Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus

Shri Shankaracharya Engineering college

(Approved by AICTE)
(Managed by Shri.Gangajali Education Society, Bhilai)
JUNWANI, BHILAI-490 020 (CHHATTISGARH), INDIA
Phone: 0788-4088888, 2291605, 2291607, Fax: 0788-2291606, E-mail: ssgi@ssgi.edu.in
Phone: 0788-4088811, Fax: 0788-2291601, E-mail: ssecbhilai@gmail.com

DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Finite Element Methods Lab

LABORATORY MANUAL

Name of program: Bachelor of Engineering

Branch: Mechanical Engineering
Semester: VIII
Code: 337862(37)
 Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus
Shri Shankaracharya Engineering college
(Approved by AICTE)
(Managed by Shri.Gangajali Education Society, Bhilai)
JUNWANI, BHILAI-490 020 (CHHATTISGARH), INDIA
Phone: 0788-4088888, 2291605, 2291607, Fax: 0788-2291606, E-mail: ssgi@ssgi.edu.in
Phone: 0788-4088811, Fax: 0788-2291601, E-mail: ssecbhilai@gmail.com

DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Finite Element Methods Lab

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

SL. NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS

STUDY OF BASICS IN ANSYS
1
STRESS ANALYSIS OF PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR
2 HOLE

STRESS ANALYSIS OF ‘L’ BRACKET

3
4 STRESS ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
5 THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT
CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D
6
COMPONENT
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D
7
COMPONENT
8 MODE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF BEAMS

LAB INCHARGE HOD MECH

 Experiment. No. 01

STUDY OF BASICS IN ANSYS

INTRODUCTION

Finite element analysis (FEA) is the modeling of products and systems in a virtual environment, for the
purpose of finding and solving potential (or existing) structural or performance issues. FEA is the
practical application of the finite element method (FEM), which is used by engineers and scientist to
mathematically model and numerically solve very complex structural, fluid, and multiphysics
problems. FEA software can be utilized in a wide range of industries, but is most commonly used in the
aeronautical, biomechanical and automotive industries.

A finite element (FE) model comprises a system of points, called “nodes”, which form the shape of the
design. Connected to these nodes are the finite elements themselves which form the finite element mesh
and contain the material and structural properties of the model, defining how it will react to certain
conditions. The density of the finite element mesh may vary throughout the material, depending on the
anticipated change in stress levels of a particular area. Regions that experience high changes in stress
usually require a higher mesh density than those that experience little or no stress variation. Points of
interest may include fracture points of previously tested material, fillets, corners, complex detail, and
high-stress areas. FE models can be created using one-dimensional (1D beam), two-dimensional (2D
shell) or three-dimensional (3D solid) elements. By using beams and shells instead of solid elements, a
representative model can be created using fewer nodes without compromising accuracy. Each modeling
scheme requires a different range of properties to be defined, such as:

1. Section areas
2. Moments of inertia
3. Torsional constant
4. Plate thickness
5. Bending stiffness
6. Transverse shear
To simulate the effects of real-world working environments in FEA, various load types can be applied
to the FE model, including:
1. Nodal: forces, moments, displacements, velocities, accelerations, temperature and heat flux
2. Elemental: distributed loading, pressure, temperature and heat flux
Types of analysis include:
1. Linear statics: linear analysis with applied loads and constraints that are static
2. Nonlinear statics and dynamics: effects due to contact (where one part of the model comes into
contact with another), nonlinear material definitions (plasticity, elasticity, etc.) and large
displacement (strains that exceed small displacement theory that limits a linear analysis
approach)
3. Normal modes: natural frequencies of vibration
4. Dynamic response: loads or motions that vary with time and frequency
5. Buckling: critical loads at which a structure becomes unstable
6. Heat transfer: conduction, radiation and phase change
Typical results calculated by the solver include:
1. Nodal displacements, velocities and accelerations
2. Elemental forces, strains and stresses

