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ĨቄĨ╌Ĩ⠉Ĩᒖ▧㷍Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔ĨęþĨęä⁏Ĩ▚ĨⵇĨ⦞ɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 〪Ĩ䞈˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨৄ䩸Ĩ〨Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ䗂ĨðäĨ䞈Ĩ䯉˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ฻äĨ〨Ĩå⌍äĨėäþîĨþĨęì⁩ĨÛ䔙㰬ĨឮĨĜ˄ᜯĨ
‫ ٱ‬ęîĨ䔽Ĩⴛnj˄‫ٱ‬
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Ĩì㱩Ĩ╌Ĩ⇔Ĩ〨ϥ㱆 Ĩ nj Ǐ ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨì㱄Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂⸗ĨέĨ〨Ĩė਋⵰ĨüäĨ䆀Ĩ䌴Ĩ䜱‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ü஘Ĩïą ä䯀äĨ␻ĨîþäĨɟĆ
‫ ٳ‬䁡Ĩ䮪Ĝ⊚Ĩ⍛Ĩ䕉⁩ßĨ਌Ĩ〨Ĩė਋⵰ĨüäĨÛ䜫Ĩؕî
‫ٱ‬
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ĨĜᓧ‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽ՙì‫ٳ‬ Ĩ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ɟĨㅎĨ㫦Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩɟ㪃Ĩ ‫╌ ٳ‬Ĩ䢾Ếęì⸗Ĩü஘Ĩ䆀Ĩė਋⵰ĨüäĨ଺Ĩìä‫ٳ‬ӒäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂⸗
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ĨęþĜ䞈Ĩ䮽ĨᜯĨㅎօ Ĩ ǎ Ǎ Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䯎Ĩå⵰ĨðäĨ㊢Ĩ ąüäîþìĨ⸗ĨமĨ䆀Ĩęþ䯆Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ༔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮽ĨᜯĨ䡏䯈Ĩ଺Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷ĨĚìä䎸äĨå⵰Ĩ䮪Ĩ䔄㩕ĨㅎĨ⵱Ĩ䫑ìĨㅎĨ㶐
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Ĩę㈊ßĨ╌Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ᄌĨîþäĨç㑔⁔ĨຓäĨ〨Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ęþĨê∝äĨ䐲㈀Ĩ㐗Ĩ䜫Ĩð㯗Ĩ㿂Ĩę䯏⪕ĨਏĨ㊢Ĩ䮪䕃äĨ Ĩ 䞀Ĩ䗹ᨴĨ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬㲇Ĩ╌Ĩė਋⵰ĨüäᣅĨ䥈îⰔ
ĨĜ㑒Ĩ⊘Ĩ⸗
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Ĩ䮞ìĨ⥁‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ Ěî㈊Ĩì㱄Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂⸗ĨဲĨ䁠⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩėþ⇤þìĨîþäĨ䡊䯈ĨÛ䞀Ĩ㐔Ĩ㟋Ĩ⠪ὟĨㅎĨ䗂⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨĚì⚅⁏ĨㅎĨ㠕äĨø✜ĨᣅĨÛ〨Ĩė਋⵰ĨüäĨ〪Ĩ䮪ՙ‫ٳ‬ Ĩ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠ
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Ĩ䮪ĨႶ䩲 Ĩ ⠪ĨɟĆ Ĩ nj 㦆Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨÛ䞀Ĩ䗹ᨴĨ˄ລĨ
‫ ٳ‬䁡Ĩ╌‫ח‬Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䭆ìĨ‫׏‬Ĩėþ⇤þìĨĖ㥀ĨᣅĨ㦆Ĩ⑬äĨĜ䞀Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗Ĩ䣊ⰔĨ〨ĨĚîⰔĨÛĨ⵱Ĩû፝ĨㅎĨ㶐ĨĜ㐗䜫Ĩ֫‫ٶ‬ ؎
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ĨĜ䮨ìĨ⩾ɟĨ‫ ٳ‬ㅎĨ䡊䯈Ĩ౱⵰Ĩ䮪Ĩ〨Ĩė㍉㥀ĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈
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ĨᣅĨÛĨ䯎Ĩ䣊㱉Ĩ㪺Ĩ╌ϥĨ Ĩ nj Ǐ 㱆Ĩ䆀ĨüäĨîþäĨ㈊Ĩ䡨䯈ĨěႮĨ䯎Ĩė਋⵰Ĩ䫑ìĨㅎĨ㶐ĨéîìĨ䆀Ĩç✳ĨĚ‫ؼ‬ßĨ‫ ٳ‬㈉Ĩå⵰ĨðäĨĚîⰔĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ䄌äĨ䮪Ĩ䚽
ĨĜ㈊Ĩě⸗Ĩ䕉äìîⱎĨㅎĨᭇ⇤ĨⴹĨ㈉Ĩìä䁡Ĩìᣅ䁡ĨÛ䞀
Ĩ Ĩ޻ç
Ĩ Ć㲯îĨ þäĨ㹨Ĩ䆀Ĩ䡊䯈
Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩç⣇⟡䁡Ĩð㹸ĨᣅĨü஘Ĩïą ä䯀äĨ䧸äĨîþäĨÛç䧜ᇚĨ䯔Ĩ䯎Ĩ䢵äîíĨ㴞ĨÛç㑔⁔ĨᒖäíĨ㈉Ĩ㶐ᏠĨ䔙Ĩ〨ĨĐßĨ䆀Ĩė਋⵰ĨüäĨ⥮ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉Ĩė਋⵰ĨĚ⇤þì
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ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗ĨäမĨøä䊬äĨ䆀ĨúìĨᣅĨç˄஘Ĩ nj nj
‫ ٱ‬⡿ⴏĨîþäĨ㩔äþĨ㤿äĒĨ★ĨÛĨ⾸Ĩð䮩㩕Ĩ䜱Ĩ䔙ĨîþäĨ㑒Ĩ㽊ÛĨě⸗Ĩ䔙Ĩð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨⵇĨሷĨþĨûäḺäĨ̵äþ








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Ĩ㜴ဲ
Ĩ
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Ĩå⵰Ĩ䯔Ĩ䯎Ĩě㆐Ĩ╌Ĩ䔔‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ 〪Ĩ㑒Ĩḙ␰Ĩ䮪ĨęþĜ䔽Ĩ㖌ìĨ‫׏‬ì‫ٳ‬ ǎ ɟĨ㈉ĨüäĨö⟡䁡ĨⵇĨå⵰ĨðäĨ〪Ĩ㑒Ĩ䮨⸗Ĩú⁔Ĩ䮪Ĩ䥈îⰔĨ࡚Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ䜫
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ĨĜ‫ݐ‬Ĩ䔽Ĩ଺͋þĨ Ĩ ⵇĨ㜆㶩Ĩ㈉Ĩå⵰Ĩ䨕äĨð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨ䆀Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨîą ⪙îĨøþ㵱ĨîþäĨうîĨ䔽Ĩ⸁Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨ䆀
ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ〪Ĩ㑒Ĩ䮨⸗Ĩú⁔ĨęþĨ༔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨĜ㑒ĨėĨ䜫mm㱄ßîⵇllĨîþäĨ㞗ìĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨĀ‫ٱ‬ĴƶnjƹƟƲĨÛĨúþ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ⵱Ĩ䯎ĨᅗĨ⑬⑭ĨîþäĨ⚨㷍Ĩ〪Ĩ䮨⸗Ĩð㯗Ĩ䮪Ĩ༔ĨĖ㥀Ĩ䮱Ĩ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ䜫
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Ĩ╌Ĩė਋⵰Ĩî௶ĨüäĨ䞈Ĩ䆀Ĩᏼ䗃Ĩ㈉ĨĚîⰔĨ͋þĨðäĨᣅĨå⵰Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪ĨỉĨ䐲㑔ḝĨĜ㐗Ĩė䜫Ĩ‫ٱش‬nj˄ĨⵇĨ㖍ìĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨ౱⵰䯎Ĩ䅠Ĩ㶛Ĩ䫑ì
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ĨㅎBiologyĨçᒗἼĨÛå⵰Ĩ䮪Ĩ䐲㈀ĨĜ㐗Ĩě⸗ĨဲĨç㩕㸈Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨあĨ╌ĨüäĄ ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ᭝Ĩ⸗Ĩ㛾㶩Ĩ‫׏‬ĨåäĨęþĨⵇĨᡱĨ㐗䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄m㹨lĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ï
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Ĩ❅äĨㅎĨðäĨ㻣䞈Ĩ îĨ þ➳mĚ㺬lĨö⟡䁡ĨⵇĨå⵰ĨĜ䜫Ĩ㐔ĨㅎɟᅀĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ䚽ä‫ٳ‬ӒĨç㩕㸈Ĩ㹗Ĩ䯎mĨĚ㺬lĨî䔘ᜯĨ╌Ĩ䔔‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ᣅĨ䔽Ĩå⵰Ĩ⑬îì
ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨဲĨ䮪ĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩę⚾ດĨ䆀Ĩû၈ĨðäĨîþäĨÛ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩå䏙Ĩ౹䮪 Ĩ Ĩៈ〪
Ĩ Ĩ䞈Ĩ߫äþĨ╌Ĩ❙äĨðäĨㅎ㐗 Ĩ 䯀ïĨ䛲ä
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Ĩ⑬äĨîþäĨ䜫Ĩ䪽ìĨ䔙ĨⵘĨຝĨ䮪Ĩ䗂ĨឮĨ䮨ìĨᑒĨ〨Ĩ▚Ĩ䨛äĨ⹔Ĩ䮪ĨĐßĨ䯆äĨĜ䞈Ĩ䚽äĨ⪌ĨਏĨì⁏Ĩçä‫ٶ‬ ą ՙĨnj ᣅĨ䞈Ĩ㥁ßĨ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ஗ᨴĨĜĜĜĨê⠪ĨㅎĨ஗ᨴĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㞣nj˄‫ٱ‬
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ĨĜ㐗䜫Ĩû㸈ĨäᔲĨîⵇĨ౹Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⵇĨ䞈㥀ĨîþäĨ㸑Ĩ౹஗ᨴĨᷚĨ䮪Ĩ㐔Ĩ䤈ᑒĨ䆀Ĩᏼ䗃ĨຓäĨ╌äĨᏠĨ䜫ĨⲬäþ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ଺Ĩ╌ĨቄĨ䛰nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬îþäĨ஗ᨴĨ䯎ĨÞৄĨㅎĨ⦃㑔
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Ĩ nj ˄Ĩ⛬ĨⴹĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ
Ĩ䜫ҍ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj ㅎĨ䕊ìĨ䜱Ĩ஗ᨴㅎĨ㩔˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ðä䯎ĨⲚ䁡ĨðäĨᏠĨ䜫Ĩ㐔ĨㄚîĨ㈉⸗ĨৠĨ䆀Ĩ㩔˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ÛᷚĨⴹĨ䜱ĨਏĨ䤈〨ĨပĨ㈉ĨěïäþîìĨ䯆äĨ䐲㑔ḝ
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䮽
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Ĩ 䆀Ĩú⃵äm஗ᨴlĨîࡆĨ╌äĨė䮫Ĩ०ĨÛ䥞ᜯĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìৄĨö⟡䁡ĨⵇĨå⵰Ĩ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ䮪Ĩø✜Ĩ㹽Ĩⵇ㟈
Ĩ㩔äþĨヘĨ╌Ĩ஗ᨴĨðäĨîþäĨ䞈‫˄ٱ‬㑔Ĩ Ĩ Ĩå⵰Ĩ䮪
ǖǖ ǖ
ĨðäĨ䐲㈀ĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ⸗Ĩ⪘˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îìĨ͋þĨ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩ䆀Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨຊäĨ▚Ĩ଺Ĩ䤈〨ĨៈĨ䞈Ĩ䤈↸Ĩ䭆ɟĨ ‫⥁ ٳ‬ĨęþrealityỉĨⲚäþĨပĨ㈉Ĩěïäþîì
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Ĩ㈉Ĩç㑔ä␰ĨᱍĨ䛹Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨîþäĜĨ䞈Ĩì䱜Ĩ౹Ĩî‫ٶ‬ŔƨơĹĨÛĨ䞈ĨㅏĨဲĨ䗂Ĩė㥀äþĨ䗂ᤋĨ〨ĨẽĨᣅĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗ҍ‫ٱ‬
Ĩ nj ˄Ĩ䮪Ĩ䗂Ĩỉ
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Ĩⵇ㐗Ĩ 䯀ïlĨîþämÝ䯉ĨㅏĨᆆĨㆤĨ〨Ĩç䣪ⵇĨîþäĨ㭷lĨÛmÝė䜫Ĩü〨Ĩ䆀lĜ䞈Ĩ⚨㫘Ĩ╌ĨúïäĨü˶ä䔘Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ਅĨⵇĨᡱĨç˄‫ ٱ‬äᣅĨ䨛äĜ䞀ĨㅍĨ䚽ä‫ٳ‬ӒĨ଺Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬äᣅ
nj
ĨĜ䞀ĨỉⲚ Ĩ äþĨပ㈉
Ĩ ě Ĩ ïäþîìĨ䜱ĨåäᣅĨ㈉ė Ĩ 㥀ä␰ĨĚì䱜ĨüämÝ䞈Ĩㅏ㶱 Ĩ þĨ㹽
ǖ ǔnj ǖ ǔ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ䜱‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ø✜ĨîþäĨø✜Ĩ‫׏‬Ĩþ‫ؼ‬ ‫ ٳ‬䭆‫ٳ‬ɟĨ㰗ĨîþäĨ㦇㸍Ĩ䩓ĨĚ‫ؼ‬ßÛ䞀Ĩ ‫ٳ‬ 㻙ü‫˶ٱ‬äĨęþĨ㈉ĨឮĨÛç䣪ⵇĨîþäĨü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬䔘ĨਅĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪ĨåäᣅĨⵇĨė㥀ä␰Ĩüä
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ĨìᣅþĨ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ᜕ĨþĨἌĨㅎĨ⑬äĨîþäĨ䗂⸗Ĩîä‫ٳ‬ӒäĨⵇĨ㝑ὟĨ⑬äĨ䔽äĨîþäĨÛ䞈Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ〪Ĩ䞈˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩ䮪ĨìᣅþĨ฻äĨⵇĨüäĜ䞀Ĩㅍᆆ Ĩ Ĩ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨÛ㝑Ὗ
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Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄㩕‫ٳ‬
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ӒĨč㦇ሟ㠕äĨ䆀Ĩ㭻Ĩüß‫ٳ‬ӒĨ〪Ĩ᧹Ĝ䞈Ĩ䜱Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äÛĨ䞈Ĩîⰿ⟷Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩìþ㯌㑔ĨîþäĨ䞈ɟ㑔‫ٱ‬ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj˄Ĩ╌Ĩė䆁ὟĨîþäĨ⧑ĨᣅĨ㝑ὟĨęþĜ䞈Ĩ䯉Ĩ޼
ǔ ǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㝼㩕ĨⵇĨ⛬ɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ᣅĨě⸗Ĩçì⣉ĨㅎĨč㦇ሟıäĨîþäĨě⸗Ĩ⭐þî⩺Ĩ䯎ĨᆆĨㅎĨç䣪ⵇĨîþäĨຊäĨü˶äĨ ‫〪 ٱ‬Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪ĨᣆþĨṠäþĨㅎĨìᣅþĨ㈉Ĩü˶ä‫ٱ‬
ǔ ǔ
Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀ĨðäĨîþäĨ˄⸗Ĩ ‫⭐ ٱ‬þî⩺Ĩ䯎ĨðäÛ‫⸗˄ٱ‬ę䘧㴙ĨⵇĨᷚɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ẗ‫׏‬äĨ
Ĩ ǎ ⵇĨ▮〨Ĩ⑬äĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨîⵇîìĨ▮〨ĨþĨ∮Ĩ⑬ĨäîíĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨ⮯ĨîþäĨ⍛Ĩ䮪
ǔǕ
Ĩ䦈ìĨ䜱ä㍉ĨㅎĨçäíĨㅎð Ĩ äĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䕉˶Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ㅎĨìᣅþĨ㈉Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨÛò㘓‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ⛬ĨêþîĨĚíĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ㅎĨç䣪ⵇĨîþäĨû㛳‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨᷚɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㦇äþĨ䮾îĨìᣅþĨ䐲㈀Ĝ䞈Ĩ⍢Ĩ〨Ĩû၈
ĨĜ䞈
ǔ ǖ ǔ ǖ ǔ ǖ ǖ
ĨĜㅎĨúï‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂㑔Ĩ䯎‫ח‬äîĨ Ĩ ą ęäîĨ〨Ĩė䔘‫˶ٱ‬äĨęì⸗ĨᆆĨຓäĨ䗂ĨðäĨᣅĨ䞈˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ᣆ㫱Ĩ䛹ҍᜯĨ Ĩ nj ㅎҍßĨ Ĩ ǎ 䫡ïĨᣆî㿂ĨㅎĨ㭻Ĩ ąüß‫ٳ‬ӒĨč㦇ሟĨ㠕ä
ǔ ǖ ǔ
Ĩü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬ᣅĨ䆀Ĩė⹭ĨüäÛ䆀Ĩ䗂ßĨࡘĨ㈉Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ႙Ĩ㈉ĨüìĨîþäĨçäîÛĨ䆀̵⁩Ĩ Ĩ ㅎĨ䅠ïĨîþäĨė䔘⌵ßĨ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨ䞀Ĩ䯊ĨûⵇĨ╌Ĩ⥘ĨĖ㥀Ĩᣅll
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Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ〨Ĩ䅠ïĨ╌Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉ĨðäĨ༔Ĩ䞈˄⁩‫ٳ‬ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ɟĨnj ╌Ĩ䯎þäĨ㠕äĨៈĨ䆀Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨðäĨ㈉Ĩñî‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨÛĨ䞀Ĩᒖ༔ĨᮻĨ䆀Ĩėþî⍻ĨîþäĨėá‫˄ٱ‬ǎ îìĨ䥞䜫Ĩ㦆Ĩ䮨ᷚĨㅎĨ䏃Ĩ㈉
ǖ ǖ
Ĩü䂭îìĨ㈉Ĩ䅠ïĨîþäĨü⌵ßĨᣅĨ䆀Ĩė㥀ì‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨüäĨîþäĨ䆀Ĩñì䯆ĨㅎĨėáä䜫ĨÛ䞈Ĩ˄ྩĨ ‫ ٱ‬〨Ĩù㰰Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨㅎĨⱖɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䆀Ĩ䅠ïĨѬþ䯁ĨㅎĨû䇦äĨ⑬äĨຓäĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ޽
Ǖǔ ǔ ǖ
ğĤĢę㑲äĨ‫ګ‬î␰Ĝmm䞀Ĩė䕊‫˶ٱ‬Ĩî௶Û䞀Ĩ㐖ĨㅉîĨ⸗ĨৄĨü㩕‫ٳ‬ӒĨࡑ˄‫ٱ‬
ǖ ǖ ǔǘ
nj
ĨîþäĨçäîĨĜ㑒Ĩė䜫ĨçⲛäþĨ㦇㸍ĨîþäĨû⣇Ĩ㞣˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䆀Ĩ䎁ĨㅎĨė㍉㥀Ĩ╌ĨਏĨęþĨ䞈ĨㅏĨî⢻äĨⵇĨî䁡äĨᡱĨ䗂㭻Ĩ ąüß‫ٳ‬ӒĨ䆀ĨҍßĨ ǎ 㑔nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨéîìᏠĨ䥞ᜯĨ㦈ĨęɟᜯĨ ‫ ٳ‬䯆ä
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ĨüäĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩú⁔ĨⵇĨü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬㈉ՙ‫ٶ‬ Ĩ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ؎Ĩnj îą þìĨĜĜĜᡴĨㅎĨė㥀ì‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨîþäĨėáä䜫ĨÛ߅Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ〨Ĩ㬮ĨⵇĨñî‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨÛ˄ᒫĨ ‫ ٱ‬䥞‫ܖ‬Ĩ㈉ਊþĒĨⵇĨė⹭ĨÛ˄ßĨ ‫ ٱ‬ě䫑ìĨࡘĨ䫈ĨⵇĨüì
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Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ⦹Ĩ䤈〨ĨⵇĨçὈĨ䆀Ĩî䁡äĨû፝ĨüäĨ‫׏‬ì‫ٳ‬ ǎ ɟĨ㈉ĨðäĨ╌ĨᣆþĨ⑬äĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䮽ᜯĨㅎ̵➟þĨ Ĩ 䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩú㑔⃣äĨ䖑䄦ĨîþäĨ䣶⁩ĨㅎĨî䁡äĨû፝
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Ĩ䕊ìĨᣅĨÛĨㆰĨ䮪ĨㅎĨ⦃㑔ĨîþäĨĚὡĨ౹ĨĜ⊄Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩ䚽ä‫ٳ‬ӒĨåäᣅĨⵇmė㈀lĨúä␰Ĩ଺ĨⵘĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩî⩺Ĩ䯎Ĩė䥛↸ĨĚì㩕ĨĚɝ⢙Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㯠Ĩ䣶⁩Ĩ䚽˄Ĝ䔽 ‫ٱ‬
ǖ
Ĩ ąüß‫ٳ‬ӒĨ㗪äĨ⮻Ĝ䞈ĨⶑþîĨ╌Ĩ⍤Ĩ〨Ĩė㸐Ĩ㰛ĨⲚäþĨပĨ㈉ĨüäĨîþäĨ䗂⸗Ĩî⩺Ĩ䯎Ĩç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ßĨüäĨ〨Ĩė㍉㥀ĨÛ䞈ĨîäþäမĨㅎĨ⠉Ĩᒖ▧㷍Ĩ䭆ìĨ౹Ĩ䥞ᲘĨ䆀
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ĨĜ䞀ĨʆĨ⸗ĨĕäîìäĨⵇĨ⧕䔘ĨㅎĨç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ßĨüäĨ䜱m㩔äþĨ䗂⸗Ĩɟ䯂þî⩺ ‫ٳ‬nj lĨø✜Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈ĨìӀîäĨ ‫ ٱ‬䆀Ĩ㭻
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Ĩ䐲ᱴĜ䞈Ĩ⿖ĨㅎĨěïäþîìĨ㈉Ĩ䤈↸Ĩ䆀Ĩõ㜞äĨě⇤þìĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䞈ؕîĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ὃĨㅎĨ䕉˶Ĩ ‫׏ ٱ‬äĨǎ ẗɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ⵇĨç䣪ⵇĨ䯎Ĩî⡷ĨĚì䱜Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉mė㥀äþĨ䗂⸗Ĩɟ䯂þî⩺ ‫ٳ‬nj l
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Ĩ䗂うìĨÅäîĨ↸〨Ĩ▚⹔Ĩ Ĩ îⵖĨⵘĨ䚽˄Ĝ䞈Ĩ ‫ٱ‬ ìþ㯌㑔ĨĀ䥟ከĨ଺ĨìäሧĨㅎĨėþïäþîìĨîþäĨė౲ᨴĨ㦆Ĩ⑬äĨ䞈Ĩ䮽ĨᜯĨㅎĨኩĨ䆀ĨėẖĨìäሧ㑔ĨĀ䥟ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬ç䣪ⵇ
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Ĩç䣪ⵇĨû፝Ĩ〨Ĩ⚨㫘Ĩ㈉Ĩ䤈↸ĨÛî䔘ᜯĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨäìດĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲ĨÛĨẗĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䯉Ĩㅏ؎äĨ Ĩ‫╌ ٶ‬Ĩ䆀Ĩç䣪ⵇĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ⵇ⮻ ٱ‬Ĩ䭇ìĨúㄙĨęïäþîìĨ䜱‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ø✜Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉
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ĨㅎĨᷚĨ⹔ɟĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ệĨ଺Ĩ╌ĨðäĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ㮦Ĩ〪˄㩕▧Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䔽Ĩ䯅ɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ╌ĨðäĨ㠕äĨė䗃ll䞈Ĩ˄㩕‫ٳ‬
‫ ٱ‬ӒĨč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ䆀Ĩ㭻Ĩ ąüß‫ٳ‬ӒĨ╌ĨᣆþĨ⑬äĜ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ㑔ҍ Ĩ nj ǎ ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬㈉Ĩ䯋Ĩ⍛Ĩ〨
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Ĩ‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ßĨ╌Ĩø⠪ĨㅎĨ䜱ĨåîĨ㈉ĨüäĨᣅĨ䞈ĨẽĨ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ䯊ĨüᜯĨ⸗Ĩ䪳ìĨ〨Ĩė፫Ĩ䔺äĨęþĨ䞀Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂⸗ĨúⰨĨ〨Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨẽĨĖ㥀ĨᣅllĨ䐲㈀ÛmměìĨ፭

ĠĤę㑲äĨ‫ګ‬î␰Ĝmm䞈
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ĨòὟĨ଺Ě Ĩ ǎ 〨Ĩ㮦ĨĖ㥀Ĩê⠪ĨឮĜ䞈Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩę⸗‫ٶ‬ՙĨ䆀Ĩç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ßĨ䕉ß‫ٳ‬ӒĨⵇĨėþî䔘ᜯĨ䔔Ĩ᧽Ĩ㮦ĨîþäĨĚ㺬
Ĩ 㺬Ĩê⠪Ĩ⑬äĄ Ĩ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩîሊî䔘ᜯĨ䚽äĨ⪌‫׏‬äĨ
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Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩėþî䔘ᜯĨ᛭ᵘĨüäĜ䞀Ĩᒖ‫ۈ‬Ĩ䛹Ĩç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ßĨ䮪Ĩ䆀Ĩěî‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉ĨᡱĨ䞀ʆĨ
ɝĨ Ĩ 䪳ìĨ〨Ĩçä㷡Ĩüäm㩔äþĨ䗂⸗Ĩ⭐þî⩺lĨ㻣ÛĨ Ĩ䔽Ĩ㻬ḝĨㅎĨ䛲ä
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Ĩ䨕äĨㅎĚĨ 㺬ĨᣅÛĨ ଺Ĩå⵰Ĩ䮪ĨîþäĜ䞀Ĩ㔔ㄙĨęïäþîìĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩɝ⢙Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 〨ƮǎĨ ƸŐŮĸäĨþĨ㸘ᜯĨㅎĨä؎Ĩ
‫ ٶ‬ù㰰Ĩ ą 䮪ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ≢ĨᜯĨ䪴ìĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉m஗ᨴlĨ〨‫׏‬ä Ĩ ǎ
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Ĩ〨Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ⑬äĨÛ䞈ĨᒖᗂäĨ଺Ĩç㑔ä␰Ĩ᧽mė㈀lĨîþämㆤlĨü஘Ĩ ąüäîþìĨᣅĨîþäĨÛ䞀Ĩ䈅ᜯĨĖ㥀Ĩ⽃ĨਏĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩü஘Ĩç➄ῄĨ䩵ą ӉⰔ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj ˄ĨîþäĨ⾸ĨüäὈ
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Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ⭐þî⩺lĨ䐲㈀Ĩ䞀ĨᮡĨ⸗Ĩ㛾㶩Ĩ‫׏‬ĨåäĨĐßĨⵇᡱĨ䞈Ĩ䚽äĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩė਋⵰Ĩî௶ĨüäĨå⵰Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈ĨᣆþĨ䮱Ĩø✜ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㐔Ĩ㟋Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩ䮿îĨõ㼌
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ĨĜ䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩ⛬Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䜫Ĩ㻬ӀĨ‫ ٱ‬䆀mė㥀äþ
Ǖ ǔ Ǘnj
㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩė㍉㥀ĨüäĨ䞀Ĩė䕊‫˶ٱ‬ĨĚɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬䆀ĨðäĜĨ╌Ĩð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨຓäĨ⸁‫ח‬Ĩ
Ĩ nj Û˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗Ĩ㲭Ĩ㦆ĨěîᎊĨ〨ĨėþᷚĨ䜱ĨĚî⁩ĨㅎĨė䔘⌵ßĨîþäĨ䅠ïĨ䗂Ĩðäll
ğġᜬ㕋äĨ‫ګ‬î␰mmĜ䞀Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂⸗⭐þî⩺ᣅ







Ĩᱵ䥟ì
ĨåṣĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄĨę㈊Ĩ䢫䗃îĨຊäĨ䆀ĨᡱĨ䞀ᓧ Ĩ ßĨ䎁Ĩ䔄㩕ĨㅎĨ䉴äĨᒖäቛĨ䛹ĨⵘĨî䔘ᜯĨ᛭ᵘĨ䮪Ĝ䞀speciesĨöä䔘äĨ␰Ĩㅋㅎ Ĩ Ĩė䮩㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩ䕊ì
ǔ ǘ
ĨᣅĨ䞀ᓧ
Ĩ 䜫Ĩð㯗ĨüäìĨ㇦䮪Ĩ ĨⵘĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩû㸈Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩᓧ⸗ĨĚৠ਌㿡ĨęဗĨê⠪ĨㅎĨ䣴ä‫ٳ‬ɟĒĨ ‫ ٳ‬䈦ąä‫׏‬äĨ
ǎ ɟĨ Ĩ ǎ ⵘĨᏠĨ䜫ĨঊⰔĨㅎĨ䗂⸗Ĩå⵰
ǖ ǎ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ㟢ĨĚî☆Ĩ䥞䜫ĨᮽĨ䮨௡䯂Ĩ䔙äî⧐Ĩҍ䔚Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ä㩈ĨüᜯÛĨ㑒䞉ìĨîäìĨ㖐ĨîþäĨô㶜ĨᣆîìṠ
ⵘĨᏠĨė䜫ĨᓧৄĨåäᒭĨᅡĨîþäĨɝïĨ
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Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䔽Ĩäîä㍉ĨἈïĨㅎĨᱳ␰Ĩ䮪Ĩ䆀Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨę㱇ïþîĨຊäĨ଺Ĩ䤈〨Ĩìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩç➄ῄĨč⦇äĨî௶ĨüäĨㅎĨĚ㺬
ĨĜ䞀Ĩù㰰Ĩ㦇㸍Ĩ⪌ĨîⱎĨ⸘Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ〪˄⸗Ĩ
Ĩ⭐ïĨą ä䯀äĨ⨾㞣‫ٱ‬
Ĩ nj˄Ĩ䮪Ĩ㻣Ĝ䞈Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ⦹Ĩ䒭äĨçὈĨ䤈〨Ĩ䆀ĨìᣅþĨ㈉Ĩėþî䔘ᜯĨě⇤þìĨ䜱Ĩ䔙ĨîþäĨė䮩㺬Ĩ䔙Ĩ╌ĨþîĨㅎĨěïä䯀äĨ⨾ĨðäĨ㪺Ĩ╌Ĩė䮩㺬
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ĨĚ⁗Ĩ䌑ĨîþäĨö⪕ìĨÛî☆Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨĀ㬷ÛĨ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨᓧ⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨç㩕㸈Ĩՙ‫ٳ‬ ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠ଺Ĩ䆀Ĩěî‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬Ĩ䚽ĨėᣅĨėᣅĨÛê⠪ĨㅎçĨ Ⱄ㰰Ĩ䫑ìĨÛ䐲㈀Ĩ䞈
ǘǔ
‫ ٳ‬nj ěî‫ٱ‬ʦĨǏ ç✯Ĩ⾸ĨüäὈĨㅋĨᏠĨÛ䞀Ĩ䯊ĨęɟᜯĨ
ĨĜ䞀ĨᒖßĨþɟþîĨ ‫ⵇ ٳ‬Ĩė䩰⠪Ĩ㈉Reproduction
Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨᣅĨÛ䆀 Ĩ Ĩė䩰⠪Ĩî⡷Ĩû፝ĨüäĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨîⵇîìĨ⮯þĨ Ĩ⥘Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨᡱĨ䞀ᒖ Ĩ ฻ä䩺⠪î⡷Ĩ䨛äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉䜪 Ĩ îĨę䯀ïĨÞ⚩äĨêþîĨĚíĨû፝Ĩ䆀Ĩç䣪ⵇ
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Ĩû፝ĨęþĨĜ䞈Ĩ å  ǎ llĨ㩓Ĩ㈉‫ח‬Ĩ
Ĩ 㶻ĨĀ㩕ï㑔mmօ❆ Ĩ nj üä䞈Ĩĕ㴠Ĩᷚ‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ÛĨ䞀Ĩì䱜ĨㅎĨ䚵äĨㅎĨĚৠĨ਌Ĩ㿡ĨㅎĨᨳîìĨč⦇äĨîĨþäĨçî䁤ĨÛĨìä⃮äĨ䆀
ǔ ǖ ǔ
ĨẗĨĚ‫ؼٳ‬ßĨⵇĨå⵰ĨðäĜ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ䢯äမĨ䆀Ĩėþî䔘ᜯĨÛĨ䞈˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫❅ ٱ‬ḝĨî⣎Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩ౹ᄌĨîþäĨçî䁤ĨÛ⥽Ĩ ą ø✜Ĩü˶Ĩ
Ĩ úẖĨ ‫ ٱ‬äĨ䯎ĨᡱĨ䜁
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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Ĩ⸘Ĩ䕃äĨ䗂Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨîþäĨ䥚䜫Ĩ䓕þîĨㆤ㐗Ĩ䥚ᜯĨㅎĨü஘Ĩ╌Ĩኌᣅ
Ĩ ĨἿ❆Ĩ䮪ĨÛĨĀ㬷ĨĜ䞀Ĩ⡌ĨåäᣅĨ‫׏‬Ĩ଺äĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩç㑔ä␰Ĩüä
ǖ ǎ
ĨÛ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩî☆Ĩ╌ïä䯀äĨ፛Ĩ䇝ÛĨ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ⦡Ĩ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉blue printsĨ䈈䯎Ĩত˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩė〨ὟĨĚì䱜Ĩ䔙ä⥛Ĩҍ䔚Ĩ ᣅĨîä䯀ᜯĨ䮪ĨĜⒺĨê⠪
Ĩ䦑ìĨ⸗ĨüäὈĨ〨ė䔘ä䣷⁩ĨüäĨÜ䞈Ĩ䕉ৄĨᷚĨ⑬Ĩü〨Ĩ䆀ĨúḝĨçî❼Ĩ ą ò㰤Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ䈅ᜯĨ䮪ĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ⦡Ĩ䔄㩕ĨㅎĨ䉴äĨ䤈㇦ĨᄹĨ㈉Ĩçîþ➳
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Ĩ㻬ḝĨ㈉Ĩç✯Ĩ䨕äĨ଺Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ĕ㑔ᨴĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩî㭊Ĩ䯎Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩøä⣙äĨ䮪Ĩ଺Ĩüä䣷⁩Ĩ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîäĨ〪‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ė䮫Ĝ䞈ĨㅏĨ㛾㶩ĨⵇĨüäĨ䗂ĨėᢶĨ䞀
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Ĩìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩ൯ĨÞእîäDawkinsRichardĨ⿞äĒĨĒ䯐îĨüä䣷⁩Ĝ䞈ĨîⵇîìĨĀ㩕ï㑔Intelligencemҍ䗃í
 lĨ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨᡱĨ䞀
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‫ ٱ‬ü஘Ĩė‫ٵ‬ƬǎƸėǎƵŪ
ImprobableClimbing Mount
Ĩå⵰ĨຊäĨ䩺⠪Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉ė
䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ 䮩㺬
Ĩ䥞ৄĨęþĨ╌Ĩឮ㐗Ĩ䥞ßĨ䎁Ĩ଺Ĩçî䁤ĨÛĚî◒㑔Ĩ㨉ĨÛ⾸ĨüäὈĨęþ䛹Ĩ䆀ĨᡱĜ㈊Ĩ㽎ĨⲚ䁡Ĩⵇ䪺
Ĩ ìĨ㩔ᜯĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩ⅃äîĨຓäĨ䛹ll
ğmĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗ĨûⵇĨê⠪Ĩ⸘㩔ᜯĨ〪Ĩ㑒䪾ìĨ Ĩ ଺䮪Ĩ ĨîþäĨ䞀ᓧ Ĩ ᜯ
ǖ ǖ nj ㈉Ĩç㑔ä␰Ĩ䨛äĨ⿞äĒĨ⸗Ĩ〾Ĩė䮩Ĩ❅äîì
îĨ ◒‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䆀Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯlĨ〪Ĩ᧽ĨÛ䔽Ĩ㽟̵➟þĨ
Ĩ ╌ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩçî❼Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔ĨㅎĨᡱĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ä゗ßĨӉ㹬Ĩ
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ĨðäĨ〪Ĩ䞀ĨⒾĨㆤĨęþĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ❅ḝĨㆤҍ䗃íĨ
Ĩ 䮪Ĩ〨Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯlĨ〪᧽Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ㆤĨ䮪þîĨ䄐ßĨҍ䗃íĨîĨþä
Ĩ ç㑔ä␰Ĩ䮪ĨⲨäþmÝᏽĨㅏĨ㽲ĨⵇĨðäĨîþäĨä䜫Ĩɝ⢙Ĩ
ǔ ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩîþ㷨ĨîþäĨ✜ⰔĨ䪙Ĩ䂬ḝĨ㈉ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂⸗ĨဲĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬äᣅĨṄĨîþäĨマĨ㈉ĨᡱĨ䞀Ĩ䨛äm䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ú⃵äĨė〫ĨîþäĨ䲷Ĩ〨ҍ䗃í Ĩ
ǖ ǖ ǖ ǔ ǖ ǔ
Ĩ 䦑ìĨåäᣅĨⵇĨúä␰Ĩ㪺Ĩ㈉Ĩ⦡ïą ⠪Ĩ䄐ßĨҍ䗃íĨîþäĨĚî◒Ĩ㈉Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨÛ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîąäĨᣅĨ㈊䜫Ĩėþï䁡Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
͋þĨ ‫ ٱ‬ę䘧㴙ĨîࢄĨⵇĨ䣊㑔ìĨüäĄ Ĩ䯎Ĩû㹬Ĩðä
Ĩ Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩöþ▧Ĩ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩ➩äþĨ㶱m❅älĨⵇĨê✤äĨ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䚽ĨûⵇĨ䮪Ĩ䥝ßĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩဲ
Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䆀Ĩėþ⧋ìĨຓäĨ䂬ḝĨ㈉ÞĨ እîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩᣅ䞀
ĨĜ䞀
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Ĩ ǎ ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂‫ٶ‬ՙ䡋ĒĨåäᣅĨⵇĨúä␰ĨðąämmÝĨ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩê⠪Ĩ⸘Ĩ䩺⠪î⡷Ĩ㹽nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䗂Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯll
Ĩ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨⵇInstinctm᜷lĨ㜴‫׏‬äĨ
Ĩ䗂㟝Ĩęïä䯀äĨ㺹ⵇĨ ĨîሊĨ㈉m᜷lĨỉ䮪
Ĩ ĨîþäĨ䥞䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩå䂭ⵇĨê⠪Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩ䆀ĨðäĨęþĨ㻣Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ▮〨ĨㅎĨ㤿äĒĨ⚇þîĨ䯎㽎
Ĩ 㷍ĨðäĨ㈉
ĨᡱĨ䞀Ĩᓧ฻äĨ䩺⠪î⡷Ĩ䨛äĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ௡ä䯂ĨÛĚৠĨ਌㿡ĨÛ㮺þĨ㜟äĄ Ĩ䯎ĨÞৄĨㅎm᜷lĨîä䯀ᜯĨ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉ĨėK䯎ĨÞእîäĨĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯßĨ䁠⁩Ĩ䯎îĨ ⡷Ĩ➩äþĨࡘĨ㈉
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Ĩě⧋ìĨðäĨĜĨ䔽⮻ⵇĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㨉ĨĜė䜫ĨĚîþ➳Ĩҍ䗃íĨîþäĨî◒Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨᡱĨÛė䜫ĨîⵇîìĨἿ❆ĨòὟĨ㦆Ĩ㈉
Ĩ 䜱Ĩ䭇ìĨ〾Ĩ䮪Ĩ㯠ĨⵇĨėK䯎ĨÞእîäĨ〪Ĩ䞈ɝ⢙Ĩ
ĨᄹĨ㈉ĨîሊĨ㈉᜷ Ĩ ĨîþĨäĨÛĨä䜫Ĩ㾅Ĩ䌑îìĨ䌑ĨㆤĨ༔ĨîþäĨä䜫Ĩ䓕þîĨㆤĨນĨຝĨ⦡ïą ⠪Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ㈊䜫Ĩ䭇ìĨ଺ĨåäᣅĨⵇĨúä␰ĨðäĨ䕃äĨᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉
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‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ൯ĨÞእîäĨĜ䔽Ĩìᣅ䁡ĨåäᣅĨ䤈〨ĨĀⲍĨⵇĨç㑔ä␰ĨüäĨð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉Ĩėþ൯ĨÞእîäĨ䚽˄Ĝ䤈䜫Ĩ
ĨüĒî㍉ĨçᨤĨąɝ㩕Ĩ ‫ٱ‬ ❅ḝĨ㍪ßĨþĨ⥘Ĩ〨ĨÞ⚩äĨîä䯀ᜯĨê⠪Ĩ⸘
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䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩî⢻äĨ䮪Ĩ䆀Ĩěî‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ʈ Ĩ Ć ŐnjƶnjţGordon Rattray TaylorĨᛂĨě䯍äî
ĨåäᣅĨ䤈〨Ĩ䛹ĨᏠĨ䯉䜫Ĩ㱤Ĩ䯎îĨ ⡷Ĩ᜜þî䁡ê⠪Ĩ⸘ĨîþäĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ßĨ䆀Ĩî⢾ĨㆤĨນĨຝĨ䔙䓺Ĩ᜼ĨⵇĨė䩰⠪î⡷Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩúä␰Ĩ䮪Ĩ╌ì⁏Ĩ䚽̵ Ĩ nj nj ll
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ĠmmĜ‫˄ٱ‬ᜯĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ䔽
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Ĩ䮪Ĩ〨ĨüäĨ଺䆀
Ĩ Ĩçî❼ĨðäĨ㨉Ĝ䞈Ĩ䯎䀚 Ĩ ä䯆þ䯎ĨᒖᨤĨㅎĨüäĨ०Ĩ䔽Ĩ䯎m᜷lĨì䱜ĨㅎĨė䩰⠪Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨû፝Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ〰‫ח‬䯎Ĩ Ĩ ÞእîäĨ䫑ì
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Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩ䕉nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨⵇĨ䮼䎁ĨðäĨĜ䞀Ĩ✜ⰔĨ╌Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ䧸äĨ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîäĨ䚽˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ÝㅏĨ䍖Ĩ䆀ĨÞ⚩äĨîä䯀ᜯĨ㈉Ĩ⸗ĨîᒗĨ䗂Ĩ⸘Ĩûä䯆þ䯎Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ㐗䜫Ĩ䕉⸗Ĩ̵➟þ
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‫ ٱ‬øä⣙äĨ䆀Ĩõ㜞äĨüąäĨⵇĨ㕴äĨဲîìĨ〨ĨėK䯎ĨÞእîäĨüþîäĒĨìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄
䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
ǔ
ĨěîດĨě䄎ĨᣅĨ㐗Ĩ䜫Ĩ䤈䜫Ĩû㸈Ĩ㵐Ĩ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ Ā㑗⧱Ĩ〨Ĩ䥈îⰔĨî♑Ĩ౹ÛĨ˄ৄ ‫ ٱ‬cells䗂ὟĨຓäĨⵇĨ㻌Ĩ㦇äþĨ᳉Ĩ〪Ĩ᧽Ĩ᜷Ĩ䒭äĨçὈĨ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äǎ ll
Ǘ
ġmmĜ䞈Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䮧ìĨѬäĨ〨Ĩ䮼䎁
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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‫ ٵ‬ǎ Ć ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩî⡷ĨĚî◒Ĩ㈉ĨÞ⚩äĨîä䯀ᜯĨîሊĨⵇmm᜷llĨ〪Ĩ䞈ɝ⢙Ĩ
Ĩ͋⟷Ĩ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĀǎ 䩶ĨĜ䞈Ĩ⮻ⵇ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ㤿äĒĨ⚇þîĨ䯎ĨėͽþîĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ø⛭Ĩ╌Ĩü஘Ĩęî〨㱆
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‫〫 ٱ‬Ĩ╌äĨĀ㩕⦫Ĩ〪Ĩ᧹Ĩ䞈Ĩ䇾ⵇĨ mç⬓Ĩîą ì㩕lĨᏠĨ䔙͋⟷Ĩ
Ĩ䔙Ĩîþä䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ Ĩ 䮪Ĩ㨉ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ≻Ĩ˄‫⸗ ٱ‬Ĩ⦡Ĩ〨ĨüäĨ㈉⸗
Ĩ mmûä䯆þ䯎llĨ〨Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩìᣅ䁡
Ĩ㰛Ĩ╌Ĩó⨎ĨㅎĨ䗂݊ĨüᜯĨㅎĨ⾸îĨ㈉Ĩęþ䯆ĨຓäĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨÛ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨ㟝Ĩ଺ĨĚï‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨㅎĨüᜯĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩö⪕ìĨⵇĨĆ‫ތ‬ĨຓäĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ䆀ĨߞຓäĨ㈉Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ⹔Ĩ䜱
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ‫▮ ٱ‬〨ĨㅎĨ䮧ìĨⵇ䡋ìĨ〨Ĩ♣ìĨ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩ௡ä䯂
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Ĩ㠕äĨø✜Ĝ䞈Ĩ㼞ĨㅎĨč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨÛ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨᆆĨçⵇṡĨ㹽nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨîþäĨ⦡ïą ⠪Ĩ䝲íĨ䆀ĨüäĨᣅĨÛĨ䞈Ĩᒖïä䔘Ĩ╌Ĩç➄ῄĨû፝ĨüäĨ〨Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨᣅ͋⟷Ĩ Ĩ ęþ
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Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨęþĨ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨû䈶äĨ⇤Ĩ⦡Ĩ଺ĨᣅĨîä䯀ᜯĨĜ䞀Ĩ㻽Ĩ㩇Ĩ㬲㌏ Ĩ ĨüäĨㅎឮ Ĩ Ĩ䆀Ĩç⬓ĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩ䪸ìĨ䆀ĨÞ⚩äĨîä䯀ᜯĨ䚽ĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ㝼㩕ĨⵇĨ䤈˄äìĨ ‫ ٱ‬ðäĨ䜱Ĩč㦇ሟ
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ἻþĨ䆀ĨúìĨ㈉ĨüäĨ䜱
ǔǔ ǖ
Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ䧸äĨĜ䞈Ĩ㽟˄Ĩ‫⸗˄ ٱ‬Ĩ ‫➟̵ ٱ‬þĨ╌Ĩ䮼䎁Ĩ㖌ìĨîþäĨ⹔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩě⇤þìĨ⹔ĨÛCoincidencemmùቿällĨㅎ䮼 Ĩ þîĨ㈉Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ଺Ĩ⹔
Ǖ ǖ ǔ
䞈ĨìӀîäĨ
‫ ٱ‬䆀ҍßĨ Ĩ ǎ ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌Ĩ䆀ĨŲč ŜŌäĨç‫ٱ‬ą ˄ǎ ßĨĜ㈊䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩ⸁Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌ҍ Ĩ nj ǎ ӒĨ‫׏ ٳ‬äǎ 䮪䎁Ĩ଺
ǔ
ĨÝ䞈ĨㅏäမĨㅏĨ䆀Ĩ䅠ïĨ䗂Ĩė䕁äĨá‫ۈ‬Ĩ㭷ĨÝĨ䜫Ĩᓧ⸗ĨäîතĨ⸗ĨēᵘĨ〨Ĩä؎Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬፜ĨᢹĨ〨Ĩė䪱▧ĨຓäĨ䞈Ĩ଺Ĩ䪴ìĨ䗂Ĩ፜ĨⵘĨ〽Ĩ╌ĨüäIJĨ䆴ě Ĩ äll
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Ĩ㈉Ĩĕ▧ĨðäĨຓäĨ䮪Ĩ䯎ĨÞৄĨㅎĨឮĨ䞈ĨĚìĨ⸗Ĩ㞸ɟᅀĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 䤈〨Ĩ䕃äĨ䗂Ĩ䚽ĨㅏᵘດĨ╌ĨüäĨᏠʆĨ Ĩ ‫ۈ‬Ĩ䔽Ĩ䮪Ĩ䯆äĜ䞈Ĩ䲹▧ĨㅏĨㅎĨüäĨ䆀Ĩė䔘⌵ßĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ
ǘ ǔ
Ĩ ǎ 䌭ᣝĨ㈉ҍ
ĢĞĨ⠪㜞äĨ‫ګ‬î␰Ĝmm䞀Ĩ䞈îĨᜯϔìĨ Ĩ nj ǎ ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬㯠Ĩ〨Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㠞⢙Ĩ䮪Ĩ०Ĩ䔽ĨÝė䜫Ĩ䮿îĨ⏐Ĩø⛭Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ㦆
ǖ ǕǗ
ĨĜ䞀ĨᓧĨ⸗ҍ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj ˄Ĩ˄ᦧĨ
‫ ٱ‬〨ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁ĨᣅĨ䞀Ĩ䨛äĨÛĨ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ⧑Ĩ౹ĨîþäĨ䗂䓺Ĩ㈉Ĩė䩰⠪î⡷Ĩ㈉ĨðäĄ ĨÛĨĚ㺬Ĩ䩓ĨÛĨ䞈Ĩö⟡䁡Ĩⵇå Ĩ ⵰ĨðäĨᣅĨî䔘ᜯĨęþ
ǖ
Ĩě㷡Ĩ‫׏‬ǎ äĨ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩçä㷡Ĩ㌏ĨüăäĨ㈉Ĩ ĨㅎĨč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨç✳Ĩ㋱äĨ㈉Ĩå⵰ĨĜm䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨ⸗Ĩìnj˄‫ ٱ‬ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj þĨęĨႡĨ〨Ĩ䮼䎁lĨðäĨ〪Ĩ㈊䜫Ĩ‫ח‬îìĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ〹Ĩ䮪Ĩ०
ǖ Ǖ
Ĩㅎࠎ Ĩ Ĩ౹îĨ þäĨሌĨÛ䞈Ĩ㾾ĨຕmmçⰔቿäll Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹ĨᣅĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ〪Ĩ㑒Ĩ䮨⸗Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩ䮪Ĩ༔Ĩînj˄‫׏ ٱ‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨîþäĨ㑒Ĩ䮨⸗ĨဲĨ〨mĚ㺬l
ĨĜ䞈Ĩä䯆Ĩᜯ䆀
Ĩ Ĩė䥛ä㍍



Ĩ䩺⠪ĨĚî☆Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬




spiderThe Lasso-throwingĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ࿐ĨäྀĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ⾉
Ĩ㈉Ĩđ䨈îĨ㹗ĨຊäĨ䯎Ĩě㆐ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ㖌ìĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ
Ĩ nj 䯎ĨÞৄĨㅎĨ௡ä䯂ĨĚî☆ĨຊäĨĚ㺬BolasĨð㑔਋Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩöä䔘äĨî௶Ĩㅎė Ĩ 䮩㺬
ǖ njǕ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨⵇnooseĨěྀĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂මĨ〨Ĩî☆ĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĩð㑔਋Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩㅎҍ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬ࡘ
Ĩ ˄Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĩ䗂Dr.Gertschɝ㩕Ĩ
Ĩ⑬äĨęþĨ䆀ĨࡘĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨமĨ䆀Ĩç㍮ĨㅎĨî☆Ĩ⸗ĨৃĨ㈊䞉ìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㑔äþĨě⇤Ĩ᩶ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩἅ㱇ĨຝĜ䞀ĨᒖමĨî☆Ĩ฻äĨ䆀Ĩėỵ㱇ĨþìĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩð㑔਋
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

