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Germination of Seed 1
Germination of Seed 1
The outer covering of a seed is called seed-coat which is a protective covering and is known as
testa. Seeds contain a small opening called micropyle through which water enters into the seed.
The inner layer below the testa is called tegmen. Inside, seeds contain embryo which consists of
cotyledons, radicle and plumule. Seed contains endosperm. However the endosperm is absent in
some seeds. Hilum is a scar, where the seed breaks from the stalk of the ovule wall.
A. Monocotyledonous Seeds:
These seeds contain only one cotyledon; for example, wheat, bajra, maize and rice. (Fig. 3.1: Maize
and Rice)
B. Dicotyledonous Seeds:
These seeds contain two cotyledons; for example, mango, gram and pea. (Fig. 3.2)
Germination:
Germination is a process by which the embryo in the seed becomes activated and begins to grow
into a new seedling (Fig. 3.3a).
2. Hypogeal Germination:
In this type of germination, the epicotyl elongates and the cotyledons remain below the soil. Pea,
mango, maize, rice, gram and groundnut have germination of this kind.
Epicotyl → The upper portion of the axis of the seedling above the cotyledons
Hypocotyl → The portion of seedling between the cotyledons and the radicle
Conditions necessary for germination:
Water, air and suitable temperature are necessary for seed germination.
The question may arise as to why water is necessary for germination? The answer is that food is
stored in the seeds in dry condition, but the developing embryo cannot utilize this dry food. Food
can be utilized in liquid form only and seeds can utilize only dissolved oxygen. Excess water stops
germination because once all the dissolved oxygen is utilised by the seed, further germination is
not possible as the life supporting oxygen is now lacking.
Experiment to prove that air is necessary for seed germination:
Some seeds of gram or pea are placed on wet cotton wool in beaker A. Some water is boiled in
beaker B to expel out dissolved air from water. The hot water is cooled and similar gram seeds are
put in it. A few drops of oil are put on the water surface in beaker B to prevent entry of atmospheric
air within two or three days it is observed that germination has taken place in beaker A but not in
beaker B.
This experiment proves that air (oxygen) is necessary for seed germination (Fig. 3.6). During
germination rapid cell division takes place. Energy is required for cell division. This energy is
obtained from oxidation. The oxygen required for oxidation is supplied by the air. So, air is
necessary for seed germination.
To prove that suitable temperature is necessary for seed germination:
Some seeds of gram or pea are put in beaker A & B on wet cotton wool. Beaker A is placed in an
icebox containing ice or placed in a refrigerator. Within two or three days, it is observed that there
is germination in beaker B but no germination in beaker A. This experiment proves that suitable
temperature is necessary for seed germination. (Fig. 3.7).
Suitable temperature is necessary because low temperature retards the embryo activity and high
temperature destroys the delicate embryo tissue. Seeds usually germinate between 0°C to 50°C
temperature and the optimum temperature usually lies between 25°C to 30°C.