Benefits of FEA

FEA can be used in new product design, or to refine an existing product, to ensure that the design will
be able to perform to specifications prior to manufacturing. With FEA you can:
1. Predict and improve product performance and reliability
2. Reduce physical prototyping and testing
3. Evaluate different designs and materials
 4. Optimize designs and reduce material usage

CAD-Independent

Femap is CAD-independent and can access geometry data from all major CAD systems including
CATIA, Pro/Engineer, NX, Solid Edge, Solid Works and AutoCAD. Once imported you can prepare
the model for analysis using the geometry locator to identify and display potentially troublesome
entities, such as slivers, and either remove them completely with the geometry cleanup tools or
suppress them. Femap also offers a wealth of geometry creation and modification functions so you can
make necessary model changes in preparation for finite element model creation.
Finite Element Modeling
The full finite element model with underlying data is fully exposed by Femap, allowing you to view,
create or modify entities directly. Femap’s grouping, layering and visualization tools help you to
manage model display while creating and setting up the finite element model. Femap includes
specialized capabilities to help with modeling tasks including:
1. Mid-plane extraction of thin-walled structures to aid creation of more efficient and
accurate shell models
2. Weldment modeling that connects discrete solid welded parts together into a contiguous model
3. Data surfaces that allow you to create complex loading conditions based on prior analysis
output for multi-physics applications

Finite Element Meshing

Femap’s 3D solid and surface meshers are tuned to generate high-quality meshes, providing well-
shaped elements to ensure accurate results. Femap gives you full control over all mesh generation
parameters including mesh sizing, meshing of small features, growth factors, short edge suppression,
etc. With complex geometry, modification of the mesh is often required in areas where greater accuracy
is desired. For this situation Femap’s Meshing Toolbox allows you to interactively modify mesh sizing
parameters on the underlying geometry, and see the mesh update automatically. You can also view
element quality feedback live while modifying the mesh, to ensure that a high-quality finite element
model is created.

Assembly Modeling

Femap with NX Nastran supports assembly modeling, including automatic contact detection that
determines the components initially in contact. The contact regions can be set to be simply in contact
(with or without friction) or glued together. The contact calculations performed by NX Nastran are
iterative and update during the solution, to take into account deformation changes representing the true
contact condition in the final results. Other types of component assembly modeling techniques also
supported include spot-weld, fastener elements, and bolted joints with optional pre-loading.
Beam Modeling

Besides solid and shell element models Femap also supports beam modeling and meshing. This
technique allows models comprising long, slender components (for which a solid meshing approach
would create a large, unwieldy model) to be represented by one-dimensional elements with associated
properties.
Model visualization is key to beam modeling, and with Femap you can view these elements as solid
components and include offsets. Femap features a section property editor which includes a library of
standard cross-section shapes. You can also define your own sections, and the built-in section property
calculator automatically determines the required properties. Also available are full beam visualization
and results display options including shear and bending moment diagrams.

Composite Modeling
The use of composite materials in designs has increased significantly in recent years, and Femap can
help you model and post process results on composite structures. With Femap’s a laminate editor and
viewer, you can update the laminate properties interactively as you create and modify plies in the
laminate. We can also post process composite laminate results using Femap’s global composite ply
feature, which allows you to view results on continuous plies through the structural model.

Solver Neutral

Femap is solver-neutral and provides in-depth pre- and postprocessing support for all of the main
commercial solvers on the market, including NX Nastran, Ansys, LS DYNA, Abaqus and TMG. You
can take full advantage of the advanced analysis capabilities of these solvers using Femap’s
comprehensive modeling and analysis support, particularly for dynamic, geometric and material
nonlinear, heat transfer and fluid flow analyses.