ǔ
ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩᣆ㫱ĨҍᜯĨ nj ຊäĨ〨Ĩî☆ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䯎îĨ ⡷Ĩ㈉äྀĨⵇ䗂 Ĩ මĨ〨Ĩė䨼䁡Ĩ䆀Ĩ䪲㱇ä
lasso
ĨěྀĨ〨Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ᩶
ǖ
Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨᣆᏠĨㅎĨėತĨ䲎Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ១ĨಧĨęì㩕ĨៈĨ䞈˄〶 Ĩ‫ ٱ‬pheromonemĨü䁡þ⯋lĨ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨéîὟĨ㇦ĨòὟĨਏ‫׏‬ä Ĩ ǎ
Ǘ ǔ
Ĩ䥞䜫ĨᓧēäĨęþĨ㨉Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩîþ⽯ĨਏĨ䤈䱠Ĩçⴑ ą ㅎĨė䮩㺬ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䞛ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ҍᜯĨnj ㅎĨ㽲Ĩ㈉Ĩ਋Ĩ⸗ĨうĨⵇ䡋ìĨ╌ĨïäþßĨ៕mothĨಣĨ䲎Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩú⃵ä
Ǘ ǔ
ĨĀ䥟ከĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮪〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ㖌ìĜ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ⸗Ĩð㯗Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩ䞠ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ҍᜯĨ nj ຊäĨ〨Ĩî☆ĨĚ㺬Ĩė䮩Ĝ䞀Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗Ĩð㯗Ĩ〨ĨñሟîäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ╌Ĩಧ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䰡Ĩ⸗Ĩ㔝Ĩ䆀Ĩä䜫ĨęþĨៈĨ䞈Ĩ㦞ĨමĨ䕉⁩ß‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ╌Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨðäĨ〨Ĩî䔘ᜯĨę䯀ïĨ䥞䜫ĨᓧēĄäĨęþĨìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ㻣Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ䡏䯀ä
Ĩ㈉Ĩė䮩㈊Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩ࿍ĨäྀĨ㈉Ĩ䪲㱇äĨę㪓Ĩ䥞ℬ‫˄ٱ‬ǎ îĨ〨ĨîⵇĨą䩫⠪ĨĚî☆ĨðäĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀Strange Things Animals DoĨå⵰
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㐔ĨĚìĨᇋĨ╌cowboym䥞ä਋ĨáⵇlĨ㩔äㄙî
ĨáⵇĨ䛹Ĩî䗰Ĩ䮪Ĩê⠪ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨぅîĨüïþĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䆀Ĩçî❼ĨㅎĨěᔲĨĚî੗Ĩ㈉Ĩ䯀㍉Ĩ䯎Ĩě⇤Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㈉ĨðäĨ༔ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䰡Ĩ㈊䞉ìĨ䨬îĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ Ě㺬ll
ǖ Ǘ ǖ
Ĩ‫╌ ٱ‬Ĩð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ಣĨ
ĨᏠĨ䞈˄î䯅Ĩ nj nj Ĝ䞈Ĩ㦞ĨමĨÛ㐗Ĩ䮨ìĨûⵇĨⵇĨėáþï‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨåäĨᣅÛĨ䆀Ĩė䒈‫˄ٱ‬ĨþìĨ㦇äþĨ䁠⁩ĨຊäĨ〨Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨĚ㺬ĨࡘĨ㈉ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ˄㑔ìĨ
Ĩ ̵Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ì˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨㅎĨ䥞ä਋
ǖ
Ĩ䦈ìĨ㓅Ĩ╌äĨ⸗ĨㄷĨø⠪ĨຊäĨ〨ĨಧĨĚ㺬ĨîþäĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬᩼Ĩ╌ĨðäĨ⸗ĨäᔱĨ╌ĨេĨ㈉Ĩě㆐Ĩ䥞䜫ĨᓧēĄäĨä⇤Ĩ䕉ïþĨ᩵Ĝ䞈Ĩ࿋ĨäྀĨĚ㺬
ĢmmĜ䞈
ǔ Ǘ Ǘ ǔ ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ䗂⸗ĨἔĨĚ㺬Ĩ⸗ĨᜯĨ㩔ҍᜯ Ĩ nj ĨㅎĨပĨ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ຊäĨĜ䞈Ĩ䞛ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ҍᜯĨ
nj ㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩ⸗ĨうĨⵇ䡋ìĨ╌Ĩ਋Ĩî☆Ĩ̵Ĩ nj nj 䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬öþ▧Ĩ͋␰äĨỶ㱇Ĩä⇤þìĨⵇĨ䗂⸗Ĩî☆
ǖ
Ĩî☆Ĩ╌Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨåäĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ ٱ‬᩼ĨಣĨ╌Ĩ㩔㍉Ĩ᩶Ĩ㟼䯎Ĩě⇤Ĩ㈉Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨĜ䞈Ĩ࿋Ĩø⠪ĨㅎĨಧĨäྀĨ䆀ĨüìïĨᭂĨîþäĨ䞈ĨᒖᜯßĨ䆀Ĩ䨮ïດĨㅎ
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Ĩ çĆ㱄Ĩ䫡⡷Ĩ〨Ĩä⨍ĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ㓅Ĩ╌Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨòὟ‫׏‬äĨ
‫׏‬Ĩ  ǎ 〨ĨಧĨęþĨࡘĨ㈉ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯ䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬é㹥ĨęþĨ╌ĨឮĨ䞈ĨᔂⵇĨ╌äĨĚ㺬Ĩ⸗ĨㄷĨø⠪ĨຊäĨ〨
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗preserveõ㯧Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂うĨ䆀ĨࡘĨ〨Ĩî☆ĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĩê⠪ĨðäĜ䞈ĨؕîĨ ‫ ٱ‬ęï‫˄ٱ‬
ǖ
‫ ٱ‬䮪ᄍĨ䆀Ĩõ㜞äĨüäĨⵇĨçⵇṡĨ㐔ĨㅎĨᄹĨ㈉ĨĚৠĨ਌㿡ĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩ㶐Ĩ䆀Ĩå⵰Ĩ㑔nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩéîì
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
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Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䤈䜫Ĩ䤈䞉⇢Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 〨ĨᷚĨឮĨ䐲㈀Ĝ䞈Ĩê✤äĨ‫ח‬îìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ㶽Dr.GertschĨ㨉ĨĜ䞀Ĩ⍠îĨ 䔘ᜯĨ⽦Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩüä䣷⁩ll
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Ĩ㑔äþĨ䗂ᜯĨ䥞〶ĨệĨ䮪Û䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ‫ ٱ‬û㸈Ĩ㵐Ĩ଺Ĩ〨Ĩ䥞ä਋ĨáⵇĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ûⵇĨᣅĨÛ≢Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩ଺Ĩ䋔㩕ĨৃĨäɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ‫׏‬äĨǎ ៈĨÛ≢Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩ⛀˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨÛ⵰Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ Û،Ĩ Ĩ njㅎ
Ć
ģmmĜ䞈Ĩ䲙Ĩ⸗䕉⁩ß‫ٱ‬nj˄î䔘ᜯ
Ĩçî䁤Ĩþ਌ Ĩ ᄌĨ䆀Ĩ䩺⠪ĨðäĨ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩ㵄Ĩ㳜ĨîþäĨ䞈Ѭ⟷Ĩ Ĩ nj ⵇĨçî䁤ĨòὟĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䩱⠪ĨⵇĨ䗂⸗Ĩî☆ĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩð㑔਋Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈ɝ⢙Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ø⛭Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĩᱵᰳ
ǔ ǔ ǘ
Ĩ䎁Ĩ䯎ĨåäᣅĨ㈉Ĩúä␰ĨðäĨ䥝ßĨĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䜫Ĩ➩äþ‫ٶ‬ՙ‫ٳ‬ǎ ʠĨ⧕䔘ĨęဗĨㅎĨçⵇṡĨㅎĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨ㩇ĨęɟᜯĨ ‫ ٳ‬ᣆîìĨ਌ĨᣆîìĨⵇĨ⦡ĨðäĨ䚽Ĩ䯆äĜ䞈Ĩ䮽ĨᜯĨㅎĨ❅ḝ
ǖ ǔ ǖ ǖ
mÝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ
‫⸗˄ ٱ‬Ĩ ‫⸁ ٱ‬ĨㅏĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩð㑔਋Ĩ͋þĨᓧ⸗Ĩî☆l〪Ĩ䞀㔔 Ĩ äĒ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨîᒗĨ㑔㍉Ĩ᩵Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䯎Ĩě⇤Ĩ㈉Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨĚ㺬
ǔ
nj ຊäĨ〨Ĩ䲎Ĩęì㩕ĨㅎĨėþē㻁Ĩ㈉speciesö䔘ĨĚ⇤þìĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨéîὟ‫ٳ‬ɝ‫ٱ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩ⸗îĨᒗĨ਋Ĩ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䆀ĨេĨຓäĨęþ
Ĩ îὟĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩᣆ㫱ĨҍᜯĨ
é
ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ࿋ø Ĩ ⠪ĨㅎîĨ ☆Ĩ〨ĨěྀĨ䆀ĨüìïĨᭂĨࡘĨ㈉ð Ĩ ä
Ǖǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ㟝Ĩå➳Ĩ䯎ĨðäĨ⸗ĨĘ䯀‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䔙˶Ĩ
‫ⵇ ٱ‬Ĩî☆Ĩ╌ĨěྀĨęþ
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ㓅Ĩ〨Ĩî☆ĨęþĨ䆀ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ䰡Ĩ㈊䞉ìĨⵇĨⱖĨòὟĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ Ě㺬Ĩ╌Ĩó⨎ĨㅎĨ䮾îĨęï‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ〨Ĩî☆Ĩ䆀‫ؼ‬ß
Ĩ‫  ٳ‬
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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Ĩ䮿îĨ͋⟷Ĩㅎ⍤Ĩ Ĩ ᱳ␰ĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ⛭ὟĨⵇĨėþîä䯀ᜯĨüäĨ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ĚৠĨ਌㿡Ý䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨûⵇĨ⸗ĨęîĨ䆀ĨěɟäìĨ ‫ ٳ‬㈉Ĩ౹㿡Ĩú⽄‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨᏟäĨê⠪Ĩ⸘ĨĚ㺬Ĩð㑔਋ĨᏠ
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Ĩçî❼Ĩ䨕äĨ༔Ĩ㨉Ĝᒖ䜫Ĩ䔽օ❆Ĩ Ĩ ǎ ㅎĨ䗂ຟĨ䁣ᜯĨ⦦Ĩ䕃äĨîþäĨ䗂⸗ĨĕäîìäĨⵇĨėᏠ‫ٱ‬nj˄‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj üäĨ䆀Ĩ÷㩕ìĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮨ïäĨęþ⥲ĨĜü‫˶ٱ‬äĨ〪Ĩ᧽Ĩ䞀
Ǖ ǖ
ĨĜ䞀ĨėӀ〨Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂Ĩ⸗ĨñጕĨåäᣅĨ‫׏‬ĨéßĨüä䣷⁩ĨⵇĨឮĨ䞈Ĩúä␰ĨęþĨ䮪Ýä䜫Ĩ❅ḝĨㆤĨî☆Ĩ䩲⠪Ĩ㑔äþĨç✯Ĩ䒭äĨçὈĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀
ǖ
ĨㅎîĨ äþäမĨ䤈㇦ĨÛ㦈Ĩ⸗ĨęìäîäĨⵇ䗂
Ĩ ৄĨäྀĨ╌ĨùቿäĨ㯠Ĩ䗂ĨĚ㺬ĨĜ䞈Ĩü㽦ĨㅎmçⰔቿälĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩç➄ῄĨɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬û፝ĨຊäĨĚ㺬Ĩ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉ĨėK䯎ĨÞእîä
Ǖǔ
Ĩ╌ĨùቿäĨ଺Ĩçî䁤ĨㅎĨ䗂㟝Ĩå➳Ĩ╌ĨěྀĨ䯎Ĩ䗂˶Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䗂ĨðäĨîþäĨ䞈ĨㄽĨø⠪ĨຊäĨ〨Ĩᏼ䁡Ĩ╌äĨ〪ĨᑽĨ䆀Ĩ⥽Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ䜱Ĩ╌ĨùቿäĨ଺Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Û
Ǖ
Ĩø⛭Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪ĨĜ䥚ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅĨþ‫ٱش‬ Ĩ nj˄Ĩ㈉mùቿälĨ䯎îĨ ⡷Ĩ㺹ĨÛ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫ĨîⵇîìĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦆㈉Ĩ Ĩ 䗂⸗Ĩî☆Ĩ╌ĨěྀĨᣅĨ଺Ĩė஘⁏Ĩû፝Ĩ䫑ìĜ㦇Ĩ⸗Ĩ❅ḝ
Ĩ䣹⁩Ĩė㦈⁔Ĩåä⁏ĨㅎĨėK䯎ĨÞእîäĨ〪Ĩ㩓Ĩ㈉Ĩ䪺ìĨ䮪Ĝ䔽Ĩì䱜Ĩ⥝˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䣹⁩Ĩ䤈〨ĨㅎĨᡱĨ䞀Ĩ㦇⁔Ĩåä⁏Ĩ㯠Ĩě⧋ìĨû፝Ĩ䯔Ĩ䯎mùቿälĨ〪Ĩ䞈ɝ⢙ ‫ٳ‬Ǐ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ㑔Ĩ䆀ĨîሊĨຓäÛĨìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩü㺕äĨû⣹ÛĨ㿱Ĩ⁩Ĩ㰗‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ 䚽Ĩ䥝ßĨÛĨ䞀îĨ þìĨⶄĨ╌Ĩ䢾Ế
Ǘ ǔ
Ĩⵇú
Ĩ ἶ㩕Ĩ㈉Ĩì䯆ĨìîäĨຓäĨ╌Ĩî⩺ĨěɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj 䗂ĨðäĨᏠĨ䮽ĨৃĨ䔽Ĩ㑔ᜯĨê⠪ĨㅎĨė䮩㺬ĨĚ⇤þìĨęþĨ〪Ĩä䜫ĨðṣäĨ䮪Ĩ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ̵Ĩ nj nj ຝĨ❽⣻Ĩਏ䁣‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㿱
ǔǘ
Ĩú⃵ächemical䲷㱇ĨĚþ㇦Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨᣆᏠĨㅎĨėತĨ䲎mothsಧĨęì㩕Ĩ〪䪴ìĨ Ĩ 䗂ĨðäĨüìĨ‫׏‬äĜ‫ٱ‬ ǎ ˄ǎ ìĨ⸗Ĩöþ▧Ĩ䲚Ĩęɟᜯ
‫ٳ‬
ǔ
Ĩę㈊Ĩ਌ᄌĨ䤈㇦Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䆀ĨេຓäĨ䗂ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䊓ᰳĨÛ㈊Ĩ䜫˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬äမĨ㇧‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ 䜱Ĩ䧸äĨ଺Ĩ╌äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂මĨ〨Ĩಧ䲎Ĩ〪Ĩᨴ␰Ĩ䗂ĨĚ㺬Ĩ⸗Ĩ䪳ìĨ䮪Ĝ䞀Ĩ䞈îĨ⸗
ǖ nj
Ĩ䤈〨Ĩⵇ䗂 Ĩ nj ㈉Ĩ䯋ĨමĨ〨ĨėತĨĚ㺬Ĩ‫׏‬Ĩ̵Ĩ
Ĩ ⸗Ĩᣆ㫱Ĩ䕃äĨÛᒖᜯĨ䜫Ĩ䔙ӉⰔĨ nj 䐲㈀Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩ䔽ĨỡĨ䣊㱉Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ଺äĨ㨉Ĝ㟴Ĩ䗂⸗ĨîᒗĨ㇧îþäĨ䤈ৄ
ǖ
ĨĜᏽĨ☒ĨᠦĨ㼸 ĨㅎĨěྀĨîþäĨïЃĨ ‫ ٳ‬ᣅ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨî䗰Ĩ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨຓäĨ䗂ĨðäĨîþäĨ᧘␰ĨㅐɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬îþäĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯎ĨⲚ䁡ĨðäĜᏽĨ䔙Ĩïäᣅ
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ĨĕସĨęþĨîþäĨᓟᜯĨᯙĨ䢵➟▵〨ĨɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬û፝ĨㅎĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨ㟠Ĩ䔙Ĩå➳ĨĚîⵇĨ䯎Ĩî☆Ĩ䯆äĨ͋þĨᓧ⸗Ĩî☆ĨႼ㱇ĨຜĜĨᏽĨ䔽Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ䜱Ĩ䲚ĨৄĨî䗰Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㯠Ĩ㻣
Ǖ
Ĩî☆Ĩ䮳⠪Ĩ䮪Ĩ䗂ĨðäĨåäĨĜ㐔Ĩ䜫må䂭ⵇl䆀Ĩ䮧ìĨᇥ䩱 Ĩ ⠪Ěî☆Ĩîä䯀‫ٱ‬ӀĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ęþĨė䮩ĨîþäĨ㦈Ĩ⸗Ĩî☆ⵇĨಧĨ䗂ĨĚ㺬ĨĜĨä䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩ䧸äĨ㻣ĜᒖᜯĨ㱇Ĩ╌
ĨĜ㦈Ĩú䐁Ĩ଺Ĩ䩱⠪ĨⵇĨ䗂⸗Ĩ㾅Ĩ䆀Ĩė䌕Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ßĨ〨Ĩ⥽ĨðäĨîþäĜㅏĨęìäîäĨⵇ䗂 Ĩ ≻Ĩ〨Ĩė䮩㺬ĨĚ⇤þìĨᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨኌĚ Ĩ îດ
ǔ ǔ
ĨㅍüĨ ஘Ĩ䯎þäÛ䚽Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ㹽ĨðäĨ䥝ßĜ㈊Ĩ䜫Ĩ㣦䯁Ĩ䆀ĨỉĨ〨㿱ĨðäĜ䞀Ĩ⮻ⵇ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗ĨɟᅀĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ╌äĨîþäĨ䞀ĨẛĨ㯠Ĩ㈉Ĩ䆇˄㿱Ĩ ‫ח ٱ‬Ĩnj 䮪
ǘ ǔ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩî⩺Ĩ䯎alternativesImaginaryėᏠî❼ĨᒖᆙĨúì㪆Ĩ⸁ÛĨ䥞䜫Ĩ䗹îĨ䆀ĨěɟäìĨ ‫ ٳ‬㈉Ĩ䆇˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㿱ĨᒖᆙĨ㐖
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Ĩ äĜę⪌þĨéî␰Ûñî‫ٱ‬nj˄Û䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ûü⌵ßÛúྜÛ̵îìĨ䩓Ĩ䞀Ĩ〰mmç⬓îą ì㩕ll‫ח‬䯎Ĩ
ð Ĩ ÞእîäĨᢷĨ䞀Ĩ㻬ӀĨ ‫ ٱ‬䮨ᷚĨęþĨ䆀ĨðäğĨçî❼Ĩúì㪆Ĩᒖᆙ
ĨüäîþìĨ㈉Ĩ⦡Ĩěî⁩ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩä䜫ĨㅏĨ䣘ⰔĨû䎀Ĩĕ㪔Ĩ㺹‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ╌Ĩ䜞ßĨ䚽Ĩ䛰nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䗂ĨėᢶĨ䞀Ĩ଺ĨᓟⴑĨ⠀Ĩû፝Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀Ĩç䣪ⵇĨęþ⥲Ĩ㈉
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ĨĜ䥞ᜯĨ䜫Ĩ❅ḝĨ䩱⠪ĨĚî☆ĨᲘäĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬うîĨú⁔ĨⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨîþäĨ˄ᜯĨ
‫ ٱ‬ㅏĨ䔽Ĩñ䁡ä‫ٳ‬ӒĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩð㑔਋
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Ĩ䞈Ĩ຦Ĩ଺Ĩ〨ҍ⣇äĨ
Ĩ ㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩð㑔਋Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩė䮩î☆Ĩě⇤þìĨÛ䞀Ĩ〰ĨçⴑĨĕ㪔Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîäĨៈÛùቿĨäĨ㯠Ġçî❼Ĩúì㪆Ĩᒖᆙ
nj ㈉Ĩ䯋⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨçî䁤ĨㅎĨ䗂⸗Ĩî☆Ĩîþä
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䥻ìৄĨӉⰔĨ
ǖ
Ĩ
‫ח‬䯎Ĩ ÞእîäĨ㝼㩕Ĩ㈉Ĩú⁔Ĩĕ㪔ĨðäĨĜ䞀ĨîäþäမĨㅎĨú⁔Ĩĕ㪔Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ø✜ĨîþäĨ䔽Ĩ⸁ĨîþäĨä␰Ĩ㈉ĨçᆙĨᓟnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩnj‫ח‬Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩᒖîⱎ
ǔǘ Ǘ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩì䱜Ĩ౹ĨîþäĨû‫ٶ‬ŔƌŐķĨÛ㿬Ĩ⪌Ĩî‫ٶ‬ŔƨơĹĨě⢡㽯Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ䯊ĨęɟᜯĨ
‫ⵇ ٳ‬Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ䚽Ĩ䥝ßĨຝĨ╌Ĩ䡊ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ø⠪ĨㅎĨåäᣅĨ❅äĜ䞀
ǔ ǖ ǔ
Ĩ᣼਋Ĩ䈅ᜯĨ⸁‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj ༔ĨîþäĨ˄⸗Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬Ě䊷ĨㅐɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ㅎĨüäĨÛ˄⸗Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬㛾㶩ĨⵇĨçⵈ㱇ĨĚþ㇦Ĩęì⸗ĨéîὟĨ㈉ĨಧĨ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ䔽䉴äĨ Ĩ Ěþ㇦Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ Ě㺬Ĩ★ङ
ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ䞈㜝㰐Ĩ⼛Ĩ㈉Ĩ䣶⁩ĨîþäĨ㿧Û⮯ĨþĨ⥘Ĩîä‫ٳ‬ӒäĨⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ㽟˄䲚Ĩ Ĩ‫⸗ ٱ‬ĨäမĨî䯀äĨ㈉ĨេĨຓäĨ䲷㱇ĨĚþ㇦Ĩ䜱Ĩ䧸þĨ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䥞䜫
ĨùቿäĨ䲷㱇ĨĚþ㇦Ĩ䮪Ĩ䗂ĨðäĨ䯆äĜ䮽Ĩ㑔Ĩ䔽Ĩ䆀Ĩú⃵äĨîþäĨ⹔ä␰Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩî☆䞈ĨᒖৄĨì⁏ĨęþĨៈĨ〨Ĩ䲷㱇ĨĚþ㇦Ĩęì⸗ĨéîὟĨ㈉ಧ
Ĩ ĨĚ㺬
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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Ĩð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨࡘĨ㈉Ĩ䯋Ĩ⸗䮪ᄍĨ Ĩnj
Ĩ ⵇĨਏ㴙ĨðäĨ༔ĨîþäĨᏽĨĚîþ➳Ĩ⍢Ĩ〨Ĩᜈ㽐Ĩü䂭îìĨ㈉Ĩ਋ĨㅎĨຊäĨîþäĨಧĨ╌äĨ଺ҍÛᏽĨ 㦈Ĩ଺Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨ╌
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ĨĜ⊚⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䆀ì㹇ĨຓäĨ〨Ĩ䲷㱇ĨĚþ㇦ĨðäĄ ĨęþĨ╌ĨឮĨᏽĨ䂬ï㑔‫˄ٱ‬䜫ⵇmҍ䗃í
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ẽĨຓäĨ╌äĨ〪mᑽĨ⮯ĨᒭᏛ Ĩ älĨęþĨ༔îĨ þäĨᏽĨ㦈müᜯlĨ䆀Ĩěî‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩ⧕䔘ĨㅎĨ਋Ĩęì⸗ĨéîὟĨㅎĨಧĨê⠪Ĩ⹔Ĩ䗂ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ㩇Ĩ଺Ĩü㩕Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĩ䚽Ĩ䯆ä
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Ĩ㑔ė
Ĩ 䬇ႩĨ⠀ĨĚîþ➳Ĩî䯀äĨຓäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗äမĨ䲷㱇ĨĚþ㇦ĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞇ᨴĨ䕉䜫Ĩօ❆Ĩ ǎ 䮪Ĩ䆀ĨĚ㺬Ĩ଺Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼ĨðäĨᏠÛĨ⊚Ĩ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䆀
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Ĩ〨Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĜ㩔Ĩ⸗Ĩ⮫➟äĨⵇĨû䎀Ĩ㈉ĨîäþäမĨĚþ㇦Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ⤩Ĩ䯏äïĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䕈Ĩ╌Ĩ⟤㱇ĨຊäĨ䆀ĨេĨຓäĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ㽟Ĩ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩ䚽˄Ĝ⊚ ‫ٱ‬
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩøìä㪟Ĩ㈉Ĩ䮧ìĨēᵘĨîþìĨė␰〨Ĩ〨Ĩ䕊ìĨㅎĨú㑔⃣äĨ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ⸗Ĩ⸁Ĩ䧸äĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ଺Ĩᰳ␰Ĩ䧸äĨ㯠Ûî⾹îìĨᏠĨ䲚Ĩü㩕ĨƮǎ ƸƪǎƸƪţ
ǔ ǔ
Ĩ⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨ╌mùቿälĨⲨäþĨÛ䞀 Ĩ ĨᮡĨ⸗Ĩü஘Ĩ䚽ĨᢷĨç➄ῄĨû፝ĨęþĨ䗂ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ䯊Ĩ⸗ĨóӒĨ‫ ٳ‬䮪Ĩ䚽Ĩ䥝ßĨ䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩė㈀Ĩ㽟˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䜱ĨⶄĨ䞈ᨴĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪
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ĨຊäĨࡘĨ㈉䯋 Ĩ Ĩ⸗m䣩ä‫ٳ‬ɟĒǎ lĨäྀĨė䮩ĨîþämḜ␰lĨⵇ䗂 Ĩ 㑔Ĩ䆀Ĩú⃵äĨ〨ĨěྀĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂මĨ〨ĨಧĨęþĨ〪ĨᏽĨĚîþ➳Ĩ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨåäĜ㩇
ĨĜ㩔Ĩ⸗ᆆ Ĩ Ĩ╌äĨ╌Ĩ⟤㱇
Ĩî‫ٶ‬ŔƨơĹĨÞእîäĨ‫ک‬䎁Ĩ䯔Ĩ䯎ĨçⰔቿäĨ〪Ĩ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨßĨ⍛Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ਑Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪ĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯĨㅏĨ䮪ᄍĨîࢄĨⵇĨç➄ῄĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩð㑔਋Ĩ䯆äĨ〪Ĩ䞈ɝ⢙ĨĨ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ø⛭Ĩ╌ĨėᏠ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩüä
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Ĩ䮪Ĩ䮨ïäĨęþ⥲ĜʆĨ⸗䔽Ĩ䂗ĨÛ䮨௡䯂ĨîþäĨĚৠĨ਌㿡ĨÛҍ䗃íĨĀ㬷Ĩ䞀ĨᮡĨ⸗Ĩü஘Ĩ䯎þäĨ䚽ĨᢷĨúὟþ‫؎ٶ‬Ĩû፝ĨęþĨ〨ĨĚ㺬ĨçⰔቿäĨ㯠Ĝ䞈Ĩ⁗Ĩ㶞
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Ĩ⹔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ⭐Ĩþî⩺Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨਏĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ⍤Ĩ䮪Ĝ㐗Ĩ䜫Ĩ✜ⰔĨ╌Ĩ䯋Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨì⁏ïäĨúὟþ‫؎ٶ‬Ĩû፝Ĩ䮪ĨĚ㺬Ĩ଺Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉͋þĨĨ 〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ➩äþĨ଺Ĩçnj˄‫ٱ‬
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ䜱ĨᣜͽĨ‫ ٵ‬nj Ą ᣜ␰Ĩû⣇Ĩ⑬ĨĚēᑺĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ⍤Ĩ〨Ĩ䤈↸Ĩė⧐ĨðäĜ䔽Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨᅗ
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Ĩ ǎ 㦆Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ䞀Ĩ䞈îĨ⸗Ĩ⸗íĨ䚽ĨⵇĨúḝĨçî❼Ĩ
‫׏‬äĨ ą ឮ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ ٱ‬ęîĨ䜱Ĩ↷Ĩø✜Ĩⴛnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĜĨ䞀Ĩ᛭ᦧĨîþäĨ⨾ĨĀ䧜✜Ĩ䮼䎁Ĩ㈉ė Ĩ K䯎ĨÞእîäĨ〪Ĩ䐜Ĩ䮪Ĩ䇾
ǖǖ ǔ ǖ
Ĩ
͋⟷Ĩ ìþ㯌Ĩ㑔č㦇ሟĨ㠕äĜㅏĨäမĨ〨Ĩóî㑔äĨçäẅĨîþäĨç˄äὛĨ‫ ٱ‬Ûç‫˄ٱ‬䆊ĨÛėþîä䯀ᜯĨû፝Ĩ䗂ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ䜱Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨęþĜĨ䞈Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨᆆĨą⦡ĨòὟ
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㝼㩕ĨⵇĨ䤈˄äìĨ ‫ ٱ‬îþäĨҍ䗃íÛ⥽Û
Ǘ ǖ
ĤĤòĨ‫ګ‬î␰mmĜ䞈Ĩ㑔äþĨ߈ä‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj îþäĨ‫ח‬ì‫ٳ‬ɟïĨ nj ęþÛ䞈Ĩü䂭îìĨ㈉ĨüäĨ⸁ĨᣅĨîþäⵇĨ䅠ïĨîþäĨⵇĨė䔘⌵ßĨ䞈î㈊ìîþ䯎Ĩᣅll
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trap dooręïäþîìĨ⚨ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䜪îĨ䆀Ĩä✍
ǖ ǖ ǖ Ǖ ǖ
Ĩ䂬䯆Ĩ⇒Ĩ䆀Ĩä✍Ĩ䕃äĨᣅĨ䞀ᓧ Ĩ 䜫Ĩ㝼㩕Ĩ㈉ė Ĩ Ἶ❆Ĩ䨕äĨîä䯀ᜯĨ࡚Ĩ䚽˄Ĝ䞀Ĩ ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj ˄Ĩû䯆Ĩ‫׏‬ĨṠĨä㩈ĨüᜯĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨ⌴䁡Ĩ䤈ä✍
ʆĨ䜫ҍ‫ٱ‬
ǖ ǔ nj ㈉Ĩ䜪îĨę䯀ïĨìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉
Ĩ╌ĨûäîßĨ䆀Ĩúἶ㩕Ĩ䤈ä✍Ĩ䔽äĨïä䯀äĨ㈉Ĩė䩰⠪Ĩî⡷Ĩ༔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ̵⁩Ĩ Ĩ ㅎĨេĨÛîⵇĨ䮳⠪ĨĚî☆Ĩ㈉Ĩėþî䔘ᜯĨüäĜ䞀ĨᒖৄĨӉⰔĨ
ĨîⵇîìĨ㩓Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂îä䯅Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ䆀Ĩä✍ĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ㝼㩕ĨㅎĨç➄ῄĨ䨕äĨö䔘Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩ䩓Ĩö⟡䁡Ĩ㈉Ĩå⵰ĨðäĜ䞀ĨᓧৄĨӉⰔĨ nj ㈉Ĩ䗂îä䯅Ĩ㐗䯀ï
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Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉ĨûäìĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂මĨ〨Ĩî☆îþäĨá݊Ĩ╌Ĩ䂬䯆Ĩ╌äĨ⸗ĨৄӉĨ Ĩ nj 㿽‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ 䆀ĨñӒĨ‫ ٳ‬㈉Ĩä✍Ĩ䞈˄〶 Ĩ‫ ٱ‬mĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨěïäþîìĨ⚨Ӓ‫ ٳ‬lᣅĨîä䯀ᜯĨ䮪Ĝ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫
ǖ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬ú⃵äĨ଺Ĩ䯎
Ĩ㈉ӉĨ Ĩ nj ⸗Ĩ᩽Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨîᒗĨ䜱Ĩì⁏ĨęþĨៈěì㩕Ĩú⑭ĨçäîíĨ᛭ᵘĨ᛭ᵘĨ㈉Ĩ㬮ĨęþĜ䞈ĨᒖìㄙĨӉĨnj ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䆀Ĩ䅠ïĨຝĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj Ě㺬
ǔ ǖ
Ǎ
Ĩ䦈ìĨҍ䞉ĒĨ ╌ĨðäĨ〨Ĩėþîä䮩ìĨ⸗ĨৃĨ㈊䞉ìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ Ě㺬Ĩ䆀ĨࡘĜ䞈Ĩ˄݊Ĩ ‫╌ ٱ‬Ĩ䗂䯆Ĩ䔽äĨ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩõ㯧Ĩ〨Ĩėþîä䮩ìĨ⦡Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨคĨ〨ĨẛĨ䕉þî䯀ä
ǔ Ţ
ĨðäĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ៫ßĨ䚽ĨᣅĨ䞈㻴ĨਏĨ╌Ĩዯ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨîⵇĨ䩲⠪ĨðäĨ㈉thermal insulationĨçîäṡąǀ‫ ٳ‬nj ŧ Ĩ䩱⠪Ĩ䮪ĨⵇĨ䗂⸗ĨคĜ䞈
ǖ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ ٱ‬㦈Ĩ⸗Ĩõ㯧Ĩ╌ĨçîäṡĨĆᣆîìĨ䕉þ௡Ĩû䯆Ĩ〨ĨẛĨ䕉þî䯀äĨ㈉Ĩę㈊Ĩ䢫äîßĨê⠪
ǔ ǔ
Ĩęî⾹Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⵇƼ Ĩ ĽdžĒĜ䞈ĨᒖৄĨƼĽdžĒĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⚩ßĨ╌Ĩ䨩îĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩú⃵äĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉ĨûäìĨⵇð Ĩ äĨ➅ῄĨĚ⇤þìĨㅎ䗂 Ĩ ⚩ßĨ〪Ĩ䞀ᮡ Ĩ Ĩ⸗⸗ Ĩ íĨ䚽
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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ĨㅎĨî☆Ĩ〨ĨĚ㺬ĨęïäþîìĨ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨûⵇĨⵇĨěïäþîìĨƼĽdžĒĨ䮪Ĩė䮩Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ä䯑Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂⚩ßĨ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ৄ ٱ‬Ĩ╌Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨô㶜ᣅhingeĨ౹ⲹ
ǔ
ĨᣅĨ㑒䞉ìĨ䕣Ĩ㈉ĨėಪĨĚ㺬ĨࡘĨ㈉ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨᲦĨ╌Ĩ㬮îþäîᦞĨÛĨė䮩ēᣝĨ〨Ƽ Ĩ ĽdžĒĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ䥻ìì㱄Ĩ଺Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂ᜯĨ䜫Ĩ᥀þäĨ╌Ĩėþ䎁
ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ㟢Ĩ䗂äᐪᐪĨ㑒䞉ìĨ䅠ïą ɟïĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ᏠĨ䞈ؕîĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ûⱎĨ䯎Ĩ㬮˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨėಪĨüäĨ⸗ßĨҍ nj ǎ ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬㈉Ĩ㎛Ĩäē㻁Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ̵Ĝ䞈Ĩ nj nj 䦈ìĨü˄Ĩ‫⸗ ٱ‬Ĩㄷ䞀ĨᓧßĨî䯀äĨ㈉Ĩ䗂⚩ßĨ╌ɝ‫ٱ‬ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄
ǔǔ ǖ ǖ ǖ
ĨĜ䞈ᒖ⸗Ĩî䇦äĨⵇĨî☆Ĩ⸗Ĩ䜫ĨῲäìĨ䆀Ĩ䗂⚩ßĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯎Ĩ䗂ᜯĨ䜫Ĩ㺹ĨĚîᒗĨĜ䞈Ĩ‫׏‬ì‫ٳ‬ ǎ ɟĨî☆Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬᮫ĨಫĨ〨ĨĚ㺬ĨѬþ䯁Ĩㅎϥäᐪ Ĩ Ǐ ĨᐪĨ⑬äĜ䞀
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Ĩ〨Ĩî☆ĜᒖßĨ䔽ɝ‫ٱ‬ Ǐ nj
Ĩ‫˄ ٳ‬ĨⵘĀ䥟ከĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨîä䯅Ĩ䆀ӉĨ nj ǎ
Ĩ ‫׏‬î‫˄ٱ‬ĨðäĨ㐗䯀ïĨĚî⁩ĨຊäĨęþĜ䞈Ĩ䮽ĨęîĨ‫׏‬Ĩú⁩ĨðìĨ䆀Ĩ੻ĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨěïäþîìĨ⚨Ӓ‫ٳ‬
ǖ ǔ Ǘ ǔ
Ĩ╌äĨ⸗ßĨ‫׏‬ĨěïäþîìĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯĨ㑔ㄙĨ╌ĨᖼĨ〨Ƽ Ĩ ĽdžĒĨ䯆äĜᓟßĨ䔽ɝ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂⚩ßĨ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ശĨㅎĨðäĨᏠĨ଺Ĩ㩔ㄙĨƼĽdžĨĒ䯆äĨ╌Ĩó⨎ĨㅎĨᱳ਋ì
Ǖ
ĨᓧßĨɝ‫ٱ‬ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗ĨñጕĨęì㩕Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ១Ĩ㯠Ĩ䲎Ĩ᜵Ĩ䐝Ĩ䔽ɝ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂⚩ßĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩęì㩕Ĝ㐗Ĩě⸗Ĩ▮〨ĨӀᄸĨ ‫ ٱ‬౹ĨㅎĨ䗂⸗ĨৠĨęî‫ٱ‬nj˄þì
ǔ ǖ ǖ
Ĩė䮩Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗ĨৠĨ〨ĨĚîä䘧äîĨ╌Ĩ⡿㶜ĨÛ⸗Ĩ᩽Ĩ╌Ĩ⅃äîĨ㈉Ĩ䗂ᜯĨ䗂ßĨ〨Ƽ Ĩ ĽdžĨĒĨ╌Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĩęì㩕ĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯßĨ͋þĨⵇĨ䗂⸗ĨäမĨ‫ޒ‬Ĩ̵Ĝ䞀 nj nj
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩîä䯅Ĩú⁩Ĩ‫׏‬äǎ î䯀äĨ㈉ĨðäĨࢇĨ䥞ßĨɝ‫ٱ‬ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂⚩ßĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĩęì㩕Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䤈ßĨ䁠⁩Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĩ╌Ĩě䘧㴙
ǔ ǖ ǖ ǔ
Ĩ ĽdžĒĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨ㟼Ĩ䗂ᲘĨä䡒䯀äĜ䞀Ĩ䯃îĨৠĨ╌Ĩ⡿㶜ĨěïäþìĨ㈉Ĩė䔘⚩ßĨຓäĨ䆀ĨüìĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩî☆Ĩ͋þĨ㈉ĨçäîĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨěïäþîìĨ⚨Ӓ‫ٳ‬
Ƽ
Ǘ ǔ ǖ ǎļư
ĨęþĜ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩú䐁Ĩɝ‫ٱ‬ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㦇äþĨ䁠⁩ĨຊäĨ⸗ĨúㄙĨ䞉ìßĨƼĽdžĒĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨ䜫ĨĚî⟷Ĩä䡒䯀äĨ䯆äĜ䔽Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䞈Ĩ䯉ĨᲘĨä䡒䯀äĨ㺹˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ßĨ〪Ĩ䞈ĨŲƷNj ìĨ䮪Ĩ⸗ĨᗂäĨ䞉ìßĨ〨
nj ǔ ǎ
ǖ Ǘǔ
nj ǖ Ǘǔ
Ĩî䯀äĨ㈉ӉĨ Ĩ 䕃äĨ⸗Ĩ㟝˟ᴄĨ Ĩ nj
䯎ĨüäĨ╌ĨĚî⪙îĨùɟĀ‫ ٳ‬äî⮪ĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨ䞀ĨᒖᜯßĨҍ ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬ė̦ḚĨ nj ‫ ٱ‬ǎ Ā⛭ῄĨÛî☆Ĩ̵Ĝ䞈Ĩ nj 䮽Ĩம‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ė‫ڙ‬Ĩ ‫ ٵ‬ㅋĨ䆀Ĩïä䯀äĨðä
ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ䞈˄ᜯĨ‫ ٱ‬䜫ĨৠĨęî‫ٱ‬nj˄þìĨ፛ĨüïþĨຓĨäƼ Ĩ ĽdžĒĜ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩㄷ
ǖ ǔ ǖ
Ĩㅎҍ䗃íĨ Ĩ 㦆Ĩ㈉ᡱĨ Ĩ 㐗Ĩė䜫ĨîⵇîìÛĨօ❆Ĩ ǎ ĚቛĨĀ㬷ÛἿ❆Ĩ䨕äĨ⸁Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨⓁĨ᨜Ĩ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩęì⸗Ĩü஘Ĩ䯎þäĨ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ★Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ䆀Ĩðä
Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂ৄĨӉĜ㩔Ĩ nj લĨĐþਛĨ䆀Ĩ㬮˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ㩔Ĩ⸗Ĩ㿽Ĩ╌Ĩ჉Ĩ〨ӉĨ Ĩ nj 䩘îíĨ㈉ĨῐĨîþäĨ∮˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨùቿäĨ㯠ĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ㽟Ĩ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĜĨ䜫Ĩçîþ➳
ǔ
ĨຓäÛĨ㐗Ĩ䥞ৄĨƼĽdžĨĒĨⵇӉĨ Ĩ nj ╌Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ䨬îĨ⑬äĨÛĨ㐗Ĩě⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䨩îĨ฻äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩõ㯧Ĩ╌ĨçîäṡĨ〨ӉĨ Ĩ nj ęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈m䇻ᜯlĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䜱Ĩຝ
ǔ ǍŢ
ĨěìĨ‫ޒ‬Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ⢜ằĨ䆀ӉĨ Ĩ nj 㩔äþĨėþîä䮩ìĨ䟊ĒĨ╌Ĩ䨩îîþäĨ㐗Ĩě⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉ĨûäìĨú㬲Ĩ౹‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ îþäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨƾƸƹlj Ǒ Ĩ╌Ĩ♣ìĨ〨Ӊ Ĩ nj
ǔ ǔ ǔ
Ĩö䔘ĨðäĨ㶱Ĩⵇð Ĩ äĨîþäĜᒖᜯĨ㱇Ĩ╌ĨĕସĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䂬䯆ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨěïäþîìĨ⚨ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬ຜĨ㦇äþĨƾƸŐĻƲĨ䱒Ĩ㈉Ĩä✍ĨᏠĨᓟ䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩç㩕㸈Ĩ‫ח‬Ĩ nj 䮪Ĩ╌ĨຝĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯆äĜ㐗
ǖ
ĨĜ˄䜫Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬ᎉὟĨⵇ
Ĩ㯠Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨຜĨ㦆ĨðäĜ䞈ĨᒖうĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩ⑬äĨîþäĨᒖৄĨ䔙⚩ßĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩ䜱‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ Û䞈Ĩᒖîä䯅Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩ⑬äĨĚ㺬Ĩę䤘äï䔘ĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䮨ïäĨęþ⥲
ǔ nj ǖ ǔ
Ĩ⑬äĄ Ĩø✜Ĩ䧸äĜᏽĨĚîþ➳Ĩ଺˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ӉⰔĨ ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ㾅‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ė䌕Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ßĨ〨Ĩç㩕㸈ĨຊäĨ०ĨᏽĨ䔽Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ䜱˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㝼㩕ĨⵇĨç➄ῄĨ⾸ĨüäὈĨüä
ǔ
ĨěïäþîìĨ⚨ӒĜ䞈Ĩ ‫ٳ‬ 㽯⁩ĨⵇĨç㑔ä␰ĨㅋĨ䛹Ĩìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩ䢾ẾĨüäĨ㨉Ĝ䥚ᜯĨ䜫Ĩ㱤Ĩ䆀geneĨᨛĨ㈉Ě Ĩ 㺬Ĩç㩕㸈Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ㽟Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼
ĨĜㅏĨ䍖䆀 Ĩ ĨᨛĨㅎð Ĩ äĨ䗂Ĩ⸘Ĩ〨ĨüäĨîþäĨ㐕Ĩ䜫Ĩ❅ḝĨㆤĨç➄ῄĨ䮪Ĩ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþ
ǖ Ć ţ ǖ ǔ
ĨÛĨ⦡ĨᒖᆙĨÛƮŐnjƶnj Ĩ䂬ḝĨ㈉ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁ĨㅎĨᡱÛĨďþৄĨ䕉ែĨ⧑Ĩ౹ĨîþäĨየĨîþäĨå䇠äĨ䔙ä‫ٳ‬ɟ㱄Ĩ nj ÛĨ䚵äĨㅎĨĚৠĨ਌㿡ĨÛ䩺⠪Ĩî⡷Ĩ䄐ßĨҍ䗃íĨ 䮪
ǖ ǖ ǔ ǖ
Ĩㅎč㦇Ĩ ሟĨ㠕äĨęþĨ䞀Ĩ㝼㩕Ĩ㈉ĨėᏠî䁤ĨᡱĨîä䯀ᜯĨĜ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ䜫̵➟þĨ
Ĩ Ĩ ǎ ø✜ĨĀ‫ٱ‬ĴƶƪǎƸƪţĨㅎĨÛ䞀Ĩ䗹ᨴĨ˄⸗Ĩ
䜱‫׏‬äĨ ‫➟̵ ٱ‬þĨ╌Ĩė䮩䎁Ĩ᧽Ĩç⬓Ĩîą ì㩕Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩùቿä
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㝼㩕ĨⵇĨ⥽Ĩú㬲Ĩ౹Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨĜㅏĨäမĨ㈉Ĩ⸗ĨÅäîßĨ╌ĨėᏠî䁤ĨüäĨ╌Ĩ䜱Ĩຝ〨Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ䆀Ĩõ㜞äĨě⇤þìĨ‫ٱ‬ĴǎƶėǎƵǏŗĨęì⸗Ĩ⤫
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ㅎĨ䜱ìĨ〪䡋ì
ĨĚ㺬Ĩɝ㩕Ĩ
‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉Ĩú⁔Ĩû⣇
crab ĨĚ㺬ĨäㆺĨ䞈ĨᒖමĨࢇĨ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ〨Ĩî☆ĨຓäĨᣅĨĚ㺬Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䜱Ĩ䨕äĨĜ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩî☆ĨࢇĨ䥞ৄĨ㑔ᜯĨûⱑäĨ⑬ĨਏĨㅎĨė䮩㺬Ĩ⥮ɟĨ
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ĤĜ䞀ĨறßĨ䯎ĨüäĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩî☆Ĩⵇė Ĩ 㻎ĨüäĨㅎĨ⚗îĨ þäĨ䞈Ĩ㦞ᲦĨ Ĩ䆀Ĩė㥀ྜĨ〨ĨĐßĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈spider

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ĨຊäĨ䆀Ĩ䱒Ĩ㈉ĨúྜĨęþĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂うĨ䅋Ĩ╌˟îĨ Ĩ ≄˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨၯĨ㈉Ĩė㥀ྜĨ〨օ❆Ĩ Ĩ ǎ ðäĨຊäĨęþĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩú䯁Ĩ˟îĨ฻äĨĚ㺬Ĩäㆺ
ǖ ǔ Ǘ
Ĩě㍍Ĩø✜Ĝ䞈ᒖ䜫ĨஸĨ⸗ĨᲥĨęþĨ䆀ĨឮĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫᧹ ٱ‬ĨúྜĨðäĨ㞣nj˄‫˟ ٱ‬îĨ Ĩ ⵇĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨமĨ䆀Ĩî䇦äĨ㈉Ĩî☆Ĩ⸗ĨᲦĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹Ĩ䒻˄‫ٱ‬
ǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢ĨᜯĨㅏĨùӒĨ‫ ٳ‬䆀ĨúྜĨîþäĨĚ㺬Ĩ䜱Ĩ╌Ĩ䤆㷍
ǖ ǖ
Ĩ㡘⑬Ĩ äĨᙕĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨஸĨ䥞㟝Ĩç㍮ĨĚ㺬䯎ĨឮĨ䞈ற Ĩ ßĨ䯎ĨúྜĨðäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ␯ᱴĨðîĨ㻌ĨㅎĨ⚗̵Ĩ Ĩ nj nj 䞈ĨᒖßĨ䆀Ĩ䲹ṡĨ͋þĨðäĨĚ㺬
Ǘ
Ĩî☆ĨĚ㺬ĨࡘĨ㈉ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗ĨῲäìĨ䆀Ĩ⇤Ĩ㈉Ĩ㻌Ĩ䞉⒕ĨɝïĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ฻äĨ⸗ĨďⵇĨ䯎Ĩ⇤Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ‫׏‬䩻Ĩ ǎ ༔îþäĨ䞈Ĩ㓈Ĩì䯆Ĩ㈉Ĩ㻌Ĩ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ຊäĨ╌Ĩ䘴ßĨĚ㺬
ĨĜ䞈ĨறßĨ䯎þäĨ⧤Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂䈶äĨ㻌ĨㅎĨ⚗˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩშ‫׏‬äĨ
Ĩ ǎ îⵖĨⵘĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ㦞ĨᲦĨ䆀ĨúྜĨ╌Ĩㅎ㑔ᨴĨðäĨ〨ĨĐßĨຓäĨĚ㺬ĨĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨう〨Ĩ
ǔ ǖ ǔ
Ĩ 䚝ĨîþäĨě㍍Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩ㛾㶩ĨⵇĨė㥀ྜĨ䗂ĨðäĨㅏÝ㩔Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨօ❆Ĩ
˟îĨ ǎ ㅎĨ㤿䯁Ĩ˟îĨî䯀äĨຓäĨ䜱Ĩì⁏ĨęþĨ〪Ĩ㦈Ĩ⸗Ĩ⯞Ĩ䮪ĨĀⰔቿäĨ䗂ĨĚ㺬ㅏ
Ĩ㈉nerve centresė•Ĩ⤕Ĩô਋㱇Ĩ䚽nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨᱍĜĨᑽĨ䮽䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩ䚁äĨㅎĨ䗂⸗Ĩ⸁‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj 䮪ĨĚĨ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ➩äþĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ý㦆Ĩ⸗Ĩ䏲Ĩ䯎ĨេĨຓä
ǔ ǔ
Ĩ஗㊱Ĩ䜱Ĩ䔙ĨîþäĨၟĨ䔙ĨęþĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫colour blindî〨Ĩ˟îĨĚ㺬Ĩėß‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ՙ‫ٳ‬
‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĨĜ䜫Ĩ䚵äĨㅎĨᱳ␰Ĩ䆀ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ䔽Ĩ଺Ĩ÷㩕ìĨ䧸äĨð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩęþ⥲
ǔ
ĨᑽĨ䮽ĨৄĨ䜘ßĨ䚽ĨᙕĨᙕĨ╌Ĩė䒈îĨě㍍Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䚝ĨüäĄ Ĩ〨ĨĐßĨຓäĨê⠪Ĩ⹔ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ㩇Ĩ଺Ĩ⸗ĨúⰨĨ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ㡘‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ 䚽Ĩ䯆äĜ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ䪳ìĨ˟î
ǔǔ
Ĩ nj ðäĨ〨ĨĚ㺬ĨᣅĨÛ㝼㩕ĨⵇĨçîⱎĨč⦇äĨÛ䞈Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ䮪ĜᏽĨ㽟˄Ĩ‫⸗˄ ٱ‬Ĩ
ӉⰔĨ ‫ ٱ‬äမĨ䆀ĨេĨຓäĨ〨Ĩė䒈îĨüäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ଺Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼ĨðäĨᏠĨ䫁ìĨ䗂ĨðäĨᣅ
ǔ ǖ
ĨĜ⊚Ĩ⸗ĨîᒗĨ䏲ĨㅎĨüäĨ㈉Ĩ⸗ĨùӒĨ‫ ٳ‬䆀Ĩė䒈îĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈˄ৄ
Ĩ‫ٱ‬
ǔ
Ĩ╌ĨñɟĨ Ĩ ǎ ᧽Ĩ䞈Ĩ㟟Ĩ䧸äĜ䞈Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨ䜘ß�Ĩ䚽Ĩ╌˟îĨ
‫ ٳ‬nj îþäĨė䒈îĨ᧽‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ㈉Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ〨Ĩė䮩㺬ĨîþäĨė㥀ྜĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩė⧐Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪
Ĩ᧽Ĩ䕉〫ĨㅎĨė䮩䯎Ĩ⹔ĨㅎĨüäĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ㐔Ĩ䤈ৄĨᜆ㽐ĨᏛäĨ╌Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䆀Ĩė䒈îĨ䠁㱄îþäĨě㍍Ĩ᧽‫׏‬äĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ þì䯎canvas㭿⸗Ĩ䜱Ĩ‫׏‬äǎ
Ĩ ǎ 䮨ɟሊĨ
ǔ ǖ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㽟˄Ĩ‫➟̵ ٱ‬þĨ╌mùቿäl
ǔ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬î☆Ĩ╌Ĩ㩔ᜯĨú㍉Ĩ㩔äþĨ䡏⒙
˄⸗Ĩ
ǖ Ǖ
ĨᓧᜯĨ݉Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩî☆Ĩ䆀ĨėþྀĨ䂂ĨüäĨ㈉Ĩç䁡Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ⸁㨉 Ĩ Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄ĨäྀĨⵇĨç䁡Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨî௶Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬
Ǖ ǖ Ǖ
Ĩ䦑ìĨ⸗ɟäĨ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬౹Ĩ〨ĨėẖĨ᩶Ĩ㈉ĨúᜯĨçäîíĨĆ 䂟Ĩ㟼Ĩ䯎ĨេĨ㈉ĨಧĨ䐲㈀Ĝ‫˄ٱ‬䜫Ĩ䔽ɟäĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬䤈〨ĨⵇĨ㩔ᜯĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯎ĨಧĨû⣇Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲Ĝ䞀
ǖ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ⻈üĨ݉Ĩ╌ĨúᜯĨ䕉⁩ß‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨಣѬþ䯁Ĩ Ĩ ㅎĨ➅ὟĨ⑬äĜ䞀
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ĨⵇĚĨ 㺬Scoloderus㦇äþĨ䜪îĨ䆀Ĩⵆ⥲Ĩ䮞îä㱄Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ㰛Ĩ╌ĨúᜯĨû⣇Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ̵⁩ĨㅎĨᡱĨ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨཱྀĨ䆀Ĩė㥀ᜯĨ䨛äĨ଺Ĩ༔ĨಧĨ㻣
ǖ
Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ㦞⸗ Ĩ Ĩî☆Ĩⵇಧ
Ĩ Ĩ╌Ĩ䕉⁩ßscoloderusĨê⠪ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ᠎Ĩ㻴Ĩ╌fly-paper⨍ⵇĨî㩕Ĩ㻌îþäĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㰛Ĩ╌Ĩė㥀ᜯĨⷑäĨúᜯ
ǖ ǖ Ǘ Ǘ
Ĩಧ͋þĨ Ĩ ᓧ䯆Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ䯆ĨᜯĨ䆀ĨẛĨ䊊Ĩ㈉ĨúᜯĨಧĨ㩔äþĨ྇Ĩ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ䰡ĨúᜯĨ䓕Ĩ䡏⒙ĨäēᱴĨҢĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ┏ĠĞĜğģĨîþäĨ㠠ҢĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ‫׏‬äĨǎ Ě㺬
Ĩཱྀ䆀
Ĩ ĨěྀĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬ScoloderusĨė䮩îþäĨ䞀䦑
Ĩ ìĨㄙÛ䞈Ĩᒖ݊Ĩ╌Ĩ᪅Ĩ䆀ĨúᜯĨû⣇Ĩ䔽äĨᣅçäîíĨ䂟ĨᏡĨ⢟ằĨ䤈䜫Ĩ㟴Ĩ䯎ĨេĨຓä
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧᜯ
ĨÅäîßĨ╌Ĩç➄ῄĨ䨕äĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ⡌Ĩî⩺ĨㅎĨ䩺⠪ĨĚî☆ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ㰛ĨਏĨ╌Ĩė䮩㺬ĨㅎĨö䔘ĨĚ⇤þìîⵇĨ䩲⠪ĨĚî☆ĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩðä
ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩ䣊㑔ìî♑Ĩ౹ĨüäĨö䔘Ĩ䮪ĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䯲ĨúᜯĨⵇ̵⁩Ĩ
Ĩ 㰛ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䗵ᨴĨ˄⸗Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬î☆ĨęþĨៈĨ䞀Ĩ䦈ìĨì㱄Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂මĨ〨ĨěẅĨðäĄ Ĩ╌äĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ䰡Ĩúᜯ
Ĩ ǎ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨ䜱ä㍉ĨㅎĨᆆĨą⮘Ĩìþ㯌㑔ĨㅎĨč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨᣅĨ䞈‫׏‬ä
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DinopisĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ࿐ú Ĩ ᜯ
ǖ ǎ ǔ
Ĩ ǎ
ĨⵇĨî☆Ĩ⸗ĨৃĨ㑔ᜯĨ㱤‫׏‬äĜ䞈Ĩ
ᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨîⵇĨ䩲⠪ĨĚî☆Ĩ⾸ĨüäὈĨîþäĨう䔘äĨҍ䔚 û‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ䣹⁩DinopisĨ൚䮛ĒĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨĚ㺬Ĩĕ⮙⁏Ĩ䮪
Ĩ䦈ìĨ㓅Ĩ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨðäĨ〨Ĩî☆ĨࡘĨ㈉ð Ĩ äĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ࿈Ĩ䯎þäĨ㈉Ĩî☆Ĩ╌äĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䰡Ĩ㑔ᜯĨ㻬ḝĨⵇç Ĩ ➄ῄĨòὟĨᱍ䮪 Ĩ Ĩ䥞‫ܖ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗î䇦ä
ǖ ǖ
Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂うĨ䆀ࡘĨ〨Ĩä⨍ĨຊäĨ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ㓅Ĩ䆀Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨ䕈Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼ĨㅎĨúৡĨ᛭ᵘĨ〨Ĩî☆ĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬nj ⵇĨî☆ĨྎĨ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĜ䞈
‫ ٱ‬û䈶äĨäɟĨ
ǖ
ĥĜ⊚ĨぅîĨęï‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㦆
ǔ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㑔ᜯĨⵇĨçⴑĨîþä☒ĨÛṜĨ✔Ĩ䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨîþäĨĚৠĨ਌㿡Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩî☆ĨᄹĨ㈉Ĩ౹㿡Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 〨Ĩî☆ĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈ɝ⢙Ĩ
ĨðäĨᣅ˄ৄĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ø⛭Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪
ǔ ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ䯆äĨėß‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ՙ‫ٳ‬
‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĜ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫ĨîⵇîìĨἿ❆Ĩč⦇äĨ䯔Ĩ䯎ҍ䗃íĨ
Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䲠ĨⵇĨî☆Ĩ༔ĨîþäĨ䜫Ĩėþï䁡Ĩ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䩺⠪ĨĚî☆
nj ˄ᜯĨ
㦆Ĩ㈉ĨᡱĨ䞀Ĩú⬢äĨ䨛äĨ‫ח‬ÛĨ
ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩɝ⢙Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ⧑Ĩ౹Ĩ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩç➄ῄĨ䮪ĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯĨㅏĨę䘧㴙ĨîࢄĨⵇĨç➄ῄĨㅎ̵⁩Ĩ Ĩ ㅎĨ㩔ᜯĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬
ǖ ǔ
Ĩ ǎ 䆀ĨĐßĨຓäĨ䜱̵⁩Ĩ
‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ 䤈㇦ĨㅎĨðäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ㑔Ĩ䆀Ĩú⃵äĨ〨Ĩ䨩îĨឮĨĚ㺬ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䔙䓺Ĩ䒭äĨçὈĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⵇĨĚৠĨ਌㿡Ĩ╌Ĩõ㗂ĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㑔ᜯĨⵇDinopis
ĨėᏊĨ㑔ᜯĨⵇĨðäĨᏠĨ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨஸĨ䆀Ĩî䇦äĨ㈉Ĩî☆Ĩ̵Ĩ nj nj Ě㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ㖌ìĨò㘓‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ଺ĨęþĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪ĨឮĨ〨ĨúᜯĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩę㷡
ǖ ǔ
ĨᒖßĨ䆀Ĩ䲹ṡĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮪̵Ĩ Ĩ nj nj 㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩᱳ਋ìĨ〨Ĩî☆Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ҍnj ǎ ӒĨ‫׏ ٳ‬äĨǎ ❅äîìĨ☒î➳Ĩ౹Ĩ䮪ĨㅎĨ㩔ᜯĨ㨉Ĝ䞈Ĩ㟟Ĩ᧹Ĩě้ĨᏐ‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ਊĨ╌
ǔ ǔ ǖ Ǘ
ĨĜ䔽Ĩ㽟˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬îä‫ٳ‬ӒĨ⸗Ĩ݉Ĩ╌ĨឮĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ
Ĩ‫ৃ ٱ‬ĨäྀĨⵇĨç䁡Ĩ㑔ᜯĨ䮪Ĩė䮩Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ì㔕äĨø⠪Ĩㅎɝ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄ĨẗĨ䕉þî䯀äĨⵇĨ㩔ᜯĨ╌Ĩė䒈‫˄ٱ‬ĨຊäĨᏠĨ䞈
ǖ ǔ
ĨęþĨ䞈ᨴĨÛ䜫Ĩ ç Ĩ îþ➳ĨㅎĨĚৠĨ਌㿡Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨᡱĨûⵇĨ䨛äĨÝ䞈Ĩ㦞⸗ĨቛĨê⠪Ĩ⸘Ĩ㑔ᜯĨ㑔äþĨ̵⁩Ĩ䤈㇦ĨîþäĨĚৠĨ਌㿡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ䭆਑Ĩ䨕äĨĚ㺬Ĩ㨉
Ĩ nją ㅎĨðäĨ䚽Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨ౹ᄌĨîþäĨ౹㿡Ĩ㰛Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨûⵇĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ɝĜ䔽
ңĨ ‫ٳ‬Ǐ Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ㦇㸍Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ䭇ìĨû䈶ä⇤Ĩ䔽äÛė䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩė㈀Ĩü⁩ßĨ䜱Ĩⶅ
ǖ ǖ ǖ
ĨຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ㈊Ĩ䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩ⨾Ĩ〹Ĩ䮪Ĩ㦆ĨðäĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨⵇm᧹㘭ᣝĨ㧗lĨõ㜞äĨüąäĨⷑäĨ䚽͋þĨ Ĩ ᓧ⸗Ĩü஘Ĩ㑔ᜯĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞀ĨʆĨ⸗Ĩ⟨ᏠĨ䫡í
ĨĜ䞀ĨᒖৄĨ㧗ĨⲨäþĨ╌Ĩė㥀ᜯ
ǔ
tatting ㅎ༔Ĩ㦇äþĨ䯲㘭ᣝ‫˄ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ㧗ĨîäìĨ㊄ĨĀ㬷ĨîäïþäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂ৄĨ㧗îþäĨðⵟĨ〨Ĩ䂬ìßĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ᮽĨ䯎Ĩĕ⇥Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ䯊ĨóӒĨ‫ ٳ‬䮪Ĩ䚽Ĩ䥝ß
Ĩㅎ䗂Ĩ ৄĨ㧗Ĩ䆀Ĩ▮〨Ĩ䜱ĨຜĨÛ䔽Ĩ਌ᄌĨࢦ⁩Ĩ䤈〨ĨⵇĨ䗂ৄĨ㧗ĨៈĨ╌Ĩ▚Ĩ䨛äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䚽ĨㅏĨĜ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䮼ìĨę⪌þĨ㑒䞉ìĨÛĨė䤉␰Ûshuttle
ǔ ǖ ǖ
ĨĜ䔽ĨĀ䩶Ĝė䜫Ĩ㐔Ĩ㟜ĨĀⰔቿäĨ㯠ĨᣅĨ䥞ᜯĨৃ‫׏‬ᨴäĨ Ĩ Ĩ ǎ 〪Ĩ䞀ʆĨ
╌Ĩė䜫䯆ĨüäĄ ĨñດĨ䄐ĨîäìĨ㧗‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ đ␰Ĩ䮪Ĩ䚽˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨÝ䞀ĨʆĨぅîĨⲚᏠ
ǔ ǖ ǔ ǔǔ
ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ⵇ ٱ‬Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩ䗂ລĨç㩕㸈ĨîþäĨçî䁤ĨÛҍ䗃íĨ Ĩ 㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩî⢾Ĩ㈉Ĩ౹㿡Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩ䐲㈀Ĝ䞈Ĩ㽟˄Ĩ‫˄ ٱ‬ᜯĨ ‫ ٱ‬䜫Ĩîäì䓺ì⁏ïäĨⵇĨ౹㿡Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔
ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ㽟Ĩ䲚Ĩ⸗ĨúⰨĨ䮪Ĩ䚽˄Ĝ䞈Ĩ ‫ٱ‬ ‫ ٱ‬mĨ䝲ílĨⵇĨîä䯀ᜯĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ÛĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䮧ìĨû䈶ä⇤Ĩ㈉Ĩ䂬ὟĨ⹔ĨࢇĨ〨Ĩė਋㿡ĨüäĨėß‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ՙ‫ٳ‬
䂬ï㑔Ĩ˄䜫 ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĨÛ䗂ৄĨ౹㿡Ĝ䞈
ǖ ǖ Ǘ ǔ
ĨîþäĨ䞈˄ᜯĨĨ‫ ٱ‬ㅏĨú⃵äĨ䆀Ĩ▮〨ĨㅎĨຬ‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ↷Ĩៈ䞈Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬ㅎĨú㑔⃣äĨęì␰‫ٳ‬ӒĨ㯠Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩđ␰Ĩ౹㿡ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ䜫Ĩ䝲íĨä㆐Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 〪Ĩ䔽
Ĩ ĚؔĨ
ǖ ǔ
Ĩ ǎ
‫׏‬äĜ䞈Ĩ ᒖ⸗Ĩ䤈䜡îㅎĨðäĨ〪Ĩ㈊Ĩ䜫Ĩ਑Ĩ〹Ĩ䮪˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨㅎĨ⤫ҍ䗃íĨ
Ĩ 〨Ĩě㆐Ĩ䗂ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩìᣅ䁡ĨĀ䩶ĨçⴑĨ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 〪Ĩ䞈ĨᣆþĨ䮱Ĝᒖ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩ⑬⥬ĨㅎĨỉ
ǖǖ ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩᒖäþ⸗ĨçⵇṡĨ╌Ĩě㆐͋⟷  Ĩ〪Ĩ㈊Ĩ䜫Ĩ਑Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ〹Ĩ䮪˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䞈˄⸗
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ä㆐ĨęþĨᣅĨ䥚≻ĨçⵇṡĨ‫ח‬Ĩnj ęþĨ〨Ĩě㆐Ĩ䗂ĨឮĨ䞈͋⟷Ĩ Ĩ 䨕ä
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㝑ὟĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ Ā䩶ĨⵇĨě㆐Ĩ䆀Ĩõ㜞äĨě⇤þìĜ䞈
ǔ ǖ
ĨຓäĨ䯎Ĩç‫˄ٱ‬㺕äĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩïä䯀ä䎁Ĩ〨ĨỉĨðäĨ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîäĨ㨉Ĝ㈈ĨäမĨ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨîä䯀ᜯĨ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䤈↸Ĩ➩äþĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ çnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĩ䪴ìĨ䗂Ĩ䚽Ĩ〪Ĩ᧹
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Ĩ຤Ĩ〨ѬḝĨ Ĩ ǎ ㅎԹĨ
Ĩ 䨕äĨ‫׏‬äǎ 䮪ĨîþäĜ䞈Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗Ĩûþ㯎Ĩ╌օ❆Ĩ Ĩ îþäĨ䪺ìĨÛĨ⍤Ĩᱳ␰Ĩ䔽äĨ䗂Ĩ䂬⨵Ĩ䋬äìĨㅎĨç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䎁ĨຓäĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗ĨîäKäĨ䮼䎁
ǖ
ĨĜᓧ⸗Ĩ䔽ĨúⰨĨ╌äĨ䞀Ĩ⍠ĨîþäĨ䪸ìĨ⸁ĨᣅĨîþäĨʆĨ䔽Ĩ䪳ìĨ〨Ĩ䤈↸Ĩ➩äþĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䮪ĨėᣇĨ䞀Ĩ㐖
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ǔ Ąnj ╌ĨùቿäĨÛ䞀ĨᮡĨ⸗Ĩü஘Ĩ䯎þäĨ䚽ĨᢷĨᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩç➄ῄĨû፝ĨüäĨ㑔ᜯĨ฻äĨ䗂DinopisĨ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉ĨėK䯎ĨÞእîä
Ĩú⃵äĨ╌äĨ䜱Ĩ╌ĨùቿäĨîþä㦈Ĩ‫ة‬Ĩ
ǔ ǔ
Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩü㺕äĨïäĨéîὟ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ➩äþĨÛ䧸
Ĩ äĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ䯊Ĩ⸗ĨúⰨĨ䮪Ĩ䚽Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ㡘‫׏‬äĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ⒹĨ଺˄⸗
Ĩ ǎ 㨉Ĝ䞈Ĩ㽟˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䧸äĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䇞ᜯĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĩ▚Ĩ䝲íĨɝĜ㦈Ĩ Ĩ‫ٱ‬
Ĩ䗂ĨðäĨîþäĨ䤈ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨㆤĨນĨຝĨĚ㺬DinopisĨ〪Ĩ〨Ĩç㑔ä␰ĨüąäĨ䚽ĨĜ㦈Ĩ䜱ĨৄĨĀⰔቿä㑔ᜯ㑔‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨéîìĨ䗂ĨĚ㺬DinopisĨຜĨîþäĨᏽĨ㽟ĨÛìᣅ‫ٱ‬nj˄
Ĩᣆî㿂Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼ĨðäĜ㑒Ĩ䮨⸗Ĩïä䯀ä䎁Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩ⍠ĨỉĨû㸈ĨÛ㦆 Ĩ Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨㆤĨî䯀äĨ㈉ĨេĨຓäĨěì㩕Ĩ䤈㇦ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉䗂 Ĩ ৄ㑔ᜯĨ฻ä
ǔnj ǔnj ǔnj
ٰĨĨ‫ ٱ‬Ą ╌ĨùቿäĨ䗂ĨðäĨ᧹Ĩ㑔ᜯĨ䜱Ĩ䧸þĨ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䗂ĨĚ㺬ĨÝ䯉ĨٰĨ‫ ٱ‬Ą ㆤĨ㑔ᜯĨäᒯĨîþäĨä⇤þìĨᏠĨᏽ䯉‫ٰٱ‬ĨĄ ĀⰔቿäĨ㑔ᜯĨບ䯆äĨ䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ䭇ìĨåäᣅĨⵇĨç㑔ä␰Ĩ䫡í
ǖ
‫˄ ٱ‬ǎ ĨৄĨㆤĨ㑔ᜯĨ㻬ḝĨⵇĨç➄ῄĨ㰛Ĩ╌Ĩė㥀ᜯĨě⇤þìÛ䞀Ĩ䯰ĨㆤĨ㑔ᜯĨ䓕Ĩ㧗Ĩ〪ĨᑽĨ䇻ᜯĨㆤĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪ĨĚ㺬Ĩì㥀䁡䔘‫׏‬äÝ㦈Ĩ
䞈Ĩ˄ᜯ‫ٱ‬  ǎ ৄĨㆤĨęî‫ٱ‬nj˄þìÛᏽ
ĨĜ㈊䜫Ĩ࿎Ĩ䯎þäĨ㈉Ĩî☆ĨຓäĨ㑔ᜯĨ╌äĄ Ĩ〪Ĩ䮪Ĩîþä
Ĩ nj ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩì˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䕉nj˄‫ ٱ‬ï‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ĨⓁĨ଺Ĩ⸁ĨᣅÛ〨ĨĚ㺬ĨĜ䞈ĨåäᣅĨ䜱‫׏‬äĨ
Ĩîą ࢜Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䮧ìĨû䈶ä⇤ĨûⵇĨ䮪Ĩð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨឮîþäĨ䔽ӉⰔĨ Ĩ ǎ ø✜ĨⵇĨç㑔ä␰Ĩüä
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㝑ὟĨ㶷îĨą ìⰔĨⵇĨÞ⚩äĨêþîĨĚíĨû፝ĨᣅĨㇿĨ⤫Ĩ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨç➄ῄĨû፝Ĩ䮪Û䔽Ĩ଺Ĩ÷㩕ìĨൔĨçîþ➳
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ㅎĨ䜱ìĨⵇ䡋ìĜĚ㺬Ĩ⚩îດ
ɝ㩕Ĩ
Ĩㅎ⚩Ĩ îດĜ䞈ĨᒖමĨî☆Ĩ଺ĨîþìĨ╌Ĩ㩔ᜯĨęþ⥲Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂මĨî☆Ĩ⸗ĨৄĨ㑔ᜯPortia FimbriataĨĚ㺬Ĩ⚩îດĨ⥮ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬Ĩ⑬ĨਏĨĚ⇤þì
ǖ
ĨⵇĚ
Ĩ 㺬⚩îດĨ〪Ĩ䞈ĨᣆþĨ䮱Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ᧱ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬〨Ĩ䗂うĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬ĨㅎĨö䔘Ĩ䜱ĨຊäĨ䥞‫ܖ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂うĨóî㑔äĨçäẅĨě⇤þìĨ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ➅ῄĨîþäĨ‫׏‬äǎ
ǖ ǖ ǖ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㦞ĨûⵇĨ╌Ĩ⦦ĨąổĨ㖌ìĨîþäĨę⦝Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ͋þĨᓧ⸗Ĩî☆Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬㑔ᜯĨⵇĨė䮩㺬ĨĚ⇤þìĨĀ㩕⦫Ĩ⦡Ĩ ąüä䄌
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Ĩä䜫Ĝ䜫Ĩ䗃îĨ⸗Ĩ▮〨ㅎĨ䗂ä᳻Ĩ╌Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ〨ĨĐßĨຓäĨä㆐Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ༔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䜫Ĩ䜱îĨ᮫Ĩä䜫Ĩ̵Ĩ nj nj 䞈ĨறĨᜯ͋þĨ
Ĩ ðäĨĀ㩕⦫Ĩ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬ĨĚ⇤þìĨĚ㺬Ĩ⚩îດ
Ǘ
Ĩ╌ĨěᔲĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㈉ĨěìດĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨཔĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮪Ĩ䆀Ĩ䪺ìĜ䞀Ĩ䦈ìĨᲦϥäᐪᐪĨ Ĩ Ǐ ㅎĨ⚩îດĨ㦇äþ䗂ßĨėá‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ౹ìĨ⛨ï㘭ᒭĨ䮪Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ╌Ĩě㆐Ĩîþä
Ǘ
Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩ䲹ṡĨ╌Ĩ䘸ßĨĚ㺬Ĩ⚩îດĨÛĨ䞀Ĩᒖ䯈ĨᣢĨ䯎ĨðäĨ䜱Ĩ䪸ìĨ〨Ĩî☆ĨᣅĨ⥮ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬ĨĚ⇤þìĨüäĜ䜫Ĩ䯉‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ 䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ⸗ĨēäĨ╌Ĩä䜫ĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ᠐Ĩ㻽
ǖ ǔǔ
ĨᏠĨ䞈˄ßĨ ǎ ɟĨ̵Ĩ
Ĩ‫׏ ٱ‬ì‫ٳ‬ nj nj 㝼㩕ĨⵇĨúᜯĜ䞈Ĩᒖî㩕ĨîþäĨㄺÛĨᒖᵴĨ〨ĨúᜯĨê⠪ĨㅎĨě㆐Ĩ䥞䜫ĨྎĨ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨĚ㺬Ĩ⚩îດĨࡘ㈉Ĩ Ĩ 䗂ᜯĨமĨ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĜ䞈
ĦĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨஸĨ䥞㟝Ĩç㍮ĨîᒗĨ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ⚩îດ
ǖ ǖ
Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖî‫˄ٱ‬äĨ䏲ĨㅎĨ⌴îĨㅎĨ១ĨㅎĨĚ㺬EuryattusĨĚ㺬Ĩ⚩îດĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲Ĝ䞀Ĩ䦈ìĨⵇ䡋ìĨ〨ĨüäĨ⸗Ĩî˄äĨ‫ ٱ‬䏲ĨㅎĨė䮩㺬ĨㅎĨö䔘ĨຊäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ⚩îດ
Ǘ ǖ
Ĩ䲎ĨîþäĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ䚂Ĩ〨ĨೇĨ⚩îດĨ⸗ĨமĨ䯎þäĨ㈉Ĩ㎛Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩęì㩕Ĝ䞈Ĩ䗵î䯀äĨ㈉ĨೇĨ䥞䜫ĨěʠĨ ‫׏ ٳ‬äĨǎ 䥞䜫Ĩ㔠Ĩ╌Ĩėþî‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩ䨩îĨĚ㺬Euryattus
ǔ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ╌Ĩ㎛ĨĚ㺬Ĩęì㩕⸗ĨうĨⵇ䡋ìĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ㡘‫׏‬äĜ䞈Ĩ
ħĜ䞈ĨᒖßĨ䐛ɝ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ ǎ ᪼˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䯎þäĨ㈉ĨðäĨê⠪ĨㅎEuryattus
Ǖ Ǖ
Ĩ⹔ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ㈊Ĩ䜫Ĩ㿬Ĩ⪌Ĩ〹Ĩ䮪ÝᰳĨė㈀Ĩî☆Ĩ䩲⠪Ĩ㰛Ĩ䧸äĨ䗂ĨðäĨîþäÝ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗Ĩ਌㴙Ĩęî‫ٱ‬ӀäĨ฻äĨ╌Ĩėþî‫ٱ‬ӀäĨ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬Ĩ㰛Ĩê⠪Ĩ⸘Ĩ⚩îດ
Ĩ䧸äĨ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ╌äĨ䐲㈀Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩî☆Ĩ㦆ĨðäĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪ĨðäĨĚ㺬ĜᰳĨ䩱⠪ĨĚî☆Ĩ㖌ìĨ䧸äĨ䗂ĨðäĨ╌ĨᣆþĨ⑬äĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ㝼㩕Ĩㅎmçî䁤ĨĚኰl
ǖ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄うìĨ
‫ ٱ‬ç➄ῄĨ㬶Ĩ౹ĨㅎĨᆆĨą⮘ĨຓäĨ䛹Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩė㥀Ĩ㬲Ĩ䨕äĜㅏĨᆆĨ䜱
Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂මĨė㮨Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬
ǖ
Ĩ ęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮪ĜĨ䞈Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨ䕉Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩę㈊Ĩî☆ĨㅎDolomedesĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䕉Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲Ĝ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩî☆Ĩ଺Ĩ䆀Ĩėⴑ⥲ĨⲚ㫱Ĩ⪌Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ⸁
Ĩ䍄‫ٳ‬ɟĨ
ǔ
ĨĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䤈‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䆀Ĩė㥀‫˄ٱ‬ĨîþäĨå⡷㱇ĨĀ㬷Ĩç㩕㹬
ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖîä䯅Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂ྩĨဲþì䯆ĨຓäĨ䔽äĨ⸗ĨৃĨৃĨ㑒䞉ìĨěî⾹Ĩ㈉Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄͋þĨ Ĩ ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ฻äÛ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩûþ㯎Ĩ╌Ĩ䤈䱠ĨᵟäĨᣅĨÛĚ㺬Ĩ஗ß
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

