Ecole Supérieure d’Interprétariat et de Traduction

‘‘LEGAL
TRANSLATION
THEME’’

Dr ZIEDOU
Jocelyn KOUASSI
 Text 1: What is juvenile delinquency?
Juvenile delinquency is the whole of the crimes committed on a territory by a child or an
adolescent; that is, by a minor individual, under the age of 18. It must be distinguished
from adult delinquency insofar as the young offender is a personality in training and in
the process of socialization, while the adult offender has an already asserted personality.
We must distinguish two types of delinquency:
- An occasional and not premeditated delinquency which can be considered as a mishap.
80% of young offenders break the law once and do not reoffend.
- A lasting and deeply antisocial delinquency. Among these young people, there is a loss
of all notion of morality, inability to distinguish good from evil. Some will arrive there
after numerous acts of petty crime not sanctioned, other young people have a personality
so unstructured that they can enter directly into such violence.
It is important to distinguish these two categories of asocial behavior in order to adapt
the treatment and the sanctions. Indeed, it is not a question of bringing an answer
according to the minor but of his dangerousness. The gang "phenomenon": Only one-
third of the crimes are committed by single adolescents, the gangs are responsible for the
rest. These bands have always existed: the adolescent being in search of his own
identification, needs to find himself at the heart of a group whose image he will take. In
addition, the youngster is safe from parental rules, the act is protected by anonymity and
group solidarity.
There are certain things in common among these young people: impulsiveness,
intolerance in the face of frustration, the impossibility of resisting a desire, the feeling of
helplessness, source of aggression. Unable to plan for the future, they live in the moment
and therefore struggle to analyze the consequences of their actions.

Text 2 : Climate Change

Despite two days of extensions, the nearly 200 countries gathered in Madrid for the UN
climate summit have made no significant progress, resulting in a "very weak" final text. A
"worrying" failure, alarm environmental associations. "It's time to act," said the slogan
for COP25, which ended in Madrid on Sunday. The ace ! The summit was a "flop",
deplores Le Soir, "a failure for multilateralism and for the climate" which turns out to be
"very worrying for the future". According to El País, “the negotiators could only agree
on a timid appeal to countries to make more ambitious efforts on climate change.”
“Although it was predictable, given a very complicated international context, the poor
result, obtained after hours of sterile negotiations, aggravates the gap between the
governments of the world and science, as for the climate crisis and the need to act
urgently”, estimates the Spanish daily . UN Secretary General António Guterres said he
was "disappointed" with the outcome of the summit, reports The Hill. “The
international community has missed an important opportunity to show greater ambition
in mitigating, adapting and financing the climate crisis,” he added. The Chilean Minister
of the Environment and President of the summit, Carolina Schmidt, also felt that the
results achieved in Madrid – where the summit had been relocated due to the crisis in
Chile – were “clearly insufficient,” La Tercera said.
“The world is watching us and the agreements reached are not enough to address the
climate change crisis with the necessary urgency,” she said. It is sad that we did not reach
a final agreement because we were very close to it.”

Text 3: DIVORCE: REFUSAL OF A DIVORCE SPLASH, WHAT

SOLUTIONS
By Sarah Saldmann, Attorney.
there are patterns where one spouse categorically refuses to r. This is to exclude the s by
mutual consent and by acceptance of the principle of rupture.Indeed, there is on the one
hand litigation (divorce for fault, divorce for alteration of the conjugal bond, divorce for
acceptance of the principle of rupture:) and, on the other hand, divorce by mutual
consent (judicial divorce and divorce by mutual consent by private deed countersigned by
lawyers which came into effect on January 1, 2017). Therefore, if it is impossible to
compel a person to remain married, the refusal of the other spouse may slow down the
divorce and complicate it. Nevertheless, in case of persistent refusal by the abandoned
spouse, what recourse is there for the spouse wishing to divorce? Therefore, while some
divorces remain possible in the event of a spouse's refusal (I), alternatives also exist (II).
I - Divorces possible in case of refusal of a spouse.
Once the decision to divorce is made, it is still possible to convince the abandoned
spouse to opt for a divorce by mutual consent. This form of divorce is often less
expensive and faster. It is also less emotionally difficult for the spouses.
Clarifications that for divorce by mutual consent, the spouses must agree on the principle
of separation but also on its effects. If they agree only on the principle but differ on the
effects, it is possible to opt for divorce for acceptance of the principle of break-up.
However, if one of the spouses refuses the very principle of separation, other forms of
divorce will have to be considered. It will therefore be possible to envisage either divorce
for definitive alteration of the marital link (Article 237 of the Civil Code) or divorce for
fault (Article 242 of the Civil Code). If one of the spouses wishes to opt for a divorce on
grounds of fault, it will be necessary to prove that the spouse has "committed a serious
or repeated violation of the rights and obligations of the marriage making life together
intolerable" (Article 242 of the Civil Code). However, divorce on grounds of fault can
be long and painful and if the spouse who refuses the divorce has not committed a fault,
this legal remedy will not be possible. Thus, it will be necessary to consider divorce
proceedings for definitive alteration of the marital link.