Post processing

A wealth of visualization capabilities help you view and interpret the results to quickly
Understand the model behavior. You’ll find everything you need to view and interpret the output
Data, including:
1. Contour and criteria plots
2. Deformed shape animations
3. Dynamic cutting plane and iso-surfaces
4. Full output selection
5. XY plots
6. Free body diagrams and grid point force balance output
7. Time and frequency domain animations
8. Complete access to results data is provided through the Data Table pane, which you can use to
gather, sort and control the amount and type of data that is visible, to compile an analysis report.

Scalable Simulation Solutions

The Velocity Series CAE products offer scalable solutions for design engineers in the
form of the CAD-embedded Solid Edge Simulation program, and Femap with NX Nastran forCAE
analysts.
The Femap with NX Nastran product line itself offers solution scalability, from the more general
simulation capabilities available in the base module to more advanced applications including dynamics,
optimization, advanced nonlinear, rotor dynamics, heat transfer and fluid flow in add-on
 EXPERIMENT NO: 2

STRESS ANALYSIS OF PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR HOLE

Aim: To determine the stress acting on a rectangular plate with a circular hole due
to the applied external load
Hardware required:
1. Pentium 4 processor.
2. 512 MB ram.
3. VGA colour monitor.
4. 2 GB hardisk free space.
5. Colour printer.
Software required:
1. Windows xp o.s.
2. FEMAP v 9.3.1 with NX NASTRAN.
Procedure:
1. To open a new file with NX NASTRAN.
2. Geometry
Geometry -> Curve-line -> Rectangle give x,y,z as 0,0,0 then Ok ->
again give x,y,z as 100,50,0 -> Ok.
3. To draw a Circle within a rectangle geometry -> curve -> circle ->
radius -> give x,y,z as 50,25,0 -> Ok -> 50,35,0 -> Ok.
4. To make a rectangle with a circular hole as a surface,
Geometry -> Boundary surface -> from curve -> select all -> Ok.
5. Material selection
Model -> Material -> give title -> load -> select any one available
material -> Ok -> cancel.
6. Assigning Property
Model -> property -> give title -> select the material -> give thickness
->Ok.
7. Meshing
Mesh -> geometry -> surface -> select all -> Ok -> Property (Take
title) -> Ok.
8. To switch off the nodes (at any two)
Quick option -> switch off (geometry -> node) -> Ok.
9. Constraints
Model -> constraints -> nodal -> give title -> Ok -> method -> oncurve
-> select any one side of the plate -> Ok -> Fixed -> Ok.
10.Loading
Model -> load -> Nodal ->give title -> Ok -> Method -> on-curve ->
Select any one side of the plate ->Ok -> select force -> give values on
Fz only -> Ok.
11.Rebuild the file
File -> Rebuild -> Yes.
12.Analysis
Model -> Analysis -> new -> static -> Ok -> Analyze -> load results - > continue.
13.Getting the Results.
Press F5 -> deform -> contour -> deform and contour data -> select total translation -> Ok.
14.To get the stress distribution
Press F6 -> Tools -> view style -> filled edges -> switch off draw entity-> Ok.
15.Animation
Press F5 -> Animate -> Ok.
Result: Thus the performance of the stress analysis of a Rectangular Plate with a circular hole was
analyzed and animated.