ǔ ǔ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ⪌Ĩęþ⥲Ĩ㈉ĨðäĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩî㹹ĨṠĨㅎĨⵆ⥲Ĩ⧌䁡‫ٳ‬ʠĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨûⵇĨⵇĨ᎜Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬ĨĚ⇤þìĨ䮪Ĝ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨû䈶äĨ⇤Ĩ䩅ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬þìĨ͋þĨఊ
ǔ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨ଺ĨûⵇĨⵇĨ⅃äîĨ䂬䜙Ĩ㈉Ĩîä‫ٳ‬ӒĨ䆀Ĩçî❼ĨㅎĨěῗĨⲚ㫱
ǖ ǖ Ǘ Ǘ
Ĩ ᓧ⸗Ĩ䧸äĨĜ䞀Ĩ䗵îĨ䯎ĨᾦĨ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬îᨴĨⴛnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ᜵Ĩ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨぅîĨ䯎Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬îᨴĨຊäĨ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ䩱⠪ĨĚî☆Ĩ㑔äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩú⃵äĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ
͋þĨ Ĩ nj ⵇĨĚ㺬
Ǘ ǖ
Ĩ ǎ ⸗Ĩîä䯅Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀ė䇪äìĨຓäĨ〨Ĩė䒈‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂䜫ĨῲäìĨ䆀Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨĚ㺬Ĩ஗ßĜĨ䞈Ĩ㦞ĨûⵇĨ╌Ĩ௡䯂ĨąṨҍ䔚Ĩ
‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ 㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂݊Ĩ╌ĨਊþĒĨ〨ĨĐßĨຓäĨĚ㺬
ǖ ǔ ǖ Ǘ ǖ ǎ
ĨîþäĨҍäìĨຓäĨ䮪ĨĜ䞈ĨᒖɟäĨ ‫ ٳ‬䯎Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨ䕉Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩᓧ䞉‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj 㑒ßĨេĨ฻äĨ╌ĨôṇäĨҍ䔚Ĩ ⸗Ĩ຤Ĩěî⾹Ĩ㈉Ĩ䕉Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬ĨࡘĨ㈉ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ䞼ĒĨ╌ĨᏡĨĕþîĨåß
ǘǔ
Ĩ᜵Ĩ䞀Ĩ㦞ĨęɟᜯĨ ‫ⵇ ٳ‬Ĩð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨðßĨ䑈ßĨㅎĨðäĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩî䇦äⵇĨ䗂ßĨ㈉Ĩî䔘ᜯĨ⹔ĨĚ㺬Ĝᒖ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩ㽼ĨåßĨ∘Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ㔍äĒĨî䯀äĨ㈉Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩê⠪ĨðäĨð㮷
Ǘ Ǘ
ĨĚɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ᝩĨ㮧GolyanĨ㐔Ĩ䤈うìĨ䆀ɟሊĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ⽃ĨïäĨ⽃Ĩ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂લĨ࿶Ĩ฻äĜ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩð㯗Ĩ〨ĨñሟîäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ䆀Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䒻˄‫ٱ‬
ǔ
ĨĜ䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ˄මĨ ‫ ٱ‬㮧
Ǘ ǖ nj ǖ ǖ ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩû䪍äĨęþĨ༔ĜᒖᜯßĨ䔽Ĩ䯎Ĩ❟⪕Ĩ㈉ҢĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ┏ģğĨ╌ĨėþᜳĨ㈉ĨðäĨ㮧‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ̵Ĩ nj 䞈Ĩ䗵îĨĚ゗Ĩ䲹ṡĨþĨṢĨ౹‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ͋þĨðäĨĚ㺬Ĩ͋þĨᓧ⸗Ĩî☆
ǖ Ǘ
ĨᣅĨÛ㮧Ĩ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䜫Ĩ䡏䯀þäĨĀäî⮪ĨĚ㺬ĨࡘĨ㈉ĨðäĜ䞈ĨᔂⵇĨ╌äĨ╌Ĩė䇪äìĨ䬙ɝïĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ຓäĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ៩Ĩ䆀Ĩė䒈‫˄ٱ‬ĨຊäĨ〨Ĩ㮧Ĩ⸗Ĩ䜫ĨῲäìĨ䆀Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄
ǔ ǖ Ǖ Ǘ
Ĩ〨ĨÞ‫ٱ‬ĴźƊäĨ䕉þî䯀äĨ㈉ĨðäĨ०Ĩ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨ⸗Ĩĕ䚂Ĩ〨Ĩî☆Ĩø✜Ĩ䔙ĨęþĜ䞈Ĩ˄うìĨ ‫ ٱ‬ɟäĨ
‫ ٳ‬฻äĨ╌ĨĚᒭĨɝïĜ㩔Ĩ ‫ٳ‬Ǐ ㄷĨ䔙Ĩî䯀äĨ㈉Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ╌äÛĨ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨĚɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ⮻ⵇĨ╌ĨĚ㺬
nj nj
ğĞĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨうĨ⸗Ĩ㑔Ĩ䯎Ĩěî⾹Ĩ╌äĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯĨ㱇Ĩî☆Ĩ̵Ĝ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䜫Ĩ䙎Ĩ䕉⁩ß‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨęþĨ╌ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨú䯁Ĩ䆀Ĩ౹î⚏Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩᅠ
Ĩ⸘Ĩ䗂ĨðäĨîþäĨ䤈䜫Ĩ❅ḝĨ╌ė Ĩ 〫ÛĨ䞈ᒖ Ĩ ݊Ĩ╌ĨਊþĒĨ╌äĨᣅĨęì㩕Ĩ᠎㻴Ĩ Ĩ╌Ĩû䁡ぅ㑔ĨęþĨ〨ĨĚ㺬ĨĜ䞀ĨᓧલäĨ䆀Ĩ䛻íĨç㑔ä␰Ĩî♑Ĩ౹䯎Ĩ Ĩû㹬Ĩðä
ǖ ǔ ǗǍ Ǘ
ĨÛĨ䮨ᷚĨ‫ח‬Ĩ nj 䮪Ĩ䗂ĨĚ㺬ĨĀ䩶Ý‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨê⠪Ĩ⸘Ĩ╌äĨîþäĨㅏĨ❅ḝĨㆤĨ㑔䁡î⪕ĨⵇĨû䁡Ĩ䗂ĨĚ㺬Ý⊚Ĩ݉Ĩ╌ĨਊþĒĨ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬Ⓔ˄䞉‫ٳ‬ Ĩ‫ؼ ٱ‬ĨᏡĨㅎĨðäĨ䯎Ĩė䒈‫˄ٱ‬ĨຊäĨê⠪
ǖ ǖ ǔ
ĨᏟäĨ╌ĨἻþĨㅎĨč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ଺Ĩö䔘Ĩ䮪ĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩê⠪ĨㅎĨėþîä䯀ᜯĨû፝Ĩ䫑ìĨĜ㩇Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩ䓕þîĨ╌Ĩ⟤㱇ĨຊäĨÛ䞈Ĩ֫⥲ĨㅎĨҍ䗃íĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩᡱ
ǖ ǖ ǔ
Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ䆀ҍßĨ Ĩ ǎ ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ßĨຊäĜ䞈Ĩ䯃îĨ䚵äĨㅎĨ䗂ຟĨ䁣ᜯĨ⦦Ĩ〨ĨðäĨîþäĨ䗂⸗ĨĚৠĨ਌㿡Ĩ䨕äĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨûⵇĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩ䄐ßĨҍ䗃í
ǖ ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈˄㩕‫ٳ‬
‫ ٱ‬䂗ĨùïîĨⵇĨðäĨ〨Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬Ӓ
ǖ
Ĩ nj Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ
‫ח‬Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䇁␰ĨęþĨė〫îþäĨ䞈Ĩ䗝îĨęþĨė〫Ĩ〪Ĩ䜫Ĩ䇞ᜯĨ䔙ĨęþĨ㪺㈉ Ĩ ឮ Ĩ ĨîþäĨ䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩ䆇íĨ㈉Ĩ㠕äĨùïîĨⵇឮ
Ĩ Ĩ䞈Ĩ䔽Ĩ䧸äĨîä䯀ᜯĨ䤈〨Ĩ㑔äþĨᯔĨ䆀Ĩ䅠ïl
Ĥì䡋Ĩ‫ګ‬î␰mĜĨ䞈é Ĩ ǎ ⸁
Ĩ îìĨ䆀Ĩ⪣ìĨø⛭‫׏‬äĨ
Ĩ䩱⠪ĨⵇĨ䗂㟝Ĩ⡸⩺ĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ㏤
ǖǖ ǔ
‫ ٳ‬ǎ ͋þĨ௳Ĩ฻äĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ஗ßĨ㦇äþĨ䗂ᜯĨ䤈‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䆀Ĩėⴑ⥲Ĩû䯆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䩱ӒäĨ
ĨĜ䞀ĨᒖৄĨî䯀ä㈉Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ଺Ĩ㎛Ĩ฻äĨ䮪ĨᱵᰳĜĨ䞀Ĩᒖîä䯅ĨåßĨą ɟïĨ ‫ ٳ‬îþäĨ䨺ä
ǖ ǖ
Ĩ㈉Ĩ䨩îĨᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨėᏘĨ〨ĨěɟᩓĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ě㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨቛĨęɟᩓĨ ‫׏ ٳ‬äĨǎ ü䂭îìĨ㈉ĨėಪĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨėᏘĨ㈉ĨėþìດĨ䆀Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨຝĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj Ě㺬Ĩ㇏Ĩ䗂ৄĨ䔙⚩ßĨ฻ä
ǖ ǔǕ
Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ଺ĨûⵇĨⵇradarĨîäĒäîĨ䮪Ĩęþ⥲Ĩ㈉ĨðäĜ䞀Ĩ߀Ĩû⃚äĨ〨ĨěɟᩓĨ‫ ٳ‬îþäĨ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ䜱䯀‫˶ٱ‬ĨㅎĨ㎛Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨēᣅĨ╌Ĩė㍉䞉ì
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗ĨîäìĨὡĨ╌Ĩ㱄ßㅎĨî☆ĨîþäĨ䞀
ǖ Ǘ ǔ Ǘ ǖ
Ĩ ᣅĨėᣅĨîþäĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯ
ė ‫ ٳ‬nj ҍᜯĨ
‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䞛ɟĨ nj ㅎĨ䯎þäĨ㑔ᜯĨê⠪ĨðäĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ㩔Ĩ䕣Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨडĨ㈉Ĩä䜫Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉䞲ìĨîþäĨė䒈‫˄ٱ‬ĨຊäĨĚ㺬ĨࡘĨ㈉Ĩ䯋⸗ĨîᒗĨęɟᩓ ‫ٳ‬
ǖ ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䗵îĨĚ㺬ĨėᣇĨ䞈㎛Ĩęþm㏤l䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ䲙Ĩ⸗Ĩî὾äĨ☒ĨㅎĨ㏤Ĩ㑔ᜯĨ䞈˄ĨĨ‫ ٱ‬ᜯ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ٶ‬ǎʠ
Ĩ‫➟⮫ ٱ‬äĨⵇĨä䜫Ĩՙ‫ٳ‬
ǔ ǖ Ǘ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ╌ĨĚᒭĨ‫׏‬ᨴäĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨ䞈˄î䯅Ĩ
Ĩ╌äĨ⸗Ĩ䐛ɝ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ‫╌ ٱ‬Ĩð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩäþî㑔‫˄ٱ‬ǎ Ĩä㆐Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌Ĩî⡷ĨòὟĨÛĨî䔘ᜯĨ˄ᵘĨ nj nj
‫ ٱ‬䤈〨Ĩ̵Ĝ䞈Ĩ ᒖ⸗Ĩî䇦äĨ䆀Ĩ㎛ĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩüì
ǖ
ĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬äမĨñሟîäĨ䆀Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩä㆐Ĩ㑔äþĨ䗂䯆Ĩ䯎∘Ĩ Ĩ ㅎĨ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĝ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ㩔Ĩ⸗Ĩ㎺Ĩ䆀Ĩ㎛ĨຓäĨ൚äþĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂うĨ╌äĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ㦞ĨමĨ⸗Ĩᣢ
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Ĩ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨðäîþäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ଺Ĩ㑔ᜯĨ䯎Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ㎺Ĩ䕣Ĩ㈉Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ╌äĨ⸗ĨමĨ〨Ĩě㆐ĨîþäĨ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨßĨ䯎ĨåßĨ∘Ĩ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩð㯗Ĩ䔽ä
ǔ
ĨĜᒖ⸗Ĩ䔽ĨùӒĨ‫ ٳ‬䤈〨Ĩ౉㩕Ĩ㈉Ĩėþî䔘ᜯĨě⇤þìĨîþäĨėþ㆐Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂䯆
ǔǔ ǔǔ
ĨㅎĨ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨĚ㺬Ĩ஗ßĨ䯎Ĩ䗂ßĨ‫׏‬ì‫ٳ‬ ǎ ɟĨĚì⇤Ĩ╌ĨᣆþĨ⑬äĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨ䗂ᗂäĨûäⱎäĨ⡿ṇäĨᱍĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩá݊Ĩ╌Ĩᡡ‫׏‬ì‫ٳ‬ Ĩ ǎ ɟĨ㈉Ĩ㱄ßĨㅎĨ㩕⇤Ĩ⌴䁡
ŏnjťŌ
ĨŲŦnj ĨᙯᵘĨ㦇äþĨ➞㩕Ĩ☗ė‫˄ٱ‬ǎ 㺬ĨĚ⇤þìĨ࡚Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨલĨä䜫Ĩî䯀äĨ㈉ĨðäĨîþäĨ䞈ĨᒖৄĨ㏥ĨㅎĨĚì⇤ĨęþĨႼ㱇ĨðäĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨᯙĨ䆀Ĩ䤈ä㍍
ǔ
Ĩ䤈‫˄ٱ‬äᏠĨ䤈〨ĨষĨ䆀Ĩ㩕⇤Ĩą⌴䁡ĨěîດĨîþäĨᒖ䜫Ĩ䔽ĨῲäìĨⵘĨî䯀äĨ㈉Ĩ㏨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞀Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗ĨäࠐĨî䯀äĨ㈉Ĩė㥀⁏Ĩ㦇ὟĨ㈉sea-snailsė㮩
ǔ
ĨęþĨ䞈ᒖĨ ᜯĨ㩔Ĩ䆀Ĩ㏤ड Ĩ ᣅĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ㹽Ĩⵇ௡ä䯂Ĩ⡿ṇäĨüäĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ㍹Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨ⹖ßĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ‫ݒ‬Ĩ䤈˄äᏠĨ ‫ ٱ‬ê⠪ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩø✜
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ğğĜė䜫Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ‫׏‬Ĩė䂡Ĩ䉸‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ╌ĨîᨴĨ䆀Ĩė䮩ì⇤
‫ ٳ‬ǎ ĀⰔቿäĨ㦆㈉Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ଺Ĩ⹔Ĝ䞀îⵇĨ䩲⠪ĨĚî㸗Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䜪îĨę䯀ïĨåßĨą ɟïĨ
Ĩ㐗Ĩ䯀ïĨåßĨą ɟï ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 䩱⠪ĨĚî☆ĨⵇĨðäĨîþäĨझĨⵇĨä䜫ĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ䪴ìĨ䗂Ĩ䚽Ĩ〪Ĩ᧹
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Ĩ䜱Ĩᓧ䜫ĨῲäìĨႼ㱇ຜĨ䆀Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨęþĨᏠĨė䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩç➄ῄîⵇîìĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䜪îĨę䯀ïĨåßĨą ɟïĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ⹔Ĩ䯆äĜ䞈Ĩ㽟˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㣦䐁Ĩՙ䡋ĒĨ ‫ ٶ‬䩱⠪ĨⵇĨ䗂îä䯅
ǔ ǔ ǖ ǖ
ĨຓäĨÛ⊚ĨęîĨę䯀ïĨåßĨą ɟïĨ ǎ ‫׏‬äĨǎ äϺĜ㈊Ĩ
‫ ٳ‬ǎ 䯎ĨÞৄĨㅎĨėᏠî䁤Ĩėþï䁡ᣅĨî䔘ᜯĨҕïĨ ‫ ٶ‬č 䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩ䜱͋þĨĨ ⵇĨ䗂⸗Ĩî䇦äĨⵇĨᷚîþäĨ⹔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨùቿäĨð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨðäĜ㈊Ĩ䥞ᜯĨ㱇
ǖ ǖ Ǖ
Ĩ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟ㠕äĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ஗ßĨðäĨ㦇äþĨėἾ❆ĨîþäĨç➄ῄĨĚï‫ٱ‬ӿäĨ ǎ 〪Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĩ╌ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩü䜫㱇ĨⵇĨî⢾Ĩ㈉ĨėᏠî䁤ĨüäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩìᣅþ

ǖ ĨĜㅏĨᆆĨ䆀Ĩïä䯀äĨ䭆਑
ƴů
Ĩ䯎ĨęäîĨ䡏⒕ĨåîĨä䄎Ĩ★Ĩ౹ĜĨ䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩ䆀Ĩᏼ䗃Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨᙯᱴĨㅎĨឮĨ䔽Ĩ䧸äĨîä䯀ᜯĨ䤈〨ĨĜ଺ĨåîĨäî‫ٱ‬Ĵlj ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ଺åîĨä䄎ĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ䯎㠕
Ĩ äĨ␱þલĨä䄎l
ģĤì䡋Ĩ‫ګ‬î␰mĜ䞈
ĨĚ㺬䓕Ĩແ
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Ĩ Ĩ⎇îĨ 䯀äĨ㈉ĨេĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹Ĩ䒻˄ĨĨ‫ ٱ‬ຊäĨ͋þĨ㈉ĨěῗĨöä䔘äĨ࡚ĨㅎĨė䮩㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ᜯĨ䤈‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䆀Ĩä✍NamibianĨ㈉Ĩ䩱ӒäĨ
Ĩ䞀㦞 ‫ ٳ‬஗㸦Ĩåᢴ
ĨĜ䞀ĨᒖᜯĨ䜫ĨîþìĨ╌ĨěῗĨᏼĨ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨĚᒭĨ䥞䜫ĨᓧうĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ï‫ٱ‬nj˄ⲹĨ㳜Ĩ╌ĨេĨ䓕ĨໂĨຓäĨࡘĨ㈉ĨðäĨĜ䞀Ĩ㦞ĨৄĨ᧹ĨໂĨ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨេĨ฻äĨîþä
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Ĩ䦑ìĨú㬲Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䚽Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂㟝Ĩęïä䯀äĨⵇĨî⪙îĨðäĨĜ䞀ᒖ⸗Ĩ䲹ṡĨ╌ĨĚᒭĨĚɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ╌Ĩî⪙îĨㅎĨⒶĨ⮻Ĩ‫ٳ‬ҢĨǎ þìĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ㠪Ĩ‫ٳ‬ҢĨǎ ⎻ġĜģĠĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ䮪
Ǘ
‫ ٳ‬nj ɟĨnj ㈉Ĩñì䯆ĨĚî㰉ĨㅎĨėເĨ㈉ĨĚē㈊Ĩ㦇äþĨᯔĨ╌Ĩî⪙îĨㅎĨ㏤Ĩ⮻Ң⼐
ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩɟä‫ٳ‬ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ĢĞĨñì䯆ĨĚî㰉ĨㅎĨេĨ㈉Ě Ĩ 㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼Ĩㅎໂ Ĩ Ĝ䞀
ǔ ǔ ǔ
Ĩᒖ䜫raider waspĨળĨęì㩕ĨᢤĨ㦇äþĨ䗂⸗Ĩἔ‫׏‬ᨴäĨ Ĩ ♣ìĨ䮪ĨçⰔþäĨⷑäĜ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䩱⠪Ĩ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨƾƸŐĻƲĨ݉Ĩ╌Ĩ♣ìĨöä䔘äĨ⸁ĨㅎĨĚ㺬
ǖ ǎ
Ĩî⪙îĨຊäĨຝĨĜ䞈ᒖᜯßĨɝ‫ٱ‬ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩû䪍äĨęþᏠĨ䞈Ĩ㟝Ĩ䗂ìㄙĨ〨Ĩ䗂⚩ßĨ䤈〨Ĩ〪Ĩě⸗Ĩð㯗Ĩ̵Ĩ nj nj ÛĨ䞈ĨᒖৄĨ䔙⚩ßĨ฻äĨ䯎ĨᙯᱴĨㅎĨėᛇĨ㈉ĨҍîᣅĨ ÛĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈
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Ĩî⪙îĨê⠪ĨㅎĨໂĨ䥞䜫Ĩ䟁㘮Ĩø⠪ĨㅎĨü䟣ĒĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ⎇Ĩî䯀äĨ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㦇äþĨėþēᣅĨ䉸‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨຊäĨࡘĨ㈉ĨðäĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䞉‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ûⱎĨᱍĨęþĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䞉‫ٳ‬ɟnj
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Ǎ
ĨĚ㺬╌ĨᣆþĨ⑬äĜᒖᜯĨ㦇Ĩ⸗Ĩî☆ĨîþäĨᒖ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔙ĨᒭĨî⪙îĨຊäĨ࢑Ĩ㶩Ĩ㈉Ĩçîþ➳ĨᏠĨᒖৄĨ㎛Ĩ฻äĨ䯎ĨፕĨㅎĨėᛇĨ㈉ҍîĨ Ĩ Ě㺬Ĩ䯆äĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䜫Ĩîä‫ٳ‬ӒĨ䤈䜫Ĩᒖම
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ĨङĜ䞈Ĩ⦡ĨìîĨĚî◒Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ Ûě䯈Ĩ∟äþĨ╌Ĩ♣ìĨ⹔ĨࢇĨÛ˄ৄĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䔙⚩ßĨ䯎þäĨ㈉ĨᛏĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩûኧ㩕ĨẶĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ᧱ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬〨Ĩ䗂ৄĨ㎛Ĩ䯎ĨᙯᱴĨㅎĨėᛇ
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩὡnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ╌ĨçⰔ㰰Ĩû፝ĨęþĨîþäĨ䞈˄⸗Ĩ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ᆆĨ㈉Ĩú㬲Ĩࢦ⁩Ĩ⹔ĨࢇĨč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĜ‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ⸙ĄäĨ䯎Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ䧸äĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ╜
ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂î㩕ĨĚîഝ
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䯎Ĩėþî☆ĨຓäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ〶ScytodesĨᣅÛĨö䔘Ĩ䮪ĨㅎĚ
Ĩú⑭Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗Ĩĕ䚂Ĩ䔽äĨ⸗Ĩ࿈Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼ĨㅎĨĚîഝĨę䄐ßĨⵇĨěì㩕Ĩ᩶ĨîþäĨɝïĨ Ĩ 㺬
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䆀Ĩ䗂ὟĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ĜĨ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ䗂ὟĨþìĨ㈉Ĩě⨌ĨðäĜ䞀ᓧ䜫ĨäမĨ䆀glandĨěĆ⨌Ĩਏ‫׏‬äĨ
Ĩ䆀Ĩě⇤þìĨîþäĨɝïĨ Ĩ ǎ ပĨ㈉Ĩė䑄ßĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩěì㩕
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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Ĩ☒ĨᵟɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬䡏ēßĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨéîὟĨ╌ĨîþïĨî䞉ìĨㅎĨ䯀㍉Ĩ╌Ĩė䇪äìĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯎Ĩ䗂ǂ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ƺľƙĨᢷĨ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ೴Ĩì䯆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ὟĨ⸗㘬ä‫ؼٳ‬䁢Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ęì㩕Ĩ᩵
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Ĩ‫ৃ ٱ‬Ĩ㑔ᜯĨ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ęì㩕Ĩ᩵Ĩ䮪Ĩ㑔äþĨƾƸŐĻƲĨ䆀
Ĩ䯎Ĩೇ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨᖼĨîþäĨ䮧ìĨ⸗Ĩ䲹ṡĨ౹Ĩė䮩Ĩ〨Ĩî☆ĜğĠĜ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨ᩽Ĩ䜫Ĩ䗃îĨ᮫ĨęþĨ䯎ĨឮĨ䯎Ĩᖼ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨೇĨ⑬äĨ〨Ĩî☆ĨᣅĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ
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ĨĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨうĨ╌äĨ⸗Ĩ຤Ĩė䗃þĨÛ䜫ĨҳĨ ‫ ٱ‬î☆ĨėᣇĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀‫ؼ‬ßĨ Ĩ‫ࡘ ٳ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂᩽
Ĩ 㺬Pasilobus㘰⑮‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄
ĨûäìĨⵇĚ
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Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ᩶ĨਏĨ㩔ᜯĨ䥞䜫ĨਊĨ㈉ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩɝ㩕Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ĚɟĨ‫ ٳ‬nj 䆀Ĩ䗂⸗ĨîᒗĨûäìĨ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䤈Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䆀GuineaNewą ΉĨ Ĩ 䖼Ĩø✜ĨᣅĨĚ㺬Pasilobus
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ĨᒖᜯĨĚìĨēᵘĨ䡗ĒĨ➃ὟĨę䯆ĨㅎĨě⇤Ĩě⇤þìĨ㻣Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ䤈䜫Ĩ⹔ĨਏĨę䯆Ĩ䯎Ĩě⇤Ĩ‫׏‬äĜ䞈Ĩ ǎ ‫ ٱ‬ҳĨ
˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ü䂭îìĨ㈉Ĩėþî⾹Ĩ㱤ĨþìĨ㑔ᜯĨäîດĨĜ䞀
ǔǔ ǖ ǖ ǖ
nj nj 䞈˄䜫Ĩ
Ĩ ǎ ɟĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩî☆Ĩ̵Ĩ
Ĩ຦‫׏‬ì‫ٳ‬ Ĩ‫͋ ٱ‬þĨðäĨęïä䯀äĨⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨîþäĜ䞈Ĩ⦦ĨąổĨĚî☆Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ०Ĩ䔽Ĩ䇾ĨⵇĨᣘᏠĨ౹ĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ⩂Ĩ⹔Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈
ą ǖ ǖ ǔƹljǍƴ
ĨㅎĨěฌĨ䆀Ĩä䜫Ĩಣ㦆Ĩ Ĩ ðäĨ䞈Ĩ䗝îĨ䞉ৠĨäʏĨ ‫ ٳ‬ä⇤þìⵇĨ㩔ᜯĨ䐲ᱴĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ ٱ‬ドĨä⇤Ĩ㑔äþĨę䯆Ĩ䡗ĒĨⵇĨ㩔ᜯÛĨ䞈Ĩ‫ٱ‬Ĵƶơ ĨßĨ䆀ĨúᜯĨಣĨ䤈〨Ĩ䜱ĨėᣅĨĜ䞈
ǖ ǖǗ
Ĩ〨Ĩî☆ĨĚ㺬Ĩė䮩Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗Ĩě₟äĨęì㩕Ĩ᩵Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩöþ▧Ĩ╌Ĩ⇤ĨÛĨ䯎ĨេĨěîດĨ㈉ĨðäĨ⸗Ĩ຤ҍ Ĩ nj ǎ ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬㈉Ĩî☆ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀ĨࡘĜ䞈Ĩ䗝îĨ‫ٱ‬ĴƶĽƶōĨê⠪
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㦞ම
Ĩ Ĩę䯀ï




Ĩç➄ῄĨㅎĚ
Ĩ 㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ì〨Ĩᴡä
ǔ ǔ
Ĩ‫˟ ٱ‬ᴄĨ⧑Ĩ౹
˄㟝Ĩ
ǔ
Ĩî☆ĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂㟝Ĩ˟ᴄĨ⥮ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬ĨüäĨ㨉ĨĜ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩî䇦äⵇĨ྇Ĩ⸗ßĨ䆀ĨúᜯĨðäĨⵇė
Ĩ þ㆐༔îþäĨ䞀䰡 Ĩ ĨúᜯĨöä䔘äĨ௳Ĩㅎė
Ĩ 䮩㺬
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‫ ٳ‬ǎ 䍚Ĩ╌ĨຓäĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䯃îĨçî䁤ĨîⱎĨðäĨ䆀Ĩ⬪ĨðäĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ᧱ɟĨ
ĨîþìĨҢĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ╌Ĩû˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㈉ĨðäĨ㈉Ĩ᧹Ĩ⸗ĨᴃäĄ Ĩì⁏Ĩ䯎
‫ ٳ‬〨Ĩ䗂䜫ĨîþßĨἔ䞈Ĩɝ⢙Ĩ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗Ĩî☆Ĩ଺Ĩ〨Ĩě㆐Ĩ䥞䜫ĨᓧēäĨ䆀ä䜫
ǔ ł ǔ ǖ njŢ ǔ
ĨᒖᜯĨ䤈㟝Ĩü䂭îìĨ㈉ĨėþìດĨ䆀Ĩė᠃ĨŲƷNj ĨĀ㩕⦫Ĩ˟ᴄĨ䮪ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨĘē㈊Ĩ䆀ĨðäĨěᜳĨô㶜ĨຓäĨîþäĨ䞈ĨŲƷǍ ƹlj Ĩ䯎Ĩî☆Ĩ‫׏‬ᨴäĨĚ㺬ĨࡘĨ㈉Ĩἕ
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ĨĜĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ
Ĩ‫˄ ٱ‬㟝Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬åṣĨ଺ĨⵇĨ⍇ĨîþäĨî⪙îĨㅎĨî☆Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䮼þäïĨėþï䁡Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䮧ìĨû䈶äĨ⇤Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ஗䂭ⵇĨûⵇĨ䮪Ĝ䞈
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Ĩî☆ĨຓäĨ䐲㈀Ĩ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ęῗĨ〨ĨüᜯĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ݊Ĩ╌Ĩç䁡Ĩê⠪Ĩ⸘Ĩ〨ĨĐßĨຓäĨĚ㺬ĨࡘĨ㈉Ĩ䯋ĨමĨî☆Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ㖌ìĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ଺Ĩ╌Ĩðä
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Ĩ䗂ᜯĨ䯆Ĩ䯎Ĩ䅠ïĨ൚äþĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ͋þĨᓧ㟝Ĩ˟ᴄ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨᙯᱴĨㅎ̵îìĨ Ĩ Ā㩕⦫ĨᣅĨ╌Ĩ䤈䉹þäĨðäĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ䕉㟝ĨңĨnj 䆀Ĩä䜫Ĩ╌äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂මĨ〨
Ǖ ǔ ǖ
Ĩ䯎ឮĨ Ĩ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨĘ䯀nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ╌ĨëӀĨ ‫ ٱ‬ðäĄ Ĩä⇤ĨⵇĨðäĨ⸗ĨৃĨ㈊䞉ìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ Ě㺬ĨⰢĨ╌Ĩ䗂㟝Ĩ˟ᴄĨ䐲㈀Ĝᒖ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩî☆ĨⵇĨᜮìḝĨðäĨĚ㺬Ĩ㨉Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ü㺕äĨⵇ
ǖ
Ĩ䥞䜫ĨěමĨ㈉ĨðäĨîþäĨĚ㺬ĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ô㶜Ĩ᎗äĨ㈊䞉ìĜ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨì㱄Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂ᜯĨ㔝Ĩ䆀Ĩä䜫Ĩ⸗Ĩ݊Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂䯆Ĩ䯎Ĩ䅠ïĨ╌ä䩱⠪Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨஸĨęþ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䲙ĨŖśƚĨüïþĨⵇĨė䔘þìĨÛĨî☆
Ǖǔ ǖ
ĨĜ䠖䯀‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䔙˶Ĩ
‫⸗ ٱ‬Ĩĕ˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬〨Ĩî☆㵞
Ǐ ðäĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂㟝Ĩ˟ᴄ ǔ
ĨþìĨ╌䆀
Ĩ Ĩü䂭îìĨ㈉Ĩ⇤Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞀Ĩ⧑Ĩ౹îĨ þäĨ㻬ⵇĨ଺ç
Ĩ ➄ῄĨ⠀䫑
Ĩ ìĨㅎspeciesĨö䔘ĨîⵇĨ਌Ĩᄌþ‫ٳ‬ɝ㩕Ĩ
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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Ĩ䮽Ĩ⸗Ĩ䲹ṡĨ䕣Ĩ䯎þäĨîþäĨ䥚nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ╌Ĩ䥚äìĨ䆀sockets
ǔ ė
Ĩ 䔘ὟĨ
ຓ äĨ
䑈 ßĨ
Ě ‫ٳ‬ nj
ɟĨþ ìĨ
䮪 Ĝ䞀Ĩ
ᒖ 䜫Ĩ
䤈 䜫Ĩ
䡏 ‫ ٳ‬nj ҍᜯĨ
ɟĨ nj ㅎĨ㑒ßĨ䔄㩕ĨㅎĨ౉îþìĨ䑈ß
ƠƖ Ƹnj Ʊ
green and ultraviolet é䁡Ĩú⡷Ĩ ą ŲŦnj Ĩ䥞äîþ㩕ĨîþäĨĚɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ᣅÛretinasᭂĨ‫ک‬ì䯎Ĩ㩔äþĨėᣅîìĨĚïä㫱ĨîᨴĨìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀Ĩė䑄ßĜ䞀
Ĩ䔽Ĩ╌Ĩ䤈✯ĨᏛäĨ䑈ßĨîᨴĨĚ⇤þìĨìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀ĨປĨ㈉Ĩ⇤Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ⤫䎁Ĩ䭆਑ĨㅎĨîþìĨ〨ĨĚ㺬ĨÛ䞀Ĩ䯊Ĩ⸗Ĩð㯗ĨĀäî⮪Ĩ〨wavelengths
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ğġĨĜ䞈Ĩ䲙Ĩ⸗ĨĕäîìäĨ䕉⁩ß‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨⵇĨ♣ìĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩî☆Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩø⠪ĨㅎĨပĨຓäĨî䔘ᜯĨ䮪Ĩê⠪ĨðäĜ䞀Ĩ㦞Ĩ㟝ĨಫĨⵇĨ䲹ṡĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㦇äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩì䯆ĨìîäĨຓäĨ䚽˄Ĩ‫≦ ٱ‬Ĩ䪳ì
ǖ ǔ ǖ
Ĩ ǎ îþäĨ䗂⸗Ĩ䲹ṡĨ╌ĨĚᒭĨ╌äĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ䨕äĨ̵⁩Ĩ䕉ែĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩî⩺Ĩ䯎ĨðäĨ䞈ĨⒺĨ⸁ĨᣅĨ䗂Ĩ䚽‫׏‬Ĩ
‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ åäĨ䆀Ĩěî‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨðäĨ䥝ß
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ĨĜ䞀Ĩ䦈ìĨì㱄Ĩ䆀Ĩ䯋Ĩ䪳ìĨ╌Ĩ⍇Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩ〨Ĩî☆Ĩ䑈ßĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩê⠪Ĩ⑬äĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩüþ㷍Ĩ䆀Ĩ䯋ĨමĨ〨Ĩî☆Ĩ䆀ңĨ Ĩ nj䜱
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Ĩ䮪Ĝ㈊䜫Ĩ㦈Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨ䜱Ĩì⁏Ĩ䔽äĨ䗂ĨðäĨė䮩ĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩ䮽Ĩ䜫ҍ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj ˄Ĩ㹨Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ䑈ßĨ⮻➟äĨ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ㈊䜫Ĩᨴ␰Ĩ䔽Ĩ䮪Ĩì⁏Ĩ䗂ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨᒖîⱎĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䮪
Ĩ≠Ĩ⸗䔽Ĩ
Ĩ ➩äþĨ䮪ĨᣅĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁ĜㅏĨᆆĨ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ⎅ç Ĩ ➄ῄĨû፝ĨüäĨ〨Ĩî䔘ᜯĨðäĨ०ĨĜ㐕ßĨ䔽Ĩ䆀ĨìᣅþĨ䜱Ĩì⁏Ĩ଺╌ Ĩ mùቿälĨ䑈ß
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Ĩ䥞äîĨ䤈〨Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj nj˄ĨㅎcoordinationĨ䜱ìĨą࠳îĨ㺹Ĩ䱒Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨîþäĨė䑄ßĨᗁßĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂㟝Ĩ˟ᴄĨÛĨ䤈ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨㆤĨ䜱Ĩ䐴ßĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ø✜Ĩ〪
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ✜ⰔĨ╌Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩဲ
ǖ
‫ٳ‬Ǐ
 ǎ ㅎĨ䗂લĨĐþਛĨ䭆਑Ĩ╌Ĩõ㗂Ĩɝ
օ❆Ĩ
Ǘǔ
ǎ 㨉Ĝmė‫̦ٱ‬ḚĨ
Ĩ‫ٳ‬ɟሊĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 䯎þäĨ〪Ĩ䥞ᜯĨᲘດĨ䮪Ĩ╌ĨĐßĨ䯆ä
ǎ ᱍĨ䕣ĨîþäĨ䯎þäĨ㈉ĨೇlĨ㑒ĨあĨ䮱ĨĀ䩶ĨĐßᏠĨ䞈Ĩ䗃îßĨ䎁ĨㅏĨ〨ĨĐßĨ䯎Ĩᏼ䗃Ĩ䡨⒕Ĩ㈉ɟሊĨ
ǔ
Ĩø✜Ĩü䂭îìĨ㈉Ĩė䈯ḚĨîþäĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈MyrmarachneĨⱖĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂㟝Ĩ˟ᴄĨ०Ĩ䔽Ĩ䈢ḚĨęþĨ䞈Ĩ㽾Ĩî䔘ᜯĨᣅĨ䕣Ĩ㈉ĨೇĨ䆀
Ǘ ǔ Ǘ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ᲗĨㅎĨė䈯ḚĨ᜵ĨᗁßĨㅎĨė䮩㺬Ĩ䐲㈀Ĝ䞈Ĩ≢ĨᜯĨㅏĨùӒĨ‫ ٳ‬䜱Ĩ⸗Ĩ㌌ĨìäሧĨㅎĨė䒈‫˄ٱ‬
Ĩ㈉Ĩė䈯ḚĨ०Ĩ䦈ìĨ䔽Ĩⵇ䡋ìĨ䔽äĨ䜱Ĩ⸗Ĩî䞉ìĨĐþîĨ᧹Ĩė䈯ḚĨ㯠ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮪Ý䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨěìĨⵇ䡋ìĨê⠪Ĩ⸘Ĩ〨Ĩė䈯ḚĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ì〨Ĩᴡä
ǔ Ǘǔ Ǘ Ǘ ǖ
ĨƾƸǒƹƶƱäĨ䥞䜫Ĩ䚌㈉Ĩ
Ĩ 䈢ḚĨ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬þìĨ㦇äþĨ䁠⁩ĨຊäĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ì〨ĨᴡäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ᲦĨìäሧĨㅎĨė䒈‫˄ٱ‬ĨຊäĨĀ㬷Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖî‫˄ٱ‬äĨ䏲Ĩ଺ĨㅎĨė䮩þî
ǔ Ǘǔ
Ĩ䛹Ĩ䯎Ĩû㹬ĨðäĜ䞀Ĩ䦈ìĨ䤈うìĨê⠪ĨㅎĨƾƸƹǒ ƶƱäĨ㈉Ĩ䈢ḚĨ䑈ßĨ䮪ĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩê⠪ĨðäĨĜğĢĜ䞈Ĩ㦞ᗂ Ĩ äĨ䯎þäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ਌㴙Ĩ╌antennae
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Ĩⵇė
Ĩ 䔘þìĨîþäĨ㍃ĨìäሧĨㅎĨė䒈‫˄ٱ‬ĨㅎĨė䈯ḚĨ༔ĨîþäĨຊäĨຝĨ䗂ĨĚ㺬ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ⸗Ĩ䱈ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩä䜫Ĩ䮪Ĩ㶱ⵇĨ䯋ĨᗂäĨ䯎þäĨ䒻˄‫ ٱ‬㈊䜫Ĩᰳ␰Ĩ⸗Ĩᙋ
Ǘ ǔ Ǘ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ䗂ĨðäĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩô㯄ĨěɟĨ nj
‫ ٳ‬ė䮩ĨîþäĨĜ㈊䜫Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ nj
‫❅ ٱ‬ḝĨäî᳐Ĩ╌Ĩė䒈‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ䯏äïĨຊäĨ╌äĨ〪Ĩ㐔ßĨ䆀Ĩ⍛ĨㅎĨðäĨç˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪ĨࡘĨ㈉Ĩ䯋Ĩҍ੗Ĩ Ǎ ùӒĨ‫ ٳ‬ĜㅏĨ䔙ïä䁡
ǔ Ǘ ǔƱ Ǘ
ĨĜ㩇Ĩ⸗Ĩ਌㴙Ĩ╌ĨƾƸƹǒ ƶ äĨ㈉Ĩ䈢ḚĨ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䯏äïĨຊä
Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ㟱Ĩ᧹Ĩ䈢ḚĜ䞈Ĩ㰛Ĩ䪙╌ Ĩ Ĩ䈢ḚĨ╌Ĩõ㗂Ĩ⠀ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䮪Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨຜĨ╌‫ח‬Ĝ䞈ĨĨnj çîþ➳ĨㅎĨ䮾îĨ䆀Ĩ䛻íĨ䏱ĨㅋĨė䮫
Ǘ
Ĩ╌äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ䧸äĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨ䗂⸗Ĩ䏲Ĩ଺ĨㅎĨ➶þĨ䕉ែĨîþäĨúᨴĨㅎĨ䈢ḚĨ╌äĨ०Ĩ䔽Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ䜱Ĩ䲚ĨᗂäĨ䆀Ĩä䜫Ĩ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ຊäĨø✜Ĩ㦆
ǖ ļǎư
ǎ nj
ĨĜê⠪ĨㅎĨîⵇäìäĨ‫׏‬äĨ䥞䜫Ĩᓧ⸗ĨĚîⵇäìäĨ㞣˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䞈Ĩçîþ➳Ĩ଺ĨㅎĨ䗂䜫Ĩɝ㩕Ĩ‫ ٳ‬䆀Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ㦇䏙Ĩ⊄äĨ䞈ĨŲƷNj ìĨęþĨ⸁ĨᣅĨᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩ䘧㴙Ĩɝ㩕Ĩ
Ǐ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ‫׏‬äǎ
ǖǖ ǖ ǔ
ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ͋þĨᓧî‫˄ٱ‬äĨ䏲Ĩîþä‫˄ٱ‬ຟĨ䁣ᜯĨ⦦Ĩ〨Ĩėᱴ␰ĨüäĨ༔ĨÛᰳ␰Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨᡱĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䩺⠪Ĩ䨛äĨ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ䏲ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䪴ìĨ䗂Ĩ䚽Ĩ〪Ĩ᧹
ǔ
ĨúþäĜ䮽Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩì⁏ĨïäĨ⸁‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj 䮪ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ㵐Ĩ⍢Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ▚Ĩ⮯̵⛭Ĩ Ĩ nją îþäĨ⍛nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔Ĝ䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ðṣäĨⵇĨė䬘ႩĨ⠀
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ĨᱍĨ䫑ìĨüäĨㅎĚ
Ĩ 㺬ĨຝĨ╌Ĩຬ䯎Ĩ䈀Ĩ⹔ĨÝ䞈ĨㅏĨ㽲ĨⵇĨėἾ❆ĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩ‫ؼ‬ßĨ ‫ ٳ‬ᏠĜ‫ؕٱ‬îĨ䔽Ĩ䚵äĨㅎĨ䗂⸗Ĩî݊þĨđ␰ĨㅎĨⱖĨðäĨ÷㩕ìĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䮪ĨᏠ
ǔǘ
ĨĜ䞀ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ㺹ĨĐþਛĨᣅĨ㈊Ĩ䜫Ĩ㿂Ĩę䯏⪕Ĩ䲚ĨęɟᜯĨ ‫ⵇ ٳ‬Ĩç➄ῄ
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Ĩㅎė Ĩ 䑄ßĨㅎ䈢ḚĨᣅĨ䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ଺˄ᲦĨĨ‫ ٱ‬䑈ßĨຊäĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ㟱Ĩê⠪ĨㅎĨ䈢ḚĜ䔽Ĩ㻬ӀĨ ‫ ٱ‬䜱Ĩ䮨ᷚĨ㑔nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨéîìĨø✜Ĩ䆀ĨĐþਛĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

ǔǔ Ǘ
 Ąnj ᣅĨ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ䏱Ĩ㩔ⵇĨþìĨ䆀Ĩøä⠪äĨ㈉Ĩ⇤Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĜĨ䞈ĨĚìĨ⸗ĨỡĨ㵐Ĩ䮪Ĩ䗂Ĩ➅ῄĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㅎĨĚ㺬㻣Ĝᓟ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩê⠪ĨㅎĨ䏱Ĩěɟ‫ ٳ‬nj Ĩ䔄㩕
ІĨ
ğģĜ䞀Ĩ㟢Ĩ᧽compound eyesĨ䲷㱇ĨąᭂĨㅎweaver antĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþ
ǔ ǘ ƷĹ
ĨⵇĨᷚĨ⹔ĨĚ㺬Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ėᣇĨ˄⸗Ĩ ‫⸗ ٱ‬íĨⵇĨúḝĨçî❼Ĩ䨕äĨ⹔Ĝ䞀Ĩ䏱ĨþìĨ䆀Ĩøä⠪äĨ㈉Ĩ⇤㈉ĨðäĨ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ⥽ĨⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ〨ĨĚ㺬ĨƾƸƹǒ ťǐ ǎ Ĩî⩺Ĩ⸗ĨĕîĨäîíĨ䥝ß
ǖ
Ĩᒖî‫˄ٱ‬äĨ䏲ĨㅎĨüäĨîþäᒖうĨ〨Ĩė䈯ḚĨᣅĨÛ〨ĨĚ㺬ᏠĨ䞈Ĩ䧸äĨ䯆äĨĜ䔽Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨㅎĨĚ⥛ĨÛĨěìĨᇥĨ⦦Ĩąổ‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䜱㈊ßþî◒ÛĨ䥞䜫Ĩ䮿îĨ⥽
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Ĩ䔙Ĩ㝼㩕ĨㅎĨė䑄ßĨ៕ĨüäĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯆äĨÝĚî‫˄ٱ‬äĨ䏲ĨîþäĨą ˥Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ÛmⒺlĨê⠪Ĩ⸘Ĩ⸁‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj 䗂ĨĚ㺬Ĝ㐕Ĩ䜫Ĩ❅ḝĨㆤĨ䑈ßĨ៕䮪Ĩ Ĩ 䆀ĨປĨ㈉Ĩ⇤ĨຓäĨÛ䞈
Ǘǔ ǔ Ǘǔ ǔ ǖ
Ĩė̦ḚĨ ‫ ٱ‬ǎ 䯆äĨࡘĨ㈉Ĩ䯋ҍ Ĩ Ǎ ੗ĨęῗĨîþäĨ㦠ĨüທĨ╌äĨė̦ḚĨ ‫ ٱ‬ǎ ÛĨ㦞ĨલĨ䔙Ĩė㈀Ĩ˟ä␰ĨᲘäĨ䜱ⶂĨęä⁏ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼Ĩ䨕äÝ‫˄ٱ‬䜫Ĩû䈶äĨㅏĨⵇĨðäĨᏠĨᒖ䜫
Ǘǔ
Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䞈ɝ⢙Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ĩ Ǐ ø⛭Ĩ〪Ĩ᧹Ĝ㔒äĒĨ⸗ĨⰺĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ╌ĨėþᜳĨîⰿ⟷ĨຓäĨė̦ḚĨ ‫ ٱ‬ǎ 䮪ĜᒖᜯĨ䜫Ĩĕ䚂ĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨᓟĨ⸗Ĩ⦡ìĨą Ć îĨ䤈〨ĨຝĨ╌ĨĚ㺬
ǔ ǖ
ĨĜ䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ଺˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ⵇ ٱ‬Ĩė䑄ßĨ៕Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ䢯äမĨð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄĨå䂭ⵇĨ〨ĨĐþਛĨ०Ĩ䔽Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ䜱Ĩ䲚Ĩî˄äĨ‫ ٱ‬䏲ĨㅎĨė䈯ḚĨø✜
ǔ
ĨðäĜ䥞ᜯ㱇䜱᠓ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂㟝Ĩ˟ᴄĨᏠĨ䜫Ĩ⾒Ĩ଺Ĩㅎ‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ╌Ĩ䆀ĨüäĨ䯆äĜ䞈Ĩçîþ➳Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䜪îĨę䯀ïĨ〨ĨĚ㺬ĨㅎĨᡱĨ䞀Ĩç➄ῄĨᱍĨęþĨ䮪
ǖǖ ǖ ǔ
Ĩ〨Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĜ㽊Ĩ͋þĨఊĨç➄ῄĨɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬û፝Ĩ䮪〨ĨĨ Ě㺬Ĝ㐕Ĩ䜫Ĩ❅ḝĨ╌mĨù䍳älĨç➄ῄĨ䮪Ĩ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ㽟˄〹Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䮪Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼
‫ٳ‬Ǐ
ĨĜㅏĨᆆĨ䆀Ĩ☒Ĩ䭆਑ĨÛ䞈Ĩçîþ➳Ĩ〨Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨðäĨㅎĨឮĨᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ✮þĨðäĨɝÛ
ĨěᜳĨ᧽flick-knifeⴑᨴĨîäìĨ䕉⽄Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨěᳺĨ㈓
ǔ ǖ ǎ
ĨᓧමĨî☆Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫mĕ‫˄ٱ‬lĨ㠪ㅎĨ Ĩė䮩㺬䲎Ĩㅎö Ĩ 䔘ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ㝼㩕ĨㅎĨ☒Ĩ㖌ìĨҍ䔚ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䲎ĨㅎĨö䔘Myrmarachne plataleoides
ǔ ǔ ǖ ǖ
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄ĨěᜳĨ䥞䜫ĨㅍĨᏡĨ䆀ĨėẖĨė䔘þì㈉Ĩĕ˄‫ ٱ‬ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩ◸Ĩĕ˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬฻äĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨÛ䜫ĨęῗĨⵇĨἕĨ䯆äĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ͋þ
Ĩ౹Ĩ䯎Ĩėþ⇤Ĩ㈉ĨėþᜳĨüäĜ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩú䐁Ĩɝ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ
ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䯎î⡷Ĩ㈉îĨ äፎĨ〨ĨėþᜳĨî䞉ìĨᒭîþäĨ㠮ĨüäĨĚ㺬ğĤĜ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫ĨҍäìĨû䕊
ǔ
ĨĜĚî䈱ĨüᜯĨîþäĨ㜟äĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂㟝Ĩ˟ᴄ
Ĩ䞈Ĩ㦞⸗ Ĩ ĨĚîດĨç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îþ➳ĨㅎĨė‫ݵ‬ĨຓäĨø✜Ĩ䔙ĨęþĨê⠪ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩᒖ༔Ĩ䥞ᗂäĨ䯎Ĩ࿽ĨຊäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ➞⣻Ĩ⸁Ĩ〨Ĩė‫ݵ‬Ĩę䤘äï䔘ĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ì〨Ĩᴡä
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ǖ njǕ
ĨຓäĨø⠪ĨĚ⇤þìĨÛ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩҍ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㵦ӉⰔĨ Ĩ ἆîĨ౹‫׏‬äĨĨ ǎ 㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩė♧ìĨຓäĨø⠪Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ᣅĨÛĨĚ㺬ĜğĥĜ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ⸗Ĩ଺Ĩ⢜ằĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ਑ĨㅎĨüäĨ०
ǘ ǖ ǎ
Ĩ ǎ ⸗Ĩě゗Ĩç㑔ä␰Ĩ㵐Ĩî௶Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨėK䯎ĨÞእîäĨ䨛äĨ䗂ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩúᄸî❼Ĩ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䮪Ĝ䞈ĨᒖßĨဲĨ╌Ĩ◬Ĩҍ䔚Ĩ
Ĩ䞀ϔìĨ ᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩė‫ݵ‬
‫ ٶ‬Ąnj lĨü䂭îìĨ㈉ėþîä䯀ᜯĨ䆀Ĩç⬓Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈č Ě
Ĩ䜱î䔘ᜯĨ㿂Ĩ✇˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䚁äĨø✜ĨîþäĨ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䤈‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄struggle for survivalmÞ㑱‫ٱ‬nj˄є Ĩ ⧋ìĨ䮪ĨⵇĨᡱ
ǘǔ ǖ
Ĩ ǎ
Ĩ䜱‫׏‬äĜ䞀ĨøῳĨ⼛Ĩ㈉ėþ⧋ìĨ㈉ĨėK䯎ĨÞእîäĨᣅĨ䞀ĨᒖßĨ䁠⁩Ĩ㩇㬲Ĩ䨕äĨㅋĨᏠĨ䞀Ĩ䯊ĨęɟᜯĨ ‫ⵇ ٳ‬Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨ䆀Ĩç䣪ⵇĨ䚽Ĩ̵Ĩ nj nj 㨉ĜĨ䞀ʆĨ
Ĩ ęîĨę䯀ï
Ĩě⇤þìĨⵇĨėþîä䯀ᜯĜ䞀Ĩ㻽Ĩ㩇㬲Ĩ➩äþĨㅎĨቄĨ㦇ìĨ଺Ĩü䂭îìĨ㈉Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨ㈉Ĩö䔘Ĩ㰛Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ㜟äĨՙ▥Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ౉㩕Ĩ㈉ėþîä䯀ᜯĨ㈉Ĩö䔘
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Ĩ䯎Ĩç⬓ɝą Ǐ nj nj nj ǎ nj
‫ ٳ‬㷃ĨęþĨ̵Ĩ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗Ĩ㩛Ĩ䆀Ĩ㵐Ĩ⇒Ĩ〨ĨėK䯎ĨÞእîäĨỉĨㅎĨ䮧ìĨ㟝ĨĚï‫˄ٱ‬ĨㅎĨüᜯĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩė‫ݵ‬Ĩ䜱ĨຓäĨ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮧ìĨ䕉˄‫ ٱ‬ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩėþî䔘ᜯ
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬ü஘Ĩ䆀Ĩõ㜞äĨüäĨ〨ĨⲬ䁡ĨðĨäĨ㥁⁩îĨ䣹⁩Ĩ‫׏‬äĜ䞀Ĩ ǎ 㔔äĒĨę䑘
Ĩ㳜㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ⺄Ĩ䌑ĨîþäĨÞ࢒ĨㅎĨ㐗䯀ïĨຊäĨ⛬ĨêþîĨĚí‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䮼䎁Ĩ㈉ĨüþîäĒÝ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩė㈀Ĩì㱄ĨㅎĨě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ îä䯀ᜯĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩúä␰l
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Ĩ᜵ĨᏽĨ䞇ᨴĨ˄ᜯĨ
‫ ٱ‬䜫Ĩûþ㷧ĨຝĨ❽⣻Ĩਏ‫ٷ‬þîĨ
Ĩ ǎ Ć 䮪Ĩ䊓ᰳĨÛĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ
Ĩ‫㍹ ٱ‬Ĩü㺕äĨⵇĨ࢒ĨຊäĨㅎĨðäĨ╌Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩì㱄ㅎĨėþ⇤þìĨ䐲ᱴĜ䞈Ĩ㩛Ĩ䆀ĨㆰĨㅎԢ Ĩ nj
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ⵇĨî䦪äĨîä䯀ᜯĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䯉Ĩ䪴ìĨ䮪⥮‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ㈉Ĩðä
ğĦmĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩęɝ㷃Ĩ
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‫➟̵ ٱ‬þĨ╌Ĩ⦡Ĩą䩫⠪Ĩ䤈እîäĨ⹔ĨㅎĨî࿞Ĩ㈉Ĩėþî䔘ᜯĨęì㩕Ĩ㇏Ĩė‫ݵ‬ĨຓäĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ➩äþĨ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪
Ĩ䞈ĨỉĨðᙊĨîþäĨ㠞⁩Ĩ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ㽟˄Ĩ‫⸗˄ ٱ‬Ĩ
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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ĨĜ䞀Ĩ㐖Ĩ䜫Ĩî㭊Ĩ䯎䗂 Ĩ ⸗ĨᆲĨ╌äĨ଺YildirimCemalĨ᧽‫ח‬䯎Ĩ Ĩ ÞእîäĨ௳Ĩ〪
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ĨⵇĨ䗂⸗Ĩ̵➟þselectionnaturalå䇠äĨ⠀䩓 ‫ ٱ‬㻬ä⧋Ĩᒖnj˄‫؎ ٱ‬Ĩ
Ĩ ė䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩ㻬ӀĨ ‫ ٶ‬nj 䆀ĨឮĨ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩû䎀mĨ䡨䯀älĨ⹔ĨㅎĨî࿞Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉‫ޒ‬ Ĩ Ĩㅏl
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mĜ䞀Ĩ⊚Ĩ⸗ĨဲĨåäᣅĨ޻ĨᆯĨⵇĨúä␰ĨðäĨ‫ח‬䯎ĨüþîäĒĨîþäĨçᒗἼĨą䭆ɝ㩕Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ㵐Ā䩶〹Ĩ䮪Ý䞈Ĩü㺕äĨ䤈〨
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Ĩ䜱Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨø✜ĨęþĨ䐲㈀ĨĜ䔽Ĩ㽟˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫➟̵ ٱ‬þĨ䆀Ĩê✤äĨㅎĨû䎀m䡨䯀älĨ⹔ĨㅎĨçäîሊĨ᧽Ĩ䙄ä⁏Ĩㅎ⢜ Ĩ ằĨㅎ‫ޒ‬ Ĩ ĨîþäĨĚ㿂ìîìĨÛî࿞Ā䩶
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‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ⵇĨ䕉nj˄‫ ٱ‬ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬Ûì⁏ïäĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ㽟Ĩ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ଺Ĩ⹔Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
Ĩęɝ㷃Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䯆ᜯäĨ䩺⠪î⡷Ĩěî⁩Ĩ䆀ĨúìĨ㈉Ĩėþî䔘ᜯĨûþ㯎Ĩ╌Ĩҍ䗃íĨîþäĨî◒ĨᣅĨ䞈
ĨĜ䞈ĨîìⰔĨ䯎Ĩ⛬ɝĨĨ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ č㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨĜěìĨû䈶äĨ⇤ĨûⵇĨîþäĨ଺Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩě⸗ĨîᒗĨ਌㿡ĨÛĨě⸗