Text 4 : Corruption in Africa undermines the foundations of democracy

According to the 2018 Transparency International report, the continent is the region of
the world with the highest corruption, especially in authoritarian regimes. In Africa,
corruption undermines the foundations of democracy According to the 2018 report of
Transparency International, the continent is the region of the world where corruption is
strongest, especially in authoritarian regimes. And it is all the more worrying that, as
Transparency International points out, "corruption is a factor that contributes to the
crisis of democracy", producing "a vicious circle by undermining democratic
institutions"; which, in turn, are no longer "able to control corruption". We will not be
surprised to find, in the depths of the classification, Somalia (180th out of 180
countries, with a score of 10 out of 100), where several regions have stopped cooperating
with the central power of Mogadishu, Sudan South (178th), ravaged by five years of civil
war, and Sudan (172nd), where the authoritarian regime of Omar Al-Bashir is
increasingly contested, with recurrent demonstrations since December
The Rwandan exception
In Africa, "autocratic regimes, civil unrest, weak institutions and insensitive political
systems continue to undermine efforts to fight corruption", points out Transparency,
citing the common points of the lowest rated countries: "a limited exercise political
rights ”,“ little guaranteed freedom of the press ”and“ a weakly developed rule of law ”.
"In these countries, laws are often unenforced and institutions have few resources, as they
are unprepared to handle complaints of corruption, the report said. Internal conflicts and
unstable governance structures also contribute to high rates of corruption. Conversely,
the least corrupt African countries are, not surprisingly, Seychelles (28th, with a score of
66 out of 100), which experienced an exemplary democratic transition in 2016,
Botswana (34th), often cited as a model of good governance, and Cape Verde (45th),
where the rule of law is also well established. Rwanda, where President Paul Kagame was
re-elected with 98.7% of the vote in 2017 and where NGOs regularly raise the alarm on
the issue of human rights, is also well placed (48th) and therefore appears exception to
the rule linking transparency and democratic vitality.
 Text 5: Psychosocial Consequences of Homophobia
Discomfort and isolation
Whether it is expressed in a physical, verbal, moral or symbolic way, and whether it is
suffered directly or indirectly, homophobia very often brings on those who are victims of
it a feeling of guilt and shame. These feelings are amplified when becoming aware of a
sexual orientation and / or gender identity different from that of the majority, which is
generally revealed during adolescence - and can lead to the installation of a negative
identity. This can manifest itself in loss of self-esteem, devaluation, or even rejection of
oneself and other homosexuals (or identified as such). We can then speak of
"internalized homophobia". The questioning or homosexual young person sometimes
sometimes consecutively withdraws into himself, isolates himself and finds himself in a
situation of severing ties with those around him (his family, his peers), which will
frequently associated with situations of school failure and social insecurity.
6Homophobia experienced on a daily basis by young people (insults, racketeering,
assaults, marginalization, etc.) and internalized - or feared situations of homophobia -
can also result in other specific symptoms such as anxiety, stress, depressive episodes,
suicidal ideation (even acting out), heavy use of psychoactive products or even taking
sexual risks
Oversuicidality
According to international data analyzed by Éric Verdier and Jean-Marie Firdion,
gay/bisexual men are two to seven times more likely to commit suicide than exclusive
heterosexual men, and gay/bisexual women 1, 4 to 2, 7 times higher risk compared to
heterosexual women
Text 6: The 10 most important problems in the world according to the millennia

Here are the 10 most worrying issues in the world for the 18-35 generation.
10. Lack of economic opportunities and unemployment (14.2%)
About 22% of millennials in sub-Saharan Africa fear unemployment and the lack of
economic opportunities worldwide, compared to 8.3% of Eurasians.
9. Food and water security (15.1%)
Millennials in North America are most worried (27.3%) about the global shortage of
food and water, followed by 21.5% of millennials in Europe and 11% both in Latin
America / Caribbean and in sub-Saharan Africa.

