadebuli termini sicocxlisunariani
aRmoCnda. ori welic ar iyo gasuli, rom Jurnali ukve
aRfrTovanebas gamoxatavda am terminis swrafi gavrcelebis
gamo. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi igi gascilda inglisis sazRvrebs
da SeaRwia kontinentze, skandinaviaSi, slavur qveyneb-
Si. man Secvala xalxuri Semoqmedebis aRmniSvneli manamde arsebuli
saxelwodebani: `xalxuri siZveleni~ an erTgvarad winaaRmdegobrivi
`xalxuri literatura~ da mtkiced daimkvidra
adgili humanitarul disciplinaTa aRmniSvnel terminebs
Soris.
misi pirvelSemqmneli am sityvaSi, rogorc cnebaSi, ufro
farTo Sinaarss gulisxmobda, vidre Cven dRes. u. Tomsi sityviT
lore aRniSnavda xalxis Semoqmedebis iseT sferosac, rome15
lic SeiZleba gaSualebiTac ar iyos dakavSirebuli sityvas-
Tan, sityvier SemoqmedebasTan. lore `sibrZne~ misTvis moicavda
yvelafers, rac ki adamians, adamianTa sazogadoebas, Seuqmnia
Tavisi Segnebuli cxovrebis manZilze anu rac homo sapiensi da
homo faberi arsebobs dedamiwaze. es unda iyos yvelaferi – bumerangidan
(Tu mas umartives iaraRad miviCnevT), vrcel sityvier
teqstebamde an iseT rTul folkorul fenomenamde, rogoricaa
andaza. sityvieri Semoqmedeba erT-erTi Semavali nakadia
am dausabamo da ukidegano mdinarebaSi, romelsac xalxur
kulturas vuwodebT. droTa viTarebaSi es termini TandaTan
viwrovdeba da zogierT tradiciaSi, mag., CvenTan, is mxolod
zepirsityvierebas gulisxmobs. Tumca SemorCenilia misi
farTo mniSvnelobis kvalic iseT terminSi, rogoric aris `musikaluri
folklori~, romelic `xalxuri musikis~ tolfardi
cnebaa. am azriT folkloria xalxuri cekvebi, xalxuri saxioba,
xalxuri medicina, xalxuri saxviTi xelovneba, mSenebloba,
xelosnoba, stumarmaspinZlobis wesebi, wes-Cveulebani,
xalxuri kulinaria... anu yvelaferi, romlis codna dauwereli
saxiT, zepirmetyvelebiT an, Tundac, usityvod – qceviT Tu
moqmedebiT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas.
raki termini `folklori~ kompozitia da ori cnebisagan
Sedgeba, mecnieruli interesic masSi nagulisxmevi realobisadmi
ormagi unda iyos. ras gulisxmobs folk ~xalxi~ da ras gulisxmobs
lore `sibrZne~, `codna~? ganvixiloT pirveli. ras warmoadgens
is `xalxi~, romelic atarebs am `sibrZnes~? am kompozitSi
sibrZne-codnasTan mimarTebaSi `xalxi~ gulisxmobs adamianTa
imgvar simravles, romelic garkveul niSanTa erTobliobiT
aris gaerTianebuli da Tavadac acnobierebs da ganicdis
am erTianobas. es SeiZleba is niSnebi iyos, romelic erT
erad Sekravs sxvadasxva warmoSobis xalxebs da tomebs. es iqneba
ena, teritoria, saerTo warsuli, saerTo mteri. imisaTvis,
rom xalxi `sibrZnis~ matarebeli `folki~ gaxdes, aucilebelia,
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi igi saerTo cxovrebiT
cxovrobdes. arsebobs qarTveli xalxi, romelic Tavis TavSi
atarebs saerTo warsulis xsovnas, warsulisa, romelic dasaxlebulia
saerTo winaprebiT da saerTo mtrebiT. erT enaze molaparake
xalxs saerTo religia kidev ufro mWidrod aerTianebs,
didi xnis mkvidroba erT teritoriaze mSobliurs xdis am
miwa-wyals da migraciis SemTxvevaSi inaxavs mis xsovnas. xalxi
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inaxavs `codnas~ am miwa-wyalze, mis `sibrZnes~, romelic Tqmulebis,
legendis, gadmocemis saxiT gadadis Taobidan TaobaSi.
xalxi adamianTa jgufebis organuli, Sezrdili krebulia, romelsac
aqvs Tavisi Suaguli, kera, centri, Tundac sxvadasxvagvarad
gamoxatuli. folki SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod eri, aramed
erTi sagvareulo an erTi ojaxi, romelic Semokrebilia
erTi keriis (`Suacecxlis~) garSemo da inaxavs winaprebis xsovnas
da cecxls, rogorc ganivTebul xsovnas, ramdenadac es
cecxli saerTo `Suacecxlis~ nawilia. is ritualebi, romlebic
sruldeba am keriasTan, sityvebi, am dros rom warmoiTqmis,
is teqstebi, rac am dros moiTxroba, mag., zRaprebi svanuri lifanalis
dros, roca keriasTan ikribeba mTeli ojaxi – cocxlebi
gardasul TaobebTan erTad, yvelaferi riTac cocxlebi
umaspinZldebian winaparTa sulebs am dRes, es aris `sibrZne~ da
`codna~, romelic Seqmnes am ojaxis Taobebma. mxolod Suagulis
mqone adamianTa jgufs, Tundac mcirericxovans, ZaluZs
Seqmnas lore da Seinaxos igi. riTac brbo xalxisagan gansxvavdeba,
aris swored is, rom brbos ar SeuZlia Seqmnas `sibrZne~, radgan
mas ar gaaCnia mexsiereba, misi cnobiereba myisieria, is ver
inaxavs im umartivess da umciressac ki, rasac is am wamSi `qmnis~.
`xalxad~ SeiZleba miviCnioT stadionze Seyrili adamianebi, romelTa
saerTo gulisyuri mimarTulia erTisken da, Tumca es
erToba efemerulia, am erTobis ZaliT maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan
`raRac~, Tundac es raRac iyos frTiani SeZaxili, moswrebuli
naTqvami, romelic anekdotSi da `legendaSi~, iqneb `miTosSic~
gadaizardos (XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis bavSvebs Soris gavrcelebuli
iyo Tqmuleba, rom ganTqmul mcvels SavguliZes
marjvena fexi hqonda `dabeWdili~. es, namdvilad, SavguliZis
miTosi iyo. baskebTan TamaSis Semdeg, ocdaaTian wlebSi bav-
SvTa Soris gaCnda legenda, rom baskebis mekare maimuni iyo da
kudiT ekideboda horizontalur Zels). folkia armiac, samxedro
qveganayofi, razmi, romelsac gadauxdia brZolebi da,
Tundac is sxvadasxva pirovnebisa da aRmsareblobis adamianebisgan
Sedgebodes, mas saerTo folklori eqneba da es misi `omisa da
mSvidobis~ folklori iqneba. xalxad SeiZleba miviCnioT saswavlebeli
(saSualo skola, internati, gimnazia, universiteti,
calkeuli fakultetic ki), Tu mis ukan dgas TaobaTa wyeba,
romelTa maxsovroba inaxavs profesor-maswavlebelTa ucnaurobaTa
anekdotur ambebs Tu maT araordinalur saqcielT
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da yvelaferi es zepirad iqneba gadacemuli Taobidan Taobas.