Ĩę㷡ⵇĨ䨩î

ĨîþäĨỡä㱇Ĩ㈉䗂 Ĩ ⸗äမĨ㈊䞉ìĨ㨉Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ㑒䞉ìĨ䨬îĨ㐖ĨㅍĨäမĨ䆀ĨេĨ䜱ĨຓäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䯲Ĩ㑔ᜯĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䆀Ĩ⥽Ĩ㈉Ĩ▚ɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ çnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪
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Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䉸Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ╌Ĩ⑬îĨĚì㑔⮪ĨㅎĨ䤈˄䁡Ĩ
˥Ĩ ‫⑬ ٱ‬ąäĨÛ䜫Ĩ⽃Ĩ଺Ĩ╌ĨẛĨ䮨䜫îä‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ ㈉ҢĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 㼸ğĨⲋĨⵇĨឮĨÛ㈊䞉ìĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĝ䔽ĨⲬäþĨ䤈〨ĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ╌Ĩç➄ῄĨ䂬⦫ĨㅎĨðä
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ǖ ƷNj
Ĩ䚽ĨĜĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䚙ҍ䔚Ĩ Ĩ ǎ 䮪〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ➅ὟĨ䒭äĨçὈĨîþäĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㅎĨ䨩îĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢ŠĨ Ǎ Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ˥Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬îᨴĨ╌Ĩ䤈㠠ĨຊäĨ㈊䞉ìĨ䮪Ĩęþ⥲Ĩ㈉ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ô㶜Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ï
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ĠĞĜ㈊Ĩ䜫Ĩûä䯆ġĠĞĨø✜ĨüïþĨⵇĨ㑒䞉ìĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ㓅Ĩì䯆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䕊ìĨĚîດĨ䯆äĨ㈊䞉ìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⵇĨ䨩îĜ䞀Ĩʆ⸗Ĩ➩äþĨ╌Ĩú㬲Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌ä
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Ĩ䐲㈀Ĝ䞈‫˄ٱ‬䜫Ĩô㶜ęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ˥Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䉸‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ╌Ĩì㑔⮪Ĩ䨩îĨ〪ʆĨ Ĩ úäĒĨ䔽Ĩę䑘ĨĚ⇤⇤Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㯠Ĩ䯎ĨỉĨðäĨ䚽Ĝ䞀Ĩ䢾㑔Ĩ㈉Ĩ䕉˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ą䎁ĨçኍĨዱĨ㑔nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩéîì
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Ĩî䯅Ĩ╌Ĩ⦡Ĩ㳜Ĩ䆀Ĩė䔘ὟîⵇĨěɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ěɟĨ‫ ٳ‬nj ᣅĨ䞈alloyĨ䲷㱇ĨⵇĨėᏠ䞉ìĨ㰛Ĩ䞈˄ᜯĨ ‫׏ ٱ‬äǎ Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀ĨÞ⚩äĨô㶜Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ
Ĩ‫˄ ٱ‬㩕Ĩ Ĩ nj ㅎĨ䕊ìĨៈÛĨ䗃㥀
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Ĩ䕊ìĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬îᒗarachnidĨ䮪‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㹗‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ╌äĨ०˄䜫Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬䔽ĨäမĨ䆀Ĩė䔘ὟĨîⵇĨěɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj 㑔ᜯĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩô㶜Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ˥Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䉸‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ╌Ĩ䞈㥀Ĩ䚽˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬îᒗĨ⸗
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Ĩ䆀ĨçîäṡĨᣆîìĨᒭҍ䔚Ĩ Ĩ ǎ 䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ㵐˄㑔Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䆀Ĩú⃵äĨ╌äĨ╌ĨᣆþĨ⑬äĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ⛬ĨĚî੗ĨਏĨì㑔⮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨ╌äĨĚ㺬Ĩ଺Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ଺ĨあĨ䆀
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Ĩ᛭ᵘĨ㈉ė Ĩ 䮩㺬Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䚙Ĩਏ㑔ᜯĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩধ㹬Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯ‫ٱ‬ ‫˄ ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨ㱄ßîⵇĨ╌äĨ㈉Ĩ⸗ĨäᘰĨ䆀Ĩė䊒⁩ĨîþäĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ㅏĨîᒗĨ䆀ĨėઉĨĚɟ‫ ٳ‬nj
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ĨĜ䆀Ĩė䊒⁩ĨîþäĨėઉĨĚɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ĚɟĨ
‫ ٳ‬nj 〪Ĩ䔙Ĩ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬äမĨî䯀äĨ㈉ĨėៃĨ╌
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Ĩ଺Ĩîä㖖Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩô㶜ĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ㵐ĨਏĨ㼩ĨⵇĨ⛬Ĩ䨕äĨ⹔Ĝ䞈‫˄ٱ‬䜫Ĩîä㖖ĨਏĨ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪ĨປĨ䒭äĨçὈĨä⇤þìĨⵇĨ㑒䞉ìĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬
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Ĩ
̵⁩Ĩ ຊäĨ䘸ßĨ䘸ßĨ㦆ĨðäĨᓟ䜫Ĩ䔽ĨîäìĨ㖐Ĩê⠪ĨㅎɟîĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj ęþĨ䐲ᱴĨ㻣Ĩ䞀‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ╌Ĩ䆀ĨÞ⚩äĨ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ô㶜Ĩ䮨î˄Ĩ‫ٱ˄ ٱ‬ǎ Ĩė⑭îĨㅎĨ䞈㥀Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲Ĝ䜫
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ㅏĨü஘Ĩ䯎þäĨ〪Ĩ᧹ÛĨø⠪ĨĚ⇤þìĜ⊘ĨᗂäĨüïþĨĚî੗Ĩ〪Ĩᓟ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩô㶜ĨᏛäĨęþĨ㻣Ĩ䞀Ĩ䯃îĨîä‫ٳ‬Ӓ‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ☒Ĩ❅äĨຊäĨᱵ䯆äĨ䮨î‫˄ٱ‬ĨㅎɟîĜ䞀Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj 䦈ìĨㄙ
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Ĩ㈊䞉ìĨⵇĚ Ĩ 㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩê✤äĨ⮩ĜĠğîäìĨ㖐Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ⯛ġĞĨ╌ɟîĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉Ĩ䤈˄䁡Ĩ
‫⑬ ٱ‬äĨîþäĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ô㶜Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ˥Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䉸‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ╌î‫˄ٱ‬ĨĚì㑔⮪ĨㅎĨ䤈˄䁡Ĩ ‫⑬ ٱ‬äĨ䨩îĨⵇĨĚ㺬ÛĨ䯉
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Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ⛬îĨ þäĨ䤈〨Ĩ䆀Ĩ䕊ìĨ㬶ĨㅎĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ⛬Ĩ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌Ĩ䎁Ĩ䏯Ĩ㈉ĨṠĨㅎĨ䗂ᜯĨヺĨຊäĨຝĨ╌ĨᖪᖫĨîþäĨἈä‫ٳ‬ʠĨçⴑĨøῳĨ㈉Ĩ䗂ᜯĨďᖫ
ĨĜ䔽
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Ĩ␰ĨㅋĨü‫˶ٱ‬äĨö䔘ĨਅĨ䯆äĨĀ㬷Ĝ䞈Ĩ䤈㑔Ĩç㑔ä␰ĨㅋĨᏼ⁩ĨຓäĨç㩕㸈Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩ❅ḝĨ╌ð Ĩ äĨîþäĨᅗĨ㦇äþĨ䗂ᜯĨㅎ䯎Ĩ Ĩė䮩㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩė䥛䗃ìĨᱍശ Ĩ
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Ĩ‫ٱ˄ ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨᄹĨ㈉Ĩ⥽Ĩ⸘ĨÛ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ
Ĩ ㈀Ĩ䧸äĜĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ
ė ‫ ٱ‬č⦇äĨҍ䔚ᣅĨÛ㈊䞉ìĨⵇĨĚ㺬༔ĨᏠ䞈Ĩ
Ĩ ˄ৄĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj îþäĨì㑔⮪Ĩ䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉Ĩ⥽Ĩęì⸗ĨᡅĨ䆀Ĩç㱄ĨㅎĨė㥀⁩
‫ ٱ‬䮨î‫˄ٱ‬ĨㅎɟîĨ
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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‫ٱ˄ ٳ‬ǎ Ĩ㩔䁡î⪕㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨü˶äĨ
ĨüäÝ䞈ĨᒖৄĨï㽔ĨᷚĨ⑬Ĩü〨Ĩ䨕äĨ〨Ĩ䨩îĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ý≠ĨຟĨ䔽Ĩ䁣ᜯĨ⦦Ĩ╌äĨ⸗Ĩ⍛Ĩê⠪ĨĚîດĨ〨ĨㅐɟĨ ‫ ٱ‬ö䔘ĨਅĨ〪Ĩ䞈
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Ĩ ǎ ø✜Ĩ䗂ĨçᅘĨㅎĨėþîäìäĨ䂬äⴑ㑔äĨ౉Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂⸗ĨäမĨ䲷㱇Ĩ䤈㇦ĨĜ䞈Ĩę⚾ດĨ䆀Ĩ̵⁩Ĩ
ĨㅎĨ㑒䞉ìĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ‫׏‬ĨṠ‫׏‬äĨ  ㅎĨ䨩îĨåäᣅĨⵇĨė㥀ä␰
ĨĜ䞈ĨㅎĨ⪘˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îìĨďþৄ
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Ĩ
̵⁩Ĩ ㅎĨ䨩î
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Ĩė䕁äĨᏠĨä䜫ĨðṣäĨⵇç nj nj 〨Ĩė䔘ä䣷⁩ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ
Ĩ nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ̵Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ô㶜Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨあÛĨ⧏㶔Ĩ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎƶė䜫ĨᒖîⱎĨęþĨ䞈ᨴĨÛ╌Ĩė䨷îĨû㸈Ĩě⇤þìĨ䨩îĨⵇĨė䮩㺬
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Ĩ䜱Ĩ᎗äĨ˄⸗Ĩ
‫❅ ٱ‬ḝ䨩îĨ╌ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪ĨᏽĨú⁔Ĩ䮪ĨⵇĨė䔘ä䣷⁩ĨຝĜ䞈ĨᒖৄĨ䨩îĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩ⸘ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ⊘Ĩ⍛Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䥝ìĨ⸗Ĩöþ▧Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ౹ᄌĨ䗂
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ĨĜᒒĨ⨾ĨęþĨ〪Ĩä䜫Ĩû㸈Ĩ䆀ĨࡘĨ㨉Ĝ‫⸗˄ٱ‬Ĩ❅ḝĨ䨩îĨ╌Ĩě㆐Ĩ㈉Ĩ䨩îĨᝦĨ㈊䜫Ĩü⁩ß
Ĩ〨Ĩ䨩îĨ〪Ĩັ䯎Ĩ Ĩ䈀ĨðäĨ╌ĨᅗĨຊäFritz VollrathĨç䕊äὛĨą㠞⣇Ĩ䤈እîäĨ㈉Aarhus UniversityĨⅯî䖼䮩Ĩ䘪îßĨㅎĨĕî䓕Ē
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Ĩ 㺬lĨ䗂Ĩė䔘ä䣷⁩༔Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼Ĩ䨕äĜ䔽Ĩ㽟˄ĨĨ‫ৄ ٱ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨ‫ח‬äîĨąęä‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ╌Ĩė䮩㺬
‫ ٳ‬ǎ ㅎmĚîäþäမĨㅎĨ䨩îĨ⧏㶔Ĩ㈉Ě
Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩúì㪆ĨɟᄟĨ
ǔ ƪŧū
Ĩą㠞⣇Ĝ䥞䜫Ĩø✜Ĩú⁩ĨㅋĨ䆀ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨäမĨ䨩îĨê⠪Ĩ⸘ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪ĨᏽĨĚîþ➳Ĩ䔃ᜯĨ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ƽ Ĩ ǎ ƹƨǎ Ƹ ĨຝĨ╌ĨðäĨ㨉ĜㅎĨဲĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉
Ĩ⦡ĨðäĨ䯎îĨ ⡷Ĩ㦇㸍Ĩ⪌Ĩ䩱⠪Ĩ䮪ĨⵇĨ䗂ৄĨ䨩îĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĝ㦈Ĩ⸗Ĩ⪘˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îìĨẗĨ䚽äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⵇĨ䩺⠪ĨðäĨ䆀Ĩ౹ᄌĨě⇤þìĨຓäĨ䗂VollrathĨç䕊äὛ
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Ĩ䗂VollrathĜ䞀ĨᒖৄĨ⇒Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉ĨåäᒭĨ〨Ĩ䨩îĨຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬䞀ĨᓧᜯĨㅍĨîᒗĨ䨽îĨ❱Ĩ᧽nylonü䣑‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ╌ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ᠎Ĩ㻴Ĩ╌
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ĨƾƸŐĻƲɝ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ䨩îĨ╌Ĩ䆀ĨឮĨㅏĨę䘧㴙ĨîࢄĨⵇĨ䓈‫׏‬äĨ ‫ⵇ ٳ‬ĨᣆᏠĨຊäĨ〨Û䞀Ĩ〰Araneus diadematusĨៈĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ᜯĨ䤈‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䆀Ĩ÷nj˄‫ٱ‬
Ĩ ǎ îþäĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨؔ㱇Ĩ
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Ĩ䯊Ĩㄷ䕉‫ٱ‬Ĩ Ǎ˄Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩç㗺Ĩú⑭Ĩ͝Ĩ ǎ ò㰤Ĩî䯀äĨ㈉Ĩ䓈Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩç㗺Ĩú⑭Ĩ䨩îĨⰢĨ╌Ĩ䗂䜫ĨῲäìĨ䆀Ĩ䓈ĨðäĜ䞈ĨਐĨຝĨ╌
ǖ Ǘǘ
ĨðäĨ̵Ĩ nj nj ç㗺Ĩ㈉Ĩ䨩îĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬äမĨ䢵㩕Ĩ஗äᒭĨ╌ឮĨ Ĩ 䞀ĨᓧᜯĨㅍĨัĨ䆀ĨẛĨě⇤þìĨ㈉Ĩ䓈ɝᣅĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䦙äĨᡱþî‫ٶ‬ՙ䗃Ĩęì⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨ╌Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĝ䞀
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Ĩ䔽Ĩü⁩ßĨ᎗äĨ䱛ĨⵇĨ䨩îĨ䞈ɝ⢙Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㨉ĜĠĠĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ ٱ‬䜫Ĩ⇒Ĩ䨩îĨ╌ĨឮĨ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨᓧৄĨӉĨǍ ᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⸗Ĩ䜫ĨᏡĨ䮪ĨᏠĨ䞀Ĩ㼀ĨᜯĨ╌Ĩåäᒭ
Ǖǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩçîþ➳Ĩ଺ĨㅎĨė㆝Ĩ䤈‫ٱ‬ĴƟƊĨ㩔äþĨė➆ὟĨü㫮ĨîþäĨÞ⚩äĨ䫑ìĨ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨĚîᒗĨㅎ䨩 Ĩ îĜ䞈Ĩ䯉ĨㅏĨü஘Ĩė䮫Ĩ〪Ĩᝦ
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ĨÛ䤈䜫Ĩ䡏䯀㍉Ĩㅎamino acid chainsĨėĨþ䉰ïĨñɟ䅸äĨ ‫ٳ‬ ᣅĨ䞈ĨŖǎƶŰŦ Ĩ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䮪Ĝ䞈keratinmᓕä‫ٳ‬ӒlĨú㩕ĨûὟĨⵇĨ䨩îĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬
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Ĩ╌ĨðäĄ Ĩ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩ䙎Ĩ〨Ĩî☆Ĩìä䁡ĨûὟĨäî⁩Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ٱ˄ ٱ‬ǎ Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ଺Ĩ䆀Ĩėþ䯎ĨîþäĨ┲Ûú‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩęì㩕Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄ß䎁Ĩ ‫ٱ‬ 䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩė䮩îþĒîäॆ
ǔ ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄĨ㩔ᜯՙ‫ٳ‬ Ĩ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĨ䆀ĨេĨຓäĨė䮩ĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗Ĩ䙎Ĩ⸗ĨうĨ଺Ĩ㩔ᜯĨຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨ╌Ĩ㧭˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬þĨㅐɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ㅎĨė⚏‫ٳ‬ɟĨ䅸äĨęì⸗Ĩ❅ḝ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨìä䁡Ĩ㦆
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ĨüäĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬äမelements✜⦴Ĩ㰛Ĩę⨌ĨɝĜ䞀Ĩ ‫ٳ‬Ǐ ᓧᜯĨ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄silk glandsĨě⨌Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄĨ䨩îĨ᠁‫׏‬äĨ
Ĩ ǎ 䯎Ĩ፛Ĩ㈉Ĩ࿶Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬
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Ĩ㈉ĨĚîäþäမĨㅎĨ䨩îĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䤈Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ࢔㶩Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨਏĨü䂭îìĨ㈉Ĩėþ⨌Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫ĨäမĨ㑒䞉ìĨ䨬îĨ㈉ĨûⱑäĨ㰛Ĩ╌Ĩㅐä‫ٳ‬ɟĨ㰛ĨㅎĨ✜⦴
Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼ĨㅎĨė䨷îĨ䨩îĨûὟĨ㑔äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĜ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䥞㑔Ĩ䆀Ĩú⃵äĨû䎀Ĩ㈉á‫ٱ‬nj˄ìĨîþäĨัĨę㧓‫ٱ‬nj˄䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ➃ῄĨìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀ĨេĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ⦡Ĩ ąüäîþì
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Ĩ〨Ĩánj˄‫ ٱ‬ìĨ㈉Ĩî䗃ྜĨ䞈ᨴĨ̵Ĩ nj nj 䆀ĨÞ‫ٱ‬ĴźƊäĨ⹟î‫˄ٱ‬ĨüäĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉spinnerets⹟Ĩî˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ą⤩Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂⸗ĨûⵇĨ䔄㩕ĨㅎĨė䈯ᖫ
‫ ٱ‬ㅏĨéîὟĨɝ‫ٱ‬
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valvesė䁡❡Ĝ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨú䯁Ĩ̵⁩ĨㅎĨė㣖⁩Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂ৄĨᓕä‫ٳ‬ӒĨûὟĨê⠪ĨðäĨ䐲㈀Ĝ䞈Ĩ➅ῄĨ䚽äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䯎Ĩî⡷ĨòὟĨ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩú䯁
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Ĩ䆀ĨㅐɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬䤈㇦ĨຊäĨ㈊䞉ìĨė䮩Ĝ䞈Ĩ䮽ĨᜯĨㅎĨ䬆ႩĨ䆀Ĩ㖐ĨîþäĨἈä‫ٳ‬ʠĨçⴑĨ ą 䆀
ą ÛĨⲋĨ㈉ĨðäĨüäîþìĨ㈉Ĩ䤈ৄĨㅎĨ㑒䞉ìĨ╌Ĩú⃵äĨ㈉ĨĕþîĨû䎀Ĩ
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Ĩ‫⦡ ٱ‬ą⇤
˄ßĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ę⨌ĨîþäĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ᏠĨ䜫Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨ䬆ႩĨĚɟĨ
Ĩ ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ⹔Ĩ䆀Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ䯆äĜ䞈Ĩ䲙Ĩ⸗îĨ὾äĨç➄ῄĨ⠡Ĩ਌㶻ĨࢇĨ㈉Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨ䬆ႩĨㅎⱖĨ⹔
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Ĩ䮼ìĨྩĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩ਌㶻Ĩ╌Ĩú⃵äĨ䔙ä‫ٳ‬ɝ㩕Ĩ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧᜯ

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Ĩ Ǐ ᣅĨęì㩕ĨęþĨᏠĨ䜫Ĩ䗃îᜯĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨ㈊䞉ìĨ᩵͋þĨ
Ĩㅎϥ᩵Ĩ Ĩ ឮĨĀ㬷Ĝ䞈Ĩ㻬ḝĨㅎĨ䛲äĨ䤈䇫äĨęþĨ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨㅎĨñ䄐ßĨ╌‫ח‬᎗Ĩ Ĩ nj ឮĨㅎĨîäþäမĨㅎĨėþ⨌Ĩ㰛ĨᲗ
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Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯĨㅏĨú⃵äĨ䆀Ĩîä㹸Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨਏĨ䯆äĨîþäĜ㈊ĨěìĨㄙօ Ĩ ǎ ❆ĨㅎĨ䗂මĨě㆐Ĩ㈊䞉ìĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯĨㅏ䔙Ĩ Ĩú⃵äĨ䆀Ĩîä㹸Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ䯆äĨ䞈Ĩ޽Ĩ✰
ǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䂬ï㑔Ĩ˄㑔Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䆀ĨûⵇĨ䯎ĨᨳîìĨ✔Ĩ〨ĨîäþäမĨㅎĨėþ⨌Ĩ䫑ìĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄĨ㱄ßĨîⵇĨ〨Ĩ㑒䞉ìĜ㐗Ĩ䥞ᜯĨ㍹Ĩç㱄ĨㅎĨú⃵ä
Ĩ䦈ìĨû䈶äĨ⇤ĨûⵇĨ㰛ĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ㰛Ĩ╌Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ç➄ῄĨû፝ĨㅎĨឮĨ䞈㑔Ĩ ᜯĨⵇĚ Ĩ 㺬Ĩ❅ḝĨⵇ䗂 Ĩ ᜯ䜫Ĩ㺹ᏼ Ĩ Ĩ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ஗䂭ⵇĨ⦡Ĩěî⁩Ĩ䮪
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Ĩîä㖖Ĩ⧏㶔Ĩ‫׏‬äǎ KevlarĨ䨩îĨⵇĚ
Ĩ 㺬llĨ䞈Ĩㅏü ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 〪Ĩ䞈˄䜫Ĩ
Ĩ ஘Ĩ䆀Ĩõ㜞äĨüäĨ╌äĨ䗂VollrathĨç䕊äὛĨąɝ㩕Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ô㶜Ĩî≏äĨ㈊䞉ìĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞀
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ĠġmmĜ䞈Ĩ䨸îĨ⧏㶔Ĩ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ô㶜KevlarĨîþäĨ䞈ĨîäìĨ㖐ĨîþäĨô㶜Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌䨸î
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䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬ú⃵äĨ䆀ĨĚîᒗĨㅎĨď〨ĨĕþîĨ㦇㍉Ĩ䯎ĨÞৄĨㅎĨ⡿㶜ĨຊäĨᣅĨ⅌෦ĨⵇĨⱖ‫׏‬ä Ĩ ǎ KevlarĜ䔽Ĩç✯ĨòὟĨ䮱Ĩø✜ĨㅎĨė‫ٵ‬ƬŰƠǎ ƲîĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢ᜯĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㑔Ĩ䆀Ĩú⃵äî‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩînj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨîþäĨ䞈˄䜫 Ĩ nj 䨩îĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ⥮ɟĨ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬recyclableĨ䕉äì䯆ï‫ٱ‬nj˄ą ӉⰔĨ ‫ٳ‬nj ㈉
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Ĩ㈉ĨěⵦĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨîᒗĨ䆀ĨេĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨÛĨ䞈Ĩîä㖖Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌ɟîĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj îþäĨô㶜Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩì㑔⮪ĨᣅĨÛ⛬Ĩ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬䭆਑Ĩ䮪ĨㅎĨ䕊ìĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ䐇Ĩ䚽äĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj ė䮫
ǖ ǔ ǖ Ǘ Ǘ
nj ǎ 㦇äþĨ䗂⸗ĨçᅘĨ䯎‫ٳ‬ɝᣅĨ
Ĩ଺Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䯍î‫̿ٱ‬Ĩ Ĩ Ǐ ÅäîßĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹Ĩ╌Ĩ᧘㥀ᚯĨ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ՙ‫ٶ‬ ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ؎Ĩnj îþäĨؔä㱇Ĩ
‫ٱ˄⪱ ٳ‬ǎ ĨⴛɟĨ
‫ח╌ ٳ‬Ĩ Ĩ nj ㈉Ĩ䯲ĨäⵦĨÛĨ䗂ὟîⵇĨěɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ╌Ĩěɟ‫ ٳ‬nj
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Ĩ䗂ৄĨ䨩îĨࡘĨ㈉䗂⸗Ĩ Ĩ ĚৠĨ਌㿡ĨÝĨㅎĨㆤĨĚৠĨ਌㿡Ĩㅎ̵⁩Ĩ Ĩ 䤈㇦Ĩú㬲Ĩ౹Ĩ䨕äĨ䗂ĨĚ㺬Ĩ༔ĨᏠĜ⊘Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽ĨîᒗĨ⛬Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ᧼Ĩ䨩îĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬
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nj ü䂭îìĨ㈉ĨŲƷǎnj ƹĺɟĨ
Ĩ䣘ⰔĨ‫ח‬᎗Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬䥞ä‫ؼٳ‬äĨnj üäÝㅏĨ⯞ĨㆤĨ䆀Ĩěî‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉ĨŲƷǎnj ƹĺɟ‫ ٳ‬Ĩ䥞ä‫ؼٳ‬äĨnj Ěì䱜ĨᲗĨîĨþäㅏĨû㸈Ĩê⠪Ĩ⸘Ĩ㽲ĨⵇĨú㩕ĨûὟĨĚîþ➳Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉
ą ⾸Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗
ĨÝĨㅏĨú⃵äĨⵇĨ䢫ၱĨç㑔ßĨ
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Ĩ ǎ Ĩ䆀ĨេĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩú⁔Ĩ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîäĨĀ㩕⦫Ĩ㈉Ĩ᧹Ĩ㈊Ĩ䜫Ĩ䯉ßĨ䔽Ĩ䆀Ĩ⦡Ĩ╌ĨùቿäĨ⸁‫ח‬Ĩ
Ĩ䔽ĨäမĨû䎀Ĩ䕊‫׏‬ä Ĩ nj 䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ★Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ䆀Ĩðä
Ĩú㑔⃣äĨîþäĨ䣶⁩Ĩą㠞⣇îሊĨ଺Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ䧸äĜě⸗ĨñጕĨî䯀äĨ㈉ĨេĨຓäĨ䔽ĨäĨ༔ĨîþäĨ䗂ທĨ〨Ĩç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îþ➳ĨຊäĨęþĨຝĨ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ㽟Ĩ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨðäĄ Ĝ䮽Ĩ⸗
ĨĜ䞈ĨîþìĨė␰〨Ĩ╌
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ĨĜ䞈ĨčĚ⧋ìĨ䔙ἐäĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㯠Ĩ䮪Ĝ䔽Ĩ㽟Āⲍ‫˄ٱ‬ᜯ䜫Ĩ Ĩ äမĨì⁏ïäĨÛ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ‫ ٱ‬äမĨ⎅Ĩç✯Ĩ㰛ĨㅎĨüäĨ䨩îĨû፝ĨᣅĨÛⵇĨû䎀Ĩ䨛äĨ଺Ĩ⹔
ǖ
Ĩ䞈˄⸗Ĩ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬äမĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩ✔ĨîþäĨ ⧑Ĩ౹ĨᷚɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ᣅĨ䞈Ĩ䜱Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ䮪ĜㅏĨäမĨ଺Ĩ〨Ĩû䎀Ĩ㦇㸍Ĩ⪌ĨðäĨîþäĨĚ㺬Ĩ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ㝑ὟĨ㈉Ĩ䅠ïĨîþäĨė䔘⌵ßĀ䩶
ĨĜ䞈Ĩὡnj˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬Ĩ╌ĨᆆɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ęþĨîþä
Ǖ
ĠüⰔ㜫äĨ‫ګ‬î␰mĜㅎĨî㹹ĨɟኧĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䗂ĨឮĨĜ䞈Ĩ䔽‫▧׏‬Ĩ
‫ ٳ‬ǎ ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㅎĨðäĨ༔ĨㅏĨäမĨ〨ĨᷚɝĨ Ĩ ǎ 䤈〨Ĩ䆀Ĩ䜱Ӏì‫ٱ‬ ‫ ٱ‬nj˄ᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨឮĜĜĜl
ǖ
Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ėþï䁡Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ㹽ɝ ‫ٳ‬Ǐ
ǖ ǖ ǖ
ĨⱖĨ㰛Ĩ䆀េĨ Ĩ ຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩ❅äĜ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ㑒䞉ìĨ㈉ĨⱖĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ͋þĨ䈅˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㩔ᜯĨຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩû㸈〨Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ çnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪
Ĩnj nj
Ĩ䮪Ĩ䐲㈀Ĝ䞈Ĩ➅ὟĨ䚽äĨⶄĨ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䜫Ĩ➩äþĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪ĨᏠĨ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩî⩺Ĩ䯎Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨㅎĨė䮩㺬Ĩ䚽̵Ĝ䞀Ĩ ᒖ⸗ĨäမĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ✛㹬Ĩ㰛Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ㈉
ĨęþĨĀ㬷Ĝė䜫Ĩ㰛Ĩ╌Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äÛĨ ǎ 䞈Ĩ㓈Ĩ╌Ĩ⡿㶜Ĩ╌äĄ ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨᒖමĨî☆Ĩ฻äĨęþĨ╌ĨᡱĨęþĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ༔ĨᮻĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯎ĨᡱĨ㑒䞉ìĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ▥ä
ǖ
Ĩç䁡Ĩㅎð
Ĩ äĨė䮩ĨîþäĨᒖᜯĨ᩼Ĩ䯎ĨðäĨ଺ĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂මĨî☆ĨęþĨៈ˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬᩵ĨᝦĨ㑒䞉ìĨ⑬äĄ Ĩ䯆äĨ䞈ĨᮻĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯎ĨឮĨ㈊䞉ì
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

ĨĜᒖᜯĨ䜫ĨⲚäþ
ĨüäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬AraneidĨ㦇äþĨ䯲Ĩ㑔ᜯĨú㍉Ĩ㨉Ĩ䞀ᒖ Ĩ ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䔽äĨ㈉⸗ĨäမĨ䨩î㈉ĨûⱑäĨ㰛Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ‫ח‬Ĝ䞀Ĩnj ᓧ⸗Ĩî⩺Ĩ䯎Ĩú㬲Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䥝ß
Ǖ
Ĩ⽃ĨïäĨ⽃Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞀Ĩ䰡orb-web㑔ᜯĨĚþ⸗Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩú㍉Ĩ䩓Ĩ䊓䞉ĒĨ䨬îĨøþ㷩Ĩ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj 䮪ĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ✛㹬Ĩì㪴Ĩ〨Ĩė‫ٵ‬ƬŰƠǎ Ʋî
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ĨឮĨ଺draglineĨî˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ęþĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨᇥĨⲋĨ䍚ĨîþäĨぞᱴĨⵇĨ㩔ᜯĨú㍉ĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ䨩îĨęþĨບĨ╌nj‫ח‬Ĩ䆀ĨüäĜ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗ĨäမĨ䨩îĨ㈉ĨⱖĨç⁩
ǖ ǖ
ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮨ïäĨęþ⥲ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ßĨ‫ ٱ‬ûⵇĨ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄspirals㩔⩺㱇Ĩ㩔äþĨ䌛ໄĨ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨú㍉ĨᣅĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬᩵Ĩ䨩îĨä⇤þìĜ䞈ĨᒖßĨ䕣ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉
Ǘ Ǐ ╌ĨᡱĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨäĨမĨ଺Ĩ䨽îĨ⮻➟äĨ䨛äĨęþ⥲Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨĜĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨîᒗĨ䯀㍉Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䇘䞉ĒĨ〨Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ䨬îĨîäìĨ㩔⩺㱇
ĨîþäĨйᱴĨ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯ‫ٳ‬ɝࡏĨ
ǕƲ ǖ Ǘ ǖ ǔ ǖ
Ĩ〨Ĩė‫ٵ‬ƬŰƠǎ îĨ㈉Ĩî˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㦇äþĨ䗂ßĨ䕣ĨîþäĨйᱴĨîþäĨ䨩îĨⵇĨ㓍Ĩ〨Ĩî☆Ĩó㹯ĨÛcocoon silkĨ䨩îĨⵇ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮪ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㻽ҍኲ‫ٶ‬
Ĩ ǎ ՙ‫ٳ‬ǎ ʠĨ〨î‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ßĨ䕣
ĠĢĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨîᒗĨ䨩îĨ㰛Ĩ଺Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ēᣅĨ╌Ĩ∘
Ǘ Ǘ
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ⢙Ĩ଺ĨᨳîìĨ㈉ϥ᩵îþäĨ
Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩɝ Ĩ Ǐ ė䤉‫˄ٱ‬䁡Ĩ㰛Ĩ䮪Ĩê⠪Ĩ⑬äĨ䞀Ĩ㻬ḝĨ㈉Ĩç✯Ĩ㰛Ĩ╌Ĩ䎁Ĩ䏯Ĩ㈉Ĩ㖐ĨîþäĨ⡿㶜ĨຊäĨ䨩îĨû፝Ĩê⠪Ĩឮ
Ǘ Ǘ ǖ
Ĩ╌Ĩ✰Ĩㅎϥ᩵Ĩ Ĩ Ǐ ㍉ĨÛ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨäìäĨîäì⸗ĨäɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ਏĨ䆀Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨㅎĨĚ㺬ĨᣅdraglineĨî˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㦇äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩú⃵äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ßĨ䕣Ĩ䯎î⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲ĨĜ䞀
ǖ ǔ ǖ ǖ
Ĩî☆ĨຓäĨĚ㺬ĨѬþ䯁ㅎĨ䨩îĨ⑬äĜ䞈Ĩ䮽ĨŖśƚĨ䕉⁩ß‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨüïþĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ˥Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ᓕ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨþìĨ╌ĨüïþĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩî˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨîäìĨ㖐ĨîþäĨô㶜Ĩ䮪Ĩ䚽˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩûþ㯎
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ⸗Ĩ䲹ṡĨ䕣îĨ þäĨ䯎þäĨ╌Ĩ䕉⁩ß⸗ĨᗂäĨ〨
Ĩė〫Ĩ䨩îĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ɝ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ Ĩ〪Ĩ䜫Ĩû㸈Ĩ଺Ĩ䮪Ĩ╌äĨᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩ĨîþäĨ⊚Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨ䨩îĨ㈉ĨûⱑäĨ㰛ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪䞈 Ĩ Ě
Ĩ îþ➳Ĩ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䜪îĨę䯀ïĨ䪴ìĨ䗂Ĩ䚽〪
Ĩ ᧹
ǔ
ĨĜ㐗䜫Ĩç䁡ĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩ㶱ĨⵇĨ⾒Ĩ଺Ĩㅎ‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ⹔Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀ĨüäĜ䞈Ĩ˄㑔Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬䆀Ĩú⃵äĨė〫
ǔ ǔ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ౹Ĩ㈉Ĩ䣩ä‫ٳ‬ɟĒĨ ǎ 䒭äĨçὈĨៈĨ䮨⸗ĨîሊĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĜ䔽Ĩ ǎ 㽟˄ᜯĨ‫݉ ٱ‬ĨęĨ䯀ïĨ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ᏠĨė䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ͋þĨఊĨî䯀äĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䨩îĨû፝Ĩ䮪Ĩ䯆ä
ǔ ǖ
Ĩėþîä‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ ęþĨ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩî὾äĨ଺ĨⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĝ‫˄ٱ‬ᜯĨ䜫ĨîⵇĨ౹Ĩ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ㑔ᜯĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼Ĩ䨕äĨĜᒒĨ䔙Ĩ᩶Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ㈉ĨðäĨ㻣ĨᒒĨᓧßĨ䯲ĨᏠĨ㩔ᜯĨ⧑
ǖ
Ĩ䥚㑔Ĩ䆀ĨîሊĨĚ㺬Ĩ䨕ä‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ༔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĝ㐗Ĩ䥞ᜯĨ㱇Ĩ䜱Ĩ䆀Ĩė䔘ìĨᱍĨĚ㺬ĨࢇĨ㈉Ĩ⥽ĨðäĨ䐲㈀ĨěìĨ≻Ĩ䱛Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ᩶Ĩ╌äĨÞእîäĨą⦡Ĩ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ě⸗Ĩî䇦äĨðɟ‫ ٳ‬nj
Ĩ䨩îĨěî⁩ĨĚĨ㺬Ĩ䯆äĜĨᒖᜯĨ㱇Ĩ༔ĨĚ㺬Ĩė䮩ĨîþäĨᓧ䜫Ĩ䔙㱄ßîⵇĨ䨩îĨęì⸗ĨîᒗĨ㈉ĨðäĨĀ䩶ĜᑽĨ✜ⰔĨ╌Ĩ䯲Ĩ㑔ᜯĨ㨉ĨᑽĨ䮽Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨᏠĨ䨩îĨⵇĨⱖɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ᣅ
Ǘǔ
Ĩ nj ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗îᒗ
Ĩ䜫Ĩûþ㷧ĨĚ㺬Ĩ଺Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼ĨðäĨᏠĨ䮽Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨ䔙cocoon silkĨ䨩îĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 〨Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ⢜ằĨㅎĨėþ‫ٶ‬ՙäĨ㻣Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ଺ӉⰔĨ
ǖ ǖ ǖ ǖ ǖ Ǖ
Ĩ〪Ĩ᧹Û䞀Ĩ㝼㩕ĨęþĨㅎĨᡱĨ㩇Ĩ⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨç➄ῄĨû፝ĨęþĨᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂î䯅Ĩ͋þĨ  ęþĨ〪Ĩ㻭Ĩ䔽Ĩ䜱͋þĨ
Ĩ ⵘĨ〨Ĩė䮩㺬ĨÛ䯉Ĩㅏҍ‫ٱ‬Ĩ nj ˄Ĩ䯎þäĨ〪᧹Ĝᒖᜯ
ĨĜ䞈ĨčĚ⧋ìĨⵇĨėK䯎ĨÞእîä
ǖ
ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㨶þĆ äĨ䯎Ĩ䅠ïĨĜ䞈˄⸗ĨĨ‫ ٱ‬č Ě⧋ìĨÞእîäĨ䮪䎁Ĩ〪Ĩ᧹ĨᒐĨ䮽Ĩ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩ䓕þîĨᣆîìĨ਌ĨᣆîìĨ଺Ĩç✯Ĩɟä‫ٳ‬ ‫ ٳ‬nj ɟĨnj ęîíĨ╌Ĩ䆀ĨüäĨ䞀Ĩ㝼㩕ĨㅎĨç✯ĨᡱĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬
ǖ ǖ
Ĩě⇤þìĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䥚䜫Ĩ
Ĩ îäì䓺Ĩ䆀͋þĨ Ĩ ǎ ė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀ĨçᛱĨⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ䢾ẾĨû፝ĨĜᒐĨৠǍ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䯎Ĩ䮾îĨìᣅþĨ䆀Ĩ☒Ĩ㺹Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩû፝Ĩ䜱Ĩ╌ĨìᣅþĨ㈉
Ĩ 䜱‫׏‬äĨ
ǖǖ
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ⥽ĨîþäĨ͋⟷ĨìĨþ㯌㑔ĨຊäĨ䁠⁩Ĩěî‫ٱ‬ʦĨǏ č㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩě㷡ĨðäĨ㈉ĨᆆĨ䆀Ĩė䮩㺫ĜㅏĨᆆĨ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ䔽äĨ䆀Ĩõ㜞ä
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䗃î⸗Ĩɝ⢙Ĩ
Ĩ㖐Ĩㅎė
Ĩ ㍉䞉ìĨ䨬î
ǖ Ǐ
Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ᩶Ĩ䯎îĨ ⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲Ĝ㐗Ĩě⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ㇏ĨûⵇĨ⸘Ĩ〨Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䯎Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨî䊮äĨⵇĨðäĨîþäĨ䞈‫⸗˄ٱ‬Ĩ
Ĩ ɝ⢙Ĩ
‫ ٳ‬ç➄ῄĨ㰛Ĩ㈊䞉ìĨⵇĨĚ㺬
Ĩ᩶Ĩ䮪Ĩ䆀Ĩç㑔ḝĨ࡚Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩîä㖖ĨîþäĨಞĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ䮪ĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫ĨäမĨ䆀Ĩėþ⨌Ĩ㰛Ĩ╌Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩú⃵äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ßĨ䕣Û
ǖ
ĨĜ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨㄷ‫׏‬ĨĨ ✛Ĩ⮻ģĞĞĨĜĤĞĞ㑒䞉ì
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

ǔ ǔ ǔ
ĨƾƸŐĻƲĨ╌Ĩî䯀äĨຓäĨė㦈‫˄ٱ‬ĨĚþ⨌Ĝ䞀Ĩ㦞ĨৄĨ㑒䞉ìĨęþĨ╌Ĩì㱄ĨㅎĨឮĨ䞀Ĩ㝼㩕Ĩㅎsystempump-and-valveĨû䎀Ĩ䁣❡ĨîþäĨัĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬
ĨᒭĜ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ䠀ĒĨ䆀ĨôῙĨĚïä㫱Ĩ㣤⁩Ĩ䆀ĨឮĨîॿĨú⑭Ĩ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䩓Ĩ䞀Ĩ䦈ìĨৄviscousĨ䞉ē㈊ĨîþäĨîäìĨé㘯Ĩ䤈䇫äĨ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩ䞉ē㈊Ĩ〨Ĩěì㩕Ĩ㩔äþ
ǖ Ǘǔ
ĨÛ㱤Ĩ‫׏‬äǎ alpha chains䮨䉰ïĨ㜞äĨ௳Ĩ╌ĨᣆþĨㅎĨឮĨ䞀Ĩ㔍äĒĨánj˄‫ ٱ‬ìĨĚⴑĨä䜫Ĩ˄ᷘĨ ‫ ٱ‬䯎Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩîäì䓺ĨÛė‫̦ٱ‬ᖫĨ ǎ 㦇äþĨ㤿䐁Ĩî䞉ì
Ǖ Ǖ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗Ĩî὾äĨçî❼ĨㅎÛĨ䞀Ĩ〰beta-pleated sheetsĨៈĨÛ䊨䞉ĒĨѬ‫˄ٱ‬
ǖ ǖ Ǘ Ǘ
Ĩ㿍Ĩ╌beta-pleated sheetsĨᣅĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩėþ䉰ïĨñɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬䅸äĨ䨕äĨᣅĨ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ䡨ЃĨ ‫ ٳ‬䆀matrixĨúἶ㩕Ĩ䓕ɟîĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj îॿĨᒖ㗺Ĩ䮪
Ǘ ǖ ǖ ǔ ǖ
ĨㅎɟîĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj 䰬ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬౹Ĩ䮱Ĝ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ䤈䜫Ĩ㕺äĨ╌Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䆀ѬḝĨ Ĩ ㅎĨ㐗îⵇ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩՙ▥Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㘮ĨîäॆĨ䮪ㅎĨėþ䉰ïĨñɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬䅸äĨ䥞‫ܖ‬Ĩ㈉ĨðąäĨĜᓟ䜫Ĩ䔽
ǔ ǖ
Ĩᒖ⸗ĨἈä‫ٳ‬ʠĨøῳĨ㈉áロĨðäĨîþäĨ䞀ĨᒖᜯßĨɝ‫ٱ‬ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ╌Ĩ䰬ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬౹˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩá㕰äĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㘮Ĩᒖ㗺Ĩ╌ĨㄿĨ㈊䞉ìĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩ⤫Ĩ㖐Ĩ㦇㸍Ĩ⪌Ĩ଺Ĩ〨Ĩ䨩îĨê⠪
ǖ
ĠģĜ䞀ĨᒖᜯĨ⍌Ĩ╌Ĩ䰬ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬౹Ĩ༔Ĩînj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㘮Ĩ䮪Ĩ䯎Ĩ䗂ēᵘĨ㈊䞉ìĨ᜵Ĝ䞀
ǖ
Ĩ㑔äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩú⃵äĨ䆀Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨ᩶Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ ٱ‬䜫Ĩ⽃ĨęῗĨⵇĨ䗂ᜯĨďᖫĨ㑔ᜯĨê⠪ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨĕþîĨ⪱îĨ⪱îĨ〨Ĩėþ㆐Ĩ䥞䜫ĨᓧēĄäĨ㖐ĨㅎĨė㍉䞉ìĨ᩶
ǖ ǖ
Ĩėþ㆐Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂ᜯĨཱྀĨ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ〪Ĩ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬᩵Ĩî≏äĨęì㩕Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨû䈶äĨ⇤ĨûⵇĨ㰛ĨᣅĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬äမĨ䆀Ĩęþ䯆Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㈉ĨėþĨĆ⨌Ĩęì㩕Ĩ᩵
ǔǔ ǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㽟˄ĨĨ‫˄ ٱ‬ᜯ䜫Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬îä‫ٳ‬ӒĨ㦆Ĩ㈉
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩô㶜Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩì㥀⮪Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬
Ō Ō ǔ ǔ ǖ ǖ Ō ǎ ǔǍ ǔ
ĨŖǎƶŰŦ Ĩ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ŖǎƶŰŦ ɟ‫ٶ‬ ‫ ٱ‬ㅏĨéîὟĨ䆀Ĩçî❼ĨㅎĨ䢵㩕Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩ⹟î‫˄ٱ‬Ĩą⤩ĨᣅĨ䞈scleroproteinĨŖǎƶŰŦ ɟ‫ٶ‬
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ՙĨǍ ỡ˄ĨĨ‫ ٱ‬䮪ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ՙĨỡ˄Ĩ‫׏ ٱ‬äĨǎ 䨩îĨⵇĨĚ㺬
ǖ ǖ ǎ ǖ Ō ǖ ǔ ǖ
ĨîⱎĨðäĨ䨩îĨⵇĚ Ĩ Ĩ㺬ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ô㶜Ĩҍ䔚Ĩ 䨩îĨѬþ䯁ĨㅎĨƾƸǒ ŰŦ Ĩ⑬äĜ䞈Ĩ䲙Ĩ⸗Ĩî὾äĨ̵⁩ĨîäìĨ㖐ĨÛĨô㶜ĨîþäĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䜫Ĩ⇒Ĩ⸗Ĩ㻬Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩä䜫ĨᣅĨ䞈
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ĠĤĨĜ㈊Ĩ㩔ĨĕþîĨ〨ĨïᣇĨ䤈ä䜫Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㑔ᜯĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ᠎Ĩ㻴Ĩ╌ĨúᜯĨ䜱㩕Ĩ╌‫ח‬᎗Ĩ ‫〪 ٱ‬Ĩ䞈Ĩä䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄ĨîäìĨ㖐ĨîþäĨô㶜
Ĩ nj 䕉˶äĨ
ǖ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ô㶜Ĩ䮪㦆Ĩ⑬äĨ䞈Ĩ⛬Ĩ䲷㱇Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䔄㩕ĨㅎĨė䨷îĨ㈉Ĩ⛊Ĩě䯑Ĩ䆀Ĩ䯀㍉Ĩᒖ䆊Ĩ䐲ᱴĨ䨩îĨĜ䞈Ĩ䯃îĨ䣘ⰔĨüïäᏠĨ䆀Ĩ㖐ĨㅎĨðäĨ⡿㶜ĨㅎĨ䨩î
˄䜫Ĩ
ǖ ǔ Ǘ
ĨഛĨ䆀ĨðäĨⴈ䯓Ĩ‫׏‬î‫ٱ‬ ǎ nj˄Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䯎Ĩ∘Ĩ䐲㈀Ĩ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ďᖫĨ㦆ĨðäĨĀ㩕⦫Ĩ㈊䞉ìĨä䜫ĨㄸĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗ĨἈä‫ٳ‬ʠĨøῳĨ㈉ĨᖪᖫĨ⸘‫ٳ‬ҢĨǎ îþäĨîॿĨ㈉ĨðäĨĜ䞈
ǖ ǖ
Ĩ‫˄ ٱ‬䜫ä㍍Ĩ
˄ᜯĨ‫ٱ‬ ᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨĚᒭĨø☬Ĩ╌ĨᣆþĨㅎĨឮĨ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩï〨㱇Ĩ䯎Ĩø☬ĨᓟⴑĨ㦇äþĨ䗂䯈Ĩ䯎Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨ䨽îĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ㔍äĒĨø☬Ĩê⠪Ĩㅎwedge
Ǘ Ǘ ǔ ǖ Ǘ ǖ
ĨîॿĨìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀Ĩ⸘ҢĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ɟîĨ
‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉Ĩ䨩îĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨĜ䜫Ĩ䔙ĨáäᔱĨ╌ĨἈä‫ٳ‬ʠĨㅎĨⱖĨ⹔ĨⵇĨüäĨ᜵Ĩ䞀ʆĨ Ĩ Ęɟ‫ ٳ‬nj Ĩ䜱Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼Ĩ⑬äĄ Ĩø✜Ĩø☬Ĩ䨛äĨ䚽˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬Ĝ䞈
ĠĥĜ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨîþ⽯Ĩ⸗Ĩē䁡Ĩ൚äþĨ〨Ĩánj˄‫ ٱ‬ìĨ䥞䜫ĨᓧᷘĨᣅĨ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ䂗ĨďþⵇîĨ䨕ä
ǖǖ ǔ ǖ Ǖ ǔ ǖ
Ĩ௡䯂Ĩᒖṇä㐔Ĩ㦇͋þĨ Ĩ ㈉Ĩ䤈ٰ‫ ٱ‬nj Ą Ĩ䆀Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㨉ĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ䜫ҍ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj ˄Ĩĕ˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ῗĨ଺Ĩî➳Ĩ⁩Ĩ㦇㸍䯎Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨᷚĨ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩ䆀ѬḝĨ Ĩ ㅎĨáロĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩá᎗
ǔ ǖ ǖ
ǎ ƹƶ Ƨ
ĨƼ 䯓Ĩ㽡Ĩ䯎Ĩ䨩îĨ∘Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ䞼ĒĨê⠪ĨðäĨ╌ĨᏡĨㅎĨěì㩕Ĩú⑭Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌äĨ͋þĨðäĨᏠĨ䞈Ĩ䰡Ĩ䨩îĨ฻äĨ̵Ĩ nj nj Ě㺬ĨㅎĨ÷nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ݊Ĩ╌ĨěῗĨðä
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ĨüïþĨĚî੗ĨᣅĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ㅏĨú⃵äĨ䆀ĨĚîᒗĨㅎĨėþî‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ❱Ĩㅎՙ‫ٶ‬ Ĩ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ؎nj îą þìĨ䞀Ĩ䜱îßĨᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ╌Ĩė␰‫ٳ‬ɟnj ėㄙ㑔Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬ĨៈĨ䩱⠪Ĩ䮪Ĝᓟ‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩîäì䓺
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ĨĜ䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩҍ䔚Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ô㶜ĨⵇĨüäĨîþäĨ䞀ĨᒖßĨûⵇĨ㈉Ĩ䗂ᗂä
˄䜫Ĩ
ǖ
Ĩỉ䌠 Ĩ 〨Ĩ䆀ĨᏡĨㅎĨç䧜ᇚĨዱĨüäĨĜ㈊䜫Ĩᰳ␰Ĩ⸗ĨᙋĨ䛹ĨåäĨ㨉ĨĜ䞀Ĩ㐔ĨㅎĨü஘ĨçኍĨዱĨ㯠ĨㅎĨě㷡ĨĚቛĨĚɝ⢙Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ‫׏‬äĨǎ ‫׏‬Ĩåä
ǔ
Ĩ䔽Ĩ⸁଺ Ĩ 㪺 Ĩ Ĩ㈉ĨĚ䉴äĨîþäĨç⠢ĨÛ㇦Ĩ⥽ĨęþĨĜ䞈ĨὡĨ౹Ĩ╌Ĩė㔃ḝĨĚîॿĨㅎɝᣅĨ Ǐ nj
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬îþäĨ╌Ĩç㗺ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ➩äþĨᏠĨç˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ý䞈Ĩ㩕ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬îⵇ
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Ĩ㽟˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䧛ᇚĨ䩘îíĨ㈉mùቿälĨㅎü Ĩ äĨÛ䞈ĨቄĨⵇĨç➄ῄĨㅎð Ĩ äĨ‫׏‬Ĩ
 ėᣇĨ㨉ĨĜ䞈Ĩûþ㯎Ĩ଺Ĩ╌օ❆Ĩ Ĩ ǎ ㅎĨ⍤Ĩᱳ␰Ĩù㰰Ĩ䮪Ĝ䇻ᜯ
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ĨîþäĨ䗂⸗Ĩî☆Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨÛ䨩îĨîþäĨ㩔ᜯĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨÝ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨû䈶äĨ⇤Ĩî♑ĨþĨåṣĨěî⁩ĨîþäĨ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ৠĨ਌㿡Ĩû፝Ĩ䮪ĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩü〨ĨęþĨ䆀Ĩçî❼ĨðäĨ༔Ĝ䞈
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ĨĜ㈊䜫Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ䔽Ĩû䈶äĨ⇤Ĩ䜱ì⁏Ĩ⦡ĨዱĨ⧑Ĩ౹Ĩ䮪Ĩ䗂ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䜫Ĩ➩äþĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪ĨÛ䞀Ĩ Ĩ ᓧᜯĨᓧ⸗Ĩ㛾㶩ĨėᣅĨėᣅĨ䚽Ĩⵇė Ĩ 䩰⠪Ĩ㈉⑙ Ĩ Ĩ䛻î

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Ĩą⮘Ĩ㈉č㦇Ĩ ሟĨ㠕äĨ⎅ė Ĩ Ἶ❆ĨᒖäቛĨîþäĨᒖ⠢ĨÛĨ䤈㇦ĨຊäĨ䞀Ĩ䪸ìĨü䂭îìĨ㈉ĨėþìດĨ䆀Ĩ÷nj˄‫˄ ٱ‬Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䗂〨Ĩę⚾ດĨ⹔͋þĨ Ĩ ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩ䚽ĨៈĨĚ㺬Ĩ‫׏‬ä‫ٳ‬ǎ ɝǏ
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Ĩ㝒äĨ⦡ɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ䜱Ĩ㠕äĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬䀑Ĩ䯎Ĩ䚽ĨᆆçⴑĨ Ĩ ą ‫ח‬ìĨɟïĨ‫ ٳ‬nj îþäĨ䤈˄äìĨ
‫ ٱ‬ìþ㯌Ĩ㑔ĨຊäĨč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ䩘îíĨ㈉Ԡ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ ǎ ˄Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨðäĜ䞈ĨçᛱĨ➩äþĨⵇᆆ Ĩ
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ĨĜ䞈ĨㅏĨü⥲äĨ䆀Ĩ㭻Ĩ ąüß‫ٳ‬ӒĨ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨⵇĨỉĨðäĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗ ‫ٱ‬
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Ĩ䜱ĨęþĨ㝼㩕ĨⵇĨ⋚Ĩㅎė Ĩ 䔘⌵ßĨîþäĨ䅠ïĜ䞈㑔äþĨổ˄äìĨ nj 䜱þĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䆀Ĩė䔘⌵ßĨîþäĨ䅠ïĨᣅĨ䗂ĨᷚĨðäĨɝĨ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬îþäĨ‫ח‬ì‫ٳ‬ɟïĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䞈ĨㅎĨᆝĨㅎĨ㠕äl
ǖ
‫ ٶ‬ǎ ‫ګ‬î␰mĜ䞈ĨؕîĨ
ğĜĠՙ㗎äĨ ‫ ٱ‬çîⱎĨ䯎ĨᷚɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ęþĨîþäĜ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨç䁡ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ޽Ĩ㐗䯀ïÛ䞈
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Ĩㅐä‫ٳ‬ɟĨ䒭äĨçὈĨㅎĨ䯲Ĩ㑔ᜯĨㅎĨĚ㺬ĨㅎĨ÷nj˄‫ٱ‬
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Ĩç㩕㹬ĨᲗ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨîᨴĨ〨Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨîäìĨ㩔⩺㱇Ĩ䭆ɟĨ ‫╌࡬ ٳ‬Ĩؔ㱇
‫ ٳ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨຓäĨĚ㺬ĨĜ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨēßĨ㦆Ĩ㈉䗂 Ĩ ৄô㶜Ĩ〨Ĩė㥀ᜯĨຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬ĨㅎĨ÷nj˄‫ٱ‬
ǔ
Ĩ╌ؔ㱇Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ě㺬Ĩ䮪Ĩęþ⥲Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗Ĩ㷺ĀäĨ ì⦫Ĩ〨Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂මĨ〨Ĩėþ㆐Ĩ䥞䜫ĨᓧēĄäĨࡘĨ㈉ĨðäĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩ㱤Ĩ╌äĨ⸗ĨěìĨäî␲Ĩ䯎
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Ĩä䜫ᣅĨ⛬Ĩ䕉ïþĨ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨҳĨ ‫⛬ ٱ‬Ĩ䕉ïþĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ᛭ᵘĨě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䯎ĨẛĨ䊊Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䔗˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬〨Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨîäìĨ㩔⩺㱇Ĩ䭆ɟ‫࡬ ٳ‬
Ǘ
Ĩ╌ĨúᜯĨ̵Ĩ nj nj 〪Ĩ䞈ĨㅏĨę䘧㴙Ĩ䮪Ĩ䗂Ĩė䔘ä䣷⁩ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ䜫Ĩ଺Ĩú⁏ĨⵇĨ䒾㏻Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨäᔲĨⵇĨĚ㞐ĨÛĨಲ˄ᵘĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ÛĨ䞈ĨᒖৄĨô㶜Ĩ〨Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䗵îĨ㔞Ĩ䆀
Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨʢĨ ǎ Ǎ ╌äĨ⸗Ĩ䜫Ĩîä䓺Ĩû䪍äĨĚ㺬Ĩ㽾Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂⚩ßĨᏠĨ䞀ĨᓧᗂäĨ䯎þäĨ╌Ĩ䘸ßĨ⸗ĨĕþîĨ╌Ĩ㤿ᦧĨîþäĨěēᵘĨৄĨ〨ĨüïþĨðäĨ㔠
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Ĩ nj ˄Ĩ䮪Ĩ䗂Ĩ䢏䇞Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩ❅ḝĨ╌Ĩçä䘧㴙ĨüäĜ㟼Ĩ㤿ᦧĨ╌Ĩ༔Ĩ⛬Ĩ䗂ïþĨ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ᒖĨ⸗˄ᵘĨ
ûĨ ⵇĨěî⁩Ĩ䮪ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗ҍ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬〨Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨĚ㺬ࡘ
ĠĦĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨû䈶äĨ⇤Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉䗂
Ĩ ৄĨô㶜Ĩ〨Ĩ㩔ᜯ

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Ĩ nj ⵇĨ䕊ì
ĨäྀĨⵇĨç䁡Ĩĕ‫˄ٱ‬ĨҍíäĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ
ǖ ǔ ǖ Ǐ î≏äĨûäìĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩäî᳐Ĩ╌ĨðäĨষĨî☆ĨྂĨ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬
Ĩ䞈˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫▮ ٱ‬〨ĨㅎĨ㤿  ╌Ĩ䆀ĨðäĨî☆Ĩ䯆äĨ〪Ĩ䞈˄ᜯĨ
‫׏‬ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ㅏĨîᒗĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩ䔙ä‫ٳ‬ɝ㩕Ĩ
ǖ
Ĩ䜫Ĩô㶜Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌ĨຝĨ㑔ᜯĨᏠĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䜫ĨçⴑĨ౹Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹Ĩî☆Ĩ̵Ĩnj nj ࡘɟìĨ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ĚēᑺĨĜ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨ⸗Ĩô㶜ĨîþäĨ⪘䯆ĨຊäĨ䯎Ĩî☆ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨㄙĨ㖐ĨຊäĨ㑔ᜯĨᏠ
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Ĩ‫ ٱ‬᭝ĨᐭĨåäĨᣅĨÛĨ〨Ĩî☆Ĩ䥞䜫ĨྎĨ䕉⁩ß‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ䜱îĨ䪳ìĨ▮〨Ĩ⾸Ĩð䮩㩕ĨㅎĨî☆ĨஸĨ䆀Ĩ䗂〨Ĩ⹔ĨᣅĨĚ㺬Ĩ╌Ĩ䩺⠪ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ
˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĨ⸗
‫ ٱ‬᎖ՙ‫ٳ‬
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨî㩕ĨÛ䞈
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Ĩ䜫Ĩîä‫ٳ‬ӒĨ╌Ĩ䆀ĨûäìĨä㆐ĨîþäĨ㈊Ĩ䥞ᜯĨ䜫Ĩåä‫ؼٳ‬Ĩ㑔ᜯᏠĨ㈊Ĩě⸗Ĩ▮〨ĨㅎĨƾƸŐĻƲĨ╌Ĩ䆀ĨðäĨęþĨ᧽Ĩ᧽Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄ᜯ⍜Ĩ Ĩ‫ٱ‬ 䮱ĨᏠĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ
Ĩ‫ཱྀ ٱ‬Ĩ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨî☆Ĩ̵ nj nj
ǖ ǖ ǖ Ǖ nj
Ĩ⡿㶜ĨㅎĨ㩔ᜯĨĜ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨ⸗Ĩ䲹ṡĨ౹Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹Ĩ〨Ĩě㆐îþäĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯ䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ô㶜Ĩ㑔ᜯĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩ⥮ɟĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬㈉ðäĨúḝĨçî❼Ĩ㨉ĨĜ㈊Ĩ䥞ᜯ
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ĨÝ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫▮ ٱ‬〨ĨㅎĨ䗂Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩäî᳐Ĩ╌ĨðäĨî☆ĨྂĨ䆀ĨðäĨ̵Ĩ nj nj 䞈˄䜫Ĩ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ㆤĨ⮫➟äĨ䆀
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Ĩ╌ĨᣆþĨㅎĨ䓻ìĨ ᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀Ĩä䜫Ĩ䞀Ĩ䯊Ĩ䆀Ĩ⪘䯆Ĩ〨Ĩî☆ĨᣅĨ㑒䞉ìĨęþĨ㈉Ě Ĩ 㺬ĨĜ䞈˄ßĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䁠⁩Ĩěî‫ٱ‬ʦĨǏ åäᣅĨⵇĨúä␰ĨðäĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯĨ㦈ĨęɟᜯĨ ‫⁩̵ⵇ ٳ‬Ĩ Ĩ ㅎĨ㩔ᜯ
Ĩ䚽nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩė䨷îĨþìĨ䟛ĒĨ╌Ĩú⑭Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨîäìĨ㩔⩺㱇Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨㅎĨ÷nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨĜ䞈ĨᒖßĨ䆀ĨöⴑþĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩ䫡íĨᣆî㿂Ĩ䬆ႩĨĜ䞀Ĩ䯊Ĩ⸗Ĩî὾äĨ☒Ĩ䕇‫׏‬ä Ĩ ǎ
ǔ ǔ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ㩔äþĨƾƸŐĻƲĨ╌Ĩìþ⨌Ĩ⹟Ĩî˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈‫˄ٱ‬䜫ĨäမĨ䆀Ĩě⨌Ĩ㰛‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ╌Ĩìþ⨌Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂ৄĨ䨽îĨĚì䱜Ĩú⑭Ĩ᩵䮪 Ĩ ĨĜĨ䞀ᓧ
Ĩ 䜫Ĩ㪦Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂ᜯĨ㻬
ǔǔǎǗ ƷǍ ţ Ǘ
Ĩ‫ٳ‬Ѫþ䯎〨Ĩ䤈㊱Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀ĨðäĨ㽲ĨⵇĨ✰ĨŲƷǍ Ǎ ŧǍ ĨㅎĨěì㩕ĨðäĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䤈䞉‫ؼٳ‬ĨǍ ᏡĨಜĨㅎĨěì㩕Ĩ᩶ĨðäĨ㳜Ĩ䯎Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨ䨬î
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Ĩîä㹸Ĩ⮻ⵇĨᣅĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ Ć ęì㩕Ĩ䮪Ĩ䮨ïäĨęþ⥲ĨĜ䞀çⵈ㱇Ĩ㩔äþĨ䯲Ĩ⸗Ĩ㻬╌
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ✛Ĩ⮻̪äĨ Ǘ ǎ
Ĩ Ĩҍî䤙䗃਋îⵇĨ îþäĨç㗺glycoproteins
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