EXPERIMENT NO: 3
 STRESS ANALYSIS OF ‘L’ BRACKET

Aim: To determine the stress acting on an ‘L’ Bracket due to the applied external load
Hardware required:
1. Pentium 4 processor.
2. 512 MB ram.
3. VGA colour monitor.
4. 2 GB hardisk free space.
5. Colour printer.
Software required:
1. Windows xp o.s.
2. FEMAP v 9.3.1 with NX NASTRAN.
Procedure:
1. To open a new file with NX NASTRAN.
2. Geometry
Geometry -> Curve-line -> Continuous and then give coordinates for
all the points to make ‘L’ Bracket.
3. Material selection
Model -> Material -> give title -> load -> select any one available
material -> Ok -> cancel.
4. Assigning Property
Model -> property -> give title -> select the material -> give thickness
->Ok.
5. Meshing
Mesh -> geometry -> surface -> select all -> Ok -> Property (Take
title) -> Ok.
6. To switch off the nodes (at any two)
Quick option -> switch off (geometry -> node) -> Ok.
7. Constraints
Model -> constraints -> nodal -> give title -> Ok -> method -> oncurve
-> select any one side of the plate -> Ok -> Fixed -> Ok.
8. Loading
Model -> load -> Nodal ->give title -> Ok -> Method -> on-curve ->
Select any one side of the plate ->Ok -> select force -> give values on
Fz only -> Ok.
9. Rebuild the file
File -> Rebuild -> Yes.
10.Analysis
Model -> Analysis -> new -> static -> Ok -> Analyze -> load results -
> continue.
11.Getting the Results.
Press F5 -> deform -> contour -> deform and contour data -> select
total translation -> Ok.
12.To get the stress distribution
Press F6 -> Tools -> view style -> filled edges -> switch off draw
entity-> Ok.
13.Animation
Press F5 -> Animate -> Ok.

Result: Thus the performance of the stress analysis of an ‘L’ Bracket was analyzed and animated.
 EXPERIMENT . NO.04

STRESS ANALYSIS OF BEAM

To conduct the stress analysis in a cantilever beam using ANSYS software

System Configuration:
Ram : 8 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Windows 7
Software : ANSYS (Version12.0/12.1)
Procedure:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution
3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – ANSYS 12.0/12.1 - Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run.
Preprocessing:
1. Preference - Structural- h-Method - ok
2. Preprocessor - Element type - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Beam, 2D elastic 3 – ok –

Options – ok - close
3. Sections – beam – Common sections – Select the correct section of the beam and input the of “w1,
w2,w3” and “t1, t2, t3” – Preview – Note down the values of area, Iyy
4. Real constants - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – ok – Enter the values of area=5500, Izz=0.133e8, height=3
– ok -close
5. Material props - Material Models – Structural – Linear – Elastic – Isotropic - EX 2e5, PRXY 0.3 - ok
6. Modeling – Create – Key points – In active CS – Enter the values of CS of each key points – Apply –
ok. Lines – Lines – Straight line – Pick the all points – ok.
7. Meshing – Mesh attributes – All lines – ok. Meshing – Size cntrls – Manual size – Lines – All lines –
Enter the value of element edge length [or] Number of element divisions – ok. Mesh
tool – Mesh – Pick all

8. Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement - On key points – Select the 1st key
point – ALL DOF – ok. On key points – select the 2nd key point– UY – ok. Force/Moment – On key
points – Select the key point – ok – direction of force/moment FY, Value = -1,000 (- sign indicates the
direction of the force) – ok
9. Solve – Current LS – ok – Solution is done – close
Post Processing:
10. General post proc – Element table – Define table – Add – By sequence num – SMISC, 6 – ok –
SMISC,12 –ok – LS,2 – ok – LS,3 - ok – Close. Plot results – Contour plot – Nodal solution – DOF
solution – Y component of displacement – ok. Contour plot – Line Element Res – Node I SMIS 6,
Node J SMISC, 12 – ok. Contour plot– Line element Res – Node I LS 2, Node J LS 3 – ok
11. File–Report Generator–Choose Append–ok–Image Capture–ok - close
Young‟s Modulus : 200 GPa
Poisson‟s ratio : 0.3
Result:
Thus the stress analysis of a cantilever beam is done by using the ANSYS Software. 22