aseve folkia profesiuli gaerTianebani, rogoric aris amqari
Tavisi tradiciiT, wes-CveulebebiT, mfarveli wmidanebiT
da TqmulebebiT maT arqetipul qmedebebze. am principiT Tu
vixelmZRvanelebT, folki SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT yvelgan, ara
mxolod da gansakuTrebiT soflad, sadac Cveulebriv eZeben
xalxur Semoqmedebas, aramed yvelgan, sadac adamianTa jgufebs
aqvT met-naklebad xangrZlivi periodi erTad cxovrebisa da
saerTo miznebiTa da amocanebiT suldgmulobisa, saerTo gansacdelisa,
saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolisa, saerTo gamarjvebisa
da saerTo marcxisa. yovel amgvarad gagebul erTianobas
aqvs Tavisi lore, Tavisi `sibrZne~ anu Tavisi sakuTari folklori.
mas aqvs es, inaxavs da gadascems mas Tundac erTaderT
Taobamde, ra Rirebulebisac ar unda iyos igi. or adamiansac
ki, bavSvobidan, uxsovrobidan TanSezrdil or megobars aqvs
sakuTari folklori, dauwereli mikromatiane yvelaferi imisa,
rac maT ganucdiaT, unaxavT, mousmeniaT, umReriaT. maT
aqvT TavianTi sakuTari `ena~, sakuTari simboloebi, pirobiTi
niSnebi, romlebic mxolod maTTvis aris gasagebi.
magram amJamad Cveni yuradRebis sagania adamianTa erTianobis
ara yvela safexuri, zemoT rom iyo gakvriT naxsenebi,
aramed mxolod da mxolod imgvari erTianoba, romelic warmoadgens
xalxs am cnebis sayovelTao gagebiT.
Cveni sagania qarTveli xalxis folklori anu, rac igivea,
qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba. Tumca aqac, am SesityvebaSi,
`xalxi~ gulisxmobs ufro mets, vidre erovnuli erTobaa, ufro
mets, rac aviwroebs kidec mis mniSvnelobas. es xalxi aris
sakuTriv Semoqmedi an Semnaxveli yvelaferi imisa, rac Seadgens
folklors. germaneli romantikosi filosofosi iohan
gotfrid herderi (1744-1803) werda: `xalxi (Volk) aris bunebrivi
da Seuryvneli nawili erisa, amitom is mowodebulia erovnuli
sulis gamosaxatavad~. amrigad, igi fiqrobs, rom erSi aris
birTvi, xalxi, folki (germ. Volk), romelzec dakisrebulia Semoqmedebis
misia da misi Seqmnilia is, rac folkloris saxelwodebiT
aris cnobili. amave dros, aseTi gageba xalxisa uaxlovdeba
xalxuri Semoqmedebis mistikur gagebas, romlis mixedviTac
is RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa. iakob grimi (1785-1863),
folkloristikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, wers Tavis kolegas,
germanel poets arnims: `Tu Sen CemsaviT gwams, rom religia
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RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis Sedegad warmoiSva, rom enis warmo-
Sobac aseve saswaulebrivia da rom igi ar warmoadgens adamianis
gamonagons, isic unda irwmuno da igrZno, rom xalxur poeziasac
igive warmoSoba aqvs~. es Tvalsazrisi xalxur poezias
upirispirebs xelovnur poezias, romelic wignuri kulturis
wiaRSia Seqmnili. romantikosi folkloristebi (da pirveli
folkloristebi mxolod romantikosebi iyvnen) fiqrobdnen,
rom xalxuri leqsi aracnobierad ibadeba, rom xalxuri poezia
aris adamianSi RvTaebrivis gamovlena. `igi SiSvelia da atarebs
Tavis TavSi RvTis xats~, werda vilhelm grimi. yoveli movlenis
warmoSoba saidumloebiT aris moculi, saidumlo ki RvTiuri
myofobis niSania. uZvelesi tradicia sityvieri Semoqmedebis
dasabams RvTiur samyaroSi xedavs, rogorc dasturdeba
homerosis poemebis dasawyis striqonebSi (`risxvaze mimRere,
qalRmerTo...~, `kacze miambe, muzav...~). rogor unda gavigoT
xalxuri Semoqmedebis RvTiuri warmomavloba? germaneli romantikosebi,
cxadia, ar fiqrobdnen berZeni rafsodis kvalze,
TiTqos xalxuri sityvierebis Sinaarsebi RvTiuri samyarodan
aris nakarnaxevi. `RvTiuri~ maT naazrevSi niSnavda `zeindividualurs~,
`zepirovnuls~, rogoric namdvilad aris xalxuri
Semoqmedeba. xalxuri Semoqmedi ganicdis Tavis TavSi imaze ma-
Rals, rasac misi yoveldRiuri, yofiTi arseba, misi pirovneba
warmoadgens. zeindividualuri adamianSi is safexuria, romelic
erTma tradiciam, SeiZleba, `RvTiurad~ miiCnios, meorem
– saerTo-saxalxod anu im realobad, rasac zemoT `xalxi~ vuwodeT.
rasac xalxuri Semoqmedi qmnis, Tavisi pirovnuli cnobierebis
safexuridan, folkis cnobierebamde amaRlebuli
qmnis. garkveuli azriT, rasac is qmnis, ar aris misi sakuTari
pirovnuli Semoqmedeba. es aris, ZiriTadad, anonimurobis sazrisi.
Cven viciT zogadad, ras warmoadgens `xalxi~, romlis cnobierebaSi
daculia zepirsityvieri fondi. viciT, aseve zogadad,
ras moicavs xalxuri Semoqmedeba (mis Janrul Semadgenlobaze
qvemoT iqneba saubari). axla gavarkvioT, ra saxiT arsebobs
igi, rogor vrceldeba, rogor da ratom icvleba, Tu
icvleba, vis SeuZlia misi Secvla, an roca qmnis adamiani, risi
ZaliT da visi saxeliT qmnis imas, rasac qmnis.