ǖ
ĠħĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬åℶìĨ䆀
ǖ
ĨᓧᜯĨ䜫㿍 Ĩ ᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉㑒䞉ìĨ Ĩ 䔄㩕ĨㅎĨėᓠ䁡Ĩ᛭ᵘĨ᛭ᵘĨᣅĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䜫ĨኩĨ䆀ĨėþⲋĨ䔔Ĩ䮪Ĩ䞈Ĩ㻴ĨᜯĨ╌Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀Ĩä䜫Ĩú⑭Ĩ᩵Ĩ䮪Ĩ䜱Ĩ᧽
ǖǗ Ǘ ǖ
ĨᓧᜯĨパĨîþäĨƾƸƹƶǑ ōcore fibres䨽îĨ䕉䂭îìĨᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀ĨėþⲋĨ╌ĨㄿĨîþäĨ䗂ǂ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ƺľƙĨě䫑ìĨࡘĨ䫈Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ɟäᏠĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ᒭĨ〨Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ᩶ĨĜ䞀
ǖ ǖ Ǐ ǖ ǖ Ǐ ƷǍţ
Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂うĨῐ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩä䜫Ĩ䤈䜫Ĩᒖî㩕ĨěᐒĨĜ䞈䗝îĨ᎗͋þĨ Ĩ ɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬㈊䞉ì᩵Ĩ╌ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ䗝îĨánj˄‫ ٱ‬ìĨą ɟïĨ ‫ ٳ‬û䎀Ĩäî⁩ĨⵇĨᏡĨŲƷǍ Ǎ ŧǍ ĨîþäĨė䨷îĨ䕉䂭îìĜ䞀
‫ ٳ‬ǎ ͋þĨɝĨ
ǖ ǔ ǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬å؎Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬nj û䎀ĨäîດĨ०Ĩ䔽Ĩ䜱Ĩ䨩îĨø✜Ĩ䤈˄äᏠĨ ‫ ٱ‬㦇äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ╌Ĩėþ㆐
ǔ Ǘ
Ĩ╌Ĩ㐗îⵇ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀ĨᓧᗂäĨę䯏⪕Ĩ╌Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨîþäĨ䞀ĨᓧĨ䜫Ĩê⠪ĨㅎɟîĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj 㱤‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ îþäĨ᧽Ĩ⅌෦Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨû䈶äĨ⇤Ĩ଺ĨûⵇĨⵇĨẛĨຓäĨ䨽îĨ䕉䂭îì
ǔ ǖ ǔ ǔ
kineticĨ䤈˄äᏠĨ‫ ٱ‬ㅎṡ‫ٳ‬ɟĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ㦇äþĨƾƸŐĻƲĨ╌Ĩî☆Ĩ䐲ᱴĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩî䊮äĨ䯎ĨçîäṡĨᣛîìentropic elasticityĨ㖐Ĩ㪺
ǖ Ǘ ǔ ǖ
ᓧ䜫ĨɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ô㶜Ĩ䨽îĨ䕉䂭îìĨ䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩᒖ䞉‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj 〨Ĩ㐗îⵇ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ䢫㩕䯆Ĩ䮪ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯ䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬û䯆Ĩ㈊䞉ìĨ㦆ĨðäĨ䞈Ĩᒖᜯ䜫Ĩ䫡ႩĨ䆀Ĩçîäṡenergy
Ǘ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ
ĨㅎĨ䗂䞉‫ؼٳ‬ĨǍ ᏡĨ஗ßĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩø✜Ĩ䧸äĨîþäĨ䞈ĨᒖৄĨô㶜〨Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩú⃵äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩî☆Ĩ❅äîìĨ䤈˄äᏠĨ ‫ ٱ‬ę▥Ĩå؎Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬nj 㦇äþĨƾƸŐĻƲĨ╌Ĩî☆ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧᜯ
ǔ ǖ ǎ ǖ
ĨĜ䞈ĨûäìĨĕ˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ҍíäĨ ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj ⵇĨç⬓Ĩ㑔ᜯĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ‫ږ‬Ĩ nj nj ㈉Ĩç➄ῄĨüĨäĜġĞĜ䞈‫˄ٱ‬䜫Ĩ㽟‫ږ‬Ĩ Ĩ nj nj ㈉௡䯂Ĩú⽄‫ٱ‬nj˄
ǖ ǖ
Ĩ⑜ĨüïþĨ䯆äĨĀ㬷Ý‫˄ٱ‬䜫ĨㅏĨᏠ˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䧸äĨ䯆äĜ䔽Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀ĨᒖᜯĨ䤈‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ଺Ĩ䆀Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨ䨬îĨě⇤þìĨç➄ῄĨ䮪˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ßĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨäမĨ䙄ä⁏ㅎĨ䔗ᜯĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪
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Ĩî☆Ĩ❅äîìĨĜ˄ᜯĨ ‫ ٱ‬䜫Ĩîä⚏ì⮻ⵇĨᯑĨ⸗Ĩ㩔Ĩ〨Ĩî☆ĨຓäĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ì⁏Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨĀ䩶Ý‫˄ٱ‬䜫ĨㅏĨᏠĨᒖ䜫ĨᝩĨė㍉䞉ìĨ᩶Ĩ䢫㌦ĨㅎĨ䗂ᜯĨㅄĨㅎĨė㍉䞉ìĨ㩔äþ
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ĨᣅĨ䞀ᓧᜯĨ Ĩ 䮼ìĨ䞼ĒĨ╌Ĩěì㩕Ĩ㰛‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ Û䞈Ĩ˄‫ ٱٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨᇥĨ䉹䞉ĒĨⵇĨ㩔ᜯĨ╌ĨᡱÛĨ㑒䞉ìĨ䨬îĨ㩔äþĨ⑜ĨüïþĨ⥮ɟĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨ᩶Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂⸗
ǔ ǖ
ĜĨ 䔽ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬îäìĨ㖐ĨᝦĨė㍉䞉ìĨ᩶ĨⵇĨė㍉䞉ìĨ㩔äþĨ⑜ĨüïþĨ䐲㈀ĨĜ䞈ĨؕîĨ ‫ ٱ‬õ㯧Ĩ╌Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䔽ä
Ǖ ǖ ǔ
ĨîᒗĨᏡĨㅎĨėþì㩕Ĩ㰛Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩė‫ٵ‬ƬŰƠǎ ƲîĨ㈉̵⁩Ĩ Ĩ 㰛ĨîþäĨ㩔äþĨ䮧ìĨû䈶äĨûⵇĨ㰛ĨęþĨ䥞ßĨဲĨçîþ➳Ĩ̵Ĩ nj nj îþäĨ᧽Ĩ〨ĨĚ㺬ÛĨ䯉䪴ìĨ䯎þäĨ〪Ĩ᧹
ǖ Ǖ
Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉ĨùቿäĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ౹ᄌĨ䗂ĨðäĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ㐔ĨĚìĨ䯘ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ〹Ĩ䮪Ý䞈Ĩ䇻ᜯĨㆤĨ㪺Ĩ㈉Ĩçä‫ٳ‬ɟĨäĨ䤈㇦îþäĨ⠡Ĩ㰛ĨㅎĨė᏷Ĩû፝ĨüäĨĚ㺬ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㦞⸗
ǔ ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬č Ě⧋ìĨ⩚㘭äĨ⦇Ĩ㈉Ĩ⌫Ĩ⥘ĨîþäĨҍ䗃íÛĨ㩇Ĩ⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨç㩕㸈Ĩ䮪
Ĩ nj 〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗ĨĚৠĨ਌㿡ĨㅎĨėþᷚĨû፝ĨüäĜ㈊䜫Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ㦆Ĩ㈉䯋
Ĩü஘Ĩ䯎þäĨຝĨ╌‫ח‬ Ĩ ⸗ĨñĨጕĨåäᣅĨ✔Ĩⵇú
Ĩ ä␰Ĩ⭐Ĩþî⩺Ĩ⁩ĨäēᑺĨ䯎ûĨ 㹬Ĩðä
ĨⵇĚ
Ĩ îᒗĨㅎėĨ þᷚĨüäĨ╌äĨࡘĨ㈉Ĩ䯋ĨüᜯĨᓟnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩû፝Ĩ䮪ĨĜ㑒Ĩė䜫ĨⓁĨ䞀ĨᓧৄĨ⇒Ĩ〨Ĩú⑭ĨᣅĨ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ䤈㇦ĨîþäĨç὾⁩Ĩᒖ㠟⁩Ĩû፝Ĩ㐕Ĩㅎ
ǖ ǔ
ĜĨ ⊚Ĩ⸗ĨîᒗĨÞ⚩äĨĚî⁩Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㑒Ĩė䜫Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ䣘ⰔĨû䎀Ĩ⸗Ĩ㑔Ĩė䬇ႩĨ⸁Ĩî䯀äĨ㈉ĨេĨຓäĨ╌äĨࡘĨ㈉ĨឮĨ㈊䜫Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫⯞ ٱ‬
ǔ
Ĩ ç⬓ĨㅎĨçⵇṡĨ㹽nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨㅎĨðäĨîþäĨĚৠĨ਌㿡Ĩ䭆਑Ĩ䆀ĨេĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䪴ìĨ䗂Ĩ䚽Ĩ〪Ĩ᧹Ĝ䞈Ĩ䁣˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㿱ĨᒖᆙĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ Ā䩶Ĩ䮪
ĨîþäĨ⹔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨⲫäþĨ⹔㈉Ĩ
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ䪳ìĨ▚Ĩ䝲íĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ៈĨ䞈ƮǎĨ ƸƪǎƸƪţĨ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䮽ĨěìĨ䔽Ĩû䈶ä⇤Ĩì⁏ïäĨî䁡äĨû፝Ĩ䮪ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪ĨĜ䮽ᜯĨㅎĨ䔽Ĩ⟨ᏠĨ䆀Ĩ⚇þîĨㅎĨçⴑ
ǖ ǖ ǖ ǔ
Ĩ䧛ᇚĨ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩ⦡Ĩ䤈እîäĨîþäĨ⹔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩė䬘ႩĨ㦇äþĨ䗂ßĨᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉͋þĨ Ĩ ᓧî䯅Ĩㅎ̵⁩ĨĨ ⠡Ĩ⊄äĨîþäĨçⵇṡĨ⍧Ĩᶤ␰ĨîþäĨ㹽nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩᱵᰳ
ǔǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㽟˄‫⸗˄ ٱٱ‬
Ĩ㐔ĨㅎĨ䆀Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨüäĨę䘧㴙ĨⵇĨ✰‫׏‬äĨĨ ǎ ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀ĨüäĜ䞀Ĩ㻬ḝĨ㈉Ĩç➄ῄĨ㹗Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ଺Ĩ╌ĨðäĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ᧼Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨû፝Ĩ䆀Ĩç⬓
Ĩ⠡ĨㅎĨė䮩㺬ĜĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩ㫁〨Ĩç➄ῄĨû፝ĨüäĨᣅĨ䞈ɝ⢙Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ø⛭ĨìᣅþĨⵇĨçⴑĨ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĜ䞈Ĩǎ ⮻ⵇĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䮧ìĨ⸗Ĩ䩫ᇼĨㅎĨĚৠĨ਌㿡Ĩė⧐
ǖ Ǖ
Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ⍤Ĩ〨Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĜㅏĨᆆĨ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ䆀Ĩõ㜞äĨě⇤þìĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ㝑ὟĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 〨Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨüäĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩ〨Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ䩺⠪Ĩî⡷ĨîþäĨĚৠĨ਌㿡
ǖ ǔ ǖ ǔ
Ĩ ǎ ຊäĨü⥲äĨⵇĨỉĨðäĨ䁠⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩü˶äĨ
䞈ĨㅏĨ䆀ҍßĨ ‫ ٱ‬ö䔘ĨਅĨ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ㝼㩕Ĩ㈉Ĩė䔘ᣇĨû፝ĨĜ䞈Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ䜱Ĩú⃵äĨⵇĨҍ䗃í
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Ĩ nj 䞈Ĩü䂭îìĨ㈉ĨüäĨ⸁ĨᣅĨîþäĨå㸦ĨþĨù㴱l
ĠĦĨÞä㙾äĨ‫ګ‬î␰mĜ䞀Ĩ䮿îĨ⥘Ĩ⸁ĨĖ㥀ĨĐßĨ䯆äĨĜåîĨⵇ‫ח‬Ĩ
Ĩ◄Ĩ⧏⪕ìĨîþäĨ䨩îⵇĨĚ㺬
ǘ
Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩ⒥þĨę‫ٳ‬ɟäìĨⵇĨú⃵äĨ䆀ĨçᜯĨ◄Ĩ㰛㈉ Ĩ ð
Ĩ äĨ⡿㶜Ĩㅎ⛬
Ĩ Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔Ĝ䞀Ĩ㻬ḝĨㅎ䛲 Ĩ äĨ䤈䇫äĨ㖐ĨîþäĨ⡿㶜Ĩㅎ⛬ Ĩ Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩ䆀Ĩ◈Ĩ❱
ǖ Ǖ ǖ
Ĩ⛬Ĩ䭆਑Ĩ‫ח‬Ĩ nj ㅎĨ䕊ìĨ㈊䞉ìĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ╌Ĩõ㗂Ĩ㈉Ĩ㖐ĨîþäĨ⡿㶜ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩî㈊ì㱄Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂㑔Ĩ䆀ĨûⵇĨᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ѭ⑝Ĩ Ĩ ęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌äĨ㖐ĨㅎĨðäĨîþäĨ䞈
ǔ ǔ ƪŧū
Ĩ䢵äîíĨ䤈㇦ĨęþĨ䆀䈀Ĩ Ĩ ㈉Ĩᡱ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗Ĩ⮫➟äĨ䆀Ĩç㛌㶩ĨຓäĨ䯎Ĩ䨩îĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩ➞⣻Ĩ䤈ᏽᱴĨĚ‫ؼ‬ßĨ ‫ ٳ‬㈉ĨĚ✛Ĩ䮨௭Ĩ䗂Ƽ Ĩ ǎ ƹƨǎ Ƹ Ĩ╌ĨᣆþĨ⑬äĨĜ䞈
ǖ Ǘ łǖ ǔ
Ĩ㈉ĨᅗĨîþäĨ䣊⁩þĨɟ ‫ ٳ‬û፝ĨຓäĨ᧘㥀ᚯĨՙ‫ٶ‬ Ĩ ǎ ㅎî㸗Ĩ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎƶƹlj Ā ‫ٱ‬ĴĨ ƶnjƹƟƲĨ㻣Ĩ᠐Ĩ㻽Ĩ㯠Ĩ╌Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉
‫ ٶ‬ǎ ؎Ĩnj 〪Ĩ䮪Ĩ㰗ĜĨ䞀Ĩ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ⸗ĨîᒗĨ⛬‫׏‬äĨ
ĨĜė䜫ĨĚþ㱉Ĩ㈉Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨęì⸗ĨîᒗĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩç➄ῄĨㅎĨឮ nj
ǖ ǘ Ĩ⊄Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽ĨîᒗĨ㈊䞉ìĨ䧸äĨìᣅþ‫˄ٱ‬
Ǘ ǔ ƹư Ō
ė⚏‫ٳ‬ɟ䅸ätyrosine⓹Ĩþ䤚‫˄ٱ‬îþäserine䭆⒘ĨÛalanine䖲䫢äĨÛglycineƼ  ǎ ƹƟǎ ㊱ĨᣅĨ䞈ĨŖǎƶŰŦ Ĩ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㈊䞉ìĨⵇĨĚ㺬
ǖ ǖ
ᇥĨ╌äĨîþäĨ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩ⪘˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îìĨ㑔䁡î⪕Ĩ䤈㇦ĨⵇĨ䨩îĨ䗂Ĩ⽙Du PontĨĜ䞈Ĩ㴦Ĩ䯎䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䆀Ĩç㗺ĨᣅĨ⛬ɟ䅸äĨ ‫ٳ‬ ᒖîⱎĨ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ęì⁩
Ǘ Ǐ ǖ
ĨÛৃîⵇĨ㣗⁩Ĩäɟ‫ٳ‬ ‫ ٳ‬nj ɝĨⵇpolymerĨ䲷㱇Ĩ㣚⁩ĨⷒĨ⧏㶔ĨðäĜĨ䞀ĨㅍĨîᒗĨ䨽îĨ⧏㶔Ĩ㈉ĨⱖĨ㰛Ĩ㈉Ĩ⸗ĨቨĨ䯖ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ㅎĨė㣖⁩Ĩ㩔äþĨ䮧ì
ǔ
ĨㅏîĨ ᒗĨ䯎îĨ ⡷Ĩ⧏㶔Ĩ៫ßĨîþäĨ䞀〰 Ĩ Kevlarî㑔㈀ĨៈĨ⛬Ĩ䮪ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩėþ䉰ïĨᒖ㠟⁩Ĩîä‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ ㅋĨㅎĨėþ‫ٳ‬ɝᣅĨ Ǐ ᡱþî䤙䗃ĨîþäĨᡱþ䤍‫˄ٱ‬Ĩǔ Û⹖ß
ǔ ǖ
Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌‫ח‬ĨĨ nj ㈉Ĩç➄ῄĨ⠡ĨㅎĨ䨩îĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䨽îĨî㑔㈀Ĩ⧏㶔Ĩ╌î⣓äĨ㈉Ĩ㖐ĨîþäĨ⡿㶜ĨຊäĨĜ䞈Ĩ䨸îĨᒖ䂭‫˄ٱ‬Ĩę㧓‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj 䞈˄ᜯ Ĩ‫ٱ‬
ǖ ǖ
ĨĜ䞀ĨɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ҍ nj ǎ Ӓ‫ٳ‬
ǖ Ǘ ǖ
ĨㅎĨėþïᣇĨĚ‫ޞ‬ĨîþäĨėþî⢀Ĩ‫׏‬ĨṠĨĚɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ᣅĨ䞈Ĩ⛬Ĩ䚽äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䮪ĨĜ䞈˄䜫Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬ú⃵äĨ଺Ĩ䆀ĨÞ⚩äĨ㰛ĨㅎĨð㑗Ĩ⢟ằĨîþäĨėഄĨ⢟ằĨㅎĨĚē㈊Kevlar
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ĨîþäĨ⑬îĨÛĨ䮨î‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ䖑䄦ĨⴛɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj îþäç㑔ßĨĚࠧĨਊĨ╌Ĩė䨷îĨĚîॿĨ䂟Ĩ೛ßĨ䡬⪕Ĩęþ⥲Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ú⃵äĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩěì㩕Ĩ᧘îὟĨ䆀Ĩ❮
ǖ ǖ
poly-paraphenylene
Ĩ䨽îĨ㈉Ĩî㑔㈀ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ ٱ‬ㅏĨú⃵äĨ଺Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂ৄĨü㩕⁩Ĩ㰛Ĩ㈉ĨėㄱĨîþäĨ❮ĨㅎĨî˄‫ٱ‬
ǖ ǖ ǔ
Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂㑔Ĩ䆀Ĩú⃵äĨ㈊䞉ìĨîą ࡆĨîþäĨ䗂ē䁡ĨѬþ䯁Ĩㅎ̵⁩Ĩ Ĩ ຊäĨ䨸îĨ䮪Ĩ㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩėþ䉰ïĨᒖ㠟⁩Ĩ䫡⡷Ĝ䞀Ĩ䯰Ĩ╌
terephthalamide
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䯉˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ 㑔Ĩ䆀Ĩú⃵äĨ䆀Ĩė䔘ä䄌Ĩî♑Ĩ౹Ĩ㈉Ĩ⪘ṡĨþĨ❮Ĩęì㩕Ĩ䮪Ĩ䯎ĨৄĨㅎĨç➄ῄĨㅎĨฺĨ䚝ĨîþäĨĚîä䤘‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨĜ䞈Ĩėþï䁡
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Ĩ ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨ╌Ĩì㑔⮪ĨᢷĨ䖻䱜ĨĕþîĨ㦇㍉Ĝ䞈Ĩ䯉ĨㅏĨú⃵äKevlarĨî䯀äĨ㈉ĨĚ✛ĨðäĨ䆀ĨᡱĨ䞈‫׏‬äĨ
Ĩᏽ‫˄ٱ‬ᜯĨ Ĩ ǎ ╌Ĩ䆀ĨçᜯĨ◄Ĩ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬䚽äĨüäĨ◄Ĩ⧏⪕ì
ǔ
Ĩㅎç
Ĩ ➄ῄĨĕþîĨ䁣✛ĨຊäKevlarĜ㟡Ĩ䔽Ĩ㰛ĨⲑĨ╌ĨěⵦĨû⣇ĨîþäĨ䞀ĨᒖᜯĨㅎĨîᒗĨ╌ĨėþⵦĨ㐖ϔĨ Ĩ Ą nj ╌Ĩė䨷îKevlarĨåä
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Ĩ䚽˄Ĝ䞈Ĩ
‫ٱ‬ ଺Ĩ㱄ßîⵇĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ
Ĩ nj ᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩ⪘˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îìĨ䭆ɟĨ‫ ٳ‬䚽äĨ‫׏‬äǎ KevlarĨ╌䎁Ĩ䏯ĨዱĨĜ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨ⸗Ĩ⽃ĨûìᇸĨçⴑĨ ą ㅎĨ㦇㍉ĨѬþ䯁
ĨĜ䞀ĨẗĨ䤈ᏢĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㯠Ĩⵇ䨩îĨ Ĩ ㈉Ě Ĩ 㺬Ĩç➄ῄĨĕþîĨ䁣✛Ĩㅎė Ĩ 䨷îKevlarĨìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩç➄ῄĨû፝Ĩüä
ǔ ǖ
Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ଺‫ؔٳ‬ä㱇Ĩ㈉ĨᅗĨ䣹⁩ĨÅäîßĨ╌Ĩ᧘㥀ᚯĨ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ՙ‫ٶ‬‫ ٶ‬ǎ ؎Ĩnj 〪Ĩě⸗Ĩî⩺Ĩ䯎Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨᣅĨ䞀Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩç᎝ĨîþäĨ䢏䇞Ĩ䚽ĨäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ▚ĨðäĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ė䮫
ǖ ǔ
Ĩ ą ú㬲Ĩ౹ĨຊäĨ〨Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ〪Ĩ䞈ĨçᛱĨ‫׏‬ǎ äĨⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ䔙ïä䁡Ĩ䮪ĜĨ䞀Ĩ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ⸗ĨîᒗĨ䏲Ĩę㧓‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ⽃Ā ‫ٱ‬ĴĨ ƶnjƹƟƲ‫׏‬äĨ
ĨᆆçⴑĨ Ĩ ǎ 㯠ĨㅎĨ㩔ᜯĨęì⸗îᒗ
ĨĜ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨ╌
Ĩû㹬ĨⵇĨ䨩îĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨㅎė Ĩ ㍉㥀
ǔ
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ê⠪ĨðäĨĜ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨㅄĨ㑒䞉ìĨ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩė䮩㺬Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩė㵨ĨòὟĨüäîþìĨ㈉ĨᅗĨ䯎Ĩ㇦ĨㅎĨ䨩îĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬
Ĩ䥞ລĨü䏩Ĩ╌äĨ‫ٱ‬ԙĨnją ╌Ĩě㆐ĨɝĨ
Ǘ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢ᜯĨ Ĩㅏ❅ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ġĠĞ
Ĩ ḝĨ䆂䮩ûä䯆Ĩ㼸ġĨĀ䥟ከĨ䨩îĨҢ
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ֫‫؎ٶ‬Ĩ〨䕉‫ٱ‬Ĩ ˶äĨ ąö䔘ĨĚ㺬ĨėᣇĨ䆀ǔ Ĩõ㜞äĨě⇤þìĨ‫ٱ‬ĴǎƶėǎƵǏŗĨᓧᜯĨ䥞㑔Ĩ䆀Ĩú⃵äĨ㑒䞉ìĨęì⸗ĨîᒗĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪ĨðäĨėᣇĨ䞈Ĩüä䄌ĨîþäĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䣶⁩Ĩ⠀
ǔ ǖ ǎ Ʋ
Ĩĕï‫˄ٱ‬Ĩҍ䔚Ĩ ㈉ĨėþēᣅĨîþäĨė‫ٵ‬ƬnjŧǎƷơ Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬NephilaĨç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ þìäĨą䭆ɝ㩕Ĩ
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ㈉Wyoming UniversityĨ䆀Ĩ䪲㱇äĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩဲ
Ĩ ㍉䞉ìĨ䆀operationsĨἻä‫ؼٳ‬Ĩnj ą⦡
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䯎îĨ ⡷Ĩ㈉ė










Ĩ䔙䓺Ĩ䒭äĨçὈĨⵇĚ
Ĩ ৠĨ਌㿡ĨÛ㩔ᜯ




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Ĩ᩶Ĩ∘Ĩㅎᡱ Ĩ Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨîäìĨ㩔⩺㱇Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂මĨ〨Ĩî☆Ĩ‫ފ‬Ĩ䯎ĨüäĨÛĨ㑒䞉ìĨ㩔äþĨ⑜ĨüïþĨ㈉йᱴĨ Ĩ 䆀ĨᡱĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨ㰛Ĩ㑔ᜯĨⵇĨĚ㺬
Ʒ Ǎ ţ Ǖ
ĨぞᱴĨⵇĨ㩔ᜯĨ㑒䞉ìĨîäìĨ㩔⩺㱇Ĩ䟛ĒĨ╌ĨᏡĨŲƷǍ Ǎ ŧǍ Ĝ䞀Ĩ㻬ӀĨ ‫ ٱ‬㑒䞉ìĨ㩔äþĨ䗂ēᣅĨ䆀Ĩ൚ßĨ〨Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨû፝Ĩęþ⥲Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨîþäÛ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ䟊ĒĨ╌Ĩěì㩕
ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ ▮〨ĨㅎĨƾƸŐĻƲĨ╌Ĩ䆀ĨðäĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨᝦĨä㆐Ĩྂ䆀Ĩ
ĨðäĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ䜱Ĩ᎗äĨ䞈‫⸗˄ٱ‬Ĩ Ĩ 㩔ᜯĨê⠪ĨðäĜᓧ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩě䯑Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹Ĩ╌Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨ㩔äþĨ䮧ìĨᇥ
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ĨᓧᜯĨ䜫㖐 Ĩ Ĩ౹îĨ þäĨ⇒ĨÛɟĨĨ‫ ٳ‬ô㶜Ĩ⸗ĨㄙĨ㖐ĨຊäĨ⪱îĨ⪱îĨᏠĨ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ᩼Ĩê⠪ĨĚîດĨ䯎Ĩě㆐Ĩ̵Ĩ nj nj 㑒䞉ìĨ䮪Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂මĨ〨Ĩî☆ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ‫ ٱ‬ᮬĨ᩾Ĩ䆀
Ǘ ǖ
ĨÛĨî☆Ĩě៩Ĩ䆀Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨđ㥀Ĩ౹Ĩ㈉йᱴĨ Ĩ ÛĨėäïäĨࡘĜ䞈Ĩ≢ᜯĨㅏĨěᔲĨěᔲĨ╌ĨĚìîìĨ౹Ĩ╌äĨîþäĨ䞈˄ᜯ䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䲹ṡĨ౹Ĩ⸗ĨཱྀĨä㆐Ĩė䮩Ĝ䞀
Ǘ
ĨĜě⸗Ĩî䇦äĨⵇ䗂 Ĩ ᜯĨ䜫û፝ĨûⵇĨ฻äĨėᑺ䗃Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䗝îĨ䔽Ĩⴛnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨäîᨴĨ䤈〨Ĩä␰Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨÛ䞈Ĩ㟟Ĩ䔄㩕ĨㅎĨ⊮î‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩę䯀ïĨ䥞䜫ĨʞĨ Ǎ ㈉Ĩä⨍Ĩᣅ
ǖ
Ĩ ǎ ĕþîĨ䁣✛Ĩㅎ㩔
օ❆Ĩ Ĩ ᜯ
ǔ ǔ ǖ Ǖ ǘ Ǖ
Ĩ䯎îĨ ⡷Ĩ㈉ú Ĩ 㬲Ĝ䔽Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ䜱˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨ㻬ḝĨ㈉Ĩç➄ῄĨ㰛˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬᩵Ĩ㯠ĨⵇĨ㩔ᜯĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄ĨûäìĨú⃵äĨąӉⰔĨ nj îþä‫ͽٵ‬䁡Ĩ‫׏‬äǎ
ǖǔ
Ĩ〪Ĩ㈊䜫Ĩû㸈Ĩ䮪ĨᏠĨ䮨⸗Ĩঁ㹬Ĩ╌Ĩ䩦ӒĨ‫ٱ˄ ٳ‬ǎ Ĩ䣊ä䄐ĨⵇĨě㆐ĨྎĨ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ䚽Ĩ䯆äĨĜ⊚ĨමĨě㆐Ĩ䥞䜫ĨᓧēĄäĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞇ᨴĨ䕉䜫Ĩ䨕äĨďþৄĨㅎĨ㩔ᜯ
ǔǘ ǖ ǖ
ĨďⵇĨ╌äĨîþäĨ㩔ĨęɟᜯĨ ‫ⵇ ٳ‬ĨðäĨ⸗ßĨҍ nj ǎ ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬Ě㺬Ĩ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ䭇ì⸗Ĩ䲹ṡĨ౹Ĩ〨Ĩî☆ĨྎĨ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĜ䔽Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ䜱Ĩ䭇ìĨĕþîĨ㯠Ĩ〨Ĩě㆐
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ĨĜ䔽ĨûⵇĨü⁩ßĨ䤈〨Ĩ䭇ìĨ⸗Ĩ䲹ṡĨ౹Ĩ╌äĨ⸗ĨĕþîĨ〨Ĩ䣊ä䄐Ĝ⊚
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ĨㅎĨç䗃ᣅþĨ䫡íĨᣆî㿂Ĩ㖐Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ‫˄ٱ‬䜫Ĩ㰛Ĩ䯎Ĩç㩕㹬Ĩ㰛ĨᣆîìĨⵇĨ㖐ĨㅎĨ㩔ᜯĨ㨉ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫ĨîäìĨ㖐ĨîþäĨô㶜Ĩ͋þĨఊĨ㑒䞉ìĨ㩔äþĨ䗂ৄĨ㑔ᜯ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㻬ḝĨㅎĨ䛲äĨ䯎ÞĨ ৄ
Ĩ‫˄ٱ‬ǎ äᔱĨ╌Ĩ䕉⽄Ĩ⇒Ĩ⹔Ĩ〪Ĩ᧽ᏽĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ßĨęþĨ╌Ĩ䞱؎Ĩ
‫ ٶ‬nj ㈊Ĩ䥞ᜯĨď㥀Ĩ䞀þĨ⸗ĨäᔱĨä㆐Ĩ㑔äþĨ྇Ĩ⸗ĨßĨ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨᏠĨ䜫Ĩ⽃Ĩ╌Ĩçîþ➳ĨᣆîìĨⵇĨ㖐ĨㅎĨė㍉䞉ìĨ䯆ä
ĨĜ䜫
Ĩ ᩼Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㑒䞉ìĨ᩶ĨÛĨ㈊ĨěìĨㄷĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌ĨਏĨ〨Ĩ㩔ᜯĨä㆐ĨᏠĨ䜫Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩçîþ➳ĨᣆîìĨⵇĨ㖐ĨㅎĨė㍉䞉ìĨ䯆ä
Ĩ㑔ᜯĨîþäĨ㑒䥚ᜯĨ
ĨĜ㈊ĨěìĨㄙĨ☒❅
Ĩ äĨຊä
ǖ ǖ Ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ nj nj ㈉Ĩä䜫ĨᱵᰳĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ
ĜĨ 䞈‫˄ٱ‬ᜯßĨ൚äþĨ䆀Ĩ☒Ĩࢦ⁩ĨຊäĨ㑔ᜯĨä䜫Ĩㄸ‫ږ‬Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬うîĨ䎁Ĩą㱄଺Ĩ〨‫ٳ‬ɟäĨ
Ĩ ㈉Ĩä䜫Ĩ͋þĨᓧ㟝ĨåṣĨⵇĨ㖐ĨㅎĨ㑒䞉ì
Ĩ䞇ᨴĨ䕉䜫Ĩ㖐ᏛäĨ䆀ĨðäĨᏠĨ䞈Ĩä䯑Ĩ╌ĨěìດĨ⹔ĨęþĨ䯆äĨ䯎îĨ ⡷Ĩ㈉ú Ĩ 㬲ĨĜ䞈Ĩä䯑Ĩ╌ĨᷚĨ⸘Ĩ㑔ᜯĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ㻬ḝĨⵇ䛲 Ĩ äĨ଺Ĩ╌Ĩ䋖ð Ĩ äĨᣆîìĨⵇ㖐 Ĩ
ǔ
ĨĜ⊚Ĩ⸗Ĩå؎Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬nj 〨Ĩ䲹ṡ‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ 㦇äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ╌ĨěìດĨęþĨ〪
ǔǔ
䈀Ĩ㈉ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ᩽Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 〨Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨüäĨᡴĨ⑬Ĩ䚜Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ‫׏ފ‬ì‫ٳ‬ Ĩ ǎ ɟĨਏĨ㈉Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㑒䞉ìĨĚî☆ĨîäìĨ㩔⩺㱇
ǖ Ǘ Ǘ
Ĩ䮪ĨĜ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䥞‫ݺ‬Ĩ䯎þäĨ㈉Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨᾣîä㖖Ĩ⽃Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨĚî☆Ĩ᩶ĨÛîä㖖Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌ĨᣆþĨ⑬äĨĜ䞀Ĩʆ䜫ĨäမĨῳĨěɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ěɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj 䆀ĨûäìĨ ąüä䄌Ĩ䆀
ǔ ǖ ǖ
ĨĜ⊘ĨৃĨ䔙Ĩëäî␰Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ⅃äîĨ㈉Ĩîä‫ٳ‬ӒĨ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㦈Ĩ㦆ĨðäĨûⱎĨ⢟ằ
ǖ ǖ ǔ ǔ
ĨㅎÞĨ እîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ༔Ĩînj˄‫׏ ٱ‬äĨ ‫ ٱ‬ą 䮪ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䯉ĨㅏĨî⩺Ĩ䯎Ĩçî❼Ĩ㽡ɝĜ䞈Ĩ
Ĩ ǎ ú֢î❼Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ᥘ̵⁩ĨĨ 䔙ä㷡Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䆀ĨúὟþ‫؎ٶ‬ĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ䯉Ĩ䪴ìĨ䯎þäĨ〪Ĩ᧹
ǔ ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ㠕äĨ䮪Ĝ䮨ì≻Ĩ˄ৄĨ ‫ ٱ‬ç➄ῄĨĕþîĨ䁣✛ĨㅎĨ㩔ᜯĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩė䬇ႩĨ㦇äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ䩘îíĨ㈉ĨùቿäĨ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ㽟Ĩ䮪Ĩ★Ĩ౹ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䀑͋ἇ Ĩ
nj ㈉Ĩî⢻äĨ㈉ĨçⵇṡĨ㹽nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ╌äĨîþäĨㅎĨ⤫օ❆Ĩ ǖ
ĨĜ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨӉⰔĨ Ĩ ǎ 䮪Ĩ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䗂ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ䜱Ĩč㦇ሟ
ǔ ǔ
ĨᣅĨᷚɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ Ĝ䞀Ĩû˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䭆਑Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨĜ䞈Ĩ㑔äþĨ䗂⸗ĨĚ䯆Ĩçî❼Ĩ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨîþäĨ㑔äþĨ䗂⸗Ĩ⫓˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬〨ĨðäĨîþäĨ㑔äþĨ䗂ৄĨ਌㿡ĨⵇᆆĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ䜱Ĩ㠕äĨęþl
ǖ
ĠĢ㗜äĨ‫ګ‬î␰mĜ䞈ĨờĨîþäĨ‫ח‬ì‫ٳ‬ɟïĨ nj ęþĨîþäĨÛ䞈Ĩ䜱îĨ⸗ĨᆝĨㅎĨðäĨ䞈Ĩ䆀Ĩ䅠ïĨîþäĨė䔘⌵ß
Ĩ㩔ᜯĨĚì‫ٱ‬ʊäĨnj ␱
ǖ ǔ
ĨĚì‫ٱ‬ʊäĨnj ŖśƚĨęဗĨ䥞‫ܖ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫ĨᩴĨ㩔ᜯĨ䮪Ĝ䞀Ĩ䮿îĨ̵⁩ĨęဗĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ㩔ᜯthree-dimensionalĚì‫ٱ‬ʊnj äĨŖśƚĨ䋖ĨㅎĨė㥀ᜯĨᣋĨþì
ǖ ǖ ǔ
Ĩ㣦⎥Ĩ䆀Ĩধ㹬Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨĚì‫ٱ‬ʊäĨnj þìĨ〨Ĩ㩔ᜯĨðäĨ╌ĨᣆþĨ⑬äĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬਌㴙Ĩ╌Ĩ䡒ĒĨ㈉Ĩė㥀㍉Ĩ㈉ĨüþäĨ㑔ᜯĨⵇĨⱖĨðäĜ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ㝼㩕Ĩ㈉̵⁩
Ĩ
ǖ ǔ ǔ
䨕äĨ㑔ᜯĨ฻äĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈ĨᣆþĨ䮱ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄䯈Ĩ
‫⸗˄ ٱ‬Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĨ〨ĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨ䔽Ĩ䢾㑔Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨᣅĨ䥚ᜯĨཱྀĨě㆐Ĩ䨛äĨ⸁Ĩ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ䯆äĜ䞈Ĩ㵐Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ï
‫ ٱ‬ûⵇĨՙ‫ٳ‬
ĨĜ䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩî䯅Ĩⵇė
Ĩ þî䔘ᜯĨ㈉ĨⱖĨðäĨėᣇĨ䞈ĨᒖৄĨ䯎ė
Ĩ ᠃
ǖ
Ĩ ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ଺ĨûäìĨ䖑䄦Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ î䯀äĨ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨðäĨ㦇äþĨ䮾îĨçî䁤ĨᒖäቛĨĜ䞈Black WidowĨĚ㺬Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㦇äþĨ䗂⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ㑔ᜯĨⵇĨⱖĨðä
‫˄ٱ‬ᜯĨ
ǖ ǖ
Ĩä㆐Ĩĕ㪔Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ䜱᧽Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ٱ˄ ٱ‬ǎ ìĨĘ䯀‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨ⸎˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩô㶜Ĩ⽃Ĩ䯎Ĩ䅠ïĨ㑔㍉Ĩ䮪ĨⵇĨ㩔ᜯĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㴦Ĩ䯎ĨẛĨ᩶ĨîþäĨⷓĨûäìĨ䮪Ĝ䞈
ǖ ǖ
Ĩü䂭îìĨ⧤Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨᣋĨŖśƚĨ〨ĨûäìĨĚ㺬ĨࡘɟìĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ĚēᑺĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ
‫ ٱ‬ᗁäĨ䯎þäĨ╌Ĩ䅠ïĨ㑔㍉ĨîþäĨ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨďᖫĨ㑒䞉ìĨÛ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ ٱ‬᩼Ĩ╌Ĩ㩔㍉Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㔍äĒĨî㩕Ĩ〨Ĩî☆Ĩ䲹ṡĨ౹ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ㦞ㄷ
Ĩ Ĩ䯎þäĨ䆀
ǖ ǔ ǔ ǘ
Ĩ ҍ䗃íĨ
ᥘ Ĩ ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩø⛭Ĩ䆀ĨĚৠĨ਌㿡ĨㅎĨ㩔ᜯĨ䐲㈀Ĩ䞇ᨴĨ䲚Ĩę‫ٳ‬ɟᜯĨîࢄĨⵇĨ䩺⠪Ĩęì⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨîþäĨ䏧Ĩ㈉ĨûäìĨᣈĨŖśƚĨðäĨ䛹
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ǖ
‫ ٱ‬ú⃵äĨîⵇĨ䩲⠪Ĩ䮱Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂㍺Ĩî⪙îĨㅎĨî☆Ĩ䥞䜫ĨᓧēĄäĨÛࢇĨ㈉ĨðäĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ⎅ĨûäìĨ䖑䄦ĨÛ䆀Ĩė㥀ᜯĨᣈĨŖśƚĨû፝ĨĜ䞈
Ĩ਌㿡Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ
Ĩ ㆐Ĝ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨďᖫĨ㑒䞉ìĨ⸎Ĩ䮪ĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯĨཱྀĨä㆐Ĩînj˄‫׏ ٱ‬äĨ
ĨçⵇṡĨㅎě Ĩ ǎ Ĝ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨਊĨ䯎Ĩî⡷ĨòὟĨᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨ⸎Ĩ╌ĨਏĨᄹĨ㈉ĨĚৠ
ǔ
Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩೇ䯓Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨ㩔äþĨ䗂මĨ〨Ĩî☆Ĩė䮩ĨîþäĨĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䜫Ĩ⽃Ĩî⪙îĨㅎĨðäĨ㦆ĨðäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩú⃵äĨ䆀Ĩ䗂ēᏠĨ㑒䞉ìĨ䐲ᱴĨ䤈˄äᏠĨ
‫ ٱ‬㦇äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ╌
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ䯊Ĩම〨Ĩ Ĩě㆐
ǖ ǔ
Ĩ ⠪ĨㅎĨėþîä䯀ᜯĨ䫑ìĜⒺĨ䔽Ĩ䱛ĨÛ䞈Ĩ‫⸗˄ٱ‬ĨûⵇĨᄹĨ㈉Ĩ౹㿡Ĩ⧑Ĩ౹ĨᣅÛ㑔ᜯĨ䮪Ĩ䜱Ĩì⁏íäĨࡘĨ㈉⋗Ĩì䔚Ĩû˄Ĩ‫⹔ ٱ‬Ĩ㈉ĨÞእîäĨ䗂ĨĚ㺬Ĩ★Ĩ౹
ê
ǖ ǖ ǔč
ĨĜ䞈ĨㅎĨü஘Ĩ䆀ҍßĨ Ĩ ǎ ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㅎĨ㭻Ĩ ąüß‫ٳ‬ӒĨỉĨ䮪Ĩ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨĚî‫ٱ‬nj˄çäíĨ
Ĩ ą ὖîĨîþäĨҸîĜ䞀Ĩ ᒖ㑔Ĩ‫ܖ‬ĨồĨⵇĨč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ଺Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬
ǔ ǔ
Ħġüä⦞ĨúßĨ‫ګ‬î␰mĜ䞈Ĩ෷Ĩ〨‫ח‬ĨĨ nj ø⠪ĨㅎĨ⑬äĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩü㩕‫ٳ‬ӒĨࡑ⟷ĨㅎĨ䜱Ĩ㠕äÛîᨴ‫˄ٱ‬þîᨴÛ䮨ᷚĨĚî⁩Ĩㅎ䅠 Ĩ ïĨîþäĨė䔘⌵ßĨĜĜĜl
Ĩú੗Ĩ䪳ìĨㅎ㩔
Ĩ ᜯ
ĨᣆþĨㅎĨî☆Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ▮〨ĨㅎĨ䗂‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩäî᳐Ĩ╌Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩñî‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨẗĨ᩵ĨîäìĨ㥁⩺㱇Ĩ䐲㈀Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨú੗Ĩ䪳ìĨ㳜Ĩ〨Ĩė㥀ᜯĨ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬
Ǘ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ Ǐ ㅎĨė㍉䞉ìĨîäìĨ㥁⩺㱇Ĩú䡋ìĨ㦇äþĨ᪅Ĩ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨÛėß‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ՙ‫ٳ‬
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗Ĩέϥ᩵Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ䜫Ĩåä‫ؼٳ‬Ĩ╌
Ǘǔ
ĨĀⰳ⮪ĨĀⰳþĨ㑔ᜯĨ╌ĨᣆþĨ⑬äĨĜ䞈≢ĨㄙĨç➄ῄĨㅎĨ䗂මĨě㆐Ĩ䜱Ĩ䆀Ĩė‫ڙ‬Ĩ ‫ ٵ‬௤ᱴĨ〪ĨčṆĨ䆀Ĩç㱄ĨⳫĨਏĨ╌Ĩî⣓äĨ㈉ĨöⴑþĨ䥞ᜯĨຓäĨ㑔ᜯĨ‫׏‬äǎ
ǖ ǖ
Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄĨ㑔ᜯĨ䕊Ĩ〨Ĩė⚏‫ٳ‬ɟĨ䅸äĨ㈉Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨę▥Ĩ䙎ĨęþĨĜ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗Ĩ䙎Ĩ⸗ĨうĨ╌äĄ ĨÛ⸗ĨēᏠĨ〨Ĩ㩔ᜯĨĚ㺬ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ٱ˄ ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨęî‫ٱ‬nj˄þìĨîþäĨäēໄ
ġğĜ䞈
Ǘ
Ĩ〨йᱴĨ
Ĩ ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬ĨㅎĨ÷nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ㰛Ĩ଺ĨçⰔþäĨ㈉Ĩ䗂うĨ㩔ᜯĨîþäĨ䞀ĨᒖうĨẛĨ㰛Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬ĨㅎĨöä䔘äĨ㰛
ĨĜ䞀ĨᒖうĨ㩔⩺㱇Ĩ᩶ĨîþäĨⲋĨ䍚ⵇĨ ĨðäĨø✜Ĩ⸗Ĩēᵘ
ǖ ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ ᜯĨຓäĨ͋þĨ㈉ĨçäîĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬ĨㅎĨėⴑ⥲Ĩ㈉Ĩä䜫ĨþĨåßĨú㷕ĜĨ䞀ĨᒖᜯĨう͋þĨ
㩔 Ĩ ㈉Ĩ⛱ĨîþäĨ䞀ĨᒖৄĨ䆀Ĩě䡒䯀äĨ㩔ᜯĨຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬ĨㅎĨⵆ⥲Ĩ䮞îä㱄
ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ▥äĨ䮪Ĩ╌ĨᣆþĨㅎĨឮĨᓧᜯĨ䔽Ĩ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩěē㻁Ĩě㆐ĨᝪĨėⴑ⥲Ĩ䮞îä㱄Ĩ䆀Ĩėⴑ⥲ĨüäĨ䐲㈀Ĩ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩቛ㑔ᜯĨ䕊‫׏‬äĨ
Ĩ ǎ 䆀ĨüìĨîþäĨ䞀ĨᒖᜯĨう
ĨĜ䞀îĨਊĨüìĨäî⁩Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ〪Ĩ䞈
ǔǔ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬njĄ 㑔ᜯĨ╌ĨåṣĨ㈉Ĩî☆
̦Ĩ
ǔ
Ĩ䰡㑔ᜯĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㑔äþĨė⁏äî␰ĨᏐĨĚ㺬Ĩ䫂㱇äĨåᢴĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲ĨĜ䞀Ĩ䗵Ĩᨴ˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬î☆ĨęþĨᢷĨ䞀ĨᒖৄĨ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉ĨṜĨ㈉Ĩėþî䔘ᜯĨüäĨ㩔ᜯĨຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬
ǖ ǔ Ǘǔ Ǘǔ
Ĩ ǎ Ā㬷Ĩě㆐Ĩ‫׏‬äĜ
‫׏‬äĨ ǎ 䞀ĨŲƷŐĻƲɝ‫ٱ‬Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗ĨñጕĨ䗂⚩ßĨ䕈Ĩ䆀Ĩℜą ęĨ 㩕Ĩė̦ḚĨ ‫ ٱ‬ǎ 䮪ĜĨ䞀Ĩ䮽ĨᜯĨĚමĨ䕉⁩ß‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩė̦ḚĨ ‫ ٱ‬ǎ ≄Ĩ╌Ĩì㱄ĨㅎĨឮĨ䞈
Ǘ ǖ ǖ Ǘ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ䞉ɟĨ‫ ٳ‬nj 㖐ĨîþäĨ⡿㶜ĨㅎĨ㩔ᜯĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗ĨěēᱴĨëäî␰Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨĚ㺬Ĩ͋þĨᓧ⸗Ĩî☆Ĩ〨ĨშĨĚɟ‫ ٳ‬nj
ǖ
Ĩ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫⽃ ٱ‬Ĩ଺Ĩü䏩Ĩ╌ĨðäĜ㈊Ĩ䥞ᜯĨㅏĨî☆㑔äþĨ䮐îĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨᯔĨÛ䗂ēĄäî☆ⵇĨⱖĨ⸘Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ㾾䯎Ĩ ĨðäĨ䮪ĨîþäĨ䞀ᓧ Ĩ ᜯĨ㩔䯁Ĩ଺Ĩ䮼þäïĨ㈉Ĩė㥀ᜯ
Ǘ ǖ
ĨĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨĘɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ଺օ❆Ĩ Ĩ ǎ ㅎĨ䌛ໄĨ〨Ĩî☆ĨㅎĨ㩔ᜯĨîþä
ǔ ǔǖ Ǘ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ĐþਛĨîþäĨŖśǎƷnjƹƶƱĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩė䮩‫ؼٳ‬Ǎ
˄લĨ
ǖ
Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䮾îĨõ㯧Ĩ〨Ĩė㥀ᜯĨຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬ĨĜ⊘ĨລĨ䔙Ĩü䏩Ĩ〨Ĩė㥀ᜯĨç㑔ḝĨᒖîⱎĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩî䔘ᜯĨ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䞀ĨᒖৄĨ䯎Ĩė᠃Ĩü≸䯎ĨĀ㩕⦫Ĩ㩔ᜯĨⴹĨຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬
ǖ ǎ
Ĩᜯ䪴 Ĩ ìĨ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬ArgiopeĨ㦇äþĨ䗂ᜯĨ䤈‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䆀Ĩ䪲㱇äĨ∠þĨ䩱⠪Ĩ㖌ìĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj 䆀ĨüäĨĜ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䩺⠪Ĩ㖌ìĨҍ䔚
ǖ ǔǖ Ǘ ǔǕǔ Ǖǔ ǖ
Ĩⵇ䗂Ĩ ᜯĨî䯀äĨ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨęþĨ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䞀Ĩᓧ⸗ĨûⵇĨⵇĨŖśnjƷƹưĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩė䮩‫ؼٳ‬ĨǍ ç˄‫˶ ٱٱ‬Ĩ䮪ĨĜ䞀ĨᒖৄĨü˶Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ᶠɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ěēßĨ≄ÛᰝĨ䯎Ĩė㥀ᜯĨຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ䮪ĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢
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ǖ ǔǕǔ ǔ ǍŢ ǔ Ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ˄‫ ٱٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䔽Ĩ䪳ìĨ╌äĨî☆Ĩė䮩ĨîþäĨ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨᲥĨပĨ㈉Ĩç˄‫˶ ٱٱ‬ĨüäĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞀Ĩᒖ㑔Ĩ䆀Ĩú⃵äĨ଺Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨƾƸƹlj Ǒ 〨Ĩç˄‫˶ ٱٱ‬ĨüäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĝ㩇Ĩú䁡Ĩ䔙Ĩęῗ
Ǖ
Ĩ䗂䓺Ĩ㐖Ĩ䥞ৄĨ⸗Ĩ䜫ɟ㪃Ĩ Ĩ‫╌ ٳ‬Ĩė㥀ᜯĨ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬
ǖ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ úĒ㩕Ĩ㈉ç⬓Ĩ䐲㈀Ĩ䥚ᜯĨㅍĨú⃵äĨ䗂䓺Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂ᜯĨ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䆀Ĩç⬓Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ䩱⠪Ĩ䭆ɟĨ
ɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬ú㹯Ĩ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj ⵇĨ䗂⸗ĨĚৠĨ਌㿡Ĩ❱Ĩ៫ß
ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ⍪ĨḜ␰Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨĚৠĨ਌㿡ĨîþäĨҖ㺕äĨ ǎ ⦦Ĩ⧑Ĩ౹Ûç✯Ĩᒖ㦈ᠶĨÛç➄ῄĨ㦇äþĨ䗂݊Ĩ䤈˄äᏠĨ ‫ ٱ‬ÛĨÞ⚩äĨ䫑ìĨúࠞĜ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ⧑Ĩ౹Ĩ╌Ĩõ㗂
ǔ
Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉Ĩė⦤Ĩ㰛ĨîþäĨ⥽Ĩęì⸗ĨᡅĨ㈉Ĩė␰‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ㅋĨÛĨėἾ❆ĨຊäĨü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬ᢷĨúĒ㩕Ĩ䨛äĨĜ䞀Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䜱Ĩ╌ĨຝĨ䆀Ĩ☒Ĩ䭆਑Ĩ䆀Ĩç⬓Ĩç㩕äⱎä
ǖ
Ĩ ⬓ĨⵇÞĨ ⚩äĨ⧏㶔ĨüäĨęïä䯀äĨⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨîþäĨᓧ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩ⸁ĨîþäĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩ䏲Ĩč䕉ìäĨㅎĨÞ⚩äĨᜆ㽐Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ᜯĨ䤈‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䆀Ĩç⬓ĨĀ㩕⦫Ĩ䞈˄ৄĨ
Ĩ❅äĨ㈉ç Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䆀
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢ᜯĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㟝Ĩ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩঁ㹬Ĩ╌Ĩė䔘䓺
ǖ
Ĩ㑔ᜯĨⵇdew spiderĨĚ㺬Ĩ╙˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨîäìĨ⻦Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ  ǎ ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨüäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬
‫ ٱ‬うîĨ䎁ĨဲĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䓺ĨᢷĨ䞀‫׏‬äĨ
Ĩ䤈䜫Ĩྰ䯎Ĩð㍮Ĩ㈉ĨîäïĨęĨ⁶ĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗ĨቛĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪ĨðäĨ䯎Ĩ䮼þäïĨ⭉äĨ㩔ᜯĨຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ䮪ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䭆਑Ĩ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ╌Ĩ䎁Ĩ䏯ĨĚ䉴äĨîþäĨᒖ㦈ᠶ
Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗ኩĨ‫ ٳ‬nj ɟĨnj üïþĨäîດĨⵇĨ㩔ᜯĨ䥞䜫Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩėþî␲Ĩ㩔äþĨ⑜ĨüïþĨ〨ĨėಪĨĚì⦫Ĩ㈉Ĩð㍮Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩû㸈ĨîìᨴĨ‫׏‬ä
Ĩ ɟä‫ٳ‬ ǎ
ĨĜ䞀
Ǘ Ǘ ǔ
Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉ĨçäቛĨՙ‫ٶ‬‫ ٶ‬ǎ ؎Ĩnj ⵇĨᡱÛĨ䅵䯍ĨďîດĨ䮷äĨę؎Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬nj îþäĨ䬚ⅼĨ㠰þäĨ䊼䆁ĨĜ䞈ĨㅏĨ䏲ĨîⵇĨ䩲⠪Ĩ䮱Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䇘䞉ĒĨⵆ⥲ĨěɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ěɟĨ
‫ ٳ‬nj 䗂Ĩü˶ä ‫ٱ‬
Ǖ ǖ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ㐖Ĩ䥞ৄĨ⸗Ĩ䜫ɟ㪃Ĩ Ĩ‫╌ ٳ‬Ĩė㥀ᜯĨ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬Ĩ䔽äĨÛ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ٱ˄ ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ㥁äἶ
ǖ ǖ ǔ
Ĩ䨛äĨ★Ĩ౹Ĝ䥚䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩînj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨຜĨęþĨ╌̵Ĩ Ĩ nj nj 䞀Ĩ䜱îĨ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ╌͋þĨ Ĩ ðäĄ Û䞈Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨ䥞 䜫Ĩᓧ ⸗Ĩ䏲 䗂
Ĩ ü
Ĩ ‫ٱ‬ ˶äĨᢷĨÛ䗂䓺Ĩ䮪Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ䆀ĨલĨ䕊ì
ǘ ǔ ŧǔƴ
ĨᒖäቛĨ䜱Ĩ䔙ĨîþäĨĚ䉴äĨᒖ὾⁩ᏠĨ䔙Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ㻣ĨĜ䞈Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨ⥽Ĩ➞ὟĨᶠäĨ㈉ĨŲƷƹǎƶnj äĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂㑔Ĩ䆀Ĩú⃵äĨ䔽äĨ༔îþäĨ䗂લĄäĨú⁔ĨⵇĨė䔘䓺
ǖ
Ĩ⦡Ĩᄹ㈉Ĩė㥀❼äĨ䔽äĨø✜Ĩê⠪ĨㅎĨėþîä䯀ᜯĨě⇤þìĨęþĜㅎĨ䔽Ĩ❅ḝĨ䯘ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬䤈〨Ĩ䨕äĨ䗂Ĩė䕁äĨ䐲㈀Ĩ䞀Ĩ䇻ᜯĨ⸁Ĩ㪺Ĩ㈉ĨĚৠĨ਌㿡
ǖ ǔ ǖ ǎ ǖ ǖ ǖ
ĨçἼĨĚíĨû፝Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄㩕‫ٳ‬
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬Ӓ䆀ĨҍßĨ ‫׏‬äĨǎ č㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨĜ䞈Ĩ‫ږ‬Ĩ nj nj ṠäþĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䮱ĨⵇĨçä㷡ĨᒖäቛĨ㈉ĨüäĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫⤫ ٱ‬Ĩ䔽äĨ䢫äမĨ͋਋Ĩ ą č㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨᣅĨ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗
‫ ٳ‬ǎ ㈉Ĩ⑬äĨçⰔ㰰
ĨĜ䞀Ĩî὾äĨą ɟïĨ
ǔ ǔ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ęþĨîþäĨþ⸗Ĩ㐗ৠĨㅎĨ⑬äĨ፜Ĩä‫ٶ‬ϺĨĜ㝑ὟĨⵇĨᷚɝĨ
mĨĜ䞈Ĩ⺨ĨⵇĨᷚɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ Ĝ䞈Ĩ䔽Ĩä␰Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨä؎Ĩ
‫ ٶ‬䤈〨ĨĜĨåîĨäîᎊĨ㠕äĨ䞈Ĩ䮪l
ğĞĠû䎍㑔äĨ‫ګ‬î␰








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Ĩę㷡Ĩⵇᆆ
Ĩ

Ĩ‫ګ‬î␰mĜ䞀Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩě䯈Ĩ䆀Ĩ䜱ä㋹Ĩ䧛✜Ĩ㠞⢙Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ❅äĨĜ䞈ĨㅏĨäမĨㅏĨ䗂Ĩėþ⇤þìĨüäĨÛáうìĨ㭷ĨäîíĨåäĨÛᆆĨㅎĨ㠕äĨ䞈ĨᏠĨ䮪l
ğğü㝫
ǗǍ ǔ Ǖ
ĜĨ 䞀Ĩ䮽ĨමĨ଺Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ‫ؼ‬Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ɟäĄ
‫〪 ٳ‬ĨčṆĨñ㍉‫ؼٳ‬ĨÛĕ䅨Ĩ╌Ĩė䇪äìĨ䑔ĨòὟĨîþäĨɝïĨ ‫ ٳ‬䯎ĨຓäĨöä䔘äĨ࡚ĨㅎĨė䮩㺬


ǔ Ĩú㬲Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㅎĨᆆĨ䭆਑
ǖ ǘǔ ǔ ǘ ƴ
ĨᣅĨ䞀଺ Ĩ 㵪  ė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĝ䞀Ĩ䔙䓺Ĩ䒭äĨçὈĨⵇĨĚωäĨ
Ĩ ӉⰔĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ nj îþäĨçäቛĨ㩔ᜯĨ䥞䜫Ĩ䥞ৄĨ㈉ĨüäĨîþäĨ䞀m‫ٳ‬ǂƺǎƶnjŧ älĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䆀Ĩ⥽Ĩěî‫ٱ‬ʦĨǏ çnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪
Ĩ଺ĨㅎĨ䗂⸗ĨéîὟĨɝïĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䤈㇦ĨîþäĨ䗂මĨ〨Ĩî☆Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉lassoĨěྀĨ⸗ĨமĨ䆀Ĩė㥀ᜯĨຓäĨÛĨ䗂ৄĨ䗂⚩ßĨåßĨą ɟïĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 䮪ĨĜ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗ĨîᒗĨûäìĨ䖑䄦
ǔ ǔ ǖ
Ĩô㶜Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩì㑔⮪Ĩ䆀ĨេĨຓĨäîþäĨ䞀Ĩ䮽Ĩ㟝˟ Ĩ ᴄĨ╌Ĩ䤈䉹þäĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ˥Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬ㅋĨ╌ĨⱎĨຓäĨ⸗Ĩ㩔Ĩäî␲ĨⵇĨ㑒䞉ìĨęþ⥲Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨĜ䞀Ĩ䯃îĨօ❆ ǎ
ǖ ǔ ǖ
Ĩⵇ̵Ĩ ⁩ĨㅎĨេĨ㈉ĨüäĨᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩç➄ῄĨㅎĨė䮩㺬Ĩ䚽̵Ĝ䞀Ĩ Ĩnj nj 䯃îĨ଺օ❆ĨĨ ǎ ㅎĨ䯋ĨલĨĐþਛĨ╌Ĩó⨎ĨㅎĨî☆ĨîþäĨ䗂⸗ĨîᒗĨ㑒䞉ì
ǖ ǔ ǔǘ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ
‫╌ ٱ‬Ĩçä㷡Ĩՙ‫ٳ‬ ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠ㽯⁩Ĩäî‫ٱ‬ʦĨǏ ᏠĨ䞀Ĩ䯊Ĩęɟᜯ
‫ٳ‬
ǔ
ė‫ٱ‬ĴǎƶŇƶĹĨ㦇ĨäþĨ䗂⸗Ĩûⵇ䔄㩕ĨㅎĨ䗂ὟîⵇĨ㩔äþĨ䯲Ĩ〪Ĩ᧽ĨÛ䞈Ĩ䯉ĨㅏĨᆆĨ䔽äĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ䦈ìĨ䜱ä㍉ĨㅎĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨç➄ῄĨì㪴Ĩ䆀ĨេĨ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬Ĩ‫ח‬ nj
ǖ ǔ
‫ٳ‬Ǐ
ĨῲäìĨɝïÛðäἶĨ 㩔äþĨ䗂⸗Ĩð㯗ĨñሟîäĨ䭆ɟĨ ‫῭ ٳ‬Û‫ٱ‬ĴźƊäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂⸗ĨäမĨç➄ῄĨ䂬䔪äĨᒭĨÛ䞀㈊Ĩ਌ᄌĨ㦇äþĨ䗂ৄĨÞ⚩äĨ䤈㇦Ûcombs
ǖ ǖ ǔ ǖ
Ĩᒖ⸗ĨቶĨㅎÞĨ እîäĨ䮳䎁ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀ʆĨ Ĩ 〾Ĩ䮪Ĩ䚽Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩ䮿îĨ䎁Ĩ㱄Ĩ〨Ĩç➄ῄĨû፝ĨüäĜę⪌þĨę⪌þĨҍäìĨ䑔Ĩô㶜Ĩ㩔äþĨ䮾îĨօ❆Ĩ ǎ ㅎĨ䗂⸗
‫ ٳ‬nj 〨Ĩ⟶þ㹔Ĩ⁗Ĩ㶞Ĩ᧽ĨùቿäĨ༔ĨႼ㱇Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ îþäĨ䞈
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗Ĩìnj˄‫ ٱ‬ɟĨ
ǔǘ ǔ
‫ⵇ ٳ‬Ĩç➄ῄĨ䑌äĨîþäĨ‫ٱ‬ĴźƊäĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䥝ß
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ䯊Ĩęɟᜯ
Ĩេ
Ĩ࿶äĨ ⇤þìĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ㴦Ĩ䯎cephalothoraxẛĨ∠þĨîþäĨ⇤Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩě䯑Ĩ䆀Ĩ൚ßĨẗບ Ĩ Ĝ䞈Ĩ㴦䯎Ĩ ĨėẖĨþìĨ䯎îĨ ⡷ĨĚì䱜ĨេĨⵇĨĚ㺬
ǖ ǔ Ǘ
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ þìĨÛ䒻‫˄ٱ‬ĨᗁßĨÛ䑈ßĨᗁßĨ䆀thoraxĨẛĨ∠þĨîþäĨ⇤Ĝ䯎abdomenĨẛĨഷ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ
Ĩᓧ䜫feelersĨ╌㮷ĨþìĨîþäĨҍäìĨ䑔Ĩ䬙ɝïĨ
ǖ
ĨẗĨഴĨîþäĨ∠þĜ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ଺Ĩëäî␰Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨᎹû䎀Ĩ Ĩ ą ęþ⥲Ĩ㈉spinnerets⹟î‫˄ٱ‬Ĩą⤩Ĩ䯎Ĩě⇤Ĩ㈉ĨẛĨഷĨîä㖖ĨîþäĨû䲎ĨĜ䞀
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

ǖ ǔ
Ĩ䔽ĨಚĨᝦĨẛĨ䕉䂭îìĨ㈉Ě㺬ĨẗĨ䕉䂭îìĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ⽮ĨㅎĨîä䯀ᜯĨîþäĨ⹔Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩě䯑Ĩ╌Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䩘îíĨ㈉pedicel̵⁩Ĩ Ĩ 䓕Ĩ䈚ĒĨᙯᵘ
ǔ ǔ ǔ Ǘǎ ǖ
Ĩė䮩Ĩ〨Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ䆀Ĩû㹧Ĩû⣇Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧî䯅Ĩû䎀Ĩ஗⤒äĨîþäĨ㦇˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ㅎĨ䋔⁩ĨÛ㑌îĨÛ㦇‫˄ٱ‬ĨㅎĨ䗂⸗Ĩ䙎˄うĨ
Ĩ‫╌ ٱ‬Ĩ䆀Ĩ䈚ĒĨðäĨᏐĨ଺Ĩ╌ҢĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬㼸‫׏‬äĜ‫ٱ‬Ĩ ǎ ˄䜫
ǖ ǖ
ĨㅎĨេĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮨㟕Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄ēᣅĨ ‫ ٱ‬䆀Ĩ൚ßlinear systemĨû䎀Ĩ㦇⡷ĨòὟĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 〨ĨėẖĨė䔘þìĨ㈉ĨេĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀ʆĨ Ĩ ⸗Ĩü஘
ǖ ǔ
Ĩ ą Ûû䎀Ĩ஗⤒äĨⵇĨេĨěîດĨÛěĆ⨌Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂⸗ĨäမĨ䨩îĨÛěĆ⨌Ĩ㈉ɝï
Ĩ÷㩕ì〨û䎀ĨⵇĨü⁏Ĩ ąüäîþìĨîþäĨᎹû䎀Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ Ĩė⦤Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩę⦝Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀̵⁩ Ĩ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᒖ㻭Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉

Ǘ
Ĩ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㱄ßĨîⵇ
ǔǗ Ǐ ǖ Ǖ ǗǍ ǖ Ǘ
Ĩ㴦Ĩ䯎ĨėẖĨç⁩Ĩ˟‫˄ٱ‬ĨɝĜ䞀Ĩ ‫ٳ‬ ᓧ䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩüþ㷍Ĩ䆀Ĩ䡊‫ؼ‬Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬îþäĨᯔĨ䆀Ĩç㑔ḝĨ䭆ɟĨ‫ ٳ‬㵐ĨᣅĨ䞀ᓧ䜫ĨěēᣅĨîᨴĨ㈉Ĩė䒈‫˄ٱ‬Ĩð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬
ǖ ǔǗ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ᮫Ĩ଺Ĩ⸗Ĩ䜫Ĩ㔱äĄ Ĩ〪ĨčṆĨ䯎Ĩėþîä䮩ìĨĚ㺬ĨѬþ䯁ĨㅎĨė㥀‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨüäĜ䞀Ĩ〰scopulaĨᢷĨ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩúnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䯎Ĩě⇤Ĩ㈉˟‫ٱ‬ ‫ٳ‬Ǐ
Ĩ ˄Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ɝĜ䞈
ǖ ǔ Ǘ ǔ ǖ ǔ Ǘ
Ĩㅎ̵⁩Ĩ
Ĩ ㅎĨė䒈‫˄ٱ‬ĨຊäĨęþĨÛĨ䔽ĨᒭĨ䤈䱠ĨㅎĨė䮩㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄ĜᒖৄĨ䔽ӉⰔĨ Ĩ nj ㈉ĨᯔĨ䜱䯎Ĩ∘îä䛭‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㯠Ĩ╌äĨ̵⁩ĨòὟĨㅎĨė䒈‫˄ٱ‬ĨㅎĨĚ㺬
ǔ ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩㅎ䤈 Ĩ 䱠Ĩ⺵ĨㅎĨ䕉˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬䆀Ĩõ㜞äĨě⇤þìĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䞀Ĩ䮽Ĩ⸗Ĩð㯗Ĩ〨Ĩ⚇þîĨø✜Ĩöä䔘äĨ࡚ĨㅎĨė䮩㺬Ĝ䞀Ĩ䮽༔Ĩ᮫Ĩ╌ĨûäîßĨ଺͋þĨ Ĩ ㈉ĨçäîĨѬþ䯁
ǖ ǖ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ଺Ĩᒖ༔ĨᮻĨᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䕉⁩ßĨ䯎ĨüäĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩ㦞ৄĨ㩔ᜯĨ͋þĨ㈉ĨçäîĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ㨉Ĝ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ㝼㩕ĨㅎĨ✛⮻Ĩðì
ǔ Ǖ
Ĩ䜫䧸äĨ䯆äĨîþä䞀Ĩ䯃îĨûⱎĨ䜱Ĩîì‫˄ٱ‬Ĩþí‫ٱ‬ӀĨ䯎ĨẛĨ᩶Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨęþĜ䞀ĨᮻĨ⸗ĨぅîĨûⱎĨ䯎ĨėẖĨᾣĨø✜Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩ‫ݔ‬Ĩ╌ĨėẖĨ᩶Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬
ǖ Ǘ
Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ䟊ĒĨÛ䞈Ĩ˄‫ ٱ‬䜫ĨäမĨ䆀Ĩėþ⨌Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨᣅĨÛĨ╌Ĩú⑭ĨòὟĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ㅎĨüäĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩü䜫㱇ĨㅎĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨðäĜĨ䔽Ĩ᩿Ĩ䯎ĨðäĨęþĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯ
ǖ Ǘ
Ĩ␰Ĩㅋ‫׏‬äĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ╌Ĩ䆀ĨᡱĨ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄spinneretsĨ⹟î‫˄ٱ‬Ĩą⤩Ĩ䯎Ĩě⇤Ĩ㈉Ĩ࿶Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨĜ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩė】Ĩ䯎Ĩě⇤Ĩ㈉Ĩė䒈‫˄ٱ‬Ĝ䞀
Ĩ ǎ ɝĨ
ǖ ǖ
ĨîþäĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ㅏĨéîὟĨɝ‫ٱ‬ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ╌ĨេĨ╌Ĩì㱄ĨㅎĨė䈯ᖫĨüąäĨ䨩îĨú⑭Ĩ㑔äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ╌Ĩìþ⨌ĨⲚäþĨ䆀Ĩ࿶Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䞽ĒĨ╌spigotsĨė䈯ᖫ
ǖ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ
‫ ٱ‬㦈ĨৃĨ䆀Ĩ☒ĨㅎĨ䨩î╌Ĩì㱄Ĩㅎė Ĩ 〒༔
ĨἿ❆Ĩ䤈ṲĨč⦇ä
ǖ ǖ ǖ ǔ
Ĩ⾒ㅎ Ĩ Ĩ䏨˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨĚîþ⽯ĨðäĜ䞀Ĩ䮽Ĩ䪳ìĨ‫׏‬Ĩ❟⪕Ĩ㰗Ĩø✜ĨęþĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩîþ⽯Ĩ‫׏‬ĨṠĨ⹔Ĩ䤈䱠ĨㅎĨė䮩㺬Ĩ‫ٳ‬ɟĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨÛĨ⸗ĨēᵘĨ〨Ĩė䮩㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂㟝Ĩ˟ᴄ
ǖ ǖǔ ǖ Ǖ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ‫ ٱ‬äîດearly warning systemĨû䎀ĨⵇĨę̦äĨ ‫ٱ‬nj ြĨðṣĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ➃ῄĨⵇĨĚ㺬ĨÛ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ䜫ҍ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj ˄ĨęìĨü䏩Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨĚî☆Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ᣅĨÛĨ〨
ǖ ǖǔ
Ĩ㈉ĨƾƸǐ żƊĨúnj˄‫׏ ٱ‬äĨ ‫ٳ‬Ǐ
Ĩ ǎ ɝĜ䞀Ĩ䯊Ĩ⸗Ĩð㯗ĨĀäî⮪Ĩ〨ĨñሟîäĨᣅĨ䞈˄䜫ĨĨ‫ ٱ‬䞽ĒĨ╌Ĩė㥀‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䨛äĨü䯁ĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ䯔Ĩ䯎Ĩ㳽㑔ĨçⴑĨ ą ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨṢĨㅎĨ䗂ᵘĨû䎀Ĩ䜱̦äĨ
‫ٱ‬nj 䮪
ǖ
ĨㅎĨė㥀‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĝ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨ⸗ĨäမĨü䝃Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĕᅀĨ䆀Ĩė㥀‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨüäĨñሟîä㑔äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ╌Ĩ਋ĨîþäĨïäþßĨ〪ĨčṆĨ㡢Ĝ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬ä䯑Ĩ╌nerve endingě⇤
ǖ Ǘ
‫῭ ٳ‬Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ╌Ĩ䩺⠪ĨðäĨĜ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨ⸗Ĩú⁩îäĨû၈Ĩ╌ĨĚᒭĨ〨Ĩ÷㩕ìĨƾƸǐ żƊĨ䮪ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗Ĩĕ㪔Ĩ〨Ĩėþ⇤Ĩ㈉Ĩė䨷îĨ⤕ϥäᐪᐪ
Ĩ䭆ɟ Ĩ Ǐ
Ǘ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗Ĩð㯗Ĩ଺Ĩ〨ϥäᐪᐪ Ĩ Ǐ
Ĩ䯆äĨĜ䞈Ĩྂ᠁
Ĩ Ĩ⸘Ĩä㆐Ĩ䯎㩔
Ĩ ᜯĨ〪Ĩ䞀㦞 Ĩ Ĩ㟝å
Ĩ ṣĨ㈉⸗ Ĩ Ĩð㯗Ĩ〨ĨñሟîäĨęì⸗ĨäမĨ㈉Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨ㻣Ĩ≦Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽ĨĕäîìäĨⵇĨî☆Ĩ䲹ṡĨ౹Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬
Ǘ
Ĩ⦡ĨðäĜ䞈ĨྂĨ᠁⸘ Ĩ Ĩä㆐Ĩ〪䞈ĨᒖĨ⸗Ĩû㸈Ĩ䮪Ĩ⸗Ĩ᠊Ĩ䚂Ĩ╌äĨÛĨ⸗Ĩî㩕Ĩ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ຊäĨ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨęþĨᏠĨ䞈ĨⲚäþĨė〫Ĩä㆐Ĩ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ〪Ĩ䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩ㶽Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹ĨĚ㺬
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ㟝ಫ
Ĩ Ĩⵇ᠁ Ĩ Ĩㅎî☆ĨęþĨ༔╌
Ĩ ĨñሟîäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉
Ǘ ǖ ǔ ǔ ǔ Ǘ
Ĩ䯎Ě ‫ ٳ‬Ĩ ǎ ‫׏‬äĨǎ ė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ㈉̵⁩Ĩ
Ĩ îþìĨㅎҢĨ Ĩ 㖐Ĩ౹ĨîþäĨマㄙĨúnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ䭆ʠĨ‫ ٳ‬Ć ê⠪ĨᵟäĨ╌Ĩė㥀‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䤈ṲĨüäĨᣅĨ䞀Ĩ‫ٱ‬ĴźƊäĨęþĨ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ㅎĨĚ㺬
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Ǘ ǔ ǔ
nj
Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩû䎀ĨṱĨîþäĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䆀Ĩė㥀‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩė䒈‫˄ٱ‬ĨㅎĨðäĨ䮨ïäĨęþ⥲Ĝ䞈䗃îĨ䐛Ĩ╌Ĩė〫ĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ㦞⸗Ĩ Ĩ ð㯗Ĩ〨ĨñሟîäĨ㩔äþĨƾƸŐĻƲĨ╌Ĩé㰡Ĩ㈉î⚏ĨⲚäþ
ǖ
ĨᓧᜯĨ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩě⇤Ĩ⤕ĨðṣĨ䤈䇫äĨî䯀äĨ㈉ĨᡱĨ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ଺ĨẛĨúnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ౹Ĩ䯎Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨេĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ䲙Ĩ⸗Ĩð㯗ĨĀäî⮪Ĩ〨ĨçîäṡĨᣛîìĨᣅĨ䞈˄䜫 Ĩ‫ٱ‬
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗Ĩð㯗Ĩ〨Ĩ㱄ßĨㅎĨ⛬Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔ĨîþäĨ䲹ṡĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㦇äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩ଺Ĩ䯎ĨúうĨຊäĨ〪ĨčṆĨì䯆ĨìîäĨຓäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ╌ĨᣆþĨㅎç Ĩ ➄ῄĨû፝ĨüäĜ䞀
ǔǗ ǔǗ ǔǗ
Ĩ䔽Ĩú⃵äĨ㇏ĨᯔÛĨ 䔽Ĩ଺ĨᔦĨ䯎Ĩ䅠ïĨᣅĨÛ˟‫ٱ‬ Ĩ ˄Ĩ䮪ĨຊäĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䜫ĨäမĨ˟‫˄ٱ‬ĨĚ⇤þìĨ᠁Ĩ⊄äĨࡘɟìĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ⸁ĨᏠĨěìĨㄙ˟‫ٱ‬ Ĩ ˄Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ຊäĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯆ä
ǔǗ Ǘ Ǘ
ĨęþĨ〪Ĩ㍉ĨÛ‫ږ‬nj nj ṠäþĨⵇĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ˟‫˄ٱ‬ĨĚ⇤þìĜ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ᮫Ĩ╌ĨûäîßĨ⮻ⵇĨᏼĨ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩė䒈‫˄ٱ‬ĨîᨴĨ䩓ÛĨìäሧĨ䍚ĨㅎĨė䒈‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ❅äĨຊĨäĨĚ㺬Ĩ❅äîìĨĜᒖ⸗
ĨĜ䞈Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨė㥀‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨðṣĨìᣅ䁡Ĩ䯎ĨðäĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪ĨÛ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩᙯᵘ
Ĩ ሟîäĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ㦞Ĩ㟝Ĩęïä䯀äĨⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩę㧓‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩî≏äṴĨㅎ䗂
ĨㅎĨ១˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䞈î☆Ĩä䜫ĨྂĨ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ㽲Ĩⵇñ Ĩ ⸗Ĩð㯗Ĩ〨ĨñሟîäĨ䆀Ĩė䮩㺬
ĨĜĚ㺬Ĩ䲎Ĩ䤈䜫Ĩ䤈ßĨ╌Ĩó⨎
ǖ ǖ ǔ ǖ ǖ
ĨᢷĨÛĨ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩė㵨Ĩ㐔䤈ৄĨ䆀Ĩ䜱ĨúḝĨ㨉ĨĜʆĨ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩú⁩îäĨñሟîäĨ╌ĨᣆþĨㅎ̵⁩Ĩ Ĩ îä㖖ĨຊäĨ㩔ᜯĨ〪Ĩᏽ˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬⍜Ĩ䮪‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ຝĨú⁩Ĩᱍ
ǖ Ǖ Ǘ ǎǘ
Ĩ⥮ɟĨ ą
‫ ٳ‬nj 㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨúḝĨçî❼Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗ҍ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj ˄Ĩ䮪Ĩ䗂ĨᅗĨ㐔ĨㅎĨÛĨ䞀Ĩ〰Doppler Laser VibrometryĨĚҢþ‫ٳ‬ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ѪäþĨ nj î㧖Ĩ‫؜‬äĒ ‫ٳ‬Ǎ
ǖ ǔ ǖ
Ĩ䞀ᓧ Ĩ ⸗Ĩ⮫➟äĨ䆀ĨᨳîìĨ㈉ĨñሟîäĨęþĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ㾅ĨñሟîäĨìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉̵⁩Ĩ Ĩ îä㖖ĨຊäĨ㩔ᜯĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ㐔䜫Ĩû㸈ĨƮǎ ƸƪǎƸƪţĨ䮪ĨåäĜ䞈
ǖ ǖ
ĨĜ⊄Ĩ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩ⪘˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îìĨᣆþĨ䣹⁩Ĩ䤈〨ĨㅎĨðäĨ‫׏‬Ĩ଺äĨ䚽˄Ĝ ‫ ٱ‬ġĠĜ
Ǘ Ʒnjƹƶǔ ǖƱ ǖ
ĨᯔĨ䯎㩔Ĩ ᜯĜ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗ĨĕäîìäĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ➩äþĨěɟĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ‫׏‬ĨñሟîäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨຓäĨ⸗Ĩ㩔Ĩ╌㥒Ĩᒖ❼Ĩ⑬ĨᙯᵘĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ Ě㺬
‫ ٳ‬nj ⵇĨŖśǎ ĨㅎĨⱖɝĨ
ǖ ǖǔ
ĨðäĨ䚽Ĩ䯆äĜ䞈Ĩ㻬ḝĨⵇĨç➄ῄĨ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬㱄ßîⵇĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌Ĩ䎁Ĩ䏯Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨÛĚ㺬û䎀Ĩ䜱̦äĨ ‫ٱ‬nj ြĨ㹨ĨîþäĨ㱄ßîⵇĨ䤈䇫äĨ䮪㑔äþ
ǖ ǔ
ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ㻴ᜯĨ╌Ĩ÷㩕ìĨ༔Ĩ╌Ĩė䗃þîþäĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ä䯑Ĩ╌ĨěĨ⇤Ĩ㈉ĨƾƸǐ żƊĨúnj˄‫׏ ٱ‬äĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩė㥀‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩėþîä‫ٳ‬ɝìᣅ䁡Ĩ
Ĩ ǎ ɝĨ Ǐ 䯎ĨេĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䥚㑔Ĩî⩺Ĩą ɟïĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 〨Ĩỉ
ǔ Ǖ ǖǔ
ĨĜ㐗Ĩ䥞ᜯĨ䜫Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䓕Ĩՙ‫ٳ‬ ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĨ㐗ဗĨㅎĨû䎀ĨðäĨᏠĨÛ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ㟝Ĩęïä䯀äĨᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨĚᒭĨⵇĨçäî‫ٱ‬ӀäĨ䜱̦äĨ ‫ٱ‬nj 㩔äþĨ㼰ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪䮪
ǖ ǔ
Ĩ 䑔Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂⸗Ĩัɝï
ҍäìĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ
ǖ ǔ Ǐ ǖ ǔ ǖ ǔ
Ĩ ɝĨ
ҍäìĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ㦆㈉Ĩ Ĩ ⢜ằĨຊäĨîþäĨ䗂⸗Ĩî☆ĨĚ㺬ĨᢷĨ䞀Ĩî䗰ĨęþĨҍäìĨ䮪Ĝ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ҍäìĨ Ĩ 䑔ĨþìĨ䁠⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩė䑄ßĨㅎĨĚ㺬
ǔ ǖ ǖ
ĨຓäĨᏠĨ䞈ᨴĨ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䲹ṡĨ౹Ĩ〨Ĩî☆Ĩ̵Ĩ nj nj Ě㺬ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄䯆Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䆀hookvenomĨĚ⿝ĨㅎʛĨ Ĩ nją ɝïĨ
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ä㩈ĨüᜯĨⵇĨឮĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ø⠪ĨശĨㅎ
Ĩ‫ٱ˄ ٱ‬ǎ Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩę⨌ĨⵇɝïĨ
Ǐ ⅃äîĨ㈉Ĩė⁏äî␰Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀Ĩė䇪äìĨຓäĨ༔Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨĘē㈊Ĩ䆀ĨðäĨҍäì ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗ัĨ Ĩ 䆀ĨេĨ㈉Ĩî☆〨‫ٳ‬ɝïĨ
Ĩė␰㮷䆀Ĩøä⠪äĨ㈉Ĩė䇪äìĜ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ଺Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨᯔĨ⸗ᗂäĨÞ⚩äĨᙯᵘĨîþäĨ䗂ৄĨ䗂⚩ßĨຓäĨîäïþäĨ䂂ĨîþäĨĕ⮙⁏Ĩ䮪Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬
ǔǘ
Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䯋Ĩę‫ٳ‬ɟᜯĨⵇĨî☆ĨྎĨ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ÛĨ䞀Ĩ〰╌㮷Ĩ㘍ĨþìpedipalpsĨᢷĨÛẛĨ⮻➟äĨþìĨŖňnjťƷǎ Ĺantennae
ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䔽ä
ǔ
Ĩ〨Ĩě⧋ìĨ㈉Ĩ䢫ä⫔äĨ䤈እîäĨ㈉ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩû䎀Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ➩äþĨ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞀Ĩ㻬ḝĨ㈉Ĩ䣩ä‫ٳ‬ɟĒĨ ǎ òὟĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ û䎀ĨṱĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬ÛĨ䞀ĨᮡĨ䪳ìĨ䚽Ĩ〪Ĩ᧹
ǖ
Ĩ䧛ᇚĨ䩘îíĨ㈉ĨùቿäÛĨ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨɝïĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䂂Ĩî䯀äĨ㈉ĨេĨ䜱ĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉ĨᡱĨÛㅎĨė䁡䎀Ĩ䨛äĨᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨěìĨîä‫ٳ‬ӒĨ⡊nj˄‫ٱ‬
ǔ ǔ
ĨĜĨ䞈Ĩ㽟˄Ĩ‫⸗˄଺ ٱ‬Ĩ‫ٱ‬
ǖ ǖ ǖ
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨì㱄Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂î㩕Ĩ〨Ĩėþē㻁Ĩě㆐ĨㅐɟĨ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀Ĩẛǔ insulatedï㯋Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ❅䁡Ĩ⪌Ĩò㰤Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ɝïĨ
ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䞈˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬䤈㇦Ĩㅎʛ Ĩ nją
Ʒơǎ Ʋ ǖ ǎ ǖ ǔ
tissue-ĨďⵇĨŠnj ĨㅎĨ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂⸗ĨัɝïĜ䞀Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ᓧ䜫Ĩîä䯅îⵇĨҍ䔚Ĩ ଺ҍäìĨ
Ĩ 㠮Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩê⠪Ĩ⑬äĜ⊚Ĩລ䔙Ĩ Ĩü䏩Ĩ〨
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗ĨûⵇĨ଺䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩî䗰Ĩ䕉ែĨîþäĨ䤈㇦ĨҍäìĨ䮪Ĩė䮩Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨì㱄Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ㾅ɝïĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ î䯀äĨ㈉Ĩî☆ĨÛ㐗ìᣅ䁡Ĩî䯀äĨ㈉Ĩė䇪äìcutting
ǖ Ǖ
Ĩ䤈እîäĨᒖᆙĨîþäĨ⹔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨçäችĨᒖᨤÛçⰔቿäĨㅎĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ䯉˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨᄹĨ㈉ĨĚৠĨ਌㿡ĨòὟĨẗɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ⵇĨេĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĩ༔Ĩînj˄‫׏ ٱ‬ä
Ĩ ǎ
Ĩ ä㦆Ĩěî‫ٱ‬ʦĨǏ ç➄ῄĨû፝Ĩ䮪ĜㅏĨäမĨ⎅Ĩç➄ῄĨû፝Ĩ⊄äĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĜĨ䮽ᜯĨㅎĨ䔽Ĩ䧛ᇚĨ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦
ĨᆆĨą⮘Ĩ㈉㠕
ĨĜ䞀ĨçᛱĨⵇ
ǔ
Ĩ⦡ĨⵇĨ䙎ĨîþäĨ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ⸗Ĩé㹥Ĩ〨Ĩî☆
ǖ ǖ
ĨᵟäĨ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨî☆Ĩ̵Ĩ nj nj 䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨîᒗĨ͋þĨðäĨęþĨ㈊䞉ìĨ䮪ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ㓅Ĩê⠪ĨĚĨîດĨ䆀Ĩ㑒䞉ìĨě⇤þìĨĚ㺬Ĩ〨Ĩėþî䔘ᜯĨ㩔äþĨ䗂ᜯĨཱྀĨ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯ
ǖ ǖ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯ䜫Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬ĕ䚂Ĩî☆Ĩ╌ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨલĨ╌ɝïĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹Ĩ╌äĨ⸗මĨ
Ĩ ╌Ĩė䇪äìĨຓäĨ〨ĨîĨ☆ĨęþĨࡘĨ㈉ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ
‫ཱྀ ٱ‬Ĩê⠪
Ǘ ǔ Ǘ
ĨçäîíĨ䔔ĨěɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ╌ĨẛĨ䮨þîä‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ ㈉ҢĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 㼸‫׏‬äĨ
Ĩ ǎ 䩘îíĨ㈉ĨᡱĨ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩúnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩì䯆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䁂Ĩ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ⸗Ĩ䙎Ĩěì㩕Ĩú⑭Ĩø✜ĨĚ㺬
ǘ
Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈ĨᣆþĨ䮱ĨĜěìĨ⸗Ĩ䫡ႩĨ䆀Ĩ䢵㩕Ĩ䔽äĨຝĨ╌Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ䙎Ĩ〨Ĩė䨷îĨ㈉Ĩî䔘ᜯĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ǔ ĨĚ㺬Ĩ╌ĨᣆþĨ⑬äĜ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨϔìĨ ǎ üᲘ
Ʒǎ ơƲ
Ĩ㈉ĨㄿĨ䢵㩕ĨĚ㺬Ĩ༔ĨᏠĨ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨৃĨ䢵㩕Ĩê⠪ĨᵟäĨ䨽îĨ䮪̵ĜĨ Ĩ nj nj 䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗Ĩ㟜äĨ㟜ätissuesĨƼǎƹnjť ĨㅎĨėþ㆐Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩėþ㱇ὟĨ⟔䗃ĨĚ㺬
ǖ
ĨþìĨ䆀ĨេĨ㈉ĨðäĨĚ㺬Misumenoides FormosigesĨࡘĨ㈉䮧 Ĩ ìĨî㩕Ĩ〨Ĩ㻌ㅎ
Ĩ Ĩ⚗Ā㬷Ĝ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ࿝Ĩ〨Ĩú⑭ĨѬþ䯁ĨㅎĨû䎀Ĩô㶜
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㦞ĨðᱴĨðîĨⵇĨេĨ㈉Ĩ㻌Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩė⁏äî␰ĨüäĨęþĨࡘĨ㈉ĨðäĜ䆀Ĩ࿶Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨä⇤þìĨîþäĨ䆀Ĩüì䯆Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ⇤‫׏‬äÛĨ
Ĩ ǎ 䞈Ĩᒖǔ ⸗Ĩëäî␰
ǖ Ʋ
nj nj Ĝ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ㻭Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩė⚏‫ٳ‬ɟĨĚ㷧Ĩ㈉ĨេĨຓäĨ䕃äĨ䞈Ĩ㦞ĨðᱴĨ〨Ĩė‫ٵ‬ƬnjŧǎƷơ ĨᡱĨĚ㺬
Ĩ╌ĨçⴑĨㅎĨㄿĨ䢵㩕ĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩánj˄‫ ٱ‬ìĨⵇĨῳĨ䆀ĨេĨ㈉Ĩî☆Ĩ̵Ĩ
ǖ
Ĩ㈉Ĩ㻌ěĨ 㱇ὟĨ⟔䗃Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀ĨេĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬Ĩė䮩ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨēᵘĨ䡕ĒĨ〨ĨėೲĨ㩔äþĨㄿ䢵㩕Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩì䯆ĨìîäĨ㈉Ĩ࿶ĨຓäĨĚ㺬ĨᏠĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䜫Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ï
ĨîþäĜ䞈Ĩ㦞ð Ĩ ᱴĨðîĨ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩëäî␰Ĩě⇤þìĨ㐖Ĩㅍ䆀 Ĩ Ĩ࿶ĨĚ㺬Ĩ༔Ĝ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨ⸗ĨᅠĨ଺Ĩ䨽îĨ㈉Ĩė䗃þĨ⸗䜫Ĩ Ĩ ῲäìĨ䆀ĨėẖĨ㰛Ĩ㈉Ĩេ
ą ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨេĨⵇĨ㻌Ĩęþ⥲Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩ㽲ⵇĨä⨍ĜᒖᜯĨ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩ㦇ὟĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹Ĩ㻌‫׏‬Ĩ ǖ ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ⮻➟äĨ⟤î⣇Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⵇ䙎Ĩ Ĩ û䎀Ĩ Ĩ ̵Ĩnj nj 䞈Ĩ䗝îĨĚîᜯĨ‫׏‬Ĩ͋þĨðäĨìîäᏠĨ䮪
Ǘǔ ǔ ǖ
ĨĜ䗝îĨ䔽Ĩⴛnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ⸁Ĩä␰Ĩ㈉Ĩú⁏Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ îþäĨ䞈Ĩ㟠Ĩ㟱Ĩ᧼ĨᴚĨ㦇ὟĨ㈉ĨěՙäĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj˄ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ
‫ ٶ‬㻌‫ؼ‬㑓‫ٱ‬ ‫ৃ ٱ‬Ĩ଺Ĩẗ
ǖ Ǖǔ ǔ
ĨᏠmė‫˄ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩę䯀䯎lĨĜ䞀ĨʆĨৃĨ䔙‫˶ٱ‬ĨⵇĨî☆Ĩ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬Ĩ‫ח‬Ĩ nj ě䯀䯎Ĩ᛭ᵘĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ҍ⁩Ĩ Ĩ Ǎ Ûė㮨ĨÛ䞈ᱴĨÛĕ䅨ĨĜ䔽Ĩä⨍ĨṠäþĨㅎĨė䮩㺬Ĩěē㻁Ĩě㆐
ǔ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗Ĩ䙎Ĩ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩî☆Ĩė⩽㱇ĨîþäĨñ㍉‫ؼٳ‬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀ᒖ䜫Ĩîⰿ⟷ĨîⱎĨðä
ĨĚ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨᯔĨ䯎Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄
ǖ ǔ
Ĩぅ㑔Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩû䁡ĨĕþîĨåßĨ䯎Ĩėþ⇤Ĩ㈉ĨėþရĨ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬ĨüäĨĜ䞀Ĩ䮽Ĩ᮫Ĩ䯎Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨęþĨ╌Ĩì㱄ĨㅎĨឮĨ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ㝼㩕Ĩㅎ̵⁩Ĩ Ĩ òὟĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨᯔĨ䯎Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄
ǖ
Ĩč⦇äĨî≏äĨօ❆Ĩ ǎ ㅎĨ䜪îĨě゗Ĩ䯎Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨㅎĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ᮫Ĩ䯎Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ౹þĒĨࢇĨĚ㺬Ĩ╌Ĩì㱄ĨㅎĨüäĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䤈‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨᙯᱴĨ㰺Ĩᙯ䁡ĨㅎĨė㥀‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䟛ĒĨ╌
ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ䮽Ĩ᮫Ĩ䕉⁩ß‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䯎Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨ䕉Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ଺ҍĨ
Ĩ nj ᏠĨᒖ䜫Ĩ଺ĨĚî੗Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ˥Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬േĨ╌ĨüïþĨęìᣅ䁡ĨຓäĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯆äĨ〪Ĩ䞈
Ǘ Ǘ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ㦇äþĨ䁠⁩Ĩ᜵Ĩ䞀Ĩ䦈ìì㱄Ĩ䆀ĨᯔĨ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䕉䂭îìĨ䑌äĜ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉ruddersĨîäಪĨ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ശĨຊäĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ஗ßĨ͋þĨᮽĨ䯎Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄
ǔ Ǘ ǔ ǔ Ǘ
Ĩⵇð
Ĩ äĜ䞀Ĩ㦞Ĩ㟝Ĩ଺˟ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ‫׏‬äĨǎ ‫׏‬ᨴäĨ䯎Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩ䲹ṡĨᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨĚᒭĨî≏äĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ஗ßĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄මĨ
Ĩ ᴄĨ䊣þäĨҢĨ ‫ ٱ‬〨î☆ĨûⵇĨⵇĨė䒈‫˄ٱ‬Ĩᙯᵘ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩ䲹ṡĨ╌Ĩî⪙îĨㅎ⹫
Ĩ Ĩ㦇äþĨᯔĨ╌Ĩ䯍䁡ĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ㶱
ǖ ǖ
ĨÛdragonfly㻌Ĩ᧼ĨĚଔĨ㦇äþĨ䗂䯆Ĩ䯎Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉ĨûⱎĨ⨾Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ〨Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨĚ㺬Ĩ஗ßĨ͋þĨᓧ⸗Ĩî☆
nj nj Ĝ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨৃĨî☆Ĩ䭆਑Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩö䔘ĨðäĨㅎĨĚ㺬ÛĨშ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ㻌
Ĩ〪Ĩ᧽Ĩ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨཱྀĨê⠪ĨðäĨ䯎Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䮪ᏠĨ䞀ĨᓧäᔱĨ╌Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䯎Ĩ㈉Ĩėþ㆐ĨüäĨ̵Ĩ
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ǔ
ĨðäĨĚ㺬ĨÛėß‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ՙ‫ٳ‬
‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĜ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ⸗Ĩð㯗ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〨ĨñሟîäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ䯎Ĩ∘ĨㅎĨ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ╌ĨᣆþĨㅎĨėþ㆐Ĝė䜫Ĩ᪋Ĩ䯎fly-paper⨍ⵇĨî㩕Ĩ㻌
ǖ
Ĩ‫˄ٱ‬䜫ĨྂĨ䯎Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩî☆ĨėᣇĨ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ຤Ĩ᠁ĨðäĨĀäî⮪ĨęþĨĜ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ㟝Ĩęïä䯀äĨ଺ĨⵇĨṜĨ㈉ĨេĨ㈉ĨðäĨ०Ĩ䞈Ĩ㦞Ĩ㟝ĨಫĨⵇĨ᠁ĨㅎĨî☆Ĩø✜䔙Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉ñ Ĩ ሟîä
ǖ ǔ
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䆀ĨេĨ㈉ĨðäĨ⸗ĨďⵇĨ╌ҍäìĨ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗Ĩĕ䚂Ĩ㈉Ĩ⸗ĨῲäìĨɝïĨ Ĩ ╌äĨîþäĨ䞈
ǖ ǘ ǖ
Ĩ éßĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ≢ᜯĨㅏĨ⒥þĨ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩî⩺Ĩ䯎Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨęɟäìĨ
‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ 䗂ᜯĨ䔙ĨᏡĨ䮪Ĩ䯎Ĩė㥀‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉ĨėþရĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬
‫ⵇ ٳ‬Ĩúä␰ĨðäĨÝ䥞ᜯĨ݉Ĩ╌ĨਊþĒĨęþĨ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䤈ৄĨ䗂⸘Ĩ
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Ĩė㣖⁩ĨĕþîĨåßĨ䔽äĜ㈊ĨㅉîĨä䜫Ĩ˄ᒫĨ ‫ ٱ‬䔽äĨ䕉Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ䇻ᜯĨㆤĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬ĜᒒĨ䟛ĒĨ╌ĨᏡĨê⠪Ĩ⑬äĨရĨ㈉‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj üäĨ䥚䜫ĨäမĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬Ĩ଺Ĩᝩ
Ĩ䗂Ĩ⸘䮪Ĩ༔ĨᏠĨᒐĨ䮽Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽ĨᏠĨì⁏Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㺬ĨĚï⁩Ĩ਌㿡ĨㅎĨû䎀ĨðäĨÝ䞈Ĩû㸈ĨㆤĨ㪺Ĩ㈉Ĩ⦡ìĆ îĨᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨⵇĨė㣖⁩ĨüäĨîþäç➄ῄĨㅎ
Ĩ䤈㇦ĨⵇĨ⛬ĨðäĨîþäĨû䎀Ĩ䮪Ĩ䗂Ĩė䮩㺬ĨîþäÝ‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨㆤĨ䮪Ĩ༔ĨᏠĨᏽĨ≢ßĨ䔽Ĩ䆀ĨìᣅþĨᏠĨ╌ĨùቿäĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩì⁏ïäĨû䎀Ĩ㿲Ĩ䮪Ĩ㾾Ĩ䯎Ĩá᎗Ĩ√Ĩ㈉Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨÝㅎ
ǖ
ĨÝㅏĨ㾅Ĩㆤ‫׏‬Ĩ
Ĩ ė䌕Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ßĨㅎĨė䮩㺬ĨÛĨ䞈Ĩᒖ݊Ĩ╌ĨਊþĒĨ䔽äĨᣅĨ㑔䁡î⪕
ĨäမĨ䆀Ĩ☒Ĩ㺹ĨîþäĨ⧑Ĩ౹Ĩ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ〨Ĩė䮩㺬Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧä⸗Ĩøî㪲Ĩ╌Ĩ㐗ìᣅ䁡ĨㅎĨᆆĨ㻬ⵇĨîþäĨ⧑Ĩ౹‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ 䛹ĨåäᣅĨ㈉Ĩç㑔ä␰Ĩüä
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨê⠪ĨឮĜㅏ
Ĩ➅ὟĨㅎᯔĨ䯎Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ଺Ĩ〨Ĩė䮩㺬ĨüäĨ䗂ĨðäĨê⠪Ĩ⑬äĨ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䞈Ĩçîþ➳Ĩ╌äĨㅎĨᡱĨäïä䔘Ĩ╌Ĩç➄ῄĨû፝ĨüäĨ〨Ĩö䔘ĨɝĨ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩçîþ➳Ĩ䔽äĨㅎឮ
Ĩ Ĩㅎ⤫
Ĩ

ĨûὪä
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Ĩ㈉Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ൚Ĝ䞀Ĩ䮿îĨçîⱎĨ⸁Ĩ䔙ĨîþäĨʆĨěìĨ䔽ĨĚïþîĨᏠ଺Ĩ⸁Ĩ䔽äĨ╌Ĩ䅠ïĨîþäĨė䔘⌵ßĨᣅ䞀
Ĩ Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩçì⣉ĨㅎĨüäĨä␰Ĩ㈉č㦇Ĩ ሟĨ㠕äĨęþĨîþäl
ǖ
ĥġĜĥĢ㣶äĨ‫ګ‬î␰mĜ䈅ᜯĨ䔽Ĩ፜ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ䇞ᜯĨå⁏Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨÛáৄĨ֫Ĩ㩇㬲Ĩ㦆

ǖ ǎ
Ĩ䮪ĨⵇðĨ äĨø⠪ĨĚ⇤þìĜ䞈Ĩ䯔Ĩ䯎ç Ĩ ᛱĨîþä㨞ìĨú㷷Ĩ⹔Ĩ䮪Ĩ䜱Ĩ䔙ĨîþäĨ䔽Ĩ❅ḝĨҍἇĨ ㅎĨú❼äĨ䣹⁩Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔ĨៈĨ䞈č Ě Ĩ ⧋ìĨ䯔Ĩ䯎ĨðⴜĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁
ǔǖ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䯔䯎Ĩì䱜Ĩ㦇ὟĨ䪙Ĩ╌Ĩ䣶⁩ĨîþäĨҍ䗃íÛĨ㈊Ĩ䜫Ĩä䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉ĨçⰔቿäĨü㺕äïäĨ࡬ĨĀⲍĨîþäĨ㌏ĨüäĨîä䯀ᜯĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 〪č Ě
Ĩ ⧋ì
ǖ
Ĩ䮼䎁ĨðäĨ╌ĨᣆþĨ⑬äĨîþäĜ⊚Ĩᜯう Ĩ îĨîþìĨ╌Ĩỉ〨Ĩ Ĩě▧㷍Ĩ⧏㭯Ĩ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䞈Ĩ㦈Ĩ฻äĨ䗂ĨėỬĨᒖ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䎁Ĩ࡚ĨៈĨ䞈Ĩ䄌äṠäþĨęþĨÞእîäĨìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩðä
ǘǔ ǖ Ǖ Ǖ ǖ
Ĩ㦈ĨęɟᜯĨ
‫ ٳ‬䆀Ĩå⵰Ĩ䗂Ĩ䚽ĨⵇĨឮĨÛĚ㺬ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ䚽˄Ĝ䞀Ĩ
‫ٱ‬ ėӀ〨Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䮾îĨ㻬ӀĨ ‫ ٱ‬䆀Ĩě䦻äĨ〨ĨÞእîäĨ‫׏‬Ĩ଺äĨ䮪Ĩìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩ䣊㑔ìĨû፝ĨøῳĨ㈉
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Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ✜ⰔĨ䪙Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ̵➟þĨㅎĨ㱇äĨðäĨ䮪䎁Ĩ䮪Ĝ䁠⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ⛬ĨçἼĨĚíĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ę▥ᆆĨ䆀Ĩç⬓Ĩê‫ٳ‬ǁƅơnjţĨ䞈ĨߞĨ౹Ĩê⠪Ĩ⑬äĨ䁠⁩Ĩ㈉ĨÛ䞈
ĨĜ㐗Ĩė䜫Ĩ䤈䜫Ĩ䓕þîĨㆤĨç➄ῄĨㅎė Ĩ 䮩㺬
ǖ
Ĩ ⧋ì䄐ßĨ㛁㸤ĨîþäĨì䱜Ĩ౹î‫ٶ‬ŔƨơĹĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀ʆĨ
čĚ Ĩ ⍛Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ਑Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪ĨᏠĨ䮨⸗Ĩî⩺Ĩ䯎Ĩç➄ῄĨㅎĨė䮩㺬Ĩ╌Ĩ䎁Ĩ䏯Ĩ㈉ĨÞእîäĨ䚽Ĩ䯆ä
ĨㅎĨė䮩㺬ĨㅎĨ➳ḝîą þìĨä㆐Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗ĨîሊĨ䮪Ĩ䚽Ĝ㑒Ĩ䮨⸗Ĩú⁔Ĩ㭑äą؎Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ö䔘Ĩ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㅎĨě㆐Ĩ䚽Ĩ䥝ßĜ䞈
‫ ٶ‬nj ⵇĨė䮩㺬Ĩû፝Ĩ䚽ĨៈĨ䞀Ĩᓧ㑔Ĩî⩺ą ɟïĨ
ĨÛäĨ ㆐Ĩ䮪Ĩê⠪Ĩ⹔Ĩ䔙Ĩ⹔Ĩ㨉Ĝ㈊Ĩ䥞ᜯĨ㱇╌ Ĩ ĨĕସĨĀäî⮪Ĩė䮩ĨîþäĨ㈊Ĩ⊚Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩî☆ĨⵇᷚĨ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩä㆐Ĩ䮪Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼Ĩ䨕äĨĜ䞈Ĩ䞉䯀äĨĀ䥟ከîþäĨęਛĨê⠪
Ǖ nj ˄Ĩǔ Ě⇤þìĨ⹔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩùቿä
ĨĜ䯉Ĩ䜫Ĩå䂭ⵇĨ䆀Ĩ䗂ᜯĨęîĨę䯀ïĨ‫ٱش‬nj˄Ĩ㈉ĨçⴑĨ⟨ᏠĨąӉⰔ‫ٱ‬
ǔ
ĨᣅĨ䜫˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ᗾĨ䧸äĨ䤈〨ĨⵇĨ䜪îĨð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉Ĩě㆐Ĩ〪Ĩä䜫Ĩ䮪Ĩ㶱ĨⵇĨðäĜ‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ßĨú⁔ĨçìᣅĨⵇĨ䗂ৄĨ㑔ᜯĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩî☆Ĩ〨Ĩě㆐ĨěਛĨîþäĨ䡨䯀äĨðäĨüìĨ‫׏‬äǎ
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Ĩ䫈Ĩ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞀ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄĨ㑔ᜯᣅĨ䔽Ĩ㝼㩕ĨⵇĨ䚵äĨㅎĨ䗂⸗ĨåṣĨîþäĨօ❆Ĩ ǎ ᒖäቛĨä㆐Ĩ䮪Ĩ㨉ĜěìĨ଺ĨûⵇĨⵇĨûäìĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂මĨî☆
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ĨᡱĨę⪌þĨṠĨㅎ⑜ Ĩ ĨüïþĨㅎęĨ ⪌þĨėಪĨîþäĨėþìດĨÛáĨ ྩĨ㈉ü

Ĩ äïþäĨüäĨÛ䞈␳Ĩ㑔ᜯĨᣅü
Ĩ ïþĨěî⁩ĨÛîĨ ⪙îĨㅎîĨ ☆Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂ᜯĨ䌭ໄĨîþäĨä䜫Ĩě䫑ìࡘ
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Ĩ⸗Ĩå⵰ĨþĨåṣĨê⠪Ĩ⸘ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄લäĨ ‫ ٱ‬úä␰Ĩ䮪Ĩ䯎Ĩû㹬ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨ䗂㟝ĨåṣĨⵇĨçኍĨ⑬ĨਏĨĚ⇤þìĨîþäĨ㐗Ĩ䥞ৄĨ㑔ᜯĨ฻äĨęþĨ䯎
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ĨîþäĨ䤈〨Ĩä␰Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ㦆ĨðäĨ䞈˄⸗Ĩ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬î䐁äĨ╌ĨᆆĨ䐲ᱴĨÞእîäĜ䞈Ĩ䮱Ĩ଺Ĩ㿧ĨĚì䱜ĨㅎĨእîäĨ〪Ĩ䞇ᨴĨ䔽Ĩ㣦ସĨ䮪Ĩ䛹Ĩ㨉Ý䞈Ĩ䮽
ĨĜ䮼ìĨû䈶ä⇤Ĩ䜱Ĩì⁏Ĩî♑Ĩြ䮪
Ĩ Ĩ䗂Ĩě㆐Ĩ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩåäᣅ
ǖ ǖ ǔ ǖ
Ĩ㽟Ĩ‫╌ݲ‬
Ĩ Ĩç䁡㦆Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ଺Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼Ĩ䨕äĨᏠĨ䞈‫ؕٱ‬îĨ
Ĩ ҍ䗃íĨㅎĨ䗂⸗ĨĚৠĨ਌㿡Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨቛĨㅎĨ㩔ᜯĨä㆐Ĩ〪Ĩ㩇Ĩ଺Ĩ⸗ĨúⰨĨ䮪Ĩ䚽Ĩ䯆äĨ䚽˄‫ٱ‬
Ĩ䔽Ĩ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䆀Ĩç⬓Ĩė䜫Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩç➄ῄĨĚîþ➳Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄĨ㩔ᜯĨ䆀ĨᡱĨç㑔ßĨ䨛äĜ䔽Ĩç㑔ßĨ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄĨ㩔ᜯĨð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ䐲㈀Ĩ䔽
ǔ Ǘ
Ĩ⸘Ĩ㈊䞉ìĨ䮪ĨęþĨĜä䯈‫⸗˄ٱ‬Ĩ㽯⁩ĨⵇĨ㵐ĨĚɟĨ‫ ٳ‬nj ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌äĨ༔Ĩînj˄‫׏ ٱ‬äĨ
Ĩ ǎ 㨉ĜㅏĨęìäîäĨⵇĨ䗂⸗ĨäမĨ㈊䞉ìĨ䜱Ĩì⁏Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䯲Ĩ㑔ᜯĨ䗂ĨðäĨ䆀Ĩúᄸî❼Ĩ䨕äĜᓧᜯ
ĨÝĨě⸗ĨäမĨê⠪
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Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ՙĨǍ öⴑþĨė䬇ႩĨㅋĨî䯀äĨ㈉ĨេĨ㈉Ĩě㆐ĨĜĨ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨῲäìĨ䆀equationĨçäþ㱉༔Ĩînj˄‫׏ ٱ‬äĨ
ɟ‫ٶ‬ Ĩ ǎ 䞀Ĩ〰ĨùቿäĨៈ͋⟷Ĩ Ĩ ęþĨࡘĨ㈉Ĩ䮧ìĨ〾Ĩ᎗ä
ǔ
Ĩ䞀ᓧ Ĩ 䜫ĨîᒗĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗ĨéîὟĨěì㩕Ĩú⑭Ĩ䤈㇦Ĩě⨌Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧᜯ䜫Ĩîäì䓺ĨěĆ⨌Ĩ㰛ĨᲗĨę㧓‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹Ĩ䆀Ĩ䞲ìĨ㈉ĨðäĨ‫׏‬ᨴäĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫
ǔ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ nj ò㰤Ĩěì㩕Ĩú⑭Ĩ䤈㇦Ĩ㈉Ĩėþ⨌ĨüäĨ╌ĨùቿäĨ༔Ĩînj˄‫׏ ٱ‬äĜ䞀Ĩ
‫ח‬᎗Ĩ Ĩ ǎ 䦑ìĨ⸗Ĩöþ▧Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬ûⵇĨᄹĨ㈉Ĩė䁡䎀Ĩ㈉͋þĨ Ĩ îþäĨánj˄‫ ٱ‬ìĨĚþ㱉ĨėäïäĨࡘĨîþä
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Ĩ⹟î‫˄ٱ‬Ĩą⤩Ĩ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ശĨㅎĨðäĨ╌ĨùቿäĨîþäĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㡘Ĩ⑬äĨᙕĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ‫ ٱ‬䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩìä䁡ĨûὟĨⵇĨ㑒䞉ìĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨîþäĨ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ㻬Ĩ╌Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌
ǖ ǖ njǕ ǖ ǖ ǔnj
㈊䞉ìĨ㑔äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄䜫ĨĨ‫ ٱ‬ҍ‫˄ٱ‬㹨Ĩî≏äĨùቿäĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ ‫ ٱ‬䜫ĨîᒗĨ㈊䞉ìĨ䭆਑Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩě㆐ĨîþäĨ䞀ĨɫĨĄ 䨽îĨ╌Ĩ䆀spinnerets
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ĨৄĨ䔽Ĩ䏲Ĩ㺹Ĩü‫˶ٱ‬äĨㅎĨᡱĨÛĨㅎĨç➄ῄĨᒖ㗺Ĩ㰛ĨㅎĨðäĨîþäĨ㑒䞉ìĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬îäìĨ㖐Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ⯛ĨᒮĨ╌ɟî Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj ĨîþäĨô㶜Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ˥Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䉸‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ╌Ĩì㑔⮪
ĨĜ䞈ĨㅎĨ䗂Ĩě㆐Ĩ╌Ĩ䔔‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ĚৠĨ਌㿡ĨÛĨ≢
ǔnj
Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈ĨùቿäĨąṨĨ⣷ĨㅏĜ‫ٰٱ‬ĨĄ 㑔ᜯĨ⸗Ĩ㑔Ĩ䆀Ĩú⃵äĨ㑒䞉ìĨô㶜ĨîþäĨ㖐Ĩ౹ⵘ Ĩ îĨ þäĨ㈉Ĩ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨ㑒䞉ìĨîä㖖ĨîþäĨ᩶ĨⵘĨ䗂Ĩě㆐ĨࡘĨ㈉ð Ĩ ä
ǔ ǖ Ǘ
Ĩ nj ㈉ĨᯔĨ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨęþĨ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䞀Ĩ㦇äþĨēᣅĨç⁩Ĩ଺Ĩ䒻˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ㅎĨě㆐
ĨᑽĨìᣅ䁡Ĩ䯎Ĩėá‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ䜱Ĩ╌ĨຝĨîäþäမĨîþäĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㅎĨùቿäĨì䔚Ĩû˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ðäĨîþä⊚Ĩ䜫ӉⰔĨ
ĨîþäĨěਛĨðäĨ╌ĨüìĨ⑬äĨ䯉ĨৄĨ㑔ᜯĨüìĨឮĜᓧᜯ䜫Ĩ䔽έ ǎ
Ĩ Ĩ䮲ĨçⰔቿäĨ䮪ĨîþäĜ䞈Ĩᒖ݊Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂ᜯĨ᩼Ĩ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ䜱ĨຓäĨ╌äĨᣅĨᏡĨòὟĨ‫׏‬äĜ
ǖ
Ĩ╌ĨùቿäĨĚ㺬ĨㅎĨ➳ḝĨîą þìĨė䮩Ĝ䞀Ĩ䯊Ĩ⸗Ĩð㯗ĨñሟîäĨ䭆ɟĨ
‫῭ ٳ‬Ĩ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨᣅĨᏽĨ䞽ĒĨ╌Ĩė㥀‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨòὟĨ䨛äĨ䜱Ĩ╌ĨຝĨេĨⵇĨě㆐Ĩ䡨䯀äĨĀ䥟ከ
ĨĜ䤈ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨ䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉Û⊚Ĩ⸗䔽 Ĩ ü Ĩ ஘Ĩ䚽ç Ĩ ኍĨㅎĨᡱĨÛėĨ Ἶ❆Ĩęì⸗Ĩ❅ḝ
ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩçîþ➳Ĩㅎ䗂⸗Ĩü஘Ĩ䐇Ĩ䚽äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ė䮫Ĝ䞈ĨᆓĨûþ㯎Ĩ╌‫ח‬ä‫ٳ‬ Ĩ ӒĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䯉Ĩ䜫Ĩ➩äþĨ㱇äĨ䮪Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩę䘧㴙ĨîࢄĨⵇĨ䆇˄㿱Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ðä
ǖ ǖ
Ĩî䯀äĨ㈉ĨĚ㺬ĨἿ❆Ĩ‫ޖ‬ɟïĜᒐĨ Ĩą ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 䮽Ĩ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩ䓕þîᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂î䯅Ĩ͋þĨê⠪Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔ĨęþĨ䞈Ĩ㝼㩕ĨㅎĨç➄ῄĨᡱĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䮪ĨĀ㑔þäĜ䞈
ǔ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㑔ᜯĨ㨉Ĩ⊚Ĩ⸗ĨäမᏠĨ䨩îᣅĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䜫Ĩ✜ⰔĨ╌Ĩ䗂⸗ĨäမĨ䨩îĨęþĨ㻣Ĩ䜫ĨᏠĨ⥽ĨⵇĨ䗂ৄĨ㑔ᜯĨៈĨ䔽ĨìᣅþĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ⹔Ĩ䨕äĜĨ㐗Ĩė䜫Ĩ䜱îĨìᣅ䁡Ĩ͋þĨఊĨĀ㩕ï㑔
˄ৄĨ
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Ĩç➄ῄĨ䨕äÛĨ䯉ĨㅏĨᆆĨ⎅Ĩç➄ῄĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨㅋĨ䕃äÛĚĨ㺬Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂㟝Ĩ˟ᴄĨĀ㬷ĨᓟৄĨ䔽Ĩ㑔ᜯĨᣅĨ䞈ቄĨⵇĨė䮩㺬Ĩ䨕äĨ‫׏‬ĨėᣇĜ䜫Ĩ䇻ᜯĨ䔙
ǔ
ĨĜ䞈ĨㅎĨቶĨႼ㱇Ĩėþîä‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ ㅎĨÞእîäĨ䗂Ĩėᢶ
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Ĩęì㩕Ĩ᩵Ĩ䯆äĜ㈊Ĩ䥞ßĨ䔽ĨûⵇĨ⹔Ĩ㑔ᜯĨ䮪ĨᏠĨ䞈ĨᒖྩĨ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨęþĨៈĨ䔽Ĩęì㩕Ĩ᩵ĨęþĨðǍ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨ㻣Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮽Ĩ⸗ĨቛĨ㩔ᜯĨ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬çîࠩ⁏ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯆ä
ǖ Ǖ ǖ
ĨîþäĨ㈊䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄ĨîఋĨ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ㑔ᜯĨ଺ҍ
Ĩ nj 㐗Ĩ䜫Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ⑬Ĩû⣇Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨᣅĨ䔽Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ㣤⁩Ĩᒖ㗺Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂⸗Ĩ⤫Ĩ㖐Ĩ〨Ĩė㍉䞉ìĨ᩶Ĩînj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ㻣Ĩ䞈Ĩìᣅ䁡Ꮰ
ĨĜ㐗Ĩ䥞ᜯĨ䜫ĨîᨴþìĨ╌Ĩç䁡ĨĚ㺬
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Ō ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ĨŖǎƶŰŦ ĨŲƷǎnj ƹĺɟĨ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ՙĨǍ ỡ˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ៈĨęì㩕Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌Ĩä⨍Ĩę▥Ĩ䙎Ĩ╌äĄ Ĩ㨉Ĩ䜫Ĩ㝼㩕ĨㅎĨė⦤Ĩ䖑䄦ĨĚîþ➳Ĩû፝Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄĨ䨩îĨᣅĨĚ㺬Ĩ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äǎ
‫ ٳ‬ɟ‫ٶ‬
ǖ ǖ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㻬ĨĀⰔቿäĨ㑔ᜯĨ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䯆äĨ଺Ĩìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉ĨðäĜ㐗Ĩ⊚Ĩ䔽‫ة‬Ĩ
Ĩ nj ᏠĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ
ҍĨ Ĩ ǔ Ąnj 䨩îĨęþĨ଺Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼ĨðäĨᏠĨ⊚䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩ❅ḝĨ䞀Ĩ〰scleroprotein
Ĩ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ䆀Ĩ㩔ᜯĨᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨðäĜ⊚ĨěìĨì㱄Ĩ䆀ĨᯔĨ⸗Ĩ݊Ĩ╌Ĩ᪅Ĩ䯎Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ╌äĨᣅĨ㐗Ĩ䜫Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨᏡĨ䤈㇦Ĩ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䯎ĨėþရĨຓä╌äĨ଺
ǔ
Ĩ ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⹔Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩç➄ῄĨû፝ĨüäĜ䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ଺˄䜫Ĩ
Ĩ଺ㅎĨ Ĩ‫ⵇ ٱ‬sensory systemĨû䎀Ĩ䤈ṲĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㩓Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩð㯗Ĩ〨ĨñሟîäĨ㩔äþ
ĨĜ㐗Ĩ䥞ᜯĨ䜫Ĩî☆Ĩⵇç Ĩ 䁡Ĩ䆀Ĩė㡓ĨᱍĨĚ㺬Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼Ĩㅎ⾒ Ĩ
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Ĩ଺ĨîሊĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ䨕äĨ⹔Ĩ䚽Ĝ㑒Ĩė䜫Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ͋þĨఊĨ଺Ĩû䎀Ĩ䮪Ĩê⠪ĨㅎĨė䁡䎀Ĩ䫑ìĜ䞈Ĩ㝼㩕ĨㅎĨė䁡䎀Ĩ㈉Ĩü⁏Ĩ ąüäîþìĨîþäĨ䙎ÛᎹĨĚ㺬
ǔ ǔ ǖ ǔ ǖ
ĨüąäĨ〪Ĩ䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ〨ĨÞ‫ٱ‬ĴźƊäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂ৄĨ㩔ᜯĨ〪Ĩ᧽ĨÞ‫ٱ‬ĴźƊäĨû፝Ĩⴛnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ʈ
 ä ŐĻƲĨ䮪Ĩ䇾Ĩ╌ĨðäĜ䜫Ĩ䔙ĨúìĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ࿶ĨⵇĨឮʆĨ
Ĩ ⸗Ĩ䔽
ǔ ǔ
ĨⵇĨ⤩Ĩ䕈Ĝ䞈Ĩᒖ‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨᇥĨĚ㺬Ĩ╌ĨᡱĨė䜫Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩî䯀äĨ㈉͝Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩė•Ĩėㄙ㑔ĨüäĨägenetic codesĨ䏧Ĩ䤈ᨤĨ㈉ĨÞ‫ٱ‬ĴźƊä
Ĩ ǎ ‫׏‬äĨǎ ɝĨ
Ĩ ǎ ⹔Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩė⋓ĨüäĜ䞈Ĩéäî䯀äĨⵇĨç㩕㸈Ĩ⮻➟äĨ䆀Ĩ䏧Ĩ䤈ᨤĨ䩓Ĩė⋓Ĩ䧆î䯂Ĩėㄙ㑔Ĩ㈉DNAĨěäĨüäĨĚĒĨ㶱
ĨⵇĨ䬆ႩĨ଺Ĩ䆀‫׏‬äĨ
ǎ ǖ Ǖ
ǎ ‣Ĩå⵰Ĩㅎč ǎ ԴĨ
Vural PublishingĨÛú℥äÛę㷡Ĩ‫׏‬äĜĨ Ĩ nj ˄ĨîఋĨ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ⤩Ĩ䕊Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ㶱
Ĩ üþî䗃Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩç㩕㸈Ĩ㹗Ĝ㈊Ĩ䜫ҍ‫ٱ‬
䮨⸗ĨẬ㻭
ǖ ǖ ǔ Ǘ ǔ
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䜱ĨƾƸŐĻƲɝ‫ٱ‬
Ĩ ⑬äĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨÅäîßĨ╌Ĩ⥽ĨĚîþ➳Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䯲Ĩ㑔ᜯĨࢇĨ䥞Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䯘‫ٳ‬ɟĨㅎĨⱖĨ⹔ÛĨĚ㺬ĨɝĨ
ĨÞৄĨㅎ⥽Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄Ĩ╌ĨěՙäĨ
‫〪 ٶ‬Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ䐇Ĩ⡌ĨᣆᏠĨîþäĨ‫׏‬äǎ
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ĨᒖᜯĨ䡊䯈Ĩðî〨Ĩ䤈〨䜱Ĩ䔙ĨîþäĨᒖ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩ❅ḝĨ䯘ɟĨ
‫ ٳ‬䤈〨ĀⲍĨĚ㺬Ĩì㥀䁡䔘Ĝ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫ĨäမĨ⸗Ĩ㩔օ❆Ĩ Ĩ ǎ ㅎĨ䯲Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ䌗ĨຕĨė䌕ĨㅎĨė䮩㺬Ĩ䯎
ĨĜ䞈
ǔǔ ǖ
Ĩ 䖀ᇸĨ⦃Ĩ␰ㅋĨ
‫؎ٶ‬㩕Ĩ ‫❅ ٱ‬ḝĨ⥽ĨúĨ⁩ĨîᨴĨ⽃ĨïäĨ⽃Ĩ䆀ĨⅯî䖼䮩Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨⓁĨ⥽ĨĚîþ➳ĨⵇĨ䗂⸗ĨĚ゗Ĩçî⦜Ĩ䉴äĨ‫׏‬äǎ
Ĩ ę▥Ĩ⟽Ĩ╌ĨຝĨęþĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
ǔ ǔǖ ǖ
Ĩ╌ĨĚ㺬Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧ≻Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬å⵰ĨåṣĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ䤈䜡îĨ⊄äĨęՙ⁩äĨ
‫ ٶ‬㈉ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨû䈶äĨå⵰þĨåṣĨ฻äĨ䯎Ĩ䯍⽣ĨîþäĨ䞈˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ú⃵äĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉
ǖ Ǘ ǔ
Ĩ䯎ìĨ 䱜ĨឮĨ㑔ᜯÛá᎗Ĩ㈉ė Ĩ ㍉䞉ìĨ㩔äþĨ䗂ৄĨ㑔ᜯĜ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗ĨቛĨ〨Ĩçî⦜Ĩ⹔ĨᝦĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬îⵇîìĨå⵰ĨþĨåṣĨ䜱Ĩ᎗äĨ㇏Ĩ䗂⸗ĨቛĨ㑔ᜯĨäɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ˥Ĩ
‫␰ ٱ‬Ĩㅋ
ǔ
Ĩ㖐ĨîþäĨἈä‫ٳ‬ʠĨ㐔ĨㅎĨ⤫Ĩ〨Ĩ㩔ᜯĨ䥞䜫Ĩ䮿îĨ䎁Ć㱄Ĩ〨ĨçⵇṡĨㅎĨî☆ĨîþäĨä䜫ÛℵîìĨㅎgeometric formĨ➶Δ⳪äÛ⡿㶜Ĩ ‫ٵ‬ǎ ㅎĨðäĨ䯉ĨㅏĨቛ
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Ĩ䮧ìĨû䈶ä⇤Ĩå⵰ĨþĨåṣĨîþäĨĚৠĨ਌㿡ĨÛ≠ĨᜯĨㅏĨ䔽ĨéîìĨ䆀‫⮮ח‬Ĩ Ĩ ᢷĨÛㅎĨç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ þ‫ؼٳ‬Ĩnj ⑬ĨਏĨĚ⇤þìîþäĨç➄ῄĨ䤈㇦ĨîþäĨ⠡ĨㅎĨ㑒䞉ìÛ
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Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ĚēᑺĨ㈉Ĩ䗂ᜯßĨ䆀Ĩ䕊ìĜ䔽ìᣅ䁡ĨⅯî䖼䮩Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩė䮩㺬Ĩì㥀䁡䔘Ĩçî❼ਛĜ䔽Ĩ⮻ⵇĨ଺˄䜫Ĩ
ęþĨ䜱ĨࡘɟìĨ Ĩ‫ٱ˄⪱ ٱ‬ǎ ĨĚ䯆ĒĨⵇⅯî䖼䮩Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉
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Ĩě⧋ìĨ⁗㶞 Ĩ ĀⲍĨě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䞀Ĩ✜ⰔĨ╌Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ䧛ᇚĨㅎĨ㱇äĨðäĨᣅĨüä䣷⁩Ĩ൯ĨÞእîäĜ䞀Ĩ䦈ìĨ⸗Ĩöþ▧Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬î☆Ĩîþä‫ৄ˄ٱ‬Ĩ㩔ᜯÛ‫⸗˄ٱ‬ĨîᒗĨ㈊䞉ì
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Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ‫ۈ‬Ĩ䮪Ĩ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩì㥀䁡䔘Ĩ䞀〰 Ĩ instinctĨ᜷ĨៈĨçⴑĨû㸈‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ‫׏‬äÛ䞈Ĩ ǎ ‫ ٱ‬î䐁äĨ╌ĨᆆĨą⦡ĨĚì䱜ĨᣅĨÛᄹĨ㈉Ĩ㿧ĨðäĜ䞀Ĩ䯊Ĩäî␲Ĩⵇ
˄⸗Ĩ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䭇ìĨû䈶äĨ⇤ĨûⵇĨ⁩Ĩü〨Ĩ╌äĄ Ĩ〪
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䉴äĨᒖäቛĨÛ⯑þ䯎ĨⵇĨ㇦Ĩą⥽ĨîþäĨç⠢Ĩ〨ĨĚ㺬ĨᣅĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ➩äþĨ⪌Ĩ㽲ĨⵇĨឮĨ䞈Ĩû㥂ä䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䮪ĨㅏÝ䞈ĨㅏmĨ᜷lĨ䮪ĨᏠ
ĨðäÝ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨৄĨçäቛĨąɝ㩕îþäĨ
ǔǘ ǖ ǔ ǖ
ĨñጕĨ╌äĨ⸗Ĩ㩔Ĩęɟ
‫ ٳ‬ᜯĨⵇ̵⁩Ĩ
Ĩ Ĩ‫〫 ٱ‬Ĩ䆀Ĩěî‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉ĨឮĨÛĨⵇĨû㥂ä
ㅎĨĚ㺬Ĩ䚽Ĩ䥝ßÝĨ䞈ĨㅏĨé㰡ĨÛ䞈Ĩä䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩì⁏ïäĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀ĨĚ㺬Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄ᜯĨ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ▮〨ĨㅎĨ䗂⸗
Ǘ ǖ ǖ
Ĩė㣖⁩Ĩěɟ ‫ ٳ‬nj 㩔äþĨ䗂ᜯĨ㻬Ĩ䚽nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ⛬ɟ䅸äĨ
‫ٳ‬ 䮪ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩė⚏‫ٳ‬ɟĨ䅸äĨç㗺Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞈Ĩ䰡Ĩ⸗Ĩ㻬Ĩ╌Ĩç㗺Ĩ଺ĨĚ㺬Ĩê⠪ĨㅎĨėþîä䯀ᜯĨû፝
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ĨŖǎƶėǎƵŪĨĚ㺬ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗ĨñጕĨåäᣅĨⵇĨúä␰Ĩ㑔nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨéîìĨė䮫Ĩ䥝ßĜ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䯑Ĩ䆀Ĩ൚ßĨɝᣅĨ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ̵Ĩ
nj nj 䞀Ĩᓧ䜫ĨäမĨ͋þĨðäĨ㣤⁩ĨîþäĜ䞀Ĩ䯰Ĩ⸗Ĩ㻬Ĩ╌
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Ĩ䗂䓺Ĩú㬲Ĩ౹Ĩ㈉Ě Ĩ 䉴äĨîþäĨçäቛĨᣅĨîþä≠ĨৄĨ䔽Ĩ䏲Ĩü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬ㅎĨᡱĨ䞈Ĩᒖ≻Ĩ˄ৄĨ ‫ ٱ‬㑒䞉ìĨ䨛äĨ〨ĨĚ㺬ĨᣅĨ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨ䤈‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩė〫ĨᙕĨᙕĨ᜷
ǖ ǖǔ
Ĩ䅸äĨᣅĨ䆀Ĩė㣖⁩ĨüäĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨÝ䞀Ĩ䯰Ĩç㗺Ĩ╌ĨᡱĨ䆀Ĩė⚏‫ٳ‬ɟĨ䅸ä˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䞈̦Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬nj េĨⵇĨĚ㺬Ĩ╌ĨᡱĨ䞈ĨⲚäþĨ䆀Ĩç㗺ĨüäĨ᜷䮪ĨㅏĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩᆆ
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Ĩ䦑ìĨú˄Ĩ‫⸗ ٱ‬Ĩ〾mĨ᜷l‫ח‬䯎Ĩ
Ĩ ÞእîäĨៈĨ䞈Ĩ㽲ĨⵇĨἻþĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩû㥂äĨðäĨü〨Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀ĨüäĨÝĨ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨᇥĨ㣤⁩ĨᣅĨ䆀Ĩėþ‫ٳ‬ɝᣅĨ Ǐ üäĨ༔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨÝ䞀ĨᓧৄĨ⛬ɟ‫ٳ‬
ĨÝ䞀
Ĩ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉ĨἻþĨㅎĨ⑬äĄ ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩᒖ㑔‫ܖ‬ĨồĨⵇĨč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ㝼㩕Ĩ㈉Ĩė䔘ᣇĨû፝Ĩ଺ĨĚ㺬Ĩê⠪ĨㅎĨėþîä䯀ᜯĨû፝Ĝ䔽ᭅĨ⇤Ĩⵇ᜷
Ĩ Ĩ଺Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀ĨüäĨĀ䩶
ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩ⦡
Ĩ䜱îĨ⸗Ĩ䔙ĨᆝĨ⊄äĨᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨἌĨ⊄äĨᣅĨ䔽Ĩ䨕äĨᷚĨ䤈〨ĨĜ䞀Ĩ䆀Ĩ䅠ïĨþĨü⌵ßĨᣅĨ䞀Ĩ䜱îĨ⸗Ĩü஘Ĩ䮨ᷚĨĚî⁩ĨęþĨîþäĨ䅠ïĨîþäĨü⌵ßĨėᏠ⁩ĨᏠĨㅎ‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨㅎĨðäl
Ǘ
ĢĢ䤼ä⇤äĨਅĨ‫ګ‬î␰mĜ䞈Ĩ㑔äþĨ䗂⸗Ĩî䯅îìĨîþäĨînj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨìɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj 䜱ĨäɟĨ‫ ٳ‬nj ęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪ĨỉĨĜ䔽Ĩ⍠ĨᆝĨㅎĨüäĨ፜Ĩ㻣ĨÛ䜫
ǔ
Ĩ nj ǎ ӒĨ‫ⵇ ٳ‬ĨÞእîä
ҍ
ǔ
ĨçἼĨĚíĨû፝Ĩ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĜĜĜĨỉĨㅎĨᆆ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨúㄙĨ䑈ĨßĨĚî‫ٱ‬ʦĨǏ ҍᜯĨ nj ㅎĨỉĨ⥁‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ û䎀Ĩú㬲Ĩ౹Ĩ㈉Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨ䔔ĨîえĨⵘ
ǔ
ĨäþĨ㸘ᜯĨ㦇äþĨ䗂ᜯĨ䤈‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄䆀ĨĨ ėþîä䯀ᜯĨÛĨ䤈䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉ĨùቿäĨᷚɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 〪Ĩ䞈č Ě
Ĩ ⧋ìĨⵇĨឮÛĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁ĨĜㅏĨäမĨ⧑Ĩ౹Ĩ⎅ĨúὟþ‫؎ٶ‬Ĩ䑗äĨ〨ĨÞ⚩ä
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nj ǎ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䮪╌Ĩî⡷Ĩø⛭Ĩ଺Ĩ䗂Ĩė⪰‫˄ٱ‬ǎ îìĨ䣹⁩Ĩՙ‫ٶ‬
ĨĜ䞈Ĩҍ ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬îþäĨⵇ䡋ìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䮪䎁Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗ɝ⢙Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ؎Ĝ䞈Ĩ
nj åäᣅ㑔Ĩ䁠⁩Ĩ㈉Ʈǎ Ĩ ƸŐŮĸ

