Isometric Process is a Constant Volume

Process.
𝑉=𝐶
Condition:
𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑛 = ∞
The following shows and explain how the
different forms of energy behave at
constant volume process.

I. Isometric/Isochoric Process (V=C)

1. Relationship between pressure and
temperature
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
2. Non-flow Work
 2

𝑊𝑁𝐹 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 0
1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑃[𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ] = 0

3. Change in Internal Energy

∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇

4. Change in Enthalpy
∆ℎ = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

5. Heat
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇 = ∆𝑈
6. Change in Entropy
𝑇2
∆𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 𝑙𝑛
𝑇1

7. Work Steady Flow

𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊𝑓 + 𝑊𝑆𝐹
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −∆𝑊𝑓
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑊𝑓 = 𝑃𝑉
∆𝑊𝑓 = 𝑊𝑓 2 − 𝑊𝑓 1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑉 = 𝐶; 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉
∆𝑊𝑓 = 𝑃2 𝑉 − 𝑃1 𝑉
∆𝑊𝑓 = 𝑉[𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ]

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒:
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −𝑉 (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )
Isobaric Process is a Constant Pressure
Process.
𝑃=𝐶
Condition:
𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑛 = 0
Let's see how the different forms of energy
behave at constant pressure process.

II. Isobaric Process (P=C)

1. Relationship between volume and
temperature
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
2. Non-flow Work
 2

𝑊𝑁𝐹 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )

1
3. Change in Internal Energy
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇

4. Change in Enthalpy
∆ℎ = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

5. Heat
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 = ∆ℎ

6. Change in Entropy
𝑇2
∆𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑙𝑛
𝑇1

7. Work Steady Flow

𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊𝑓 + 𝑊𝑆𝐹
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: ∆ℎ = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊𝑓
𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆ℎ + 𝑊𝑆𝐹
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒:
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 0
Isothermal Process is a Constant
Temperature Process.
𝑇=𝐶
Condition:
𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑛 = 1

Let’s learn how the different forms of

energy behave at constant temperature
process.

III. Isothermal Process (T=C)

1. Relation between volume and
pressure
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2

2. Non-flow Work
 2
𝑉2
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛
𝑉1
1
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶
𝐶
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑃 =
𝑉
2
𝐶
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
1
2
𝑑𝑉
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶∫
𝑉
1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶[ln 𝑉] 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑉1 𝑡𝑜 𝑉2
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶 [ln 𝑉2 − ln 𝑉1 ]
𝑉2
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶 [ln ]
𝑉1
𝑏𝑢𝑡: 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶
𝑉2
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln
𝑉1
Using Boyle’s Law:
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑉2
=
𝑃2 𝑉1
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:
𝑃1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln
𝑃2

3. Change in Internal Energy

∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 [𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ]
𝑇=𝐶
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒:
∆𝑈 = 0
4. Change in Enthalpy
∆ℎ = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 [𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ]
𝑇=𝐶
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠:
∆ℎ = 0

5. Heat
𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑄 = 𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 ln
𝑉1 𝑉1

6. Change in Entropy
𝑄 𝑃1 𝑉2
∆𝑠 = = 𝑚𝑅 ln = 𝑚𝑅 ln
𝑇 𝑃2 𝑉1

7. Work Steady Flow

 𝑉2
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛
𝑉1