ფოლკლორის სპეციფიკური ნიშნები

zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis niSnebi romlebic

qvemoT aris ganxiluli, erTmaneTisagan gamomdinarea, anu
TiToeuli maTgani mizezic aris da Sedegic. magram isic
unda iTqvas, da es mTavaria, rom yovel maTgans TviTkmari
da damoukidebeli Rirebuleba aqvs folkloris gansazRvraSi,
ramdenadac TiToeulSi Cans xalxuri Semoqmedebis
bunebis mTeli sisavse.
gavrcelebis zepiri forma
es aris yvelaze TvalsaCino niSani folkloruli Semoqmedebisa,
rac mis erT-erT saxelwodebaSic aris asaxuli:
`zepirsityviereba~. namdvilad, xalxuri Semoqmedeba
zepirsityvieria rogorc warmoSobiT, aseve gavrcelebis
formiT: iqmneba zepirad da vrceldeba zepirad. es aris am
zogadi niSnis ori aspeqti. zepirsityvieri teqsti SeiZleba
Caweril iqnes, magram es ar iqneba misi arsebobis bunebrivi
forma (aris gamonaklisi: xalxuri epitafia, romelic
mxolod da mxolod qvaze amokveTili saxiT arsebobs. es,
ra Tqma unda, mxolod damwerlobis kulturaSia SesaZlebeli).
mTeli damwerlobamdeli periodis sityvieri Semoqmedeba,
romlis dasabami uxsovrobaSi ikargeba, zepiri saxiT
gadaecema Taobidan Taobas uwyveti modenilobiT da
ganagrZobs arsebobas wignuri civilizaciebis xanaSic da
werilobiT saxesac iRebs, Tumca xalxuri sityvieri Semoqmedeba
mxolod mosasmenad aris gamiznuli, rac garkveul
daRs asvams mas. es qmnis mis Tavisebur poetikas, sakmaod
gansxvavebuls wignuri Semoqmedebisgan, romelic sakiTxavad
aris gamiznuli. gansxvaveba smenasa da kiTxvas Soris
ar aris mxolod teqnikuri xasiaTisa. arsebobs smeniTi
kultura, am fenomenis (smenis) Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,
da arsebobs kiTxviTi kultura, xedvis fenomenis Taviseburebidan
gamomdinare. folklori ZiriTadad yuria,
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wigni (literatura) – Tvali. grigol robaqiZe erTgan
wers: `akakis leqsSi `yuria~ meti, vidre `Tvali~. amiT –
`yur~ sityviT mwerali akakis SemoqmedebaSi xalxur zepirsityvier
stiqias aRniSnavs. `Tvali naklebia akakis leqsSi,
ganagrZobs avtori, rogorc saerTod qarTul poeziaSi~.
amiT mas surs Tqvas, rom qarTuli wignuri poezia mniSvnelovanwilad
nasazrdoebia xalxuri poeziiT.
yurTasmenis prioriteti TvalTaxedvis mimarT udamwerlobo
epoqaSi niSandobliv gamoxatulebas poulobs
aedebisa Tu rafsodebis (mgosnebis) sibrmavis fenomenSi.
maTi klasikuri magaliTi da warmomadgeneli homerosia,
romlis poemaSi (`odiseaSi~) aseve brma aedebi monawileoben
– demodoke da femiosi. brmebi iyvnen iaponeli moxetiale
bivaboZuebi (biva-boZu), romlebic simebiani instrumentis
(`biva~) akompanimentze asrulebdnen TavianT
repertuars. maTi sibrmave qmediTi faqtoria rogorc zepiri
SemoqmedebisTvis, aseve raime ambis zepiri gardaTqmisTvis.
Tvalis Zala da unari mTlianad sasmenelSia gadasuli,
yuris Zala da unari xedvis xarjzea gafaqizebuli.
mas SeuZlia mTlianad moicvas xedva, Caenacvlos mas, rasac
mowmobs Tavad smenis aRmniSvneli sityvis gamoyeneba
xedvis gamosaxatavad: yureba.
msmeneli uSualod aRiqvams teqsts. msmeneli eswreba
Semoqmedebis process, rac mis Tvalwin sruldeba, TiTqos
xelaxla iqmneba misTvis, radgan yoveli axali Sesruleba
pirvelSemoqmedebis badalia. xalxuri nawarmoebi mxolod
maSin arsebobs aqtualurad, roca is warmoiTqmis.
warmoTqmamde misi arseboba, garkveuli azriT, potenciuria
– is mTqmelis mexsierebaSi arsebobs rogorc
SesaZlebloba. amitomac zepiri nawarmoebi arc erTi
ganmeorebisas arasodes ar aris Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivi.
msmeneli yovelTvis xedavs avtors Tavis win, radgan
mTqmelis xmaSi avtoris xma esmis, maT Soris ar arsebobs
drouli xarvezi, maT Soris ar arsebobs sxva Suamavali,
garda haerisa, romelic vibrirebs da msmenelamde daubrkolebliv
miaqvs sityva. rafsodSi, romelsac dRevandlamde
moaqvs es sityva, msmeneli im pirvelmTqmels
xedavs, Tumca misi saxeli da saxe samudamod dafarulia.
ase ar aris literaturuli nawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi: mkiT23
xveli Tavad kiTxulobs teqsts, is mowyvetilia avtors,
ver xedavs mas, ar esmis misi xma, Tumca mas SeuZlia ixilos
misi saxe da misi saxelic cnobilia misTvis. mkiTxveli Tavad
`axmovanebs~ teqsts da svams maxvilebs. aris SemTxvevebi,
roca literaturuli nawarmoebis avtori Tavad
kiTxulobs teqsts (scenaze, televizorSi Tu radioSi),
magram es ar aris arsebiTi, es ar aris is wesi, romlis Zali-
Tac arsebobs literaturuli nawarmoebi. aris sapirispiro
SemTxvevebi, roca adamiani kiTxulobs wignSi dabeWdil
xalxur nawarmoebs. magram, rogorc iTqva, wigni ar aris
xalxuri sityvis bunebrivi adgili. wigni, wera, kiTxva
antifolkloruli movlenebia. wignSi asoebiT dabeWdili
xalxuri leqsi Cven SeiZleba SevadaroT mgalobel Cits,
romelic galiaSia damwyvdeuli. marTalia, wigni inaxavs
sityvas, romelsac JamTasvla uTuod waSlis adamianis mexsierebaSi,
magram isic marTalia, rom wigni ver inaxavs mas
cocxlad, radgan zepiri sityva ar aris wignSi dasabeWdad
Seqmnili, rogorc gareuli frinveli ar aris gaCenili
galiis binadrad. zepiri sityva Seqmnilia mudmivi, ganuwyveteli
qmnadobisaTvis, drosa da sivrceSi cvalebadobisaTvis.
anonimuroba
folkloruli teqstis anonimur xasiaTs ramdenime mizezi
ganapirobebs. pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom anonimuroba
ar niSnavs imas, rom folklorul nawarmoebs saer-
Tod ar hyolia avtori. cnobili folkloristi vl. propi
wers: `literaturaTmcodneobis tradiciebis skolaSi aRzrdilT
Cven xSirad verc ki warmogvidgenia, rom poeturi
nawarmoebi SeiZleba sxvagvarad warmoiSvas, vidre literaturuli
Txzuleba individualuri avtorobisas. Cven
sul mudam gvgonia, rom is viRac pirvelma unda SeTxzas.