Ǖ ǖ ǘ ǖ Ǖ ǔ ǖ ǔ Ǐ
Ĩė‫ٱ‬Ӏ〨Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗î䐁äĨ╌ĨỉĨㅎĨᆆĨ䆀Ĩç䣪ⵇĨᣅĨҍǎ ìĆ 㩕ĨŖƔ‫ ٱ‬ơŐƑĨ⥮ɟĨ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ɟĨnj þĨč⦇äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ þ‫ؼٳ‬Ĩnj ɝĨ
nj ㅎĨᆆɟ‫ٳ‬
‫ ٱ‬ęî‫ٱ‬ӀäĨҍᜯĨ ‫ⵇ ٳ‬Ĩç䣪ⵇ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㛁㸤Ĩ䣹⁩Ĩ⪌‫׏‬äÛ䞈Ĩ Ĩ ǎ 䗝î
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Ĩ䮪䎁Ĩ䚽äĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj 䆀ĨüäĜ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䜫ì䱜Ĩ౹ĨþĨ❅äĨ౹Ĩ଺Ĩç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䎁Ĩû፝Ĩ䫑ìĨ䯔Ĩ䯎Ĩ⭱ĨðäĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯ‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩîä‫ٳ‬ӒĨû㛖ⵇĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ⡊nj˄‫ ٱ‬ҍ Ĩ ǎ ìĆ 㩕ĨႼ㱇Ĩ‫׏‬äǎ
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Ĩࡘ㈉Ĩ Ĩ øä⣙äĨðäĨÛ䤈ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨçⰔቿäĨ䩕î‫ٶ‬ՙĨnj ╌Ĩěì㩕ĨüᜯĨ౹Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ〪Ĩ䞈˄㑔Ĩ Ĩ‫ޖ ٱ‬ɟïĨ Ĩą ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 〨Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨᣅÛĨ䮪䎁Ĩ䮪ĜÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ䩓Ĩ䞈mҖþîäĒ ǎ ll
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ䧛ᇚĨė䮩Ĩㅎ㱇 Ĩ äĨðäHugh RossĨðäîĨ䞁ɝ㩕Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䫂㱇äĨ㈉Ĩç⠢ĨĚþ⌵ĜㅏĨᆆĨ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ〨Ĩç䣪ⵇĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䯉˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗Ĩì㱩
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isms䮼䎁Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ʠïä Ĩ‫ ٳ‬lĨû፝ĨĀ䥟ከĨ㩔äþĨƾƸŐĻƲĨ╌Ĩė⭬Ĩ㈉ĨĚ✛Ĩ䮨䕳äĨîþäĨ䮨þîᗂäĨîþäDarwinismҖþîäĒÛ ǎ AtheismĨì㗂äl
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ĨပĨÛî‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨᷚɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ⎅ĨçἼĨ㻬ӀĨ ‫ ٱ‬䆀ĨðäĨîþäĨç䣪ⵇĨ䛹Ĩ䗂singularityĨ䜶ӿĨ ‫ ٱ‬㑔ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩìþ㯌㑔Ĩç䣪ⵇĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ䯔Ĩ䯎Ĩ⟶þ㹔Ĩ⨾Ĩðä
ǔ
ġġmĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗Ĩä゗Ĩ㑔Ĩ䁠⁩Ĩ䁠ßĨ㈉ĨĜ䕉‫ٱ‬nj˄˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĜĨ̵䁡Ĩ nj nj 㩕ӒîⵇĨ‫ ٳ‬㑒ßĨîþä
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Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨîä䯀ᜯĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪ĨⲬ䁡ĨⵇĨឮĨÛ〨ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁ĨᱵᰳĜㅎĨĚৠĨ਌㿡Ĩ⊄äĄ ‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ þ‫ؼٳ‬Ĩnj 䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬䂟ĨîþäĨㅏᆆ Ĩ Ĩ〨Ĩç䣪ⵇĨ䗂ĨឮĨ䞈䜱 Ĩ Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ䮪
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㽟˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䲚Ĩ⸗ĨᆲĨ↷ĨÛĨ䞀Ĩ䇾ĨⵇĨçⰔቿäĨ०Ĩ䔽ĨᆆĨㅎ
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Ĩ㐗䯀ïĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ֫㱆ĨホĨㅎĨ䮼䎁ĨðäĨ䢏䇞Ĩ䣹⁩Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀䪸ìĨ Ĩ 䮪ĨᏠĨ䞀ĨᓧäēþìĨę䑘Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䯎ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ䚽̵Ĩ Ĩ nj nj 〪Ĩ䔽Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䤈〨ĨㅎĨçὈĨ䆀Ĩðä
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ĨüïäᏠĨĕï‫˄ٱ‬ĨîⱎĨ⸘çäîíĨ䦝äĨ〪Ĩ䞀ʆĨ Ĩ 㩔ĨęɟᜯĨ ‫ ٳ‬ነĨⵇĨ㱇äĨðäĨ䚽Ĩ䆀ĨÞ⚩äĨüᜯĨ౹Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲Ĝ䞀Ĩ㦇㸍Ĩ⪌ĨîþäĨęဗĨҍ䔚Ĩ úὟþ‫؎ٶ‬Ĩ㈉
ĨěēᣅĨ䚽nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䆀Ĩïä䯀äĨęဗĨㆤĨㆤĨ䦙äĨ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ≢ĨᜯĨㅏĨę䘧㴙ĨⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ଺Ĩ䆀ĨçἼĨĚíĨą㠞⣇Ĩęþ⥲Ĩ㈉ĨðäĜ䞀Ĩ㿍Ĩ╌Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉
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ĨĜ䞀Ĩ㦇㸍Ĩ⪌Ĩî‫ٶ‬ŔƨơĹ͝Ĩ Ĩ ǎ îþäenzymesě㱇ὟÛĨç㗺ĨĀ㬷Ĩ䊨䞉ĒĨîþäĨ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫ĨîᒗĨ╌ĨüäĨîþäĨ㐖
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ĨĜ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨěìĨîä‫ٳ‬ӒĨû㛖ⵇĨ䆀‫ؼ‬ßĨ ǎ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬㈉ĨĚ✛Ĩ䮨௭〨ĨҖþîäĒĨ
䗂➢Ĩ ǎ 㦇㸍Ĩ⪌ĨðäĨ㐖Ĩ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䆀ĨçἼ
Ĩ þĨ䎂˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䣩ä‫ٳ‬ɟĒĨ
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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Ĩ䛲äĨㅎöĨ ⟡䁡ĨðäĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩú⁔Ĩäî‫ٱ‬ʦĨǏ 䚽˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬Ĝ㑒Ĩ䞀îĨᓧ⸗Ĩ଺Ĩę䣲ßĨîþäĨ䞈ĨㅏĨü஘Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨኌĨĚɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj 䆀Ĩ䖀ᇸĨ䫑ìĨຊäĨ〨Ĩö⟡䁡ĨðäĨ䗂Ĩ䚽
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ĨĜ㈊䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩ㹨˄⸗Ĩ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㻬ӀĨ ‫❽ ٱ‬ῳĨ㰗ĨⵇĨðäĨ଺Ĩė䮫Ĩ䎁ĨąဲĨ㈉
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Ĩ ǎ
Ĩûä䔥äĨ䣹⁩ĨⵇҖþîäĒ
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Ĩ⪘îĨąဲĨ䚽äĨ╌‫ח‬ĜĨ nj 䯉ĨㅏĨဲĨ䆀ĨĚ✛Ĩ䮨䕳äĨ䯎Ĩ䗂ၱĨ⒥þĨ╌äĨ㻣Ĩ䞀ĨວĨᜯ‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ü˄䮩Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䬚ⱎĨ䮨䯑ĨㅎĨឮĨ䞈Ĩę⥢Ĩ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩᱵ䯆ä
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Ĩå⵰Ĩ䂬˄‫ ٱ‬The Origin of SpeciesmÞä‫ی‬äㅎĨö䔘älㅎĨüþîäĒĨ㘰îᨴĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨৄĨö⟡䁡Ĩ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ú㹯ĨⵇĨ䕊ìĨ䣹⁩Ĩ〨Ĩö⟡䁡ĨðäĨ䗂Ĩឮ
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ĨㅎĨᆆĨę⦊Ĩę⦊Ĩ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨöä䔘äĨêþîĨĚíĨ㰛Ĩ䯎Ĩ䅠ïĨ〪Ĩㅎՙì‫ٳ‬ Ĩ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ɟĨㅎĨỉĨðäĨ䗂ĨüþîäĒĨ䆀Ĩå⵰ĨðäĜ䤈䜫Ĩ䢵ӀĨ ‫ ٱ‬䆀ğĦģħĨᣅĨᑽ
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Ĩ╌Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉Ĩė䬘ႩĨᙯᵘĨᙯᵘĨᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉͋þ Ĩ Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ䮪ĨîþäĨᏽĨ㭑äĨą؎Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬nj 〪㴠Ĩ䜱‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ⵇĨėþîä䯀ᜯĨû፝Ĩ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉ĨüþîäĒĜ䞀
ĨĜ㐖ĨᯞĨᓧ䜫Ĩ㰛
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Ĩ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĜᏽ
assumption
m⟢þ㹔l‫׏‬äĨ
ՙ‫ٳ‬ Ĩ ǎ 㯠Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪ĨㅏĨúⰨĨ଺Ĩì⁏Ĩ䗂ĨðäĨ〪Ĩ᧹ᏽĨ䔙Ĩ䯔Ĩ䯎Ĩ౹ᄌĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ⪘˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îìĨ䣹⁩ĨðᙊĨ⹔Ĩ䮪䎁ĨⵇĨüþîäĒ
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Ĩ 䎁lå‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䫡⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩå⵰ĨຊäĨ䗂ĨüþîäĒĨėß‫ٳ‬ɟnj
Ĩ䜫ĨîᨴþìĨ╌Ĩ䂬ⵇ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ䁠⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩç㑔ä␰ĨĚᎿĨㅋĨ䮪䎁Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪ĨㅏĨøä⣙äĨⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ䆀mç㵑Ĩㅎ䮼
ĨĜᏽĨ䗃î
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㐗Ĩ䮨ìĨ⸗ĨỡĨç㵑ĨㅎĨ䮼䎁Ĩ⪷˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îìĨ䮪Ĩ〪ĨᑽĨⲚᏠĨ╌äĄ Ĝ㩇Ĩ⸗Ĩ߫äþĨ╌Ĩė⪰‫˄ٱ‬ǎ îìĨ䣹⁩Ĩ䕇Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩ䆀Ĩ㲉Ĩ䮨䄌äĨ‫ٳ‬ɟĨû፝ĨຊäĨ䗂ĨüþîäĒ
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ĨĜ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗Ĩ⒥þĨęɟäìĨ
‫ⵇ ٳ‬Ĩç㵑ĨüäĨ䗂Ĩ䢏䇞Ĩ䣹⁩Ĩ⥮ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉ĨçⲛᏠĨㅎĨðäĨ䚽˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬
ǔǘ ǔ ǖ ǔ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢ĨᜯĨ㦈ĨęɟᜯĨ
‫ ٳ‬ᄹĨ㈉Ĩç˄ä⦿Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬Ěì䱜ĨᓕĨⵇĨ☊ĨㅎҖþîäĒĨ Ĩ ǎ 䆀Ĩধ㹬Ĩ㈉Ĩ䣶⁩
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ĨĜä䜫ĨㆤĨï⧱ßĨⵇĨ㐗䯀ïĨ䯎ĨóîäĨ‫⸗ک‬Ĩ〪Ĩ≢Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽̵➟þĨ Ĩ ㅎĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨê⠪Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩ䮳䎁Ĩ䮪Ĝğ
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evolutionary m⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ䤈እîälĨęì⸗ĨɟᄟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ㈉Ĩ䮼䎁Ĩ〪Ĩ䜫ɝ⢙Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䮪Ĩ╌ĨᡱĨ䔽ĨåℶìĨç㩕㸈Ĩ䣹⁩Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ䨕äĜĠ
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ĨĜ䞀Ĩ䮿îĨ͋⟷Ĩ䤈〨ĨㅎĨĚɟ‫ٶ‬ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ՙĨǍ እîämechanisms ǖ
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ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩҍ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ⨾Ĩ〨ɟþᄆĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ㅎĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁ĨĒî䩻îĨ⊮⮪‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ‫ٳ‬ǀnjŧ îą ˄ßĜ ‫ ٱ‬ġ
ǔǘ
ĨĜ㑒Ĩ㩇ĨęɟᜯĀ‫ ٳ‬㭬ĨⵇĨç䏙ĨĚì䱜ĨᓕĨüäĨ䚽䆀 Ĩ Ĩẛð Ĩ ä
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nj ˄Ĩບ
ûⱎĨî⣎ĨąӉⰔ‫ٱ‬
ĨçἼĨ䥞ä‫ی‬ä
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Ĩ䆀ĨìᣅþĨÞእîäĨ䩕î‫ٶ‬ՙĨnj Ûä䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ䯎ĨóîäĨ‫⸗ک‬Ĩ䬚ⱎĨⰢĨðɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ঠĦġĨᣅÛĨ╌͝Ĩ Ĩ ǎ îä䯀ᜯĨ䜱‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ öä䔘äĨêþîĨĚíĨû፝Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄⸗Ĩ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬óӒĨ‫ ٳ‬䮪ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁
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Ĩ䤈〨ĨⵇĨðäĨ䆀ĨĒî䩻îĨ⊮⮪Ĩ༔ᏠĨä䜫Ĩɟ‫ٶ‬ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ՙĨǍ öⴑþĨÞእîäĨ䤈〨Ĩ䧸äĨⲨäþĨ䯆äĨîþäĨÝ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 㑔Ĩ䆀ĨìᣅþĨ㠞⣇ĨㆤĨ〨Ĩöä䔘äĨîä䯀ᜯĨęဗĨėㄙ㑔Ĩ‣ĨṠäþĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ø✜Ĝ䥚ß
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Ĩἅ㱇Ĩ㨶þä㈉Ĩ⦡Ĩ䤈እîäĨ㩷ĨÛĨຝĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj 䚽˄Ĝ䞈Ĩ
‫ٱ‬ ✜ⰔĨ╌Ĩ䗂⸗ĨဲĨåäᣅĨÞእîäĨ䮪䎁ĨⵇĨᡱĨ䞀Ĩç㑔ä␰ĨᱍĨ䨛äĨ䮪Ý㻴Ĩ䔽Ĩė㈀Ĩ÷ä⇤
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ĨÝ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨê⠪Ĩ⸘m‣ĨບlĨ〪Ĩ䞇ᨴĨ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ûĨ㸈Ĩ㪺Ĩ㈉
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Ĩą䖲äⴑm‣Ĩ㨶þäl〪Ĩ䞈Ĩú⁔ĨⵇĨðäĨ㦆Ĩðä‫⸗˄ٱ‬Ĩ䔽ĨúⰨĨ〨Ĩῴä㱄Ĩç㜲äĨù⮪㩕ĨㅎĨⱖĨ⹔îĨþäĨ䞈˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬î䐁äĨ╌ĨỉĨㅎĨᆆĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ䐲ᱴ
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Ĩ㈉ĨçⰔቿäĨîþ➳Ĩ䗂Ĩěì㩕ĨüᜯĨ౹Ĩ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䮼䎁ĨðäĨĜä䜫Ĩîäì䓺ĨĀⰔቿäĨÛ㈉Ĩ䯖ɟĨ ‫ٱ˄ ٳ‬ǎ Ĩ౹㿡ĨÛ䣩ä‫ٳ‬ɟĒĨ ǎ ⹔ĨࢇĨÛĨ䥞䜫Ĩ䗹îĨ䆀ĨěɟäìĨ ‫ ٳ‬㈉Ĩç⬓
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩûì㪨Ĩ଺Ĩ╌Ĩė㥀❼äĨ㱤ĨîþäĨöï‫ٱ‬ӿĨ⪌Ĩ䤈䇫äĨ㈉ĨçᒗἼĨčĚ⧋ìĨ䮪Ĩ䚽˄Ĝ㈊䜫Ĩ ‫ٱ‬ 㦈Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨ‣Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ䆀Ĩ䈀
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨìᣅþĨ╌Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ㐗䯀ï
ĨㅎĨėþîä䯀ᜯĨ〪ĨᑽĨ䯔Ĩ䯎Ĩ⟶þ㹔ĨðąäĨᣜ਋Ĩᣜ␰Ĩ䬚ⱎĨㅎĨ䣶⁩Ĩ䆀ĨîþìĨ㈉ĨðäĜㅏĨ䔽Ĩ⸗íĨⵇĨï⧱ßĨ㈉Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ଺Ĩ䯎ĨあĨ䆀Ĩå⵰ĨຊäĨ䗂ĨüþîäĒ
ǔ ǖ ǖ ǎ ǖ ǔ
Ĩㅎė
Ĩ 䆁‫˄ٱ‬îä䯀ᜯĨ⸗Ĩ䜫Ĩ䪊ĨÞ⚩äĨüᜯĨ౹Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈č Ě
Ĩ ⧋ìĨⵇĨឮĨᏽĨû⣇Ĩú㹯Ĩ䮪䎁ĨⵇmĨ㐗䯏äïĨ䔘Ĩì⁏lĨ╌Ĩ⧍Ĩ㈉Ĩč∠þĨ ąüþ‫ٳ‬ӒĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩęì⁩Ĩҍ䔚Ĩ ̵⁩
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Ĩ〨Ĩ䮼䎁ĨðäĜĨ䞀Ĩᓧᜯ䜫ĨäမĨ䞈ᱴĨ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩû㌴ĨîþäĨóî㑔äĨçäẅĨ╌Ĩä⨍Ĩ⸇Ĩ‫˄ތ‬Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩęìî⁏Ĩ൚Ĩ〪Ĩᏽ˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬⍜Ĩ䮱Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ䂬⦫Ĝ䞀Ĩ䰡‫ږ‬Ĩ Ĩ nj nj ⵇĨᆆ
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Ĩ䜫ĨäမĨ䞈ᱴĨ╌Ĩ䆀ĨðäࡘĨɟìĨ ‫ ٱ‬⍜Ĩ䮪ĨîþäĨᑽĨᒖᜯĨĚìĨúäĒĨû㌴Ĩ⑬ĨĚēᑺ䯎ĨěⵦĨ䅓Ĝ㐖Ĩ㈈Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ᄌĨ㖌ìĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩ↷
‫ ٳ‬ǎ ĚēᑺĨ〪Ĩ˄ᜯĨ
ĨĜ㑒Ĩ䥚ᜯ
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Ĩ‫˄ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷ĨĚ⬓Ĩě㆐Ĩ䆀‫ח‬㍉Ĩ
Ĩ 〪Ĩ䯉Ĩ䜫Ĩû㸈Ĩ䮪ĨࡘĨ➞⣻Ĩ䜱Ĩ⸁Ĩ䚽˄ĜᏽĨ
‫˄ ٱ‬ᜯĨ
‫ ٱ‬⍜ĨçᛱĨⵇĨᆆĨì⁏ïäĨ˄ᜯ䜫Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬äမĨⵇĨėþ㆐Ĩ䆀‫ח‬㍉Ĩ
Ĩ ê⠪Ĩ⑬ä
ĜĨ 䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ䜫Ĩ䫡ႩĨ䆀Ĩėþ㆐Ĩ䆀ĨࡘĨîþäĨᓧßĨ䔽Ĩ䎁ᣅĨᒐĨᒖᜯĨēᵘlarvaeĨěþî㑔ĨėĨ䗃þĨė㻍Ĩ०ĨᓧᜯĨ䯈Ĩ䔽Ĩ䜱Ĩìߓì⁏
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Ĩ╌Ĩěì㩕ĨüᜯĨ౹Ĩ䆇᜘Ĩ‫ؼ‬Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬nj 〪ᏽĨ˄ᜯĨ
‫ ٱ‬ㅏĨᆲĨ䯎Ĩ䗂ၱĨ⒥þĨę⥢ĨŖǎƶėǎƵŪĨ䣶⁩Ĩ䥞䕊ìĨ଺͋þĨ Ĩ ðäĨ㟋mÞä‫ی‬äĨㅎ㐗 Ĩ 䯀ïlĨ䗂ĨüþîäĒĨ䆀ĨîþìĨឮ
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ĨĜ䞀ĨʆßĨ䆀Ĩìᣅþ
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Ĩ nj ˄Ĩ⨾ĨÛĨᏽĨð⁩äĨㅎĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁ĨᣅÛĨ〨Ĩě⥢ĨðäĨ䗂Ĩ⪘˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îìĨㅎLouis PasteurĨ↼‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䤈㥀ĨࡘĨú⁩Ĩ䉸‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉‫ٱش‬
ҍ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ ӀäĨㅎĨå⵰ĨㅎĨüþîäĒĨÛ䚽‫˄ٱ‬
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ㅏĨဲĨė䮩Ĩ❽ĨῳĨⵇĨ䈀ĨຓäĨ䗂↼‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨࡘĨ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩø✜Ĩ͋þĨ⛭Ὗ䯎Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ᄌĨîþäĨç㛌㶩ĨĜ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗
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ġĢmmĜ䞈Ĩ䯉Ĩ䜫Ĩ⮘ìĨ䆀Ĩç✳Ĩ㈉Ĩ䧥î‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㦆㈉Ĩ䛸Ĩ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ޻ĨìᣅþĨ〨Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨęì㩕ĨüᜯĨ౹Ĩ〪č Ě Ĩ ⧋ìĨ䮪ll
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Ĩ
̵⁩Ĩ ęဗĨㅎ͝Ĩ Ĩ ǎ ㈉Ĩ⛬Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ䗂ĨⴛɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬䣹⁩Ĩ̵Ĩnj nj 䚽˄ĜㅎĨ
‫ ٱ‬㜟㰐ĨㅎĨė⪰‫˄ٱ‬ǎ îìĨㅎ↼‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄‫׏‬Ĩ
Ĩ ➞⣻Ĩ䫡⡷Ĩ䗂Ĩė㥀äþĨ䗂⸗ĨѬⵇþĨㅎĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁
‫ ٶ‬ǎ ▥Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ଺Ĩ╌ĨຝĨ䞈Ĩ䮽ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨĀⰔቿäĨ㐗䯀ïĨ〪Ĩú⁔Ĩ䮪ĨᏠĨ㦇Ĩ⸗Ĩ⪘˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îì
ĨĜ䯉Ĩ䜫Ĩî☆ĨⵇĨሲՙ
Ĩ▵〨Ĩ⾸Ĩ⯞Ĩ⪌ĨㅎĚ Ĩ ✛Ĩ䮨௭
Ǘ ǖ
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ⑬þîĨî㵢Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䞉‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj 㑒ßĨ〨Ĩö⟡䁡Ĩ㈉ĨÞä‫ی‬äĨㅎĨ㐗䯀ïĨ䆀ĨĚ✛Ĩ䮨௭Ĩ䗂Ĩឮ‫ח‬䯎Ĩ
Alexander ĨüရþäĨî䭩㨘äĨçᒗἼĨąɝ㩕Ĩ Ĩ ÞእîäĨບ
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Ĩ≢ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨ╌ĨùቿäĨ‣Ĩⵇ⛬
Ĩ îä䯀ᜯĨ〪Ĩㅎ▮Ĩ 〨ĨㅎĨ䗂⸗ҍ‫ٱ‬  nj ˄Ĩ䮪Ĩ䗂ĨðäĨ㈉Ĩ⸗ĨဲĨ㩔㹬Ĩî♑Ĩ౹Ĩ䆀Ĩě⤈Ĩ㈉ğħġĞĜᏽOparin
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ĨĜä䯈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬øä⣙äĨ䫡íĨéîìĨ〨ĨüရþäĨîþäĨ䥞䜫ĨîᨴþìĨ╌Ĩ䂬ⵇ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ㜆㶩ĨᅚĨ䮪ĨÛ䚽‫˄ٱ‬Ĝ䞈
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ġģĜm䞈ĨປĨ䭆ɟĨ‫׏ ٳ‬î‫ٱ‬ ǎ ˄ĨⵇĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁ĨěîດĨ㗪äĨ⮻ĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩü˶Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬㩉ä␰Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ÞĨä‫ی‬äĨㅎ͝Ĩ
Ĩ ǎ ╌ĨⱚĨ䯁l
Ĩ nj 䆀Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ᄌĨüĨäĜㅎĨ▮〨ĨㅎĨ䗂⸗Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ᄌĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗ĨỡĨ〨Ĩ㴄Ĩ㈉Ĩä‫ی‬äĨㅎĨ㐗䯀ïĨ䗂ĨėĨþîⵇþရĨ൯ĨÞእîäĨ㈉Ĩüရþä
Ĩ਌ᄌĨî㵢Ĩ╌‫ח‬Ĩ
Ĩ‫⸗ک‬Ĩ䬚ⱎĨúࢥĨ㈉ĨðäĨᣅ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ 㻭Ĩ䆀Ĩ൚ßĨ〨Ĩė㐫Ĩ䨕äĨ䗂Ĩ㼐Ĩ䆀Ĩúἶ㩕Ĩᒖnj˄‫ ٱ‬ᄌĨ‫׏‬äĜㅏĨ ǎ 䆀ğħģġĨ䗂Stanley MillerĨ㼐Ĩ→ĨüäìĨ㇦䫂 Ĩ 㱇ä
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Ĩ䅸ä㣤⁩Ĩᒖ䂭‫˄ٱ‬ĨㅋĨ㩔äþĨ䗂ᜯĨ䥞Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䆀̵⁩Ĩ Ĩ ㅎĨç㗺Ĩ䗂Ĩ‫ٳ‬ǀŐǎƶŬĨ㈉Ĩ⸗ĨῲäìĨ䤈˄äᏠĨ
‫ ٱ‬䆀Ĩě䄐ßĨðäĨ㈉Ĩė㐫ĜᒐĨᒖᜯĨ䤈Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䆀Ĩ⫺ĨㅎĨóîä
ǘ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ ǎ ㅐɟ‫ٳ⛬ ٳ‬ɟ
ĨĜϔìĨ
ǖ Ǖ ǔ
Ĩ⫺Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩú⃵äĨ䆀ĨðäĨîþäĨ䯉Ĩ䜫ҍ‫ٱ‬Ĩ nj ˄Ĩ⡊nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨÛᏽĨ䯉ĨㅏĨဲĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉ĨûⱎĨ䚽äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䯎Ĩû˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㈉ĨÞእîäĨៈĨ਌ᄌĨ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ㑒Ĩė䜫Ĩěî䯅Ĩú⁩ĨᱍĨষ
ġĤĜᑽĨ㰛ĨਏĨ╌Ĩç㑔ḝĨ⟤îäĨ❅äĨ଺
ġĥĜᏽĨỎĨ⪌ĨęþĨㅏĨú⃵äĨúἶ㩕Ĩ䤈⫺ĨᣅĨ䗂ĨðäĨ〪Ĩ㦈Ĩ⸗ĨᆲĨ䮪Ĩ䗂Ĩ㼐ĨࡘĨ㈉Ĩ⚨䁡ὟĨ䫡⡷Ĩ‫׏‬äǎ
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Scripps San DiegoĨĜ䥚䜫ĨîᨴþìĨ╌Ĩ䂬ⵇ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ▵〨Ĩû፝ĨㅎĨėK䯎ĨÞእîäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩဲ̵➟þĨĨ ㅎĨï⧱ßĨ㈉Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ䆀ĨĚ✛Ĩė௰
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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ǎ
Ĩ䭆‫ٳ‬ʃEarthm䅠ïlĨ䆀ğħħĦĨᣅĨㅏĨîä‫ٳ‬ӒäĨⵇĨỉĨðäĨ䆀Ĩ㩔㹬Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䗂Jeffrey BadaĨäĒ‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨĚ‫ٳ‬ǁƕǎƸţnj ĨüäìĨ㇦Ĩᒖ⟥îäĨ߫äþĨ╌Institute
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ĨĜä䜫Ĩ䢵ӀĨ
‫ ٱ‬䆀
ǖ ǖ
Ĩ nj nj ᒒĨîᨴþìĨ଺͋þĨ
Ĩ䮨௭Ĩ䚽̵Ĩ Ĩ ðäĨ䚽Ĩ╌ĨឮĨ䞀Ĩ䞈îĨ⸗Ĩ㽯⁩ĨⵇĨ㴄Ĩ䭧㑔Ĩ⥁Ĩ⑬äîK䯁Ĩ䚽ĨÛ䞀Ĩ䞈îĨēᵘĨပĚ Ĩ ✛Ĩ䮨௭Ĩ䚽᜵ Ĩ Ĩéßl
ġĦmÝ䤈䜫ĨㆤĨä‫ی‬äĨㅎ㐗
Ĩ 䯀ïĨ䯎ó
Ĩ îäĨ‫⸗ک‬Ĩ〪Ĩᒒ䥞
Ĩ 䜫ĨῲäìĨ䆀ĨĚ✛
ǖ ǔ
Ĩ
̵⁩Ĩ ęဗĨㅎĨ㐗䯀ï
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Ĩ଺Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ㩔äþĨ䗂ßĨ䎁Ĩ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪䯉Ĩ䜫Ĩî☆ĨⵇĨሲՙ▥Ĩ
‫ ٳ‬ęì⁩ĨɝࡏĨ Ĩ‫ ٶ‬ǎ î≏äĨ䆀Ĩěî‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉ĨÞä‫ی‬äĨㅎĨ㐗䯀ïĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ╌ĨᣆþĨㅎĨឮĨᣆþĨĚì䱜Ĩęþ
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Ĩ䕊ìĨ଺ĨéßĨ〪ĨčṆĨĜĨ䞈˄䜫 Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ĨęဗĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ଺Ĩ╌Ĩç⣇Ĩ㶔ĨዱɟĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬û፝Ĩęì⸗Ĩì䦰äĨㅎĨü˶äĨ ‫‣ ٱ‬ĨⵇĨîä䯀ᜯĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ Ĝ䞀Ĩ䮿îĨ̵⁩ĨęဗĨ‫׏‬ĨṠĨ䩵ą ӉⰔ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj ˄
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ĨĜ≢ᜯĨㅏĨ䔽ĨîᒗĨ‣Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ěĨ⸗Ĩ䪊Ĩ〨ĨÞ⚩äĨᒖ䂭‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ⪌Ĩ䆀Ĩė䜫㈊Ĩ਌Ĩᄌ⪱‫ٱ‬ Ĩ ˄ǎ ĨⴛɟĨ
‫ ٳ‬ęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌‫ח‬ĨĨnj ㅎ
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Ĩ ǎ 㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩė⚏‫ٳ‬ɟĨ䅸äģĞĞĨĜ䞈Ĩ㽟˄Ĩ‫⸗˄ ٱ‬Ĩ
‫׏‬äĨ ‫➟̵ ٱ‬þĨㅎĨüäĨ╌mçⰔቿälĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨî≏äĨìäሧĨㅎĨ䢴ä▧ĨþĨç㑔ḝĨîⵇîìĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄĨ‣‫׏‬ä Ĩ ǎ
ǖ ǔ ǖ ǔ Ō
Ĩ⦦䜫 Ĩ ⽃ Ĩ ǎ 䨕äĨ䆀Ĩ⟤˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îĜ䞈ğ╌Ĩ䆀ğĞħģĞĨü㺕äⵇĨ䗂ᜯĨ䜫Ĩ㪦ĨĀⰔቿäĨⵇ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ
Ĩ Ĩ╌ğĞğģĞĨᣅĨᣅҖ㺕äĨ ‫ ٱ‬ẗĚì䱜ĨⵇĨ͝Ĩ ǎ ᣅƾǒƸŰŦ Ĩ∓þä
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ĨĜ䞈ĨᒖᜯĨㅎĨîሊĨ㽟˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䯎Ĩî⡷
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Ĩ䯉˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ 㟝ĨåṣĨĜĨ䞈Ĩü㰢Ĩ⾸ĨüäὈĨ‫׏‬äǎ ⵇĨç㩕㸈ÛĨ䞈ؕîĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ę⁖íĨⵇĨç㩕㸈ĨᒖĨᨤĨîþäĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ǎ
Ĩ‫ٱ˄ ٱ‬ǎ ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䆀nucleusؔ㱇Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬㈉͝Ĩ Ĩ ǎ ᣅÛĨ㣗⁩ĨěäĨüäĨĚĒ
Ǘ ǔ
Ĩû㛭äĨü㰢Ĩ䆀ឮĨ㐗Ĩ䥞ᜯĨ䜫ĨîᒗĨĚɟ䡬㑔Ĩ ‫ٳ‬ǎ ĚɟĨ‫ ٳ‬nj ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯĨㅏɟᅀĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 〨Ĩç㩕㸈Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀Ĩ☒ĨㅎʠîĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬䆀ĨěäĨ䭆äĨĚĒĨ䯆äĨ〪Ĩ䞈
ǔ
ĨĜ㐗Ĩ䜫㴦
Ĩ 䯎Ĩ Ĩç✳ģĞĞ᠓ĨɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ îþäĨ㐗Ĩė䜫Ĩ䮨᠓ħĞĞĨㅎ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ယ䤱‫˶ٱ‬ä
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ĨüäĨ䚽˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬Ĝ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ⸗ĨîᒗĨ䏲ĨຊäĨ䜱Ĩ╌Ĩì㱄Ĩㅎėþ㱇ὟĨç㗺ĨòὟĨᱍĨø✜ĨěäĨ䭆äĨĚĒĜ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩɝ⢙Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㵐ĨĚɝìĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㖌ìṠĨ౹‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ 䯎Ĩû㹬Ĩðä
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Ĩî䊮ä䯎Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ė䔘þìĨ䮪Ĩ䐲ᱴĜ䞈ĨéîìĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉ĨĒ〨Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ʠîĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬䆀ĨěäĨ䭆äĨĚĒĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ㽟Ĩ䜱Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩç㩕㸈ĨðäĨø✜ĨㅐɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ㅎĨėþ㱇Ὗ
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Ĩ‫ ٱ‬î☆ĨⵇĨሲĨ䤈ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨìߓì⁏Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ〪Ĩę⢡㽯Ĩ䮪Ĩė䮩Ĝ䞈ĨĚîþ➳‫˄ٱ‬䜫Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ͋þĨఊⵇĨė䔘þìĨüäĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ৄĨ䕉˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䏲Ĩ㦆ĨðäĨ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗
˄ᜯ䜫Ĩ
ǖ
Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔⁩î
Scientific American
Ĩ䗂Leslie OrgelĨ⯑þ䯎Ĩ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîäĨî㵢Ĩ߫äþĨ╌ĨⅯî䖼䮩Ĩ㍉˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĒĨü⁩ĨㅎĨ䕊î⮪Ĩ㇐ĜĨ䞈
ĨĜㅏĨøä⣙äĨⵇỉ
Ĩ ĨðäĨ䆀ğħħĢĨℜęĨ 㩕Ĩ‫ک‬î♑
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‫ ٳ‬䤈⼜䖼ĨîþäĨç㗺Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩü㺕äĨïäĨ࡬Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷ĨⲑĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪l
Ĩ ǎ ͋þĨఊĨÛĨ䞀ĨęဗĨ╌Ĩõ㗂Ĩᒖ὾⁩Ĩ䜱Ĩė䔘þìĨᣅĨÛnucleic acidsĨ⛬ɟĨ
Ĩ䜱‫׏‬äĨ
ǔ ǔǔ ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ〪Ĩ㈊䜫Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
‫؎ ٱ‬äĨ
‫ ٶ‬䇾Ĩ䮱Ĩ䆀Ĩę䑘ĨຜĨᱵᰳÛ䞈Ĩ˄ßĨ
‫ ٱ‬䎁Ĩ㽟˄Ĩ‫˄଺ ٱ‬䜫Ĩ Ĩ ǎ 㻣Ĝ䥞䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷ĨĚîä➴äĨ╌Ĩû㹬
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ìᣅ䁡ĨⵇĨě⇤þìĨࢇĨ㈉‫׏‬äĨ
ġħĜ㐗Ĩ䜫Ĩ䤈ßĨ䔽䆀
Ĩ ĨìᣅþĨ╌Ĩ䢵äîíĨ䤈㇦Ĩ଺ⵘĨ ❅ Ĩ äîì
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Ĩỉ䮪
Ĩ Ĝ㐔ĨㅎmᆆlĨ╌Ĩ䩺⠪Ĩç㜲äĨù⮪㩕Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ〪Ĩ䞈‫˄ٱ‬ᜯĨ
Ĩ 䜫Ĩûï㑔Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬ᆲĨ䮪Ĩ༔ĨᏠĨ䔽Ĩ㽟Ĩ╌Ĩç䗃ᣅþĨĚ⬓ĨÞä‫ی‬äĨㅎĨ㐗䯀ïĨ䯆äĨ★ङ
ǔ
‫ ٱ‬〨ĨᆆĨ㹽Ĩ㨶þäĨⵇĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ䦈ì⸗Ĩ⡊nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ〨ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ➩äþ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᤋĨ
Ĩ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦ĨᒖᆙĨ㈉ÞĨ እîäĨą⦡
ǖ
‫ ٶ‬ǎ ɟĨㅎĨ䮼䎁Ĩ㈉ĨüþîäĒĨ╌ĨឮĨ䏮Ĩ䚽äĨä⇤þì
Ĩ䤈እîälė䬇ႩĨᒖᨤĨîþäĨå䇠äĨĚ⬓Ĩ〨ĨçäîሊĨþìĨᡱĨ䗂Ĩ䮼䎁ĨðäĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩՙì‫ٳ‬
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ䔽Ĩ㻬ḝĨ㈉mçⴑĨ䤈እîälĨ⹔Ĩ䆀ĨỉĨęþĨÛᏽĨㅏဲ
Ĩ Ĩ䯎îĨ ⡷Ĩ㈉m⦡Ĩ䖑䄦
Ĩ䖑䄦ĨðäĨ䗂ĨðäĜᑽĨㅎîĨ äKäĨ䯎Ĩ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ㈉Natural Selectionmå䇠äĨĚ⬓lĨ䯎îĨ ⡷Ĩ㺹Ĩì䱜Ĩㅎě
Ĩ ⧋ìĨ䤈እîäĨຓäĨ䗂ĨüþîäĒ
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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Origin of Species, By Means of Themå䇠äĨĚ⬓Ĩ䩕î‫ٶ‬ՙĨnj ÞĨä‫ی‬äĨㅎĨöä䔘älĨû˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㈉Ĩå⵰ĨㅎĨðäĨęþĨĚìĨ䛲äĨî‫ٶ‬ŔƨơnjţĨ〨⦡
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䜱Ĩ╌Natural Selection
ĨĜ䞈Ĩɝ⢙Ĩ
Ĩᣍþ‫؎ٶ‬Ĩnj ㅎĨ㐗䯀ïĨÛ㑒Ĩė䜫Ĩ䮿îĨ⭀ä䁡Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩç㑔ḝĨᒖîⱎĨ㈉Ĩ㳂ĨຓäĨîþäĨ㑒Ĩė䜫Ĩîⰿ⟷Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨᣅĨîä䯀ᜯĨ䨛äĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪ĨⲬ䁡ĨⵇĨå䇠äĨĚ⬓
Ĩ⊘Ĩ݉Ĩę䯀ïĨ䜱ĨüɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㩔äþĨ䗂ēþìĨᒭĨÛ䞈ä㎛Ĩ䆀ĨěῗĨ㈉Ĩėþî䔘ᜯĨᢤĨᣅÛĨ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩē䮩îĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㈉Ĩė䔘‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ 䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲Ĝ㑒Ĩ⊘ĨęîĨę䯀ïĨ䆀
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Ĩ〨Ĩė䔘‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ★Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ䆀ĨðäĨ䚽˄Ĝ㈊䜫Ĩ ‫ٱ‬ 㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩėþî䔘ᜯĨô㶜ĨîþäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂ēþìĨᒭĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ㋠ⵇĨė䔘‫ٳ‬ɝǏ 䌑ĨࡘĨ䌑ᱵᰳĜ㑒
ĨĜ㈊ĨěìĨ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩ䫡ႩĨ䆀Ĩėþē㏻ĨĀ㬷Ĩö䔘Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨĚ⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䔽äĨ⸗Ĩîä䯅Ĩ╌Ĩ⦡Ĩ䤈እîä
ǖ ǖ
ĨĚ⬓ll〪Ĩ〫䆀 Ĩ mä‫ی‬äĨㅎö
Ĩ ä䔘älĨå⵰ĨຊäĨ䗂ĨðäĨîþäĨᏽĨⲬäþĨ╌ĨỉĨðäĨ଺ĨüþîäĒĜ䔽Ĩ㻬ḝĨⵇ͋⟷Ĩ Ĩ 䤈እîäĨ⹔Ĩ⦡ĨⵇĨå䇠äĚ⬓Ĩᱵᰳ
ǔ ǖ nj ǖ ǖ ǖ
ĢĞĜmᓟᜯĨ䜫Ĩ䔽ɟ‫ٶ‬ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ՙĨǍ öⴑþĨĀⰔቿäĨė䬇ႩĨ⬾ä䁡Ĩ‫׏‬Ĩ̵Ĩ nj ≢Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩ⸁‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ͋þĨðäĨå䇠ä
Ǖ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ä㍍ĨⵇĨĕî㩕㑔
ɟäĨ
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Ĩ䎁Ĩ䏯Ĩ㈉Ĩᣜ਋Ĩᣜ␰Ĩ䣹⁩Ĩൔ˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬îþäĨ䬚ⱎĨ䢏äîĨ䆀ĨîþìĨຓäĨ䗂ĨüþîäĒĨÝ䞀ĨʆĨ䜫ɟ‫ٶ‬ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ՙĨǍ öⴑþĨㆤĨç㑔ḝĨî㈊ï⁩Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ mĨė䬇ႩĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨçäችĨ⬾ä䁡lĨ䮪Ĩ൚
ǔ
Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨຊäĨ䗂Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉LamarckĨĕî㩕㑔ĨüäìĨçᒗἼĨ䌤ä‫ٳ‬ӒĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ìᣅ䁡ĨⰢĨ╌ĨüþîäĒĜㅎĨ▮〨ĨㅎĨ䮧ìĨåäᣅĨⵇĨúä␰ĨðäĨ╌
ǘ ǖ
Ĩ㪦Ĩö䔘Ĩ䕇‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ė䮩ĨîþäĨ㐖Ĩᓧ䜫ĨᡅĨ䆀Ĩ䌑ĨĚ⇤þìࡘĨ㈉‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ø⛭þäĨ䮪ĨĜϔìĨ ǎ ⸗Ĩ㾅Ĩ䆀Ĩė䌕Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ßĨຊäĨø⛭þäĨĚï‫ٱ‬ӿäĨ ǎ ęì⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨ䆀
ǔ
Ĩ䗂うĨೇ㈉ Ĩ ė Ĩ ὺîìĨ䊨þäĜ䥞ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨ⦡Ĩ䤈እîäĨ䩕î‫ٶ‬ՙĨnj ╌Ĩ䆀antelopesė䔘‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ 㩔äþĨ┲ĨⰓäîïĨ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉Ĩĕî㩕㑔ĨĀ㬷ĨĜ㐔Ĩ䜫
ĨĜ㐕ĨᯙĨᒖ䜫Ĩ㠪䌑
Ĩ îìĨ䌑䖻
Ĩ ì䯆ĨㅎĨė⮪äîïĨ䆀Ĩ▮〨Ĩㅎ
Ĩ䗂Ĩė䧗îĨ㩔äþĨ䗂ᜯĨ䆀Ĩ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗ĨñጕĨä⨍Ĩ〪Ĩ㞹Ĩ䆀mä‫ی‬äĨㅎö Ĩ ä䔘älĨå⵰ĨຊäĨ䗂ĨðäĨĀ㬷ĜㇿĨဲĨ㩇㬲Ĩㅎⱖ Ĩ Ĩ⑬äĨ଺䗂 Ĩ ĨüþîäĒ
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ĢğĜ㦈Ĩ⸗Ĩ䫡ႩĨ䆀ė㮩Ĩ䝞þĨ〨ĨĐßĨຓäĨᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉͋þ Ĩ
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ĨçᨤĨą⥽Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ÷þ‫ٳ‬ӒĨ䆀ĨĚ✛Ĩ䮨௭ĨㅎĨᡱĨÛ䗂Laws of Inheritance䖲äⴑĨ㈉Җþî䁡Ĩ Ĩ ǎ ęì⸗Ĩ⪘˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îìĨ㈉Ĩú䅨Ĩ䚽˄‫ٱ‬
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Ĩė䬇ႩĨᒖᒗἼĨ㦇äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨɟäĨą ‫ ٳ‬ɟïĨ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ㈉Ĩúἶ㩕Ĩ〪˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨîä‫ٳ‬ӒĨ⡊nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ〨ĨⲬ䁡Ĩç㎜Ĩ㽮ĨðäĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹ĨÛĨㅎĨ䩫ᇼĨ䗂science of genetics
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Ĩ䜫Ĩûþ㯎Ĩ╌Ĩ䤘˄‫ ٱ‬m⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ䤈እîälĨޭĨå䇠äĨĚ⬓Ĩê⠪ĨðäĜ䞀ĨᒖᜯĨ䜫Ĩ㾅Ĩ䆀Ĩė䌕Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂ßacquired traitsĨç➄ῄĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ
ĨĜ䯉
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ǎ
Ĩė䬇ႩĨᒖᨤĨîþäĨҖþîäĒĨ
䔘
ǔ
Modern Synthetic Theorym䮪䎁Ĩ⧏㶔Ĩՙ‫ٶ‬ ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ؎nj lĨ䆀‫ؼ‬ßĨ
‫ ٳ‬㈉Ĩ䤈䗃ìĨㅎğħġĞĨ䗂Ĩėþ൯ĨüþîäĒĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗ĨñጕĨỡĨⵇ㴄 Ĩ Ĩðä
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Ĩ଺〨Ĩė䬘ႩĨᒖᨤĨᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩå䇠äĨĚ⬓Ĩ䗂ҖþîäĒĨ Ĩ ǎ 䔘ĨĜ䞀Ĩ〰Neo-DarwinismmҖþîäĒĨǎ 䔘lĨ䆀Ĩû⣇ĨøĨą ⣻ĨៈĨㅏĨဲ
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‫ ٳ‬ǎ ö▿Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩė⩄Ĩ䆀Ĩ䕉˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䏲ĨᣅĨ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫ĨēࣱĨ䨛äĨ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ䆀ĨᨛĨㅎĨėþîä䯀ᜯĨė䬇ႩĨᒖᨤĨ䮪ĨĜ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨîä‫ٳ‬Ӓm‫ږ‬Ĩ
ĨĚɟîĨ Ĩ nj nj ⵇĨçäች㹨ĨþĨ⬾ä䁡l
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉Ĩ㻬ä⧋Ĩ᧘îὟĨ᧽
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩɝ⢙Ĩ
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䆀ĨìᣅþĨ䆀䈀Ĩ Ĩ ㈉Ĩ⦡Ĩ䨛äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ Þ⚩äĨîä䯀ᜯĨėㄙ㑔ìᣅ䁡Ĩ䯎Ĩ䅠ïĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪ĨⲬ䁡ĨⵇĨ䮼䎁ĨðäĨĜ䞈Ĩ֫⥲ĨㅎĨÞእîäĨ䜱ҖþîäĒ䔘Ĩ Ĩ ǎ 䆀ĨલĨ䕊ìĨéß
Ǘ NjǍ ƷNjǍƴ ǔ ǔ
ĨēࣱĨᒖᨤĨ䩓Mutationsmė䬘ႩĨᒖᨤlĨ䯎ĨîþäĨěǁ‫ ٳ‬ĨÛ䑈ßĨÛüⵇĨĀ㬷ĨÞ‫ٱ‬ĴźƊäĨęဗĨî♑Ĩ౹Ĩ㈉Ĩė䆁‫˄ٱ‬îä䯀ᜯĨüäĨüäîþìĨ㈉ĨឮĨ䥚ß
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Ĩ䯰Ĩ䔽‫ږ‬Ĩ Ĩ nj nj ⵇĨ䗂䜫Ĩę㧓‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨçäችĨᒖᨤ䞈Ĩ࿋ĨēうäĨ╌Ĩ䯑Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹Ĩ〨Ĩ䮼䎁ĨðäĨỉĨ䣹⁩Ĩ➩äþĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䚽˄Ĝěî䯅Ĩ ‫ٱ‬ ╌
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ĨĜ䞀ĨᓧລĨ䜱Ĩü䏩Ĩ䔽äĨ䛸ĨęþĨ०
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‫ٳ‬Ĩ Ǐ 䫂㱇äĜ䞀ĨʆĨລĨ䜱Ĩü䏩Ĩø✜Ĩ╌äĨçä‫ٳ‬ɟäĨഫĨᔹäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩ䯎ĨðäĨîþäĨ䞈ĨęဗĨҍ䔚Ĩ
ą ɝ㩕Ĩ ̵⁩ĨㅎĨěäĨ䭆äĨĚĒĨĜ䞈ĨᣆþĨ⑬Ĩęì⁩ĨਏĨㅎĨðä
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ䧛ᇚĨė䮩Ĩㅎ㱇 Ĩ äĨðäB.G.RanganathanĨçᨤ
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Ĩė䬘ႩĨᒖᨤĨĜ㐗Ĩė䜫Ĩ‫ٳ‬ɟ䁢Ĩ⪌Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䮪Ĩü㺕äĨɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫ĨⲚäþĨ䜱Ĩîì‫˄ٱ‬Ĩþí‫ٱ‬ӀĨ䮪ĨĜ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫ĨęìĨü䏩ĨîþäĨഫĨᔹäĨÛĨᙯᵘĨė䬇ႩĨᒖᨤl
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ĨഫĨᔹäĨ䆀Ԡ‫ٱ‬Ĩ ǎ ˄Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ㩔äþĨ䮾îĨÞ‫ٱ‬ĴźƊäĨ㰛ĨĜᒖ䜫Ĩ䔽ĨⴛɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬䤈እîäĨ䤈〨Ĩ䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉ĨçäችĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗ĨѬ㑔ìĨ䯎Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨç➄ῄîᨴĨ䮪Ĩㅎ
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Ĩ╌äĨ䬆ႩĨ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮱ĨᏠĨü㺕äĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĜ䮽ĨৄĨ䔽ĨᏠĨ਑Ĩ╌äĄ Ĩ䬆ႩĨ䯖ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬౹Ĩ䆀̵⁩Ĩ Ĩ ǎ
ㅎĨĚ㎜Ĩ‫׏‬äĜė⁩îĨ î➳Ĩ༔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ㐗Ĩ䜫ҍ‫ٱ‬Ĩ nj ˄Ĩɟ䁢Ĩ
‫⪌ ٳ‬ĨᏠ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䬆Ⴉ
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‫ ٱ‬䜱ĨĚì‫ٱ‬nj˄ɟĨ
ĢĠmĜ䞈Ĩ˄㑔Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬nj þĨ䜱ႡĨᏼ⁩ĨຓäĨ०Ĩ䥻ìĨৄĨ䔽ĨᏠĨ਑Ĩ〨Ĩ⚘⹔Ĩ㥁㘯ïĜ㐗䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩɟ䁢Ĩ ‫⪌ ٳ‬Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ㐗ĨěìĨü䏩
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Ĩ nj ˄Ĩ䜱ĨęìĨü䏩Ĩė䬇ႩĨᒖᨤĨû፝ĜěìĨⴛɟĨ
ҍ‫ٱ‬ ‫ ٳ‬〨ĨĒ〨Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ʠîĨ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ᒖᨤĨᣅĨ䤈ßĨ䔽Ĩ䆀Ĩě䘧㴙Ĩ䬆ႩĨ㹨Ĩ଺Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ䨕äĨ‫׏‬ĨåäĨ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩሤ‫ٱش‬ Ĩ nj˄Ĩ㱇äĨ䮪
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ĨᣅĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬᜙ìḝĨᒖᨤĨ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䆀ĨỉĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ㅏĨဲĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉m⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ䤈እîälĨៈ䬆 Ĩ ႩĨᒖᨤĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈ᮟßĨ Ĩ 䆀Ĩ⍛ĨåäĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĝ䞀Ĩ䤈䜫
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Ĩ⾸ĨęႡĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╜ङĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䆀Ĩçî❼ĨㅎĨü⟷⇤ĨɟäĨ ‫ ٳ‬û⣇Ĩ╌‫ח‬䯎Ĩ Ĩ nj ė䔘‫˶ٱ‬äĨⵇĨችĨᒖᨤĜ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨ⸗Ĩęîⵇ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ䔽äĨîþäĨ䞈˄ລĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ü䏩Ĩ〨Ĩė䆁‫˄ٱ‬Ĩîä䯀ᜯ
Ĩỉ䮪 Ĩ ĨĜㅏĨᆲĨ଺Ĩ䗂ĨüþîäĒĨ〪Ĩ᧹m≢Ĩ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩ⸁䯎Ĩ Ĩî⡷ĨຓälĨå䇠äĨĚ⬓Ĩø⠪ĨĚ⇤þìĨĜ≢Ĩ䜫Ĩ䔽m⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ䤈እîälĨ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦
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‫ؕ ٶ‬îĨ䔽ĨìᣅþĨ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ䤈እîäĨ䤈〨Ĩ䧸äĨ䐲ᱴĜ‫˄ٱ‬ᜯĨ䔽˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬mĨ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ䤈እîälĨ䤈〨Ĩ䆀Ĩç⬓Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩɝ⢙Ĩ
Ĩ䤈〨ĨⵇĨû˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㈉ĨÞእîäĨäϺ‫ٱ‬ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 〨Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩðä
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ĨĜ䞈ä䜫Ĩ䔽ɟ‫ٶ‬Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ՙĨǍ öⴑþĨⵘĨ଺Ĩ⦡Ĩᒖᆙ
Ĩ㐗ìᣅ䁡Ĩû⣹Ĩㅎė
Ĩ ☔ĨĚî⣎ĨĒî䩻îĨ❅⮪
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Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ՙĨǍ öⴑþĨⵘĨę⢡㽯Ĩęì⸗ĨɟᄟĨ
ĨĜĨä䜫Ĩ䔽ɟ‫ٶ‬ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ⵇĨÞእîäĨ䮪䎁Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀ĨçᛱĨ➩äþĨ╌‫ח‬ĨĨ nj ⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨĒî䩻îĨ❅⮪
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Ĩ ö䔘Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ìᣅ䁡Ĩ╌ĨຝĨ䆀Ĩ⟤㩕Ĝ䞈Ĩ䤈ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨ╌ĨþîĨဲĨ⹔ĨຓäĨ⛬Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨɝĨ
Ĩ䫡ႩĨ䆀⛬ĨîþäĨ⹔Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉͋þĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉ĨÞእîĨä䮳䎁Ĩ
Ǘ ǖ ǘ
‫ ٳ‬nj 㽈ĨㅋĨ䆀ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ䞝ɟĨ
Ĩ㟢ĨðɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj 㑒ßĨ䦯î‫ی‬ĨƮǎ ƸƹǏŗĨą䫡ႩĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䜶㩕ĨⲺĨ䮪Ĩ╌ĨþîĨㅎĨ䮼䎁ĨðäĜ䥚ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨ╌Ĩê⠪Ĩ⑬äĨöä䔘äĨû፝ĨîþäĨ㐔Ĩ䜫
ĨĜ䞀
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ĜĨ 㐗Ĩė䜫Ĩ䜱îĨę䯀ïĨöä䔘äĨî௶Ĩ䣘ⰔĨ䯎ѬḝĨ Ĩ ƸƹǏŗĨą䫡ႩĨᏠĨᏽĨ䧸ĨäĨĀⲞäþĨ䯆ä
Ĩ 䕉䂭îìĨ䆀ĨîþìĨ䫡⡷ĨðäĨ㈉Ʈǎ
Ĩüą äĨîþäĨᒒĨìᣅ䁡Ĩ䜱Ĩ╌ĨຝĨø⛭þäĨ㈉Ĩė㮩Ĩ䆀ĨᡱĨ㑒Ĩė䜫Ĩěî䯅Ĩîþ➳Ĩî䔘ᜯĨ㩔äþĨ䮐îĨ䍚㮧Ĩ䍚ᱍĨ䆀Ĩ⟤㩕䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉ú Ĩ 㬲
ǔǔ
Ĩę䯀ïreptile-birdsĨě䯀䯎ĨĜĨę䯀‫ؼٳ‬Ĩ䨛äᱍĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĜᒐĨ㦇Ĩ⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨ଺Ĩç➄ῄĨ⸁ĨㅎĨėþî䔘ᜯĨ㩔äþĨ䮐îĨ䗂Ĩė䔸äĨᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩø⛭þä
ĨĚî⣎Ĩî䔘ᜯĨ䮪Ĩ䐲ᱴĜᒒĨ㦆Ĩ฻äĨ଺Ĩø⛭þäĨ⸁㈉
Ĩ ė
Ĩ þ䯀䯎Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩø⛭þäĨ㈉Ĩėþî䔘ᜯĨ㩔äþĨ䮐îĨìᣅ䁡Ĩ╌ĨຝĨ䗂ĨėᢸĨ㑒Ĩė䜫Ĩ䞈î
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Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀Ĩ⟤㩕ĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䩵Ĩ䔽äĨ㪺Ĩ㈉ĨᡱÛ〨Ĩėþîä䯀ᜯĨᒖᆙĨüäĨ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîäĜĨ㑒Ĩė䜫Ĩ䞈îĨ䘍Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬äĨîþäĨ㺹˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ÛĨîþ㷨ĨęþĨ㦆ĨðäĨᒒĨ䆀Ĩἅ㱇
ǔ
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨû˄Ĩ‫ⵇ ٱ‬formsTransitionalmĨú☆äĨĚî⣎lĨÛᒒ
nj ǎ þĨ⣷ĨüäĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䚽äĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĜ䞇ᨴĨ䕉Ĩ䜫Ĩ䆀Ĩė਋îäĨ〪ĨčṆĨėþēþ⸗ĨûⱑäîþäĨìäሧĨㅎü
Ĩçⴜ‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨㅎĨėþî䔘ᜯĨҍ⨎Ĩ Ĩ äĨᏠĨᒒĨìᣅ䁡ĨⲨäþĨî䔘ᜯĨ䨛äĨ䯆ä
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ㅎĨ̵➟þĨ䗂ĨüþîäĒĨ䆀mä‫ی‬äĨㅎöĨ ä䔘älĨå⵰ĨຊäĜ䜯ᨴĨ䕉ᜯĨ䤈Ǎ˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ଺Ĩ䆀ĨĒî䩻îĨ❅⮪
Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈ĨᣆþĨ䮱Ĝ㐗Ĩė䜫Ĩ䜱îĨę䯀ïĨĀ䩶ĨÛ䞀Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩ㿍Ĩ䆀Ĩ൚ßĨ〨Ĩöä䔘äĨû፝ĨㅎęĨ þ䯆Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ᣅĨÛⱞĨĚî⣎Ĩìäሧ㑔Ĩ
ǖ ㅎĨėþîä䯀ᜯĨᏠĨ䞈↸Ĩ䮪Ĩ䎁Ĩä䄎Ĩ䯆äl
ƷŬ
Ŧ Ǖ
ĢġmĜ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ㻬Ĩ䜱Ĩ䆀Ĩę‫ٳ‬ǀnjŧ îĨą ˄ßĨ
‫ ٱ‬ø✜ĨçᛱĨⵇĨ㐗ìᣅ䁡Ĩࢦ⁩ĨㅎĨüä
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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Ĩ‫˄ٱ‬༔ĨⵇĨ䕉‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䯎Ĩėþ䄌äĨㅎĨüþîäĒ
Ǖ ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ╌ĨῢäĨ‫ک‬ì䯎ĨƼǎƹŎĻƛĨĚî⣎Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ‫׏‬ĨéßÛĨ䚽˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬Û䞀Ĩ䞈îĨ⸗Ĩ▮〨ᐭĨüäĨㅎĨ䗂⸗ĨñጕĨ❅⮪Ĩ䆀ĨલĨ䕊ìĨ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîäĨ╌Ĩ∓þĨ㈉ĨĚ✛Ĩ䮨䕳äĨ㍉
ǔ
Ĩ
‫׏‬ᨴäĨ 䯎ĨóîäĨ‫⸗ک‬Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ⥮ɟĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉ĨçⲛᏠĨㅎĨėK䯎ĨÞእîäĨ〪ĨᮬĨಔĨ╌Ĩ❅⮪Ĩû፝Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩ㱄ßĨɟĨ
‫ ٳ‬nj 䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩ䤈äゔĨĜ䥚ßĨ䔽Ĩ䁠⁩Ĩ⸗Ĩ䐛
ǖ
ĨĜ䞈‫⸗˄ٱ‬ĨᆲĨ〨ĨỉĨðäĨìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩ൯ĨÞእîäV.AgerDerekĨç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ṖĨąɝ㩕Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ Ě䔘⟷‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj î㵢ĨĜ䤈䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ䆀Ĩ☒Ĩ㻬ⵇîþä
Ĩ䯎∘ Ĩ speciesĨöä䔘äĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䜫Ĩ䯎Ĩ∘ĨㅎOrdersĨėᣅîìĨ䆀ĨĚৠĨ❴ĨęþĨęä⁏ÛĨ䮨⸗Ĩ㛾㶩Ĩ㹗ⵇĨ ĨĒî䩻îĨ❅Ĩ⮪Ĩ䚽Ĩ䯆äĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ䐇Ĩ❅äl
Ĩ ㅎ
Ǘ ǔ
‫ ٳ‬nj ‫׏‬ᨴäĨࡘĨ㈉Ĩ䗂ᜯĨ䜫Ĩì㹞Ĩ㈉Ĩęþ䯆Ĩě⇤þìĨęþ䯆Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䥞‫ܖ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂î䯅Ĩ╌ĨÞእîäĨᣆîìĨ਌ĨᣆîìĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ䪸ìĨ䮪î‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩînj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䚽ĨÛ
Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ䆀ĨìäሧĨĚɟĨ
ĢĢmĜä䜫
ǔ ǖ
Ĩç➟þ㹔Ĩ㈉ü Ĩ þîäĒĨ㱇äĨ䮪ĜĨ䥞䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ‫׏‬ᨴäĨ㈉ѬḝĨ
Ĩ 䕉䂭îìĨ⹔ĨࢇĨ䆀Ĩ☒Ĩ㺹ĨຊäĨîä䯀ᜯĨû፝Ĩ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉ĨĒî䩻îĨ❅⮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ㶱ĨⵇĨðä
ǔ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ‫׏‬ᨴäĨࢇĨ㈉Ĩ㭑äą؎Ĩ
ɝĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj ⧤Ĩ㈉
‫ ٶ‬nj 䤈እîäĨ⹔Ĩ㈉îä䯀ᜯĨ଺Ĩ⹔Ĝ䞀Ĩ㐖Ĩ㈈ĨᆆĨîä䯀ᜯĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ଺ĨçᛱĨîⰿ⟷ĨⵇĨçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨ䮪Ĩęþ⥲Ĩ㈉ĨðäĜ䞈Ĩ⥮ɟĨ
ǔ
Ĩ〨ĨỉĨðäĨ଺Douglas FutuyamaĨçᒗἼĨɝ㩕Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 䤈እîäĨî㵢ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䯉ĨㅏĨᆆĨ╌äĄ Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮱ĨᨮᏠĨṠäþĨㅎĨ䗂䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ㻬ⵇĨ䆀Ĩþ‫ؼ‬ ‫ٳ‬nj
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩᆲ
Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ㻬ⵇĨę㧓‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩê⠪ĨĚîດĨᏠ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䯎Ĩ䅠ïĨîä䯀ᜯĨĜ䞀ĨᮟĨ䜫ĨဲĨç䧜ᇚĨ㽡Ĩû፝Ĩ㪺Ĩ╌Ĩä‫ی‬äĨㅎĨÞ⚩äĨîä䯀ᜯĨ౉㩕Ĩ㈉ĨÞእîäĨ䮪䎁ĨîþäĨᆆĨ䮪䎁l
ǖ ǖ
Ĩė䜫Ĩ㐖䜫Ĩę㧓‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩ⦡Ĩ䅞ɟĨ ‫⹔ ٳ‬Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩö䔘Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ìᣅ䁡Ĩ╌ĨຝĨĀ㩕ï㑔ĨęþĨ༔ĨᏠĨ䥞䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ䆀ѬḝĨ
Ĩ 㺹ĨęþĨ䯆äĨĜä䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩ䧸äĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䥞䜫
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mĜ㈊䜫ㅏĨᆆĨ䗂Ĩ䘹Ĩ⮸Ĩ⺵ĨîìⰔĨ⹔Ĩ䔽äĨĀ䩶Ĩ༔ᏠĨ ĨᒒĨ䥞䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ䆀fully developed stateѬḝĨ  ę㧓‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㺹ĨęþĨ䯆äĨîþäĜ㑒
Ģģ
ǖ
Ĩㅎė
Ĩ þîä䯀ᜯlĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ㶱ĨⵇĨðäĨĜ䥞䜫Ĩîäì䓺Ĩ䯎Ĩ䅠ïĨ䆀ѬḝĨ Ĩ 㺹ĨîþäĨę㧓‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩê⠪ĨĚîດĨîä䯀ᜯĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗ĨဲĨçᛱĨ➩äþĨⵇ㱇äĨðäĨ❅⮪
ǔ ǔ
ĨĜ䤈䜫ĨᆆĨ䩕î‫ٶ‬ՙĨnj ०Ĩ䔽ĨÞእîäĨ䩕î‫ٶ‬ՙĨnj ⥮ɟĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉ĨðⴜĨ㈉ĨüþîäĒmĨÞä‫ی‬ä
ǔ
Ĩ䔙⫖äĨⵇĨÞእîäĨ䕉˶ä ‫ٱ‬
ǔ
îĨą þìĨ〪Ĩ䞈č Ě Ĩ ⧋ìĨⵇĨ䮼䎁Ĩ䕉þîäĒĜ䞈origin of manmĨÞä‫ی‬äĨㅎĨü˶ä ‫ ٱ‬lĨęþĨ䞀Ĩᓧ㑔Ĩ‫ޖ‬ɟïĨ Ĩą ‫ ٳ‬ǎ û㛳‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ〨Ĩö⟡䁡ĨឮĨ䂬ḝĨ㈉ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁ĨៈĨęþ
ǖ ǔ ǔ
ĨⰢĨðɟĨ‫ ٳ‬nj 㽈Ĩ䉸‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨîᨴĨ╌ĨéßĨ〪Ĩ䞈˄ᜯĨ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ㅏč Ě Ĩ ⧋ìĨ䮪Ĝ䥞ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨÞእîäĨ䩕î‫ٶ‬ՙĨnj ╌Ĩėþî䔘ᜯape-likeĨ䓕Ĩ䔙ï਋Ĩ㈉Ĩ⟤㩕Ĩü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬ՙ‫ٶ‬‫ ٶ‬ǎ ؎Ĩnj ㈉Ĩ➳ḝ
Ǖ ǔ
Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ 䮪ĜᒐĨ䜱îĨ䯎Ĩ䅠ïmĨƼǎƹŎĻƛĨĚî⣎lĨ⸁Ĩü䂭îìĨ㈉Ĩìä‫؎ٶ‬äĨ nj ánj˄‫ ٱ‬ßĨ㈉ĨðäĨîþäĨü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬ՙ‫ٶ‬‫ ٶ‬ǎ ؎Ĩnj üäîþìĨ㈉ĨÞእîäĨą⦡Ĩ⑬ⴜĨðäĨ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩöþ▧
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ĨĜ䞀Ĩ㐖Ĩㅍ‫⮮ח‬ Ĩ mě㱇ïlĨĚì䱜ĨîᨴĨ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉ĨឮĨ䞈Ĩ䁣˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ǖ㿱ĨᒖᆙĨ䯎
NjƷǎ ƹǍư
AustralopithecusƘĽǎƶ 㥀äⅈßĨĜğ
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habilisHomoü‫˶ٱ‬äĨ䬚ⱎĜĠ
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Homo erectusĨü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬㑔äþĨᯔĨ⸗Ĩ䜫Ĩä゗Ĩ䞉⒕Ĝġ
ǔ
ǖ  Homo sapiens ü‫ٱ‬ ˶äĨ ęìᣅ䁡ĜĢ
ǔ Nj Ʒǎ ƹ Ǎ ư ǔ ǔ ǖ
Ĩ䗂ï਋Ĩ❅äîìĨîä䯀ᜯĨ䮪ĨĜ䞈mĨ䔙ï਋Ĩ䩴ӒäĨ ‫ ٳ‬åᢴlĨ㶱Ĩⵇឮ Ĩ Ĩ䞀〰 Ĩ mƘĽǎƶ Ĩ㥀äⅈßlĨ〨Ĩìä‫؎ٶ‬äĨ nj ánj˄‫ ٱ‬ßĨ䓕ĨîৠĨ㨶þäĨì䔚Ĩû˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㈉Ĩė䔘‫˶ٱ‬äĨ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîä
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Lord SollyĨÞ‫ٱ‬ĴźƊ㑔äĨ䧛ᇚĨ⥽Ĩą䭆ɝ㩕Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ⪱˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩç⚘Ĩ㣚⣇ĨþìĨ㈉Ĩ䩻㱇äĨîþäĨ䖽⟷‫ٳ‬ɟĜ䞈Ĩ nj ᮟĨ䜫Ĩမ˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬åäĨᣅĨ䔽Ĩ⸁ĨîþäĨä␰Ĩ㈉ĨⱖĨ䬚ⱎĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ㅎ
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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ǖ njǕ Ľ
ǎ ƶNjƷǎ ƹǍư
Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗ҍ‫ٱ‬
Ĩ ˄Ĩ䮪Ĩ䗂ĨçᅘĨ㷌ᜯĨ㐔ĨㅎĨ䯎Ĩė䔘䓺Ĩ㰛Ĩ㈉ĨƘ Ĩ㥀äⅈßĨㅎProfessor Charles OxnardĨîþäZuckerman
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ĨĜĨᒒĨ䮿îĨ䔽Ĩਏ㴙ĨㅎĨⱖĨ⹔Ĩ╌Ĩė䔘‫˶ٱ‬äĨîþäĨ㐔䜫Ĩမ˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ᣅĨᒒĨ䮿îĨቄĨ╌Ĩö䔘ĨㅎĨė䔘ï਋Ĩû⣇Ĩî䔘ᜯ
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Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ㈉Ĩ⋗m䁡䜫lĨ࢑㶩Ĩ㈉Ĩě⧋ìĨ㈉ĨėK䯎ĨÞእîäĜ䞀Ĩ䮿îĨ䆀ĨᨳîìĨ㈉mü‫˶ٱ‬älĨ䩓m䁡䜫lĨ〨Ĩἅ㱇Ĩ㋱äĨ㈉ĨÞእîäĨ䕉˶äĨ ‫ח ٱ‬䯎Ĩ ǖ Þእîä
ǖ ǖ NjƷǎ ƹǍư
Ĩ〪ὟĨ䤈እîäĨ⑬ⴜĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⸗ĨぅîĨ╌Ĩ䯖ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬òὟĨ〨fossilsĨçäïⵇîĨ㰛Ĩ㈉ĨçⰔ㰰Ĩüąä‫ח‬䯎Ĩ Ĩ ÞእîäĨĜĨ䞀Ĩę㧓‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ䋖ĨㅎĨƘĽǎƶ 㥀äⅈß
ǖ Ǖ
Ĩ䮨௭ĨĜ䞈Ĩìᣅ䁡ĨቄĨ䤈እîäĨⵇĨⱖĨ⹔Ĩü䂭îìĨ㈉Ĩėþ㱇ïĨ㰛Ĩ㈉Ĩ⋗Ĩ䁡䜫Ĩ〪Ĩä䜫Ĩ䔽ҍ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj ˄Ĩ଺ĨⵘĨ䮪Ĩ䐲㈀Ĩ䞈ĨᒖäîሊĨ〪ὟĨ䮪Ĝ䞀Ĩᓧৄ
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Ĩ䞈˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ ƸƪǎƸƪţĨðäErnst MayrĨ䄎Ĩ䋱îäĨ䂬ḝĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩė䆁ḝĨ䭆ɟĨ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬îä‫ٳ‬ӒäĨ䆀Ĩõ㜞äĨüäĨⵇƮǎ ‫ ٳ‬ï㽔Ĩ㈉ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ䆀ĨĚ⧜ĨĚ✛
Ǘ ǖ ǔ
ǖ  Ģĥ m Ĝ䞈Ĩ 㐔 䜫
Ĩ ㋲
Ĩ ❅
Ĩ äîìĨ
Ě ‫ٳ‬ ؔĨ㦇 äþĨ
ຬ Ĩ
‫׏‬Ĩ ü˶ä‫ٶ‬ ‫ ٱ‬ՙ‫ٶ‬ǎ ؎nj l
ǔ ǔ ǔ Nj Ʒǎ ƹǍ ư Ǘ ǖ
ĨîþïĨ䯎Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨðäĨÛü‫˶ٱ‬äĨęìᣅ䁡!ü‫˶ٱ‬äĨ㑔äþĨᯔĨ⸗Ĩ䜫Ĩä゗Ĩ䞉⒕!ü‫˶ٱ‬äĨ䬚ⱎ!ĨƘĽǎƶ 㥀äⅈßl⸗ĨৄĨ〪ὟĨė䮩ĨⵇĨė䮩‫ؔٳ‬Ĩę⸗㪞ĨėþîᨴĨ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîä
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Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩㅏø Ĩ 䐚äĨ䮪Ĩ䗂Ĩė⪰‫˄ٱ‬ǎ îìĨ㩉ḝĨㅎĨą䭆ɝ㩕Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㩔äþĨ䗂⸗ĨᅗĨ䯎Ĩü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬䬚ⱎĨ䚽˄Ĝ䞈Ĩ‫ٱ‬ 㭑äĨą؎Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬nj ㅎĨö䔘ĨĚ⇤þìĨö䔘Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ╌Ĩ䆀ĨüäĨ〪ǖ Ĩ䞀Ĩ䦑ì
ǖǖ ǔ ǔ NjƷǎ ƹǍư
ĢĦĜᒒĨᓧᜯĨ䥞‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䆀ĨėẖĨ㰛Ĩ㈉Ĩ䕊ìĨ䆀͋þĨ Ĩ 䜱Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬㩔äþĨ䗂Ĩ䜫Ĩě゗Ĩ䞉⒕ĨîþäĨü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬䬚ⱎÛƘĽǎƶ 㥀äⅈß
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sapiens HomoĜᏽĨę䯀ïĨ‫׏‬Ĩ⧍ՙ‫ٶ‬ Ĩ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ؎Ĩnj Û䞈Ĩ˄ßĨ ‫ ٱ‬䆀ĨᨳîìĨ㈉Homo erectusĨᣅĨęþ䯆ĨòὟĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⵇĨė䔘‫˶ٱ‬äĨėß‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ՙ‫ٳ‬ ‫ٶ‬ǎʠ
ĢħĜᒒĨìnj˄‫ ٱ‬ßĨᏼĨ⁩‫׏‬äĨ
Ĩ ǎ 䆀ĨῠĨ䜱‫׏‬ä
Ĩ ǎ 䂬ìßĨՙ‫ٶ‬‫ ٶ‬ǎ ؎nj Homo sapiens sapiensĨîþäneandarthalensis
Stephen Jay ĨçᒗἼĨ䬚ⱎĨąɝ㩕Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ㈉ĨⅯî䖼䮩ĨĒîþî䗃ĨĜᒒĨìä‫؎ٶ‬äĨ nj ánj˄‫ ٱ‬ßĨ㈉Ĩě⇤þìĨ‫׏‬äǎ nj‫ח‬Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩì㱩Ĩ〨Ĩě⧋ìĨðäĨúḝĨçî❼Ĩ ą 䮪
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Ĩ䞈Ĩ〬Ĩ䆀Ĩěî‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩ㈷ĨðäĨ䆀ĨÞእîäĨ䮪䎁Ĩìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîäGould
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Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ➩äþĨ䌑Ĩ଺‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ╌Ĩ䆀ĨüäĨîþäĨ䞀îĨìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀ĨîþìĨ䜱‫׏‬ä Ĩ ǎ ü‫˶ٱ‬äĨ䬚ⱎĨîþäĨîৠĨ䩴ӒäĨ ‫ ٳ‬åᢴĨ㿂ᏘĨÛ䩴‫ٳ‬ӒäĨěäĨ䌗ĨᓕĨㅎĨ䕉˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬ąö䔘䯆äl
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Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ䆀Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ➂⣻ĨຓäĨ䯎Ĩ䅠ïĨ଺Ĩ䗂Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⹔Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩę̇Ĩ ‫ ٵ‬ǎ üäĨėß‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ՙ‫ٳ‬‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĨÝৄĨㅏĨⵇéîä㱄Ĩ⋕䮧ïĨěî‫ٱ‬ʦĨǏ ᏠĨ䐟Ĩ䔽Ĩ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩ䌑ĨĚ⇤þì
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ģĞmĜ䥞うìĨ䔽Ĩç˄ឩîĨ ‫ ٱ‬䤈እîä
ǖ Ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ㈉‫ٱش‬
Ĩ ӀäĨ䄐ßĨ㜖㩘ĨîþäĨᙯᦧĨ⸗ĨৄĨৄɟþᇸĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 㰛ĨㅎĨėþî䔘ᜯmü‫˶ٱ‬äĨ䖥ĨÛîৠĨ䖥lĨ䆀Ĩė਋⵰ĨㅎĨðî〨Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ 䄍ĨᣅĨ䔙⫖äĨ䮪ĨⵇĨü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬䥞እîäÛĨĀä㰗
Ǘǔǖ
ĨĜ䔽Ĩ⸁ĨîþäĨ␰Ĩ㈉Ĩ䕉〫Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ûþ㯎Ĩ╌Ĩì䱜Ĩ䣹⁩ĨÛĨ䞈Ĩ䯉Ĩ㑔ᲘäĨ䥞䜫Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩú⃵äĨěŔ‫ ٶ‬ƶĽƶǏř
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Ĩö⟡䁡ĨðäĨ䗂ĨėᢸLord Solly ZuckermanĨü㩕⸗íĨ㦇␰ĨĒî㑔Ĩüä䣷⁩Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌Ĩ䆀Ĩė䔘ä䣷⁩Ĩǖ û㯅ĨîþäĨî䁡‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj ㈉Ĩ䖽⟷Ĩɟ‫ ٳ‬nj
ǔ ǖ ǖ Nj Ʒǎ ƹ Ǎ ư ǖ
Ĩ䆀Ĩỉ〪 ‫ ٳ‬nj˄Ĩìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîäĨÛĨㅏĨ㛾㶩Ĩò㘓‫ٱ‬nj˄‫׏‬Ĩ
Ĩ Ĩັ䯎ĨĨ 䈀ĨðäĨ‫ؼ‬㑓‫ٱ‬ Ĩ ðɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ęî๢ĨⵇĨ❅⮪ĨƘĽǎƶ 㥀äⅈßĨîþäĨㅎĨᅗ‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ė␰‫ٳ‬ɟ䯎 nj
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ĨĜ䜫Ĩ˄㻭Ĩ
‫╌ ٱ‬Ĩù㰰Ĩ䓕Ĩ䔙ï਋Ĩ〨Ĩė䔘‫˶ٱ‬äĨᣅ˄ᜯ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䔽˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ䍖Ĩę▌Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ䧸ä
Ĩ࢑Ĩ㶩Ĩ㈉ĨƐǎƸƂĨðäĨĜᏽĨ⍝Ĩ䣹⁩Ĩ⪌˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䣹⁩ĨęþĨᢷĨᏽĨ㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩû‫ٵ‬ƬŐƈĨüäĨƐǎƸƂĨ䮪Ĝ‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ৄmƐǎ ƸƂĨ䣹⁩lĨ㖌ìĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䗂Zuckerman
ĨલĨîþäĨû‫ٵ‬ƬŐƈĨᒖĨᒗἼĨࡘĨ㈉ĨüäĜĨçĨ⠢ĨîþĨä㇦Ĩ〪Ĩ᧽Ĩ䜫Ĩ䯎î♑Ĩþìä⣹äĨðᙊĨì䱜ĨㅎĨᡱĨ䞀ĨęþĨû‫ٵ‬ƬŐƈthe most scientificmĨ䣹⁩Ĩ䤈䇫äl
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extra-sensory mĕäîìäĨṱĨ⮻➟älĨÛ䞈‫˄ٱ‬ᜯĨㅏĨîሊm䣹⁩Ĩ⪌l Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj ៈÛ䯎Ĩě⇤ĨĚ‫ؼ‬ßĨ ‫ ٳ‬㈉ĨƐǎƸƂĨðäĜ䞀ĨᓧßĨû‫ٵ‬ƬŐƈĨᒖ▧㷍
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ZuckermanĜ䞈Ĩ䯉ㅏ Ĩ Ĩéäî䯀äĨⵇmÞእîäĨ䕉˶ä
‫ ٱ‬lĨ䆀‫ؼ‬ßĨ Ĩ nj Ĝ䞀Ĩ㐖ĨㅉîĨçäîሊĨ᧽ĨṢ᳠
Ĩ‫ח╌ ٳ‬Ĩ Ĩ ĨîþäĨ࿴ĨᛉĨ䩓perceptions
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ‫ဲ ٱ‬Ĩė䮩Ĩ〨Ĩú㑔⃣äĨຓä
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extrasensory ĨĕäîìäĨṱĨ䥞äîþ㩕ĨĀ㬷Ĩė◃Ĩ䨛äĨ㈉Ĩ䣶⁩ĨᒖᒗἼĨ⟤ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬䞉⒕Ĩ⸗ϥĨ Ĩ Ǐ ╌‫⮮ח‬Ĩ
Ĩ ㅎĨ↷Ĩ⟤þ㷩Ĩ༔Ĩ䚽l
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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ĨîþäĜĨ䞈Ĩ㽟˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㦆Ĩ㈉‫ח‬䯎Ĩ
Ĩ‫ⵇ ٱ‬ĨᷚɝĨ  ÞእîäĨ䩵Ĩą䚁äĨėᣇĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ䞠ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ҍᜯĨ
nj ㅎÛĨ䧛ᇚĨㅎĨ䧥î‫˄ٱ‬ĨㅎĨïⵇîĨ䕉˶äĨ
‫ٱ˄ ٱ‬ǎ perception
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ģğmĨĜ䞈Ĩ䲙⸗Ĩ䩵Ĩ䯎ĨėᏠ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩì㪯Ĩ⑬ĨਏĨ䆀͋þĨ Ĩ ǎ çⰔþäĨ࡚Ĩ㑔äþĨ䮾îĨ䩵Ĩൔ䯎ĨÞእîäėᣇ
Ĩ 䜱‫׏‬äĨ
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Ĩ䗂Ĩė㍉㥀Ĩ䨛äĨ❅⮪Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨïⵇîĨ䮪ĨĜ䯃îĨ䔽ĨὃĨ䤈〨Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩç⟩ᏠĨ䔙‫ٱ‬ĴnjƶżƸƎ Ĩҍnj nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨㅎĨėþïⵇîĨᱍĨ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩ㱄ßĨɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ╌Ĩ䅠ïĨ䕉〫Ĩ䮪ĨㅎĨÞእîäĨ䕉˶ä
‫ٱ‬
ĨĜ䞀Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩ᪋Ĩê⠪ĨㅎĨė䡋䯀äĨÛ⍪ĨḜ␰ĨङĨ╌Ĩ䮼䎁ĨຓäĨᣅĨ㈈Ĩ⪘˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îì
Ĩû䎀Ĩ⮩ⵇĨ ĨüⵇĨîþäĨ䐴ß
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ą ㅎĨüⵇĨîþäĨ䐴ßĨÛĨä䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩú❼䁡Ĩ‫׏‬ĨåäĨ╌ҍᜯĨ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩî㸗Ĩ䭆਑ĨⵇĨĕäîìäĨçⴑĨ Ĩ nj ㅎĨÞእîäĨ䮪䎁ĨåäᣅĨⵇĨឮĨö⟡䁡ĨîþäĨ‫׏‬äǎ
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Ĩ䯎ĨᭂĨ‫ک‬ì䯎Ĩ⧬▿Ĩ㦇äþĨƾƸŐĻƲĨ╌Ĩ⛬Ĩ⹔Ĝm䞀Ĩ䪸ìĨê⠪Ĩ⸘Ĩ䚽lĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨåäᣅĨĀä㰗ĨⵇĨúä␰ĨðäĨ䚽Ĩ䥝ßĨຝĨ╌Ĩ䗂ßĨø⠪ĨㅎĨö⟡䁡Ĩ㈉Ĩ䐴ß
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Ĩ⑬ĨᙯᵘĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⲚäþĨ䆀Ĩ⥑Ĩ㈉Ĩ÷㩕ìĨęþĨîþĨäĨ䞀Ĩᒖᜯ䜫Ĩ䫡ႩĨ䆀Ĩėþî‫ٱ‬Ӏäⴛ‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj 䩘îíĨ㈉Ĩė•Ĩ䖻⸗Ĩ䮪ĨㅎĨ⚇þîĨė䮫Ĝ䞀Ĩᒖ䯈Ĩ⍇ĨㅎĨ䕣Ĩ╌Ĩ䯎þä
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Ĩ ㅏĨ䆀Ĩ☒ㅎĨ
‫˄ٱ‬ᜯĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ࡘĨ㈉Ĩ䗂î䯅Ĩ╌Ĩỡä㱇ĨㅋĨ㳜ĨĕäîìäĨⵇĨėþî‫ٱ‬ӀäĨⴛɟĨ
Ĩ ɟሊĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj üäĨ䆀ؔ㱇Ĩ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ðäĨ㈉Ĩ÷㩕ìĜ䞀Ĩ〰Ĩę䑘Ĩąؔ㱇Ĩ
‫ ٳ‬ៈĨ䞀ĨᓧᜯĨ຤Ĩ᠁
ĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ⭐Ĩþî⩺Ĩ⸁Ĩ䚽䥝 Ĩ ßĨÛ䥞䜫Ĩ
Ĩ 䮿îĨ䆀Ĩ䛻íĨ〨Ĩ㿱Ĩ൚ĨዱĨðäĜ䞈
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ĨėᣇĨ䮽Ĩ຤Ĩ䔽‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ǎ ˄Ĩ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨẗĨ䕉þî䯀äĨⵇĨ÷㩕ìĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩìä㱇Ĩ╌ĨðäĨĜ䞈‫˄ٱ‬䜫insulatedï㯋Ĩ╌Ĩ⚇þîĨ÷㩕ì
Ĩ û㹬ĨðäĨ⚇þîĨîþäĨ䞈‫׏‬î‫ٱ‬
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‫ ٶ‬ǎ ӀĨ䮪Ĝᒖ‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ຤Ĩ䔽ĨⵘĨ⚇þîĨ‫׏‬ėᣇĨ䞈‫׏‬î‫ٱ‬
ĨîⱎĨðäĨՙ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ ǎ ˄Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹Ĩ䞀Ĩ〰centre of visionĨę䑘Ĩؔ㱇Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬ៈĨ᠁ĨęþĜ䞈ĨⲚäþĨ÷㩕ì
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ĨĜ䞀ĨʆĨ䪳ìĨ䕊ìĨ㺢ìĨᰑĨ䭆ɟĨ ‫♵ ٳ‬þîĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ଺Ĩ䆀Ĩ᠁Ĩ䭆ɟĨ ǎ ˄ĨðäĨ䚽ĨÛĨ䚽˄Ĝė䜫Ĩ
‫׏ ٳ‬î‫ٱ‬ ‫ٱ‬ ǎ ˄ĨᝦĨ䞈Ĩû㹬Ĩ‫׏‬î‫ٱ‬
䈅ᜯĨ䔙ĨĐßĨîþäĨ䤈〨Ĩû㹬Ĩ‫׏‬î‫ٱ‬ ǎ ˄
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Ĩ 㬲Ĝ䞈Ĩ✜ⰔĨ╌Ĩ䗂ৄĨŖśǎƷnjƹƙĨ➩äþĨîþäĨø⛭Ĩ䨕äĨ଺Ĩ᧘㥀ᚯĨㅎĨĚ✛Ĩ䮨௭Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䓕ĨîþäĨ➩äþĨî≏äimageɟሊĨ
ú ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 㦇äþĨ䯲Ĩ䆀Ĩ䐴ß
Ĩ䎁Ĩì䯆ìîäĨîþäĨ䥚ᗂäĨ⇤Ĩ฻äĨåäĨÛ䞀Ĩ㬊ᏽĨ〨Ĩå⵰ĨĐßĨ╌ĨᡱĨ㩇äĒĨ䎁Ĩ䯎Ĩėᑺ䗃ĨüäĄ ÛĨ䪾ìĨ╌äĨ䞀Ĩ䞠䯈Ĩ〨Ĩå⵰ĨឮĨĐßĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉
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Ĩ䭆਑Ĩ⹔Ĩ㈉Ĩ䕊ìĨៈÛĨ଺Ĩ䭆≩Ĩ⪱˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨⴛɟĨ Ĩ nj ㅎĨĚþĨᙯĨ〪‫׏‬Ĩ
‫ח╌ ٳ‬Ĩ Ĩ ė䮫ĨÝ䞈Ĩ䪽ì᠁ĨîþäĨ⹔ĨŖśǎƷnjƹƙĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䓕ĨîþäĨø⛭ĨîⱎĨðäĨ䗂ĨĐßĨㅏĜĜĜ㩇äĒ
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Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ➩äþĨ䤈䇫äĨîþäĨ䒳îĨÛthree-dimensionalĨĚì‫ٱ‬ʊäĨnj ␱ĨŖśǎƷnjƹƙĨ䮪ĨĜ䮽ĨěìĨ䔽ĨŖśǎƷnjƹƙĨ➩äþĨ䨕ä〨ĨĐßĨÛ䜫Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ৄĨ䗂Ĩî❯Ĩ㈉ĨĚþĨᙯ
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Ĩ䯎ĨėⰨîĨěɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ěɟĨ
‫ ٳ‬nj 㦆Ĩ㈉ĨúẖĨ㈉Ĩ㹽ĨðäĜ䞀ĨėӀ〨Ĩ ‫╌ ٱ‬Ĩ➞⣻Ĩ䯏äïĨ╌Ĩú⁩Ĩ␰Ĩ䉴äĨėþîä‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ 㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ❅ḝĨŖśǎƷnjƹƙĨ➩äþĨ䨕äĨĜ䞈
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Ĩ䎁Ĩ䯎åĨ ⵰Ĩ䂬ᏽĨ䆀ėᑺ䗃ĨຓäĨîþäĨ䭆≩ĨĚþĨᙯĨ༔Ĩînj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ĐßĜ䞀Ĩ㐖ĨㅍĨîᒗĨ䣩ä‫ٳ‬ɟĒĨ ǎ îþäĨ౹㿡ĨㅋîþäĨ㐔ĨㅎĨᅗĨ⮻ⵇĨÛĨ㐖ĨㅍĨ䣘ⰔĨ䗂Ὗîⵇ
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nj 〨ĨĐßĨ䭆≩ĨĚþĨᙯĨ䮨ïäĨęþ⥲Ĝ䞈ĨùӒĨ‫ ٳ‬ä㍍Ĩ䆀Ĩ䗂䜫Ĩ➩äþĨîþäĨᒭĨø⛭Ĩ㈉Ĩė䔘þìĨ〪Ĩ㑒Ĩ䪾ìĨĐßĨĜĨ䥚äēþì
two-Ěì‫ٱ‬ʊäþìĨ
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Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩ଺Ĩ䤈ä㍍Ĩęþ⥲Ĩ㈉Ĩ䤈äēᱴĨîþäĨ䤈㠠Ĩ㦇ĨÞ⚩äĨ䆀ĨឮĨ䞀ʆĨ Ĩ 䪳ìĨ㿱ĨĚì‫ٱ‬ʊäĨnj ␱Ĩ╌Ĩė䑄ßĨຊäĨĐßĨ᜵Ĩ䞈˄うìĨ Ĩ‫⥮ ٱ‬dimensional
ĨĜ䞈
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Ĩė䕁äĨ〪Ĩ䞈‫ח‬îìĨ Ĩ 䮪Ĝ⊘Ĩ຤‫׏‬ĨĨ î㸗Ĩ㈉ɟሊĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 㦇äþĨ䯲Ĩ䆀Ĩ䐴ßĨ䕉˶äĨ ‫˄〪 ٱ‬Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䞀Ĩ䞈îĨ⸗Ĩ▮〨ĨㅎĨ䗂ৄĨĚþĨᙯĨᣋĨ␱䉴äĨ Ĩ ėþîä‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ ╌Ĩė␰‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ㅋ
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ĨឮĨ䞈ìĨ ʊäĨ ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĜ䔽Ĩ㽟Ĩ䪹ìĨ╌äĨࢇĨ䥞䞉‫ؼٳ‬ĨǍ ⧥Ĩò㰤Ĩ䯎Ĩė䑄ßĨ㨉Ĩ䞈Ĩ㦈ĨৄĨû䎀ĨĚþĨᙯĨĚì‫ٱ‬ʊäĨnj ␱‫׏‬äĨ
‫ ٱ‬nj ␱⧏㶔Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㯠Ĩ䮪Ĩėß‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ՙ‫ٳ‬ Ĩ ǎ 䗂
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ĨĚþĨᙯĨîþäĨę㇡ĨĜ≠Ĩ䔽䜱Ĩ䜫Ĩ㽟Ĩⵘ䲚Ĩ⸗ĨîᒗĨɟሊĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䓕ĨîþäĨ➩äþĨㅎĨê⠪ĨㅎĨ䐴ßĜ䞈Ĩ㟟Ĩ㿱Ĩ⁩ĨĚ⨍ⵇĨ‫׏‬ä㿱Ĩǎ ဲĨîþäĨ㑔䠜ìĨäɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj 㿱Ĩą൚Ĩⵇ
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄ᜯĨ
‫ ٱ‬䯆Ĩî㸗ĨⵇɟሊĨĨ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 䆀Ĩė䔘þì
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ĨうîĨ䆀Ĩě⽮Ĩ㈉ĨĐßĨ〪ĨいĨ䮪Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ╌ĨĐßĨ䯆äĨåäĜ‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨĀⰔቿäĨ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ㑔äþĨ䗂⸗ĨîᒗĨŖśǎƷnjƹƙĨė˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䓕ĨîþäĨ➩äþĨ〪Ĩ䞈č Ě Ĩ ⧋ìĨⵇĨėK䯎ĨÞእîä
‫ ٳ‬Ǐ Ý㑒Ĩḙ␰ĨㅏĨĐßĨᏠĨÛ㑔äĒĨৄĨ㥁ßĨ䮪Ĩ㑔äþĨ䗂⸗ĨဲɟሊĨ
Ĩ nj ę þĨɝᣅĨ
‫ח‬Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ ěî⁩Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨÛĨ䯉ĨৃĨ╌mùቿälĨüĔþĨᛉ
Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 䗂Ĩė䕁äĨîþäĨ㐖Ĩ䜫Ĩ䪊Ĩ╌ĨùቿäĨɝᣅĨ
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