8. Political instability and lack of political freedom (15.5%)

About 19% of millennials in Asia Pacific are concerned about the lack of political
freedom and stability in the world, followed by 18.9% of Eurasian millennials.
7. Lack of education (16.5%)
Millennials in North America (21.8%) are most concerned about the lack of education
around the world, followed by an equal number (19.7%) of millenials in Europe and
Eurasia. At the same time, only 7% of millennials in sub-Saharan Africa are concerned
about the lack of education.
6. Safety and well-being (18.1%)
Millennials in sub-Saharan Africa (24.6%) and the Middle East / North Africa
(23.4%) are most concerned with security and well-being issues around the world, while
those in Latin America / the Caribbean are the least worried (12.8%).
5. Accountability and transparency of governments, corruption (21.7%)
About 32% of millennials in sub-Saharan Africa are concerned with governance issues -
the highest rate of any region. They are followed by millennials from Latin America /
Caribbean (27%) and the Middle East / North Africa (23.2%).
4. Poverty (31.1%)
Millennials in Latin America and the Caribbean are most concerned about poverty
(40.4%), followed by millennials from North America (33.9%) and sub-Saharan Africa
(33.6%).
3. Religious conflicts (33.8%)
Many millennials around the world are deeply concerned by religious conflicts, especially
in the Middle East / North Africa (45.1%), South Asia (44.1%), Eurasia (41.8%) and
Europe (38.8%).
2. General conflicts and wars (38.5%)
According to the WEF survey, millennials from Eurasia (54.3%) and the Middle East /
North Africa (50.3%) are the most concerned about global conflicts.
1. Climate change and destruction of natural resources (45.2%)
Millennials in Latin America and the Caribbean (51.8%) as well as in South Asia
(49.3%) are concerned about global warming and climate change.

Text 7: For the first time, scientists have managed to cure mice of the AIDS virus.
A very promising track, even if the prospect of an application in humans is not yet in sight. This is one more step
towards eradicating HIV, the virus responsible for AIDS. For the first time, US researchers have successfully
eliminated the virus in infected mice. 'These data provide proof of concept that elimination of this virus is
possible,' they write in the introduction to their study published in early July in Nature Communication. A feat
based on a dual innovative approach: the use of the CRISPR genetic editing system on the one hand, and the use
of a technique called LASER ART, which allows drugs to be released more slowly. In humans, only two cases of
remission have been recorded worldwide, in very specific contexts, which cannot be generalized to all patients.
"We think this is a major advance because for the first time after 40 years of epidemic, we have proof that this
disease is curable," said Dr. Kamel Khalili, co-author of the study, at the CNBC news site. Currently, the
therapeutic arsenal for HIV relies on antiretrovirals, drugs that, by blocking various stages in the life cycle of the
virus, prevent it from replicating, thereby preventing the onset of the disease (the AIDS, the last stage of HIV
infection). Except in rare cases where the virus develops resistance, these treatments work very well. So much so
that HIV-positive people who take their treatment properly are no longer contaminants. On the other hand,
antiretrovirals do not eradicate HIV: the virus hides in the latent state in the cells of the immune system. Once a
patient stops taking his treatment, the virus resumes its work.

Combine two strategies

The whole issue is to manage to destroy both these viral reservoirs (avoiding collateral
effects for the surrounding cells), but also the genetic sequences that the virus leaves
everywhere in the DNA of the infected person, which allows him to resume his
replication as soon as the treatments are no longer taken properly. The US researchers
have succeeded in meeting the challenge by combining two strategies: the CRISPR gene
editing system, which has made it possible to destroy the genes of the virus hidden in
DNA (but which has many other applications), and the use of improved antiretroviral
therapy, the LASER ART. These have been chemically modified to be able to block
viral replication for longer periods of time than conventional treatments.
Text 8 : "The 'microbes' children are a sign of the economic apartheid that is taking
hold in Côte d'Ivoire".
For sociologist Francis Akindès, the violence of street children testifies to the accelerated
globalization that Abidjan is experiencing.
Since 2016, the authorities have launched several large-scale operations to combat
"microbes".
Is this safe option the right one?
Francis Akindès At the time when these operations were decided, the population was
annoyed by the actions of these young people. The state had to show that it was
protecting the population. He reacted to guarantee short-term security. In the longer
term, the causes and the environment that produce these so-called "germs" should be
addressed.

What environment is it?