Tumca SesaZlebelia sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxebi poeturi
nawarmoebebis warmoqmnisa... da maTi Seswavla folkloristikis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi da uZnelesi problemaa...
warmoSobiT folklori unda davuaxlovoT ara literaturas,
aramed enas, romelic aravis gamougonia da ara hyavs
24
arc avtori da arc avtorebi. igi warmoiSveba da icvleba
sruliad kanonzomierad da adamianTa nebisgan damoukidebliv...~
[propi 1976: 21-22].
folkloris enasTan daaxloebaSi aris WeSmaritebis
marcvali, magram Zneli dasajerebelia, rom romelime xalxuri
poeturi nawarmoebi, Tundac ritualuri teqsti, Selocva
Tu wyevlis formula, iseve uavtorod iyos Seqmnili,
rogorc ena, rogorc aseTi, mis mTlianobaSi. ras warmoadgens
sinamdvileSi es `sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxebi~?
arseboben ki isini realurad, rom SesaZlebeli iyos
maTi Seswavla? folklori Semoqmedebaa da Semoqmedeba
mxolod adamianis pirovnebis unaria. Tuki arsebobs Seqmnili,
unda arsebobdes viRac, romelic qmnis... zemoT
motanili Sexeduleba folklorul Semoqmedebaze aSkarad
panTeisturia, is uaryofs Semoqmeds da aRiarebs Seqmnilis
TavisTavad warmoSobas. ena namdvilad uavtorod
aris warmoSobili, folkloruli teqsti ki – Seqmnili.
folkloruli teqstis anonimurobis ZiriTadi pirobaa
avtorobis uflebis principuli ararseboba tradiciul
sazogadoebaSi. es is sferoa, romelsac yvelaze gvian
daeufla kerZo sakuTrebis Segneba. Folk-is wreSi myofma Semoqmedma
ar SeiZleba miiCnios Tavi mis mier SeTxzuli teqstis
iseTsave avtorad, rogoric literaturuli anu samwerlo
nawarmoebis avtoria. individualuri avtori – mwerali,
rogorc Semoqmedi, ar ekuTvnis xalxs im azriT, rogorc
ekuTvnis mas xalxuri avtori. pirveli gamoTqvams
Tavis pirovnuls upiratesad, meore – xalxisas upiratesad.
pirveli eZebs originalurs, sakuTars, ganumeorebels,
jerarTqmuls. meore eZebs mxolod imas, rasac xalxi
moiwonebs da dasturs dascems. da es mowoneba da dasturcema
mravali Taobis manZilze grZeldeba. am mowonebis
intuicia da alRo aqvs xalxis mgosans, romelic itvir-
Tavs xalxis fiqris da suliskveTebis gamoxatvas. is koleqtivis
niRabia, koleqtivi RaRadebs misi piriT, is misi
xmaa, misi sayviria. rogor SeiZleba man ifiqros, rom rasac
is warmoTqvams, misi sakuTrebaa? misi ganuyofeli sakuTreba
mxolod misi niWi da unaria, romelsac is gamoTqmis
`iaraRad~ iyenebs. is Tavisi niWiT aris gamorCeuli
folkisgan.
25
am niWieris Semoqmedebaze da misi Semoqmedebis nayofze
amgvar tevad formulas ayalibebs vasil barnovi: `eris
gulisnadebs pirvelad warmoTqvams romelime niWieri Svili
erisa, naTqvami aRibeWdeba msmenelTa mexsierebaSi da
gavrceldeba zepirsityvaobiT erTi adgilidan meore adgilas,
erTi Taobidan meore Taobaze“.
es `niWieri Svili“, cxadia, arsebobda realurad, fizikurad,
Tavisi sisxliTa da xorciT. is daibada, cxovrobda,
mokvda, sadRac miwaSi misi sakuTari Zvlebi marxia. usamarTloba
iqneboda, wagverTva egzistencialuroba misi
individualobisaTvis, magram, vimeorebT, Tavis SemoqmedebaSi,
Tavis „naTqvamSi“, igi arasodes cdilobda Tavisi
pirovnulis, individualuris, kerZos wamowevas misi gaxmaurebisa
da gasajaroebis (gaqveynebis) mizniT. misi `naTqvami~
namdvilad `eris gulisnadebs~ Seicavs, is ubrunebs
xalxs mis nafiqrals, ubrunebs gamokveTilad, imgvari
formiT, rogoradac verc erTi maTgani ver Camoayalibebda.
aTavisuflebs ra `mgalobel Cits~ galiidan, igi aRar
zrunavs da arc SeuZlia izrunos mis bedze, raTa erTxel
`nagalobebi~ pirvelqmnili saxiT iqnes Senaxuli. pirvelqmnili
saxiT teqsts mxolod beWduri (da axal droSi
eleqtronuli) wigni inaxavs.
variantuloba
sityvis zepiri gavrceleba gardauvalad iwvevs teqstis
cvlilebas. zepiri sityva Tavisufalia, gansxvavebiT
dabeWdili sityvisagan, magram mas axlavs nakli: igi eqvemdebareba
dro-Jams, romelic Tavis beWeds asvams mas. drosa
da sivrceSi igi icvleba, aCens variantebs, rogorc Citi
bartyebs. pirvelSemoqmedis piridan gamosuli teqsti
`ibartyebs~. mkacri azriT, xalxuri teqsti mxolod da mxolod
misi romelime variantis saxiT arsebobs, amaoa misi invariantuli
anu arqetipuli, Tu `kanonikuri~ teqstis Zieba.
kanonikuroba mxolod literaturul SemoqmedebaSia
saZiebeli, radgan literatura da misi avtori amas moiTxoven.
mwerali, literatori ara mxolod Txzulebas qmnis,
aramed aris am Txzulebis kanonikuri teqstis avtori, rom26
lis xelyofis ufleba, Tundac gaumjobesebis mizniT, aravis
aqvs. xalxuri SemoqmedebisTvis ucxoa kanonikuroba,
is ar ipoveba bunebaSi, is `gafrenilia~, rogorc galiidan
gaSvebuli frinveli. magram mainc arqetipi (pirvelqmnili
teqsti) mTqmelis gonebaSi, mexsierebaSi `Crdilis~
(ludvig vitgenStainis terminiT) saxiT aris daculi da is
yoveli warmoTqmisas `cocxldeba~, xorcs isxams, Tumca
verasodes daemTxveva im pirvelTqmuls. am azriT aris yoveli
warmoTqma axali Semoqmedeba, axal da axal variant-
Ta Cena. am garemoebam warmoSva termini avtor-mTqmeli.
xalxuri teqstis arseboba mxolod avtor-mTqmelTa mier
warmoSobil variantebad aris warmosadgeni da SesaZlebeli.
maT ricxvs dasasruli ar eqneba, Tu saerTod ar Sewyda
tradicia da ar amowura variantTa Cenis SesaZlebloba. es
maSin xdeba, roca mexsierebidan arqetipi waiSleba an fragmentebis
saxiT sxva teqstis Semadgenel nawilebad iqceva.
msmeneli potenciuri avtor-mTqmelia, romelsac SeuZlia
`sakuTari~ variantis saxiT miitanos mosmenili teqsti
kvlav msmenelTan da a.S. da a.S. TiToeul variants ama
Tu im konkretul sazogadoebaSi, konkretul tradiciaSi,
TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs. yvela varianti damoukidebeli
mTlianobaa da TviTmyofadia.