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ĨÝʆĨ Ĩ ⸗Ĩ䔽Ĩìä‫ٳ‬ӒäĨėþîä‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ ᣅ䞀Ĩ
Ĩ 䯊Ĩ⸗ĨㆤĨ⸁
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Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 㦇äþĨ䯲Ĩ䆀Ĩ䐴ßĨîþäĨ䐴ßĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩė⧐Ĩ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĩ༔ĨᏠĨᏽĨ≢䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩ㪦ĨĀⰔቿäĨ䞈˄⸗Ĩ
Ĩ ɟሊĨ
଺ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ൔ˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ䋖ĨㅎĨ䐴ßĨᣅĨ㥁ßĨ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䯆ä
Ĩ‫ဲ ٱ‬ɟሊĨ
ĨîþäĨ䞈䲙ĨමĨ䩘îíĨ㈉auricleĨñ㍉Ĩ㥁㑔Ĩ〨ĨėþïäþßĨㅎĨì䯆ĨìîäĨẗĨ䕉þ௡Ĩⵇü Ĩ ⵇĨĜ䞈Ĩ㪺╌ Ĩ ĨüⵇĨúḝĨçî❼Ĩ䮱ĨĜĨ䮽䜫Ĩ䔽㪦 Ĩ ĨĀⰔቿä
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ĨÜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ⓍɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ㅎĨüą ä‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ ẛĨ䕉þî䯀äĨ㈉ĨüⵇĨ㈉Ĩ⸗ĨäမĨç▥Ĩ䆀ĨçӀሟîäĨ ‫ٱ‬ ᒖ❼ĨẗĨ䕉䂭îìĨ䮪ĨⵇĨüⵇÜĨ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨୀĨ⍇ĨㅎĨẛĨ䕉䂭îìĨ㈉ĨüⵇĨ䔽ä
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Ĩ㈉Ĩⴛnj˄‫⸗ ٱ‬ĨᜯĨ䆀‫⌵ش‬Ĩ Ĩ ą ؔ㱇Ĩ
‫ ٳ‬㈉Ĩ÷㩕ìĨ଺Ĩ⦡Ĩⵇ‫⌵ش‬ÛĨ Ĩ ê⠪ĨㅎĨ䐴ßĨĜ䞈Ĩ䥻ìĨୀĨ〨Ĩ÷㩕ìĨ⸗Ĩú䯁Ĩ䆀Ĩėþî‫ٱ‬ӀäĨⴛɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj 〨ĨçӀሟîäĨ
‫ٱ‬ üäĨẗĨ䕉þî䯀äĨⵇĨüⵇ
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ
‫ ٱ‬⢘Ĩỡä㱇
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Ĩ⹔ĨęþĨ䩓䞈˄䜫Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ï㯋Ĩ╌Ĩ⚇þîĨê⠪ĨឮĨ䞈˄䜫Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬㿽Ĩê⠪Ĩ⑬äĄ Ĩ╌ĨïäþßĨ÷㩕ìĨ䩓Ĝ䞈Ĩ䔄㩕ĨㅎĨúᄸî❼Ĩ䕉þî䯀äĨㅎĨ䐴ßĨ଺ĨúḝĨçî❼Ĩ ą ㅎĨüⵇ
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Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨĜ䞈‫˄ٱ‬䜫ĨïäþßĨ౹ĨîþäĨñ䁡ὟĨ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㺹ĨẗĨ䕉þî䯀äĨⵇĨ÷㩕ìĨ䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩė㈀Ĩ⨴þĨî⚏Ĩ䜱ĨⶂĨ䞈ᨴĨɝ‫ٱ‬ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ nj˄ĨᱵᰳĨĜ䥻ìĨ䔽Ĩ䗂䜫ĨῲäìĨî䯀äĨຓäĨ〨Ĩïäþß
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Ĩ䥻ìĨ䤈⎠Ĩ଺Ĩ⨴Ĩþî⚏ĨⵇĨû㹬Ĩû䘑Ĩ䯎ĨîþäĨ䞀ĨԹĨ䡇ìㅎĨä㆗îßĨĐßĨ䆀Ĩ÷㩕ìĨðäĨຓäĨï㯋Ĩ╌ĨïäþßĜ䞀Ĩᒖ‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄ĨĕäîìäĨ䮨ïäþßĨ䭆ɟĨ ‫➩ ٳ‬äþĨ䆀Ĩ÷㩕ìĨìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䤈ᲘĨ⚨䁡ὟĨ㺹Ĩė䗃þĨ〪Ĩ㈊䜫Ĩû㸈ĨᏠĨ䥞ᜯĨㅎĨ䢫ၱĨㅎĨ∘ĨㅎĨïäþßĨ䆀Ĩ÷㩕ìĨ㈉ĨĐßĨ╌Ĩ㩔ßĨ‫ח‬㽯Ĩ nj ⹔Ĩ㡘Ĩ⑬äĨ䯆äĨ䚽˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬Ĝ䞈
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Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ҍ
ɟĨ nj ǎ ӒĨ‫╌ ٳ‬Ĩ❅äĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ䜱îĨᒖᜯĨㅎĨ▮〨Ĩ଺ĨㅎĨ䗂⸗Ĩęì⣇äĨⵇĨðäĨîþäĨ䗂⸗ĨäမĨïäþßĨ䨕äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ╌Ĩė䥛䗃ìĨㅋÛ䤈䜫Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ╌Ĩ㩔äἶĨ㈉ɟሊĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 〪᧹
Ĩ䗂⸗ĨĕäîìäĨⵇïĨ äþßĨîþähigh-fidelity systemsĨû䎀Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂ä‫ٳ‬ɝìĨ Ǐ ⦳ĨþĨ㽮Ĩ〨ĨïäþßĨÛç㑔ßĨ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩõ㯧Ĩ〨ĨïäþßĨ䇾ĨⵇĨė△〨ĨüäĨĜ䜫
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ĨïäþßĨø⛭ĨîþäĨ➩äþĨ䨕äĨ‫׏‬ĨåäĨìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉Ĩ䜪îĨîⵇĨøþ㵱Ĩ ą ㈉Ĩ䭆ɝ㩕Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ îþäĨ䉴äĨėþîä‫ٳ‬ɝĨǏ îþä᧘㥀ᚯĨɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬û፝Ĩ㨉ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ßĨ䁠⁩Ĩ䆀Ĩ☒ĨㅎĨė㵨Ĩㅎ
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Ĩ〨Ĩïäþßû䎀Ĩ䤈⪕Ĩ䤈䗃Ĩ㈉Ĩî㸗Ĩ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬č⦇äĨęì⸗ĨîᒗĨ㈉Ĩ⽙ĨĚɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ╌‫ח‬Ĩ
Ĩ nj 䆀Ĩ❮ĨㅎĨ⒬䁡ĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ú❼þĨì⁏ĨüⵇĨ〪ĨᝩĨ䞈Ĩ⊄Ĩ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩ❅ḝ
ǖ ǖ Ǐ ❅äĨ࢑㶩Ĩ⧤
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䜫Ĩ䢵➟ĨẗĨ⸁ĨⵇĨðäĨᏠĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ
˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ㅏĨĒî䩻îĨ〨ĨïäþßĨ଺̵Ĩ Ĩ nj nj 䆀Ĩç㑔ßĨüäĨĜĨㅿĨîሊĨⵇHI-FI systemsç㑔ßĨ㈉Ĩ䗂ä‫ٳ‬ɝìĨ
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Ĩ㦇äþĨ䗂䜫ĨäမĨ╌Ĩ᧘㥀ᚯĨㅎĨេĨ䕉˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬䚽˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬Ĝ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ䤈⎠ĨĚî⇶Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䛸ĨⰢĨ╌Ĩï⧱ßĨ㈉Ĩ⒬䁡Ĩ〨ĨĐßĨᏠĨ䞀Ĩᓧnj˄‫ ٱ‬ìĨ‫܃‬ĨⵇĨ䤈⪕Ĩ䤈䗃ĨĐßĨ̵Ĩ nj nj ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ䞈
ǖǕ ǔ ǔ ǖ ǎ
Ĩ䔽Ĩ䤈⎠Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉atmosphericsî‫ٱ‬ĴƟƹưäĨ䤈⫺Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨĚî⇶Ĩ⹔Ĩ଺ĨⵘĨïäþßĨ㦇äþĨ䗂䯈Ĩ䆀ĨüⵇĨ䕉˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬Ĝ䞀Ĩᒖ䜫Ĩø⛭ĨîþäĨ➩äþĨҍ䔚Ĩ 䮨ïäþß
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ĨㅎĨü˶äĨ‫̵╌ ٱ‬Ĝø⛭Ĩ Ĩnj nj îþäĨ➩äþĨ䩓Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ䜫ĨęþĨ〪Ĩê⠪ĨឮĨ䞈˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ĕäîìäĨê⠪Ĩ⑬äĨ㞣nj˄‫ ٱ‬ĨⵇĨïäþßĨüⵇĜ䞈Ĩ䦈ìĨ䤈⎠Ĩ䆀Ĩç㑔ßĨ䤈⪕Ĩ䤈䗃Ĩ〪Ĩ᧹Ĩ䦈ì
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䗃î䜫Ĩê⠪Ĩ⑬äĨ䞈Ĩ䤈䜫Ĩᆆ
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ĨĜ䞈≠Ĩ䜫Ĩ䔽Ĩå䂭ⵇĨîþäĨðṣĨᝦĨüⵇĨîþäĨ䐴ßĨ䆀Ĩ䗂⸗ĨĕäîìäĨⵇĨç㩕㸈Ĩ䤈ṲĨ㥁ßĨ⍳˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨĚࠧĨ଺Ĩ䤈〨Ĩęì⸗ĨîᒗĨⵇĨü˶äÛĨ ‫׏ ٱ‬Ĩéß
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ĨĜĨ䞈ìᣅ䁡ĨỉĨ⥁Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ˥ ‫ ٱ‬ĨㅋĨ㑒ßĨ╌ĨüäĨÛ䞈ĨቄĨⵇĨėἾ❆ĨㅎԹĨ Ĩ îþäĨ䪺ìĨ‫׏‬ĨėᣇĨ䚽˄‫ٱ‬
ǖǔ
Ý
Ĩ 䞈Ĩ 㼘 ㅎ
Ĩ ⸘
Ĩ 䞈
Ĩ ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ
ѵĨ îþäĨ䪶ìĨ÷㩕ìĨ ąüþîìᣅĨî◒Ĩęþ
ǖ ņǔư Ǘ Ǘ ǖ ļ
ǎ ư
ĨÝ䞈ĨŲƷNj ␰Ĩ〨Ĩ䁱ĨㅎĨå㊱ĨîþäĨ䱃ϥᱸĨ
Ĩ Ǐ ㅎĨė䮩‫ؼٳ‬ĨǍ îþäĨ䡇ìÛŲƷNj ìĨ〨Ĩ䕊ìĨ⹲䯎ĨðäĨᣅĨ䞈ĨᷚĨㅏĨęþĨî䯀äĨ㈉Ĩ÷㩕ì
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nervous electro-chemicalĨėþ㥒Ĩ஗⤒äĨ䤈㇦ĨⴛɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj çⵇᅀĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩç˄‫ ٱ‬䝃Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂䜫ĨῲäìĨ╌Ĩĕ˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬îþäĨė䔘ⵇĨÛė䑄ĨßĨㅎĨü˶ä ‫ٱ‬
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〪Ĩ㐗Ĩ㽊ĨçኍĨ⑬Ĩਏҍ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj nj˄ĨㅎĨðäĨ〨ĨĐßĨ䆀Ĩė਋⵰ĨㅎĨ㇦ĨᒖἼĨîþäĨç⬯ĨÛçĨᒗἼĨĜ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ∶Ĩø⠪ĨㅎĨ÷㩕ìĨ䆀Ĩ☒Ĩㅎimpulses
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ĨⵇĨėþ㥒Ĩ஗⤒äĨ䤈㇦ĨⴛɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj üąäĨ䆀Ĩ÷㩕ìĨ〪Ĩ㐗Ĩ㽎Ĩ䔽ĨⵘĨỉĨ䭆ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬䚽äĨ䮪Ĩ䆀Ĩė਋⵰ĨüäĨ䯎Ĩö⟡䁡ĨðäĨ䚽˄Ĝ䞈Ĩ ‫ٱ‬ ᒖ䜫Ĩ㪦ĨㆤɟሊĨ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 䆀Ĩ÷㩕ì
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Ĩ㈈Ĩð㯗çîþ➳ĨㅎĨĕ˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬îþäĨüⵇĨÛ䐴ßᣅĨ䞈Ĩìᣅ䁡î◒Ĩ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ î䯀äĨ㈉Ĩ÷㩕ìĨÝ䞈Ĩ˄⸗Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬ĕäîìäĨü〨Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩçî❼Ĩ䤈ṲĨîþäĨ਋Ûçä❼äĨÛç‫ٱ‬ĴśǎƷnjƹƙ
Ĩ⤕ĨîþäĨᏡĨㅎĨ஗䯐ĨÛnervesĨå⤒äⵇĨî◒ĨðäĨ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ╜Ĩ䤈〨Ĩ䆀㱇äĨðäĨÝ䞈Ĩ㼘Ĩㅎ⸘
Ĩ Ĩî◒Ĩ䮪ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䲙Ĩ⸗ĕäîìäĨⵇç
Ĩ ⁩ṣäĨû፝ĨüäĨࢇ
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ĨÛ䞈Ĩ㴦Ĩ䯎Ĩěì㩕Ĩ⛬ɝĨ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 〪Ĩ䞈Ĩü䬛äⵇĨᡱ‫ח‬䯎Ĩ
Ĩ ęì㩕Ĩ㩔äþĨ䗂⸗ĨҍἇĨ ㅎĨüþîäĒĨ〪Ĩ䞈ĨᣆþĨ䮱Ĝ䔽ĨቄĨ䤈〨Ĩ╌ĨÛ䞈Ĩ㴦Ĩ÷㩕ìĨ䯎ĨᡱĨÛç–
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ĨĜʆĨ⸗Ĩ䔽ĨဲĨåäᣅĨ䤈〨Ĩⵇç Ĩ 㑔ä␰Ĩüä
ǔǔ Ǖ
Ĩęþ⥲ĨĜㅎĨüⵇĨ㦆Ĩ㈉ԹĨĨ ïäþßĨ䜱Ĩ䔙Ĩ䞈Ĩçîþ➳ĨㅎĨė䑄ßĨᏠĨ䔙Ĩ㩓Ĩ㈉Ĩ䪺ìĨŖśǎƷnjƹƙĨ〨ĨêþîĨðäĨĜㅏĨᆆĨ䗂Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨៈĨ䞈mêþîlĨî◒Ĩ䮪Ĩ䐲㈀
ĨĜ䔽Ĩçîþ➳Ĩ଺Ĩㅎ÷ Ĩ 㩕ìĨ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩᱳ␰Ĩ╌äĨ䮨ïä
Ĩ⡌Ĩę฻ĨㅎĨðäĨîþäĨěîĨĒĨ╌ĨðäĨÛě⸗Ĩ⭐ĨþîĨ ⩺Ĩ㪺㈉ Ĩ č㦇Ĩ ሟıäĨ㶷îĨą ìⰔĨęþĨ〪Ĩ䞇ᨴĨ〨Ĩ▚ɝĨĨ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ 㩔äþĨ䗂⸗Ĩ㛾㶩ĨⵇĨỉĨ䣹⁩Ĩ➩äþĨðąä
Ǘ
Ĩ䥻ìĨ⍿Ĩ䆀Ĩçî❼Ĩ♵þîĨîþäĨîäìĨ䮪⁩ĨÛ䒳îĨÛĚì‫ٱ‬ʊäĨnj ␱Ĩ䆀Ĩ᠁ĨĚ䡒䯀äĨ䤈䇫äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㴦Ĩ䯎ҢĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ┏Ĩࡑ㱇ĨᱍĨ㯠Ĩ〨Ĩç䣪ⵇĨĚî⁩Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĜĨě⸗
ĨĜ䞈
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Ĩü䬛äĨ‫ח‬䯎Ĩęì㩕
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ĨçἼĨ䥞ä‫ی‬äĨĜ䞈Ĩøῳ‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ㈉ĨᅗĨ䣹⁩Ĩ䯎Ĩî⡷Ĩ➩äþĨᣅĨ䞈č Ě Ĩ ⧋ìĨ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ᮷ĨಫĨ╌ĨüäĨ䞀ĨㅎĨ䚽ä‫ٳ‬ӒĨç㩕㸈ᣅĨ䗂Ĩ䚽‫׏‬Ĩ Ĩ åä
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Ĩ䮪ĨçäïⵇîĨîþäĨ䮿îĨ䔽ĨçⴑĨ䤈እîäĨ䤈〨Ĩ⦡Ĩ䖑䄦Ĩ䤈እîäĨęì⸗ĨɟᄟĨ ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ㈉ĨðäĨÛ˄うĨ
‫ ٱ‬䔽Ĩ䅋Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉Ĩ䣶⁩ĨčĚ⧋ìĨⵇĨ䮼䎁ĨðäĨ䆀Ĩěî‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉
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Ĩ䣹⁩Ĩ⪌‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ 〨ĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩûï㑔Ĩ䮪ĨᱵᰳĜᏽĨ䔙Ĩ䜱ĨìᣅþĨ䤈〨Ĩ╌Ĩě⇤ĨⵇĨüäĨᒐĨ䮽ĨৃĨïäᣅĨⵇĨ䮼䎁ĨðäĨᣅĨú☆äĨ䕉䂭îìĨ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄
ǘ ǔ ǖ
ĨĜ㐖ĨϔìĨ ǎ ⸗ĨéîὟĨ╌Ĩě䦻äĨ䣹⁩Ĩê⠪Ĩ⑬äĨ⍢ؔ㱇Ĩ Ĩ‫ⵇ ٳ‬Ĩç䣪ⵇĨ〨Ĩ䅠ïĨĀ㬷Ĩç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䎁Ĩ╌ĨਏĨ䆀Ĩ䧥î‫˄ٱ‬Ĝ䥞ᜯĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨ⸗Ĩì㱩Ĩ⸗Ĩ⍛Ĩú⁔
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ĨÝė㈀Ĩ‫ؼٳ‬ßĜ䞀Ĩ䦑ìĨîä‫ٳ‬ӒmἔĨ䯎Ĩ䣶⁩lĨ〨ĨᎿĨ㦇äþĨ䗂䜫Ĩ䯎Ĩ䮼䎁ĨðäĨĖ㥀Ĩ⸁Ĩ〪ĨčṆĨ䞈˄ᜯĨ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬うîĨ䆀Ĩě䦻äĨ㈉Ĩ䣶⁩ĨĀäᜲĨÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ㻣
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ĨîþäĨ䞀Ĩᓧ䜫Ĩ㷛Ĩ䠜ìĨ䞉䯀äĨ㈉Ĩ⭱‫ח‬䯎Ĩ Ĩ ęì㩕ĨỰĨ䮪ĨĜ䞈Ĩę⥢ĨӉäĨîþäĨൔĨÛɟ䯅‫ٱ‬ Ĩ‫ ٳ‬ǎ ˄Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ÞእîäĨ䮳䎁Ĩ‫׏‬ì‫ٳ‬ ǎ ɟĨ㈉ĨėỬĨ࡚Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪Ĩ‫ږ‬Ĩ nj nj ≠ä
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ĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ⸗Ĩ➩äþĨ㐗ì⸗îⵇĨㅎĨçîⱎĨĮ䔙ὟĨîⵇĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩ⭭ĨĚì㩕ĨṠäþĨęþĨ䮱Ĩø✜Ĩ〪Ĩ䞀Ĩᓧ฻äĨ⸗Ĩđ␰Ĩ䮪ҖþîäĒ Ĩ ǎ
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ĨçᨤĨąɝ㩕Ĩ ‫ ٳ‬Ǐ î㵢Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㩔äþĨ䮾îĨቄĨ╌ĨⅯî䖼䮩ĨĒîþî䗃Ĝ䞀Ĩ䗹îĨᓧ⸗Ĩîä‫ٳ‬ӒäĨĀⰳ⮪ĨĀⰳþĨ଺Ĩì⁏ĨⵇƮǎ  ƸƪǎƸƪţĨðäĨĖ㥀Ĩ䨛äĨ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ㦇ὟĨ╌Ĩ㖍ìĨ㱇äĨ䮪
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Ĩ䣶⁩Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ࡘĨ㈉ĨðäîþäĨ‫ח‬䯎Ĩęì㩕Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ຝĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ Ĩ nj ęþĨ〪Ĩ䞈˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬îä‫ٳ‬ӒäRichard C.Lewontinʓ㩈Ĩ Ĩ ǔ ⑬ĨĒ䯐îĨ‫ח‬䯎ĨÞእîäĨ㍉Ĩø⛭Ĩîþä
ĨĜ䞈Ĩüäì
Ĩᏼ⁩Ĩ㈉ĨåäĨĚì㩕Ĩ⥮ɟĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj ㈉ĨðäĨ०Ĝ䞈ĨㅎĨᆲĨ⸗Ĩ䜫Ĩî㭊Ĩ╌Ĩ䖲äⴑĨîþäĨîⵇĨ䩫⠪Ĩ㈉Ĩ䣶⁩Ĩ⟨ᏠĨĚì㩕ĨㅎĨ䕊ìĨᒖä‫ٳ‬ɝ㷃Ĩ Ǐ 䗂Ĩ䚽〪 Ĩ Ĩ䞈Ĩ䔽䧸äl
ǔ
Ĩ 㑔䁠⁩Ĩç⟩ᏠĨĚì㩕ĨᣅĨ䮨⸗ĨîᒗĨ⦡Ĩ䢝㑔䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⵇĨç˄‫ٱ‬ǎ 䎁ĨîþäĨᅗĨࡇ➟‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ䚽Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩî㭊Ĩ䛹ĨߥäþĨ᧘ä⃜äĨĚî‫ٱ‬ʦǏ
Ĩ♶ß‫˄ٱ‬Ĩç⟩ᏠĨ䮪Ĩęä⁏ĨÛ䥞
ǔ
Ĩ ǎ ėß‫ٳ‬ɟĨnj ՙ‫ٳ‬
ĨěìĨ䔽ĨçïᜯäĨㅎĨ䗂ßĨî䯀äĨ〨ĨîሊĨ䂬㥂äĨ⹔Ĩ䚽ĨîþäĨ䞈ĨỉĨⲑ‫׏‬䥻ì㩕Ĩ ‫ ٶ‬ǎ ʠĜė䜫Ĩ䔙Ĩė㈀Ĩ䜱Ĩîä⇤ä䯎ĨîþäĨ䕉ä‫؎ٶ‬þ⪌Ĩ
nj 䜱ĨⶄĨ㦆Ĩ㈉
ǖ
ģĠmĜʆ
ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩℵ䯎Ĩęì㩕Ĩ╌ĨðäĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䯉う Ĩ îĨę䯀ïĨ㦆ĨðäĨø✜ĨៈĨ䞈Ĩę⥢Ĩ䧸äĨ䯉ĨㅏĨᆲĨࢇĨ㈉ĨçᛱĨ⹔ҖþîäĒĨ Ĩ ǎ 〪Ĩ䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ➩äþĨç˄஘Ĩ ‫ ٱ‬䧛✜Ĩ㈉Ĩê⠪Ĩðä
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ĨìᣅþĨ䗂Ĩěì㩕Ĩî◒Ĩ౹ĨîþäĨüᜯĨ౹Ĩ〨Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ㵱Ĩ䮪Ĩ㦆ĨðäĨ䞈Ĩ䔽Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩ䘹ĨîþäĨ䤈〨Ĩä␰Ĩ㈉Ĩěì㩕Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬č Ě⧋ìĨę⥢Ĩ䮪ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㻽ĨҍኲĨ 〨
Ĩė㮨Ĩ䝞þĨÛúྜĨÛî▋äĨÛĨěē㻁Ĩě㆐ĨÛᶽĨÛĨⰓäîïĨÛė Ĩ 㮨ĨÛě䯀䯎ĨĀ㬷Ĩöä䔘äĨę䯀ïĨìᣅ䁡Ĩ䆀ĨìäሧĨㅎė Ĩ þēþ⸗Ĩėㄙ㑔Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ࠯Ĩ䮪ĨĜ䞈ĨㅏĨ⤫
Ǘ ǔ
Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ䮪Ĝ㦈Ĩ᢮Ĩ╌Ĩěì㩕ĨüᜯĨ౹Ĩ䆀Ĩ䈀Ĩ㈉Ĩç㻭ሟĨ䛰nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩ‫ܦ‬ĨⶑؔĨ ‫ ٳ‬nj 䗂Ĩ㐗䯀äĨĜ䥚ßĨ䆀ĨìᣅþĨ╌Ĩěì㩕Ĩîä䯀ᜯĨ⪌Ĩü˶äĨ
‫ ٳ‬îþäĨñî‫ٱ‬nj˄ĨℵɟĨ ‫ ٱ‬îþä
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Ĩ ǎ
Ĩ╌Ĩ䗂ßĨî䯀äĨ〨ĨîሊĨ䂬㥂älĨęþĨ〪˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䞀Ĩᓧ⸗Ĩ㦆ĨðäĨø✜Ĩö⪕ìĨⵇĨðäĨîäì⥿Ĩ㈉ҖþîäĒĨ ìᣅþ‫ٱ‬nj˄Ĩ㈉ĨðäĨĜ䞈Ĩûì㪨╌Ĩė䔘þìĨú㑔⃣äĨîþäĨ䣶⁩
mĜ⊘Ĩĕþî
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Ĩ ‫׏‬ǎ äĨù㰰Ĩę䯀ïĨĚî⁩Ĩ〪㈊Ĩ㩔ĨüທĨ〨Ĩ䤈↸ĨỎĨðäĨęþĨ Ĩ䞈Ĩ䪶ìĨ䔽Ĩ╌Ĩ䎁Ĩㅎር

ĨᣅĨ䞈ĨĚ䫑îⵇĨㅎ㝑ὟĨ Ĩ Ĩ䔙⃊䯎Ĩęì㩕Ĩ〨ĨÞä‫ی‬äĨㅎė
Ĩ þîä䯀ᜯĨ▚ᣅ
Ĩ
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ĨĜߋĨ➶þĨòὟĨ࢑㶩
Ĩ nj 䆀ĨỉĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìĨěìĨ〨Ĩ䚽Ĩ䗂ĨĐßĨᝦĨ䞀䮿îĨ⥽Ĩ䜱Ĩ᎗äĨߞĨ䚽ĨĜ䞈ĨçäíĨㅎĨ䜱ĨĐßĨᏠĨĕ‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ╌Ĩ䏨ĨㅏĨó⣻Ĩ䗂Ĩė䔸äl
Ĩ⍤ĨîþäĨ䔗ᜯĨ⸁‫ח‬Ĩ
mĜ䔽Ĩ䤈〨Ĩä␰Ĩ㈉Đ
Ĩ ßĨ㑔äþ
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Notes

Company,1996 Richard Dawkins, Climbing Mount Improbable, W.W. Norton1
p.4
Publishers, Gordon Rattray Taylor, The Great Evolution Mystery, Harper and Row2
1983, p 222
Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A3
University Press,1964, p. 233
Gardner Soul, Strange Things Animals Do, G..P.Putnam's Son, New York, 19704
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

p.89
1970Gardner Soul, Strange Things Animals Do, G..P.Putnam's Son, New York5
p.90
p.108Liz Bomford, Camuflage and Colour, Boxtree Ltd., London, 19926
s.164The Guinness Encyclopedia of the Living World, Guinness Publishing7
National Geographic, November 1996, Vol.190, No.5, p.1068
National Geographic, November 1996, Vol.190, No.5, p.1119
Gorsel Bilim ve Teknik Ansiklopedisi (Science and Technology Bilim ve Teknik10
Technology Encyclopedia), p.494, 495Gorsel Science and
Encyclopedia of Animals), p.244Bates Hayvanlar Ansiklopedisi (Bates11
p.48953Natural History, Tools of the Trade12
pp.43-641991National Geography, All Eyes on Jumping Spiders, September13
Natural History, Samurai Spiders, 3/95, p.4514
Natural History, Samurai Spiders, 3/95, p.4515
on Jumping Spiders, September 1991, p.51National Geography, All Eyes16
Housemates, Pergamon Press, London, 1960, p.110Karl Von Frisch, Ten Little17
Journal of Science and Technology), no 190, p.4Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi18
Kurami ve Bagnazlik (The Theory of Evolution and Cemal Yildirim, Evrim19
p.195Bigotry), Bilgi Yayinlari
Technology Bilim ve Tenik Gorsel Bilim veTeknik Ansiklopedisi (Science and20
Gorsel Science and Technology Encyclopedia), p.1087
Review, Synthetic Spider Silk, October 1994, p.16Technology21
Make Their Silk, October 1998, p.34Discover, How Spiders22
Silk, October 1998, p.34Discover, How Spiders Make Their23
Spider Silk, January 1986, no 10, p. Endeavour, The Structure and Properties of24
37
and Silks, March 1992, p.70Scientific American, Spider Webs25
Spiderwebs, 21 January 1995Science News, Computer Reveals Clues to26
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

March 1992, p.70Scientific American, Spider Webs and Silks27

Technology), No 342, May 1996, Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi (Journal of Science and28
p.100
toile d'araignee, January 1999, No.976, p.30Science et Vie, L'economie de la29
Webs and Silks, March 1992, p.74Scientific American, Spider30
Ansiklopedisi (Science and Technology Bilim ve Teknik Gorsel Bilim veTeknik31
Encyclopedia), p.1090Gorsel Science and Technology
Science and Technology Bilim ve Teknik Gorsel Bilim veTeknik Ansiklopedisi32
p.1088Gorsel Science and Technology Encyclopedia
Hugh Ross, The Fingerprint of God, p.5033
Dose, Molecular Evolution and The Origin of Life, New York: Sidney Fox, Klaus34
p.21977Marcel Dekker
Publications, 1953 Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, (1936) New York, Dover35
(Reprint), p.196
Atmosphere and Life", Bulletin of the New Evidence on Evolution of Early36
November 1982, p.1328-1330American Meteorological Society, Vol 63
Current Status of the Prebiotic Stanley Miller, Molecular Evolution of Life37
Synthesis of Small Molecules, 1986, p.7
Jeffrey Bada, Earth, February 1998, p.4038
Life on Earth", Scientific American, Vol 271, Leslie E. Orgel, "The Origin of39
October 1994, p.78
Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, HarvardCharles40
University Press, 1964, p.189
Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A41
University Press, 1964, p.184
B.G. Ranganathan, Origins?, Pennsylvania: The Banner Of Truth Trust, 198842
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard43
University Press, 1964, p.179
 www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Record", Proceedings of the British Derek A. Ager, "The Nature of the Fossil44
p.133Geological Association, vol 87, 1976
p.1971983Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New York: Pantheon Books45
Publications, Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger46
in Human 1970, p.75-94; Charles E. Oxnard, "The Place of Australopithecines
Evolution: Grounds for Doubt,", Nature, Cilt 258, s.389
J.Rennie, " Darwin's Current Bulldog: Ernst Mayr", Scientific American, 47
1992December
Anthropology, Alan Walker, Science, vol. 207, 1980, p.1103; A.J.Kelso, Physical48
Olduvai Gorge, 1st ed., New York: J.B.Lipincott Co., 1970, p.221; M.D. Leakey
vol.3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, p.272
Time, November 199649
p.30S.J. Gould, Natural History, vol.85, 197650
Publications, Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger51
1970, p.19
New York Review of Richard Lewontin, "The Demon-Haunted World", The52
p.28Books, 9 January, 1997











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ĨÝė㈀Ĩå⵰Ĩ䜱䯎ĨĚ㺬
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Ĩå⵰Ĩ䯔Ĩ䯎Ĩě㆐Ĩ╌Ĩ䔔‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ 〪Ĩ㑒Ĩḙ␰Ĩ䮪ĨęþĜ䔽Ĩ㖌ìĨ‫׏‬ì‫ٳ‬ ǎ ɟĨ㈉ĨüäĨö⟡䁡ĨⵇĨå⵰ĨðäĨ〪Ĩ㑒Ĩ䮨⸗Ĩú⁔Ĩ䮪Ĩ䥈îⰔĨ࡚Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ䜫
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ĨĜ‫ݐ‬Ĩ䔽Ĩ଺͋þĨĨ ⵇĨ㜆㶩Ĩ㈉Ĩå⵰Ĩ䨕äĨð‫ٱ‬Ǎ˄Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨ䆀Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨîą ⪙îĨøþ㵱ĨîþäĨうîĨ䔽Ĩ⸁Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨ䆀
ǖ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ〪Ĩ㑒Ĩ䮨⸗Ĩú⁔ĨęþĨ༔˄Ĩ‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨĜ㑒ĨėĨ䜫mm㱄ßîⵇllĨîþäĨ㞗ìĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨĀ‫ٱ‬ĴƶnjƹƟƲĨÛĨúþ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ Ĩ⵱Ĩ䯎ĨᅗĨ⑬⑭ĨîþäĨ⚨㷍Ĩ〪Ĩ䮨⸗Ĩð㯗Ĩ䮪Ĩ༔ĨĖ㥀Ĩ䮱Ĩ䞈Ĩ≢䜫
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ĨĜ㐗Ĩė䜫Ĩ‫ٱش‬nj˄ĨⵇĨ㖍ìĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ㦆Ĩ㈉ĨüäĨ౱⵰䯎Ĩ䅠Ĩ㶛Ĩ䫑ì
ǖ ǖ Ǖ ǖ ǖ
ĨüäĄ ĨîþäĨ䞈Ĩ᭝Ĩ⸗Ĩ㛾㶩Ĩ‫׏‬ĨåäĨęþĨⵇĨᡱĨ㐗䜫Ĩҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄m㹨lĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩė਋⵰Ĩî௶ĨüäĨ䞈Ĩ䆀Ĩᏼ䗃Ĩ㈉ĚîⰔĨ͋þĨðäĨᣅĨå⵰Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪ĨỉĨ䐲㑔ḝ
Ĩ ǎ ᣅĨ䔽Ĩå⵰Ĩ⑬îìĨㅎBiologyĨçᒗἼĨÛå⵰Ĩ䮪Ĩ䐲㈀ĨĜ㐗Ĩě⸗ĨဲĨç㩕㸈Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨあĨ╌
Ĩç㩕㸈Ĩ㹗䯎Ĩ mĨĚ㺬lĨî䔘ᜯĨ╌Ĩ䔔‫׏‬äĨ
ǔ
Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩå䏙Ĩ౹䮪
Ĩ Ĩៈ〪Ĩ Ĩ䞈Ĩ߫äþĨ╌Ĩ❙äĨðäĨㅎ㐗Ĩ 䯀ïĨ䛲äĨ❅äĨㅎĨðäĨ㻣䞈
Ĩ îĨ þ➳mĚ㺬lĨö⟡䁡Ĩⵇå
Ĩ ⵰ĨĜ䜫Ĩ㐔ㅎĨ‫ ٳ‬ǎ 㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂⸗Ĩ䚽ä‫ٳ‬Ӓ
Ĩ ɟᅀĨ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗ĨဲĨ䮪ĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩę⚾ດĨ䆀Ĩû၈ĨðäĨîþäĨÛ䞈
ǔ
Ĩ⑬äĨîþäĨ䜫Ĩ䪽ìĨ䔙ĨⵘĨຝĨ䮪Ĩ䗂ĨឮĨ䮨ìĨᑒĨ〨Ĩ▚Ĩ䨛äĨ⹔Ĩ䮪ĨĐßĨ䯆äĨĜ䞈Ĩ䚽äĨ⪌ĨਏĨì⁏Ĩçä‫ٶ‬ ą ՙĨnj ᣅĨ䞈Ĩ㥁ßĨ䧸äĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ ஗ᨴĨĜĜĜĨê⠪ĨㅎĨ஗ᨴĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 㞣nj˄‫ٱ‬
ǔ ǖ
ĨĜ㐗䜫Ĩû㸈ĨäᔲĨîⵇĨ౹Ĩ‫׏‬äĨǎ ⵇĨ䞈㥀ĨîþäĨ㸑Ĩ౹஗ᨴĨᷚĨ䮪Ĩ㐔Ĩ䤈ᑒĨ䆀Ĩᏼ䗃ĨຓäĨ╌äĨᏠĨ䜫ĨⲬäþ‫˄ٱ‬Ĩ଺Ĩ╌ĨቄĨ䛰nj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ㈉Ĩ㩔˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬îþäĨ஗ᨴĨ䯎ĨÞৄĨㅎĨ⦃㑔
ǖ Ǖ ǖ ǖ
Ĩ nj ˄Ĩ⛬ĨⴹĨ╌‫ח‬Ĩ
Ĩ䜫ҍ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj ㅎĨ䕊ìĨ䜱Ĩ஗ᨴㅎĨ㩔˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ðä䯎ĨⲚ䁡ĨðäĨᏠĨ䜫Ĩ㐔ĨㄚîĨ㈉⸗ĨৠĨ䆀Ĩ㩔˄Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ÛᷚĨⴹĨ䜱ĨਏĨ䤈〨ĨပĨ㈉ĨěïäþîìĨ䯆äĨ䐲㑔ḝ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ䮽
ǔ
㩔äþĨヘĨ╌Ĩ஗ᨴĨðäĨîþäĨ䞈‫˄ٱ‬㑔Ĩ Ĩ 䆀Ĩú⃵äm஗ᨴlĨîࡆĨ╌äĨė䮫Ĩ०ĨÛ䥞ᜯĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ìৄĨö⟡䁡ĨⵇĨå⵰Ĩ〨ĨĚ㺬Ĩ〪Ĩ䔽Ĩ䮪Ĩø✜Ĩ㹽ĨⵇĨ㟈Ĩå⵰Ĩ䮪
ǖ ǖ ǖ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ⸗Ĩ⪘˄‫ٱ‬ǎ îìĨ͋þĨ଺Ĩ⹔Ĩ䆀Ĩ㐗䯀ïĨຊäĨ▚Ĩ଺Ĩ䤈〨ĨៈĨ䞈Ĩ䤈↸Ĩ䭆ɟĨ ‫⥁ ٳ‬ĨęþrealityỉĨⲚäþĨပĨ㈉Ĩěïäþîì
ǖ ǔnj ǖ ǔ ǔ ǔ
Ĩ ǎ ø✜ĨîþäĨø✜Ĩ‫׏‬Ĩþ‫ؼ‬
Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨÛ㝑ὟĨ䜱‫׏‬äĨ ‫ ٳ‬䭆‫ٳ‬ɟĨ㰗ĨîþäĨ㦇㸍Ĩ䩓ĨĚ‫ؼ‬ßÛ䞀Ĩ
‫ٳ‬ 㻙ü‫˶ٱ‬äĨęþĨ㈉ĨឮĨÛç䣪ⵇĨîþäĨü˶äĨ ‫ ٱ‬䔘ĨਅĨ〪Ĩ䞈Ĩ䮪ĨᏠĨ↷
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Ĩ䯉޼
Ĩ ĨìᣅþĨ䮪Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ᜕ĨþĨἌĨㅎĨ⑬äĨîþäĨ䗂⸗Ĩîä‫ٳ‬ӒäĨⵇĨ㝑ὟĨ⑬äĨ䔽äĨîþäĨÛ䞈Ĩìᣅ䁡Ĩč㦇ሟĨ㠕äĨ〪Ĩ䞈˄⸗Ĩ Ĩ‫ ٱ‬ҍ‫ٱ‬nj ˄Ĩ䮪ĨìᣅþĨ฻äĨⵇĨüäĜ䞀ĨㅍĨᆆĨ䗂
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Ĩî⡷Ĩ㈉Ĩú㬲ĨÛĨẗ‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ 䯉Ĩㅏ؎äĨ
Ĩ‫╌ ٶ‬Ĩ䆀Ĩç䣪ⵇĨĜ䞈Ĩ˄䜫Ĩ ‫ⵇ⮻ ٱ‬Ĩ䭇ìĨúㄙĨęïäþîìĨ䜱‫׏‬äĨ Ĩ ǎ ø✜Ĩ㦆Ĩ㈉Ĩ䗂うìĨÅäîĨ↸〨Ĩ▚Ĩ⹔ĨîえĨⵘĨᱵᰳĜ䞈
ǖ
ĨĜ䞈Ĩ≢Ĩ㑔ҍ Ĩ nj ǎ ӒĨ‫ ٳ‬㈉Ĩ䯋Ĩ⍛Ĩ〨Ĩç䣪ⵇĨû፝Ĩ〨Ĩ⚨㫘Ĩ㈉Ĩ䤈↸ĨÛî䔘ᜯĨ˄‫ٱ‬ǎ ĨäìດĨ‫׏‬äĨǎ 䯎
ǔ
Ĩç㑔ä␰Ĩ᧽mė㈀lĨîþämㆤlĨü஘Ĩ ąüäîþìĨᣅĨîþäĨÛ䞀Ĩ䈅ᜯĨĖ㥀Ĩ⽃ĨਏĨᣅĨ䞈Ĩᒖ⸗Ĩü஘Ĩç➄ῄĨ䩵ą ӉⰔ‫ٱ‬ Ĩ nj ˄ĨîþäĨ⾸ĨüäὈĨ䨕äĨㅎĨĚ㺬ĨᣅĨÛå⵰Ĩ䮪
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ĨᮡĨ⸗Ĩ㛾㶩Ĩ‫׏‬ĨåäĨĐßĨⵇĨᡱĨ䞈Ĩ䚽äĨęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩė਋⵰Ĩî௶ĨüäĨå⵰Ĩ䮪Ĩ〪Ĩ䞈ĨᣆþĨ䮱Ĩø✜ĨĜ䞈Ĩ㐔Ĩ㟋Ĩ䥞䜫Ĩ䮿îĨõ㼌Ĩ〨Ĩçnj˄‫ ٱ‬Ĩ⑬äĨÛ䞈ĨᒖᗂäĨ଺
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ǔ Ǖ
ĨĜ䞈ĨĚîþ➳Ĩęì‫˄ٱ‬ǎ ïĨ╌Ĩ⛬Ĩ଺Ĩ⹔˄ᜯĨ
Ĩ‫ ٱ‬䜫Ĩ㻬ӀĨ
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