.
 EXPERIMENT NO: 5
THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT

Aim:To determine the Thermal deformations at various points of a 2D component due to the
Temperature load applied over it.
Hardware required:
1. Pentium 4 processor.
2. 512 MB ram.
3. VGA colour monitor.
4. 2 GB hardisk free space.
5. Colour printer.
Software required:
1. Windows xp o.s.
2. FEMAP v 9.3.1 with NX NASTRAN.
Procedure:
1. To open a new file with NX NASTRAN.
2. Geometry
Geometry -> Curve-line -> rectangle 0,0,0 -> Ok -> 100,50,0 -> Ok.
Geometry -> Boundary surface -> from curve -> select all -> Ok.
3. Material selection
Model -> Material -> give title -> load -> select any one available
material -> Ok -> cancel.
4. Assigning Property
Model -> property -> give title -> Elem/property type -> plate -> Ok -
> Give thickness -> select the material -> Ok.
5. Meshing
Meshes -> geometry -> curve -> select all -> Ok -> select the property
-> all triangles -> Ok.
6. Constraints
Model -> constraints -> nodal -> give title -> Ok -> method -> oncurve
-> select any one side of the plate -> Ok -> Fixed -> Ok.
7. Loading
Model -> load -> Nodal ->give title -> Ok -> Method -> on-curve ->
Select any one side of the plate ->Ok -> select temperature -> give the
temperature value -> Ok. Method -> on-curve -> Select another edge -
>Ok -> select temperature -> give the temperature value -> -> Ok
8. Rebuild the File
File -> Rebuild -> Yes.
9. Analysis
Model -> Analysis -> new -> Steady state heat transfer -> Ok ->
Analyze -> load results -> continue.
10.Loading II
Model -> Load -> From output -> Select Temperature under Nodal ->
Select Temperature for X vector -> OK -> OK.
11.Analysis II
Model -> Analysis -> new -> Static -> Ok -> Analyze -> load results -
> continue.
12.Getting the Results.
Press F5 -> deform -> contour -> deform and contour data -> select
total translation -> Ok.
13.To get the stress distribution
Press F6 -> Tools -> view style -> filled edges -> switch off draw
entity-> Ok.
14.Animation
Press F5 -> Animate -> Ok.

Result: Thus the Thermal Deformations over a 2d Component is analyzed, animated and plotted.
 EXPERIMENT NO: 6

CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT

Aim:To determine the Conductive heat transfer of a 2D component.

Hardware required:
1. Pentium 4 processor.
2. 512 MB ram.
3. VGA colour monitor.
4. 2 GB hardisk free space.
5. Colour printer.
Software required:
1. Windows xp o.s.
2. FEMAP v 9.3.1 with NX NASTRAN.
Procedure:
1. To open a new file with NX NASTRAN.
2. Geometry
Geometry -> Curve-line -> rectangle 0,0,0 -> Ok -> 100,50,0 -> Ok.
Geometry -> Boundary surface -> from curve -> select all -> Ok.
3. Material selection
Model -> Material -> give title -> load -> select any one available
material -> Ok -> cancel.
4. Assigning Property
Model -> property -> give title -> Elem/property type -> plate -> Ok -
> Give thickness -> select the material -> Ok.
5. Meshing
Meshes -> geometry -> curve -> select all -> Ok -> select the property
-> all triangles -> Ok.
6. Constraints
Model -> constraints -> nodal -> give title -> Ok -> method -> oncurve
-> select any one side of the plate -> Ok -> Fixed -> Ok.
7. Loading
Model -> load -> Nodal ->give title -> Ok -> Method -> on-curve ->
Select any one side of the plate ->Ok -> select temperature -> give the
temperature value -> Ok. Method -> on-curve -> Select another edge -
>Ok -> select temperature -> give the temperature value -> -> Ok
8. Rebuild the File
File -> Rebuild -> Yes.
9. Analysis
Model -> Analysis -> new -> Steady state heat transfer -> Ok ->
Analyze -> load results -> continue.
10.Getting the Results.
Press F5 -> deform -> contour -> deform and contour data -> select
Temperature -> Ok.
11.To get the stress distribution
Press F6 -> Tools -> view style -> filled edges -> switch off draw
entity-> Ok.
12.Animation
Press F5 -> Animate -> Ok.