zepirsityvieri nawarmoebis cvlilebis gardauvaloba
gamowveulia im situaciiT, sadac is warmoiTqmeba, anu
sadac xdeba misi kvlavwarmoeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, misi xelaxali
qmna. igi icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu sad warmoiTqmis,
vin ismens mas. msmeneli an msmenelTa krebuli – auditoria
ganapirobebs teqstis ara mxolod cvlilebas, aramed
swored amgvar da ara sxvanair cvlilebas. radgan es
konkretuli auditoriaa. es auditoria qmnis am variants,
es varianti am auditoriis variantia. radgan: mTqmeli warmoTqvams
amaTTvis, vis winaSec igi dgas da ara abstraqtulad,
msmenelisgan ganyenebulad, imisgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc
me wigni melaparakeba, roca me da avtors Soris mxolod
sayovelTao beWduri niSnebia. mTqmels yovelTvis
msmeneli hyavs mxedvelobaSi, msmeneli ki yovelTvis konkretulia,
mas Tavisi vinaoba aqvs – uvinaobo auditoria
ar arsebobs arc obieqturad da arc mTqmelisTvis. msmeneli
arsebobs da Tavs iCens garemoSi, xolo garemo (es so27
feli, es kuTxe) yovelTvis konkretulia. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom konkretuli garemo, auditoria, msmenelTa wre, badebs
ama Tu im variants.
marTalia, xalxuri teqsti mxolod variantebad da,
amasTanave, rac mTavaria, Tanasworuflebian variantebad
arsebobs, da es aris misi xalxurobis erT-erTi gadamwyveti
niSani, mainc ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom teqsti Tavdapirvelad
erTi iyo, radgan is erTi avtoris piridan gamovida.
variantebi meoreulia, Tumca isini xalxuri zepiri
teqstis bedisweraa.
Znelia gaziareba im Tvalsazrisisa, romlis Tanaxmadac
`araviTari Tavdapirveli, amosavali teqsti ar arsebula
da arc SeiZleboda arsebuliyo~ (vl. propi), rom `folkloruli
nawarmoebi imTaviTve iqmneba ara erTaderTi
teqstis saxiT, aramed mxatvrul CanafiqrTa realizaciebis
saxiT, e. i. variantebad~ (b. putilovi). magram sakiTxavia,
vis gonebaSi ibadeba es Canafiqri, Tu ara erTi pirovnebisa,
Tundac is iyos koleqtivis zraxvaTa da azrTa wyobis
(mentalitetis) gamomxatveli.
koleqtiuroba
raki xalxuri nawarmoebi mxolod da mxolod variantebad
arsebobs da es aris misi arsebobis bunebrivi forma,
anu uvarianto, erTaderT teqstad arsebuli nawarmoebi
ver CaiTvleba xalxur nawarmoebad, laparaki mis avtorze,
rogorc erT pirovnebaze, mainc principulad SeuZlebelia.
misi variantebis SeqmnaSi Taobebi iReben monawileobas
da, amdenad, amgvarad warmoSobili nawarmoebi saxalxo,
koleqtiuri sakuTrebaa. is yvelas ekuTvnis, radgan
mis SeqmnaSi monawileoba aqvs miRebuli ara mxolod pirvel
mTqmels, aramed gardamTqmels da msmenelsac Taoba-
Ta manZilze drosa da sivrceSi.
koleqtiurobas meore mxarec aqvs. xalxuri nawarmoebi
imitomac aris koleqtiuri sakuTreba, rom is gamoxatavs
ara kerZo pirovnebis, aramed folkis suliskveTebas,
is mtkiced zis ama Tu im sazogadoebis tradiciaSi, am cnebis
ufarToesi gagebiT – aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod tra28
diciuli poetika, poeturi gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi, rogorc
saerTo monapovari, aramed yofiTi kultura da
msoflmxedvelobriv warmodgenaTa sistema – mTeli memkvidreobiTi
sulieri dovlaTi.
koleqtiurobis xasiaTi kargad gamoTqva karl gustav
iungma: `koleqtiuri aracnobieri Tu gaaqtiurda, kaci sakuTar
Tavs aRar ekuTvnis~ [iungi: 62]. amgvarad aqvs dakarguli
saxalxo poet-mTqmels sakuTari Tavi. garkveuli azriT,
swored am dakargviT iqmneba namdvili xalxuri nawarmoebi
rogorc koleqtiuri sakuTreba.
tradiciuloba
ra aris tradicia? tradicia (gadmocema) is arxia (kalapoti),
romelSic Taobidan Taobamde miedineba xalxuri
yofa da, masTan erTad, Semoqmedeba. tradicia ganapirobebs
xalxis (koleqtivis) yofis mdgradobas. koleqtivis
konservatizmi – yofiTi, msoflmxedvelobiTi, kulturuli,
mxatvruli – misi tradiciulobis meore mxarea.
folkloruli Janruli sistemis urRvevoba da mdgradoba
swored tradiciis Zalazea damyarebuli.
tradiciul yofaSi Zlieria tradiciis zewola individis
cnobierebaze. individi am tradiciis wiaRSia dabadebuli,
aRzrdilia masSi da Tavadac am tradiciis, sxvanairad,
mama-papis anderZnamagis gamtari da aRmsrulebelia.
magram es ar gamoricxavs individualuri gadaxrebis rols
tradiciaSi. arasodes individis cnobiereba ar aris avsebuli
mTlianad tradiciuli msoflgancdiT, eTikur-moraluri
da esTetikuri idealebiT. `adgili rCeba~ individualurs,
romelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aracnobierad, uneburad
poulobs gamosavals da SeumCnevlad `iwveTeba~
tradiciis kalapotSi. tradicia aris gadacema (laTinuri
sityva traditio amas niSnavs), xolo rac gadasacemia, arasdros
absoluturi sizustiT ar gadaicema, gadacemuli yovel
jerze saxecvlilebas, Tundac umniSvnelos, Tavad gadamcemisTvisac
SeumCnevels, ganicdis. magram yvelaferi es
xdeba isev da isev mdgradi tradiciis farglebSi. ganaxlebuli
nakadi kvlav miedineba, gzadagza gadaxarSavs ra
29
am individualurs. magram Tu sazogadoebis istoria individualur
gamovlenaTa istoriac aris, im pirveli tradiciidan
aRebuli qani sabolood veRar Zlevs individualur
gamovlenebs da tradiciac icvleba, anu axal tradicias
eyreba safuZveli.
mTqmelis mexsierebaSi daculi tradiciuli teqsti ra-
Rac axals iZens misi aqtualizaciis procesSi. warmoTqmuli
teqsti ar aris identuri mexsierebaSi potenciurad arsebuli,
daculi teqstisa. Semosuli siaxle, romelic qmnis
gansxvavebas, mTqmeliseulia. es asea yoveli axali warmoTqmisas.
siaxlis Semotana teqstSi mxolod maSin dasruldeba,
roca is aRar warmoiTqmis, roca misi aqtualizacia
aRar xdeba, anu is wyvets arsebobas, rogorc folkloruli
teqsti.
improvizacia
roca improvizaciaze, rogorc xalxuri Semoqmedebis
erT-erT niSanze, vlaparakobT, saqme gvaqvs, erTi mxriv,
variantulobasTan, meore mxriv, tradiciulobasTan. `improvizacia
yvelgan arsebulia, igi msWvalavs mTels folklors,
myofobs yoveli cvlilebis dros, versiebisa da
axali nawarmoebebis warmoqmnisas~ [anikini: 116].
garemo qmnis improvizaciis pirobas. erTi mxriv, arsebobs
improvizaciis unari, meore mxriv, arsebobs auditoriis
mzaoba improvizaciis molodinisTvis. improvizacia,
romelic variants badebs, konkretuli situaciiT aris
ganpirobebuli.
ras warmoadgens situacia? risgan Sedgeba igi? `situacias
unda mivakuTvnoT msmenelTa Semadgenloba. improvizacia
sxvadasxvagvarad miikvlevs gzas imisda mixedviT,
Tu vis uyveba mezRapre zRapars – bavSvebs Tu ufrosebs.
monaTxrobi aRiqmeba msmenelTagan gansxvavebulad maTi
ganwyobilebis – mxiarulisa Tu naRvlianis mixedviT. es
yvelaferi aisaxeba Semsrulebelze~ [bogatiriovi: 397] da,
cxadia, monaTxrob nawarmoebze. amieridan is ukve sxvaa,
es sxva aris swored is, rasac folkloristikaSi variants
uwodeben.