This phenomenon has a very specific breeding ground, in the popular commune of
Abobo, north of Abidjan: niches of poverty in front of which the power of the state
seems to have stopped. This is even visible at the level of town planning: neighborhoods
with very few access roads, almost no police presence, no lighting at night, poor schools.
It’s as if nobody cares about these places.
Read also In Côte d'Ivoire, the sulphurous cut-off of the minister and the ambianceur
Do these children have other things in common?
Many. At the forefront of these, the fragility of their family unit. They often come from
polygamous, single-parent or decomposed families, from households where there has
been a reversal of roles, the children having become income providers in the face of
parents who either do not earn enough for all or are absent, sick or dead. These children
are quickly taken care of on the street, where they will develop all kinds of skills,
including violence and theft, to earn money. They also hate the authorities and those
who do not give them what they believe they are entitled to as citizens. Besides, when
they steal something, they call it a "collection" ...
The factors you describe exist in other countries in the region, without necessarily
leading to the level of violence of certain gangs in Abidjan ...
In this regard, Abidjan is closer to large cities such as Lagos, Rio de Janeiro, certain
South African or Colombian cities, where we encounter the same type of youth violence.
Cities in the South, in accelerating globalization, where the gap between the rich and the
poor is widening. Cities where the rich barricade themselves more and more when some
poor people, because they know there is something to be taken in these environments, are
more tempted to resort to violence.
Text 9 : Today's youth and tomorrow's youth organizations
We live in a society where youth is a dominant norm. Everything and everyone seeks to
adorn themselves with the attributes of youth: beauty, relaxation or carelessness, novelty,
thirst for new experiences, etc. By a striking shortcut, the argument of novelty has
become a selling argument, of legitimacy. There’s not much to oppose. And
paradoxically, the youth itself gradually disappears, the young are dissolved, relegated to
a waiting period and finally locked into measures that say they want to protect them.
Youth organizations cannot escape this situation. The policies carried out in the French
Community have massively invested in logics which maintain this situation more than
they correct it. In this context, the internal logics of the youth organization sector have
led to further maintaining this de facto marginalization. At the time of writing, a new
attempt at reform will begin. The question of whether to reform a decree or to reform
the way in which public authorities are supported is raised. Young people are the future
of society. This is what we hear very often in agreed speeches. However, on closer
inspection, it should be noted that society tends to put its future on hold, when it does
not try to lock it up. To do this, the company is developing three processes: dissolution,
putting on hold and confinement.
The Dissolution of Youth
Youth is dissolved over time. Having become a moment of life with no real beginning
and no real social end, it increasingly escapes a definition of age. How old are we still in
youth? The answer is all the more difficult since youth are the object of excessive social
desirability. Everyone wants to be or stay young. Youth has lost its thresholds or rather
these have spread over time and individualized. Leaving school and entering the world of
work have not only become distinct, but also spanned from a few days to many years
(counting today as regions where unemployment is a reality for a second or even a third
generation).
Text 10: Youth and Politics in Today's World
Hardly a day goes by without bringing us new evidence of the vital role of youth in
politics. Whether it is People’s China, Indonesia, Latin America or the Netherlands,
youth groups appear at the forefront of political struggles. This phenomenon is not new:
everywhere, on the occasion of revolutions or simply great mass movements, it is usually
the youth who found themselves in the front line, driven by his need for the absolute, his
desire for change, his courage and his dynamism. Is youth the main engine of History or
an instrument in the hands of skilful leaders who exploit its qualities and defects for their
benefit? This is a question which cannot be answered by yes or no. One thing is certain:
the contribution of youth is the essential condition for any political or social progress.
The succession of generations and their fatal opposition are as useful in these respects as
the transmission of certain essential values and knowledge from one generation to the
next.

The youth ? What youth? It is indeed very diverse according to countries, ideologies and
social origin. As a whole the question is too vast to be dealt with in depth in a few pages
of the journal and in many cases, for lack of serious documentation, we are reduced to
relying on press information or the personal impressions of a eye-witness. So by bringing
together in the pages that follow a dozen articles, we realize that we can only touch on
this fascinating subject.
In the political domain - the one that interests us here - can we detect in the youth of the
world a common trait that would distinguish it from previous generations? Without
claiming to express an opinion applicable everywhere, it seems to us that today's youth
are, even more than the previous ones, turned towards the future, that they are less
interested in the past, that the facts of history and traditions weigh less in his eyes than
future prospects. She sees more clearly than her elders the gap that the great achievements
of modern technology have widened between the state of things of the past and the
current situation. The need to adapt political thought to material progress is taking place
within it, while the previous generation too often remains trapped in old criteria. Born at
the time of space flights and the atomic threat, it is more sensitive to human solidarity
and aspires more to a rational organization of international relations.
The too succinct and very incomplete picture of youth and politics in the world we
present leaves aside the Vietnamese youth, whose heroic struggle for independence
attracts all eyes today. In paying tribute to her, we hope that as soon as possible she will
be able to put the energy she is deploying in war at the service of the work of peace and
the reconstruction of her wounded homeland.