Result: Thus the Heat conduction over a 2d Component is analyzed, animated and plotted.
 EXPERIMENT. NO.07
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT

To conduct the convective heat transfer analysis of a 2D component by using ANSYS software
System Configuration:
Ram : 8 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Windows 7
Software : ANSYS (Version12.0/12.1)
Procedure:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution
3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – ANSYS 12.0/12.1 - Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run
Preprocessing:
1. Preference – structural - h-Method - ok

2. Preprocessor - Element type - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Solid, Quad 4 node 55 – ok – Close

3. Real constants - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – ok

4. Material props - Material Models –Thermal – Conductivity – Isotropic – KXX 16 – ok

5. Modeling – Create – Key points - In active CS – enter the key point number and X, Y, Z location for
8 key points to form the shape as mentioned in the drawing. Lines – lines - Straight line - Connect all
the key points to form as lines. Areas – Arbitrary - by lines - Select all lines - ok.
.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM
6. Meshing – Mesh tool – Areas, set – select the object – ok – Element edge length 0.05 - ok

Thermal Conductivity of the material = 16 W/m 0C

Mesh tool- Tri,free mesh – Select the object –ok
Solution:
7. Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Thermal – Temperature - On lines – Select the lines–ok – Temp.
Value 300 – ok – Convection – On lines – select the appropriate line – ok – Enter the values of film
coefficient 50, bulk temperature 40 –ok

8. Solve – Current LS – ok – solution is done – Close

Post Processing:
9. General post proc – List results – Nodal Solution – DOF Solution – Nodal temperature – ok
10. Plot results – Contour plot – Nodal solution – DOF solution – Nodal Temperature – ok
11. File – Report Generator – Choose Append – ok – Image Capture – ok - Close

Thermal Conductivity of the material = 16 W/m 0C

Result:
Thus the convective heat transfer analysis of a 2D component is done by using the ANSYS Software.
Outcome:
Able to analyse the convective heat transfer of a 2D component using the ANSYS software.
 EXPERIMENT. NO.08
MODE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM
To conduct the Mode frequency analysis of a cantilever beam using ANSYS software
System Configuration:
Ram : 8 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Windows 7
Software : ANSYS (Version12.0/12.1)
Procedure:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution
3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – ANSYS 12.0/12.1 - Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run
Preprocessing:
1. Preprocessor - Element type - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Beam, 2D elastic 3 – ok – close
2. Real constants - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – ok – Area 0.1e-3, Izz 0.833e-9, Height 0.01 – ok – close
3. Material props - Material Models –Structural – Linear – Elastic - Isotropic – EX 2e9, PRXY 0.25 –
ok –Density – DENS 7830 – ok
4. Modeling – Create – Key points – Inactive CS – Enter the coordinate values - ok. Lines -lines –
Straight Line – Join the two key points – ok
5. Meshing – Size Cntrls – manual size – lines – all lines – Enter the value of no of element divisions
25 – ok. Mesh – Lines – Select the line – ok

Solution:
6. Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement - On nodes – Select the node point

–ok – All DOF – ok- Analysis type – New analysis – Modal – ok

7. Analysis type – Analysis options – Block Lanczos – enter the value no of modes to extract as 3 or 4
or 5 – ok – End Frequency 10000 – ok.
8. Solve – Current LS – ok – Solution is done – close

Post Processing:www.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM
9. General post proc – Read results – First set - Plot results – Deformed shape – Choose
Def+undeformed – ok. Read results – Next set - Plot results – Deformed shape – Choose
Def+undeformed – ok and so on
10. File–Report Generator–Choose Append–ok–Image Capture–ok – Close (Capture all images)

Young‟s Modulus = 200×109 N/m2

Poisson‟s ratio = 0.25
Weight Density = 7.83 ×103 kg/m3
Result:
Thus the mode frequency analysis of a cantilever beam is done by using the ANSYS Software.
Outcome:
Able to analyse the mode frequency of a cantilever beam using the ANSYS software.