30
improvizacia, romelic gulisxmobs mTqmelis Semoqmedebas
tradiciuli teqstis Sesrulebis (gadmocemis)
procesSi, TiTqosda moumzadeblad, msmenelTaTvis moulodnelad,
met-naklebad axasiaTebs TiTqmis yvela Janrs.
gansakuTrebiT didi asparezi aqvs mas poeziaSi. improvizaciis
mizania teqstis dafaruli SesaZleblobebis warmo-
Cena-gaRrmaveba – improvizaciis mizezi Tavad teqstSi, mis
fabulaSi Zevs. amis saukeTeso magaliTia `vefxvisa da moymis
leqsis~ gagrZeleba. am baladaSi dedis motivis Semosvla
improvizacias unda mivaweroT. misTvis amosavali `embrioni~
baladis boloswina striqonSi Zevs: `vin etyvis magis
dedasa, kars usxeds qadag-misanni~. mTqmelis xelSi
sityva `deda~ improvizaciis stimuls iZleva. am moulodnelma
gagrZelebam axali aspeqtiT gaaSuqa balada, romlis
bunebriv dasasruls bolo striqoni acxadebs: `uerTod
ar daixarjvnis Cvenis afxazis isarni~.
magram TiTqmis yvela xalxis foklorSi aris Janri, romelic
mxolod da mxolod improvizaciis ZaliT arsebobs,
SeiZleba iTqvas, improvizaciis Sedegia. es aris gaSaireba,
romelic kafiis saxelwodebiT farTod aris gavrcelebuli
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, gansakuTrebiT ki
fSavSi, sadac am Janrs mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kanonebi
aqvs. sxva moTxovnebTan erTad (mag., riTmis Seucvleloba),
improvizacia aq gadamwyvetia. adre naTqvamis ganmeoreba,
Tuki aseTi ram moxda, Cavardnaa, marcxia kafiobis
procesSi da igi unda Sewydes. gadamwyvetia aseve improvizacia
xmiT natirlebSi, romlebic Tumca iyeneben tradiciul
saxeebs, magram, ZiriTadad, improvizaciis efeqts emyarebian.
moulodneloba, SeiZleba iTqvas, auditoriis
dakveTaa, romelic ganuxrelad sruldeba.
am mxriv, SesaZloa, sakulto sityviereba iyos gamonaklisi,
Tumca improvizaciis SesaZlebloba arc aq unda iyos
gamoricxuli. marTalia, sakulto poeziisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli
pirovnuli Careva teqstis Segnebuli Secvlis
mizniT, ar arsebobs raime impulsi an motivi am CarevisTvis
– teqstis sakralizmi da misi aseve sakraluri warmoSoba
amas ar uwyobs xels, mainc sporadulad dasturdeba
improvizaciis SemTxvevebi. es maSin xdeba, roca sustdeba
sakraluri teqstisadmi mowiweba da Semsrulebeli Tavs
Tavisuflebis nebas aZlevs.
31
yofiToba
yofiToba mniSvnelovani niSania, SesaZloa, yvela niSanze
arsebiTi. ver vnaxavT iseT sferos xalxis yofisa, romelsac
ar hqondes gamoxatuleba romelime folklorul
JanrSi. ufro metic: folkloruli Semoqmedeba yofidan
aris amozrdili da misi niadagiT sazrdoobs, magram Semoqmedeba
yofis mimarT ar aris pasiuri, igi ara mxolod asaxavs,
aireklavs yofas, metic, misi aqtivoba mimarTulia yofis
mowesrigebisaken. folkloris Janruli sistema, yofidan
amozrdili, Tavad zemoqmedebs yofaze, struqtura
da sazrisi Seaqvs yofaSi. amasTanave, yofis gareSe folkloruli
Semoqmedeba kargavs Tavis funqcias, romelsac
is Janris farglebSi asrulebs. folkloruli Semoqmedebis
Rirebuleba mxolod yofaSia da misi ZaliT Tavad yofa
iZens Rirebulebas. imdenad mWidroa urTierToba Janrsa
da yofas Soris, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba folkloris Janrobrivi
Sedgenilobis mixedviT sazogadoebis yofis
struqturaze, wesrigze msjeloba.
yofiTobas kidev erTi aspeqti aqvs: folkloruli Semoqmedeba
`naturaluri meurneobis~ principiT arsebobs
da funqcionirebs. `xalxma Seqmna Janrebis iseTi mravalferovneba,
rogoric literaturas arasodes gaaCnda~ [emelianovi:
101]. sofeli, Tu aviRebT mas, rogorc TviTkmar
erTeuls, romelic Tavisi sakuTari bunebrivi resursebiT
sazrdoobs (aqvs sakuTari savargulebi, saZovrebi,
tye, wyaroebi da sxva), aseve Tavisi sakuTari ZalebiT ikmayofilebs
inteleqtualur moTxovnilebebs. mis mentalobaSi
araferia iseTi, rasac safuZveli soflis yofaSi ara
aqvs. Tu sofels hyavs Tavisi sakuTari mWedeli an durgali,
aseve hyavs Tavisi sakuTari mTqmeli, romelic inaxavs
da gadascems zepirsityvier teqstebs. soflis zepirsityvieri
`fondi~ daculia mis mexsierebaSi. Teoriulad SeiZleba
gvefiqra, rom garedan, sxva soflidan, am sofels
arafris Semotana ar uxdeba. magram sofeli ar aris imgvarad
Caketili, rom srulebiT Tavisufali iyos gavlenebisgan,
an ar hqondes garedan Semosuli xmebisTvis yuris dagdebis
moTxovnileba. oRond ucxo Temebi Tu siuJetebi
soflis `qvabSi~, yofaSi, imgvarad gadaixarSeba, rom ukve
32
soflis sakuTreba xdeba. yovelTvis arsebobdnen soflidan
soflad moaruli profesionali mTqmelebi, romelTa
naTqvamebi (leqsi iqneba Tu zRapari) `ileqeba~ soflis
cnobierebaSi da variantebis saxiT, rogorc misi sakuTreba,
ganagrZobs arsebobas.
sinkretizmi
laparakoben xalxuri Semoqmedebis sinkretizmze. ra
aris sinkretizmi? `ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni~ amgvarad
ganmartavs am termins: `Serwymuli arseboba, daunawevrebuloba,
rac raime movlenis sawyis safexurze gvxvdeba~.
xalxur SemoqmedebaSi es gulisxmobs Semoqmedebisa Tu
gadmocemis erTian aqtSi xelovnebis ramdenime dargis monawileobas.
amosavali ki, cxadia, sityva iqneba, roca sityvier
SemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme. es niSani folklorisa
SeiZleba ar mogveCvenos universalurad, magram es erTi
SexedviT da mxolod maTi dRevandeli saxidan gamomdinare.
klasikuri nimuSi sinkretizmisa aris, magaliTisTvis,
xevsuruli sagmiro leqsi, romelsac adgilobriv `simReres~
uwodeben. ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom sityvieri
teqsti, romelic ambis informacias inaxavs, ar gadaicema
`mSralad~, mxolod da mxolod verbalurad, aramed
musikaluri hangis TanxlebiT. es imdenad myari tradiciaa,
rom vaJa-fSavela Tavis leqsebs, romelTa Sorisac bevrs
saTaurad uzis `simRera~, fanduris xmaze Txzavda. aris Tu
ara `simRere~, rogorc Janri, sityvisa da hangis Tavdapirveli
daunawevrebulobis anu sinkretizmis nimuSi? vaJas
gamocdilebidan, romelsac safuZveli folklorSi aqvs,
amosvliT SeiZleba dadebiTi pasuxi gaeces am kiTxvas. hangi
Tan axlavs sityvieri teqstis Seqmnis process. hangi
araTu awesrigebs sityvas, aramed CarTulia sityvieri Semoqmedebis
procesSi, misi organuli monawilea.
sinkretizmis sxva ufro rTuli magaliTebia xalxuri
dResaswaulebi, sanaxaobebi, sadac erTianobaSia mocemuli
sityva, Tundac virtualuri scenaris saxiT, mxatvroba
(niRbebisa da Sesamoslebis saxiT), musika, cekvebi. ase-
Tia `berikaoba~, `yeenoba~, romelTa xsovna dResac aqa-iq,
Cvens daba-soflebSi, SemorCenilia.
33
dasasrul, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom yvela es niSani,
garkveulwilad, literaturul Semoqmedebasac axasia-
Tebs. gana mwerlobaSi ar aris dadasturebuli anonimuri
Txzulebani? an variantebis naklebobaa? an rogor SegviZlia
uarvyoT, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi garkveul
tradiciaSia moqceuli? an romeli nawarmoebia,
Rrmad individualisturic rom iyos, ramdenadme rom ar
gamoxatavdes koleqtivis suliskveTebas, molodinebs,
imedebs, ar upasuxebdes mis esTetikur mrwamss da a.S. yvela
es niSani, literaturas, marTlac, saziaro aqvs folklorul
SemoqmedebasTan. magram TiToeuli am niSnis buneba
da, ramdenadme, sazrisi gansxvavebulia imisda mixedviT,
Tu sad vadasturebT mas – folklorSi Tu literaturaSi.
literaturis anonimuroba SemTxveviTia, ar aris gamowveuli
Tavad Semoqmedebis bunebiT. iq, sadac saavtoro
uflebis Segneba ar arsebobs, iq anonimuroba kanonzomieria;
sadac es Segneba arsebobs, iq anonimuroba gamonaklisia,
misi gamomwvevi mizezi an Tavad avtoris nebaSia, an ra-
Rac obieqtur garemoebebSi, romlebic SemoqmedebiT procesTan
ar aris dakavSirebuli. aseve iTqmis zepirgavrcelebazec.
warmosadgenia literaturuli nawarmoebis
(leqsis) zepiri gavrceleba, magram misi bedi ar hgavs im nawarmoebis
beds, romlis arsebobisa da gavrcelebis erTaderTi
forma zepirsityvieria (amitomac zepirsityviereba
folkloruli Semoqmedebis erT-erTi arsebiTi dasaxelebaa).
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, literaturuli nawarmoebi
miiswrafis beWdur sityvaSi mosaxvedrad, xolo folklorul
nawarmoebs gaxsnili aqvs gza zepir asparezze.
iSviaTia, literaturul nawarmoebs pirvel cdaSive
srulyofili, yovel SemTxvevaSi, avtorisTvis damakmayofilebeli
saxe mieRos. avtori SemoqmedebiT procesSi
qmnis variantebs, vidre igi sabolood Tavisi Canafiqris
srul gamoxatulebas ar dainaxavs. variantebi SeiZleba gadarCes,
an, SesaZloa, avtorma saWirod ar miiCnios maTi SenarCuneba.
literaturuli nawarmoebis variantulobis arsebiTi
gansxvaveba zepirsityvieri teqstis variantulobisgan,
pirvel rigSi, is aris, rom variantebi aq win uZRvis
erT kanonikur, avtoris mier mowonebul teqsts, folklorSi
ki piruku – Tavdapirveli teqsti aCens drosa da
34
sivrceSi variantebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, iZenen damoukidebel
Rirebulebas. meore gansxvaveba is aris, rom
literaturuli variantebi avtoris mier dawunebulia da,
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, saarqivod aris ganwiruli, folkloruli
nawarmoebi ki piruku – mxolod variantebis saxiT
arsebobs, romelTagan TiToeuli Rirebulia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda SevniSnoT Semdegi: gavrcelebulia
mankieri praqtika, roca xalxuri poeziis gamocemisas
gamomcemelTa (an gamomcemlis) mier arCeuli varianti
ibeWdeba rogorc ZiriTadi teqsti, danarCeni variantebi
gadatanilia boloSi (ix., magaliTisTvis, qarTuli
xalxuri poezia, 12 tomad). romelime variantisTvis upiratesobis
miniWeba, jer erTi, subieqturia, meore mxriv,
es qmnis imis iluzias, TiTqos swored is iyos srulyofili
teqsti, danarCenebi ki arasrulyofili, rac sruliad miu-
Rebelia. Cven viciT, rom TiToeuli teqsti miukvleveli
arqetipis variantebia da TiToeul maTgani TviTmyofadia.
Tundac dazianebuli da mxatvrulad mdare, igi gamoxatavs
ama Tu im tradicias da folkloristi valdebulia, mas
sxva, ukeTesad CaTvlil variantebs Soris miuCinos Tanabari
adgili. xSirad xdeba, rom dawunebuli varianti zogierT
pasaJSi ukeTes wakiTxvas iZleva, vidre arCeuli teqsti.
yvela variants Tavisi niSandoblivi Tavisebureba aqvs
da folkloristmac saTanado pativi unda miagos mas. aqedan
gamomdinare, yvela varianti unda ibeWdebodes Ziri-
Tad nawilSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT, rom ar gaCndes mcdari
warmodgena, TiTqos boloSi dabeWdili teqstebi TavSi
moqceuli teqstis variantebi iyos. folkloristma unda
daafasos TiToeuli soflis, kuTxis tradicia, romelmac
Semoinaxa Tavad teqsti, xolo Tu rogor Semoinaxa igi, rogoria
maTi Rirseba-naklovanebebi, es Sefasebis sakiTxia
da mas Tavisi adgili aqvs.
ramdenadac xalxuri Semoqmedebis avtori anonimuria
da folkloristikas arc uxdeba misi vinaobis dadgena, avtorobis
sakiTxs aq cvlis teqstis ama Tu im variantis Semnaxvelis
sakiTxi. is pieteti, romelsac literaturis istoria
iCens avtorisadmi, folklorSi mTqmelis pirovnebazea
gadatanili. marTalia, xalxuri leqsi anonimuria da
Cven araferi viciT da verc verasodes gavigebT raimes mi35
si vinaobis Sesaxeb, samagierod bevri ram SegviZlia vicodeT
Tavis mexsierebaSi an repertuarSi leqsis Semnaxvelis
vinaobaze. isic marTalia, rom leqsi zeindividualuria,
magram misi esa Tu is varianti garkveuli pirovnebis
saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli da misi pirovnebis daRs atarebs.
ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom varianti yovelTvis Canaweria
da konkretuli pirovnebisgan aris Cawerili. Canaweri
Rirebulia mecnierebisTvis, Tu mas axlavs pasporti –
ase uwodeben folkloristikaSi yvela monacemis erTobliobas,
romelic Caweril teqstTan aris dakavSirebuli.
am monacemebis folklorul Canawers unda axldes cnobebi
mTqmelis vinaobaze: gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli, wlovaneba,
warmoSoba, socialuri mdgomareoba, profesia, ganaTlebis
cenzi – aris Tu ara igi wera-kiTxvis mcodne, SeeZlo
Tu ara wignSi waekiTxa teqsti, ramdenad sandoa igi, rogorc
mTqmeli, ramdenad farToa misi repertuari da sxva;
visgan da sad moismina teqsti... sasurvelia da aucilebelic,
Camwerma mosmenil teqsts daurTos mTqmeliseuli
SeniSvnebi, ganmartebebi teqstis garSemo – es yvelaferi
gvexmareba teqstis srulyofil gagebaSi. aucilebelia
Camwerma aRniSnos Caweris adgili da TariRi, da Tavisi vinaoba.
Camwers ara aqvs ufleba raime Sesworeba Seitanos
CanawerSi, unda axsovdes, rom mas saqme aqvs variantTan,
romelic atarebs mTqmelisa da adgilis Taviseburebebs,
rom araferi vTqvaT dialeqtur individualobaze.
amrigad, pasporti folkloruli Canaweris aucilebeli
Tanmxlebia. es aris anonimuri xalxuri nawarmoebis vinaobis
ganmsazRvreli. mis gareSe Canaweri, Tunda genialuri
teqstisa, Zalze naklulia. es aris fokloris Sekrebis
wesi, romelic XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda evropaSi da
saqarTvelomdec movida. Tumca mas erTaderTi adepti
hyavda petre umikaSvilis (1839-1904) saxiT, romelsac
ekuTvnis am mxriv yvelaze Rirebuli folkloruli Canawerebi;
misive Sedgenilia `programma xalxis sityvierebis
nawarmoebis SekrebisaTvis~ (Tbilisi, 1882). Caweris wesebis
pirvelsave punqtad aq vkiTxulobT:
`yvelaferi unda daiweros swored ise, rogorc xalxi
ambobs. damwerma (Camwerma, z.k.) Tavis Tavs neba ar un36
da misces mcireodenis cvlilebis moxdenisaca. adgilobrivi
gamoTqma, sityvebi, sityvebis dalageba frazebSi,
frazebis erTmaneTTan damokidebuleba, – yvelaferi
sastikad unda daicvas damwerma; is adgilebic ki ar unda
Sescvalos, romelic uazrod eCveneba. yuradReba unda
mieqces metadre prozad sawersa, rom xalxis enis kilo
da frazebis SekavSireba namdvili darCes...~
meore da mesame punqtebSi vkiTxulobT:
`zogierTi leqsi an zRapari anu sxva naTqvami xalxSi
sxva da sxva cvlilebiT aris an sul mTlad, an zogi adgilebi
da striqonebi, an ravdenime sityva. Zalian saWiroa,
rom damweri marto erTs redaqcias ar dasjerdes, aramed
yoveli gansxvavebac aRniSnos sxolioebSi, rom zog-
Si esa da es cvlilebaao. da Tu srulad bevri gansxvavebaa,
mTlad daiweros. es cvlilebis dawera amitom aris
saWiro, rom xSirad mrTels dids leqsSi anu zRaparSi
oriode sami sityva, sxva cvlilebiT xmarebuli, mrTelis
Txzulebis fersa scvlis da zogjer Zvirfass ganZs
Seadgens. zogs leqss an sxva naTqvams mTqmelni axsnas
ukeTeben. es axsnac unda aRniSnos sxolioSi moxsenebiT,
rom mTqmelis axsnaa. ra adgilic, anu romelime azri an
sityva damwers ar esmis, hkiTxos glexs da, Tu man axsna
misca, saWiroa amisi dawerac~.
petre umikaSvilis mdidar folklorul CanawerebSi es
wesi ganuxrelad aris daculi [umikaSvili1937; umikaSvili1964].
samwuxaroa, rom erTaderTi umikaSvili iyo,
romelic esoden did yuradRebas aqcevda folkloruli
teqstis pasportis Sedgenas, rac sruliad ugulebelyofilia
sxvaTa CanawerebSi. genialur vaJa-fSavelas bevri
xalxuri leqsi mohyavs Tavis narkvevebSi, magram arsad ar
uTiTebs arc mTqmelis vinaobas, arc Caweris adgils da
wels. arada, bevri maTgani pirvelad mis mier aris gamoqveynebuli.
aseve iTqmis ilia WavWavaZis da sxvaTa Canawerebis
Sesaxeb. dResdReobiT fokloristebi savele muSaobis
dros mxolod am principebiT xelmZRvaneloben.
rac Seexeba koleqtiurobas da tradiciulobas, rac
aucileblobiT moeTxoveba folklorul nawarmoebs, li37
teraturuli nawarmoebisTvis mxolod fonia, romelzec
mkveTrad isaxeba is arsebiTi, rac mis individualobas da
novatorobas Seadgens. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu folkloruli
nawarmoebi arsebiTad mxolod koleqtivsa da tradiciaSi
arsebobs, da aq mJRavndeba misi genialoba, literaturuli
nawarmoebis Rirseba da Rirebuleba, misi genialoba
mis individualobasa da novatorobaSi mdgomareobs.
amrigad, verc erTs, TavisTavad aRebuls, zemoT CamoTvlil
niSanTagan ver CavTvliT unikalurad folklorisTvis.
jer, TiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebul saxes iRebs
imisda mixedviT, sad gvxvdeba igi – folklorSi Tu literaturaSi;
mere, maTi, rogorc aRiniSna, urTierTgamomavloba
da ganpirobebuloba unikalurs xdis maT folklorisTvis,
rac imas niSnavs, rom es niSnebi folklorSi organulia
da ara SemTxveviTi, mis gareSe arsebul raRac faqtorebiT
ganpirobebuli; da bolos, unikaluria Tavad Sexameba
maTi, rac arsebiTia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, fundamenturi
folkloruli SemoqmedebisTvis. es hgavs yvavilebis
Taiguls, romelSic TiToeuli yvavilis individualoba
sxvebTan SexamebaSi axal Tvisebas iZens.
sxvaa am niSanTagan SeTxzuli Taiguli folklorSi da
sxvaa – literaturaSi.