Text 11 : Are coups d'état on the decline in Africa?

The attempted coup d'état that took place on Monday January 7 in Gabon is the first in
this country since independence in 1960. Monday morning, a small group of young
soldiers tried to seize power to "restore democracy" . According to the Gabonese
government, the putsch has been foiled, and the situation is "under control". President
Ali Bongo, victim of a stroke, has been receiving treatment for several months abroad,
first in Saudi Arabia, then in Morocco, where he is currently. His family has run Gabon
since 1967. Is Africa abandoning its reputation as a land of coups? When can a coup be
considered as such? Since the 1950s, there have been a total of 204 coups - successful
and unsuccessful - in Africa, according to data compiled by two American political
scientists, Jonathan Powell and Clayton Thyne, who are respectively from the University
of Central Florida. and the University of Kentucky (USA). They define the coup as an
illegal and blatant attempt by the military or civilian state officials to overthrow existing
leaders. However, the definition of coup is often disputed. In the past, military leaders
have denied having putsch after overthrowing existing regimes. The case of Zimbabwe
can be cited in 2017. The military organized a takeover to end the reign of Robert
Mugabe, who lasted 37 years. At the time, a senior military official, Major-General
SibusisoMoyo, went on television to categorically deny that it was an army takeover.
"The leaders of a coup are always trying to give the impression of being legitimate by
almost always denying that it is a coup," said Jonathan Powell.
Powell and Thyne consider a coup successful when the ringleaders stay in power for
more than seven days. In Africa, there have been 104 failed coups and 100 successful
ones. Sudan experienced the largest number of putsch, 14 in total. Burkina Faso is the
country with the most successful hits, seven.
Does Africa know less putsch than the rest of the world? Africa has certainly experienced
a high number of military takeovers, but this particular way of taking power is in decline
in the continent. Between 1960 and 1999, there were between 39 and 42 coups in each
decade. Since 1999, the number of coups has been decreasing. In the 2000s, there were
22 putschs, and in the current decade, that number is 16.

Text 12: Women Victims of Domestic Violence

Questioning violence between intimate partners ultimately amounts to talking only about
violence against women. This is what emerges from a WHO world report published in
2002, soberly entitled "Violence by intimate partners", and which refers in this area. We
learn that, in the vast majority of cases, domestic violence is committed by men against
their female partners. Forty-eight international surveys, of which this report takes stock,
fairly well reflect the scale of the phenomenon: depending on the country, "between 10%
and 69% of women say they have been subjected to violence by the part of their male
partner at some point in their lives ”. This violence against women by a husband or an
intimate male partner is not anecdotal. It is said to be one of the most common forms of
violence and concerns all countries and all social, economic, religious and cultural groups
without exception.
Domestic violence with its procession of female victims is therefore universally
widespread, and the WHO describes it without distinction of gender, as "any behavior
within an intimate relationship, which causes physical, psychological or sexual harm or
suffering to people who are party to this relationship. " Severe forms of violence concern
70% of women reporting physical assaults. Studies carried out in Australia, Canada,
Israel, South Africa and the United States also estimate the cause of a significant number
of deaths: "40 to 70% of women victims of murder have been killed by their spouse or
boyfriend, often in the context of an ongoing violent relationship, ”say the authors of the
report…
Text 13: Youth unemployment in Africa
Africa has the youngest population in the world. Its 200 million 15-24 year olds make
up 20% of the population, and 40% of those who are of working age. But they also
represent 60% of the unemployed. “The problem of youth unemployment in Africa is
more complex than in other regions of the world. The slow growth of the economies
does not create enough jobs for the large number of graduates who enter the market each
year. "Young men and women hang out on the streets of big cities with little to do, and
in some cases are involved in crime. " Currently, we can consider that this unemployment
of young people is like a bomb which, if it is not defused, will explode. A dramatic
situation

In Sub-Saharan Africa, between 7 and 10 million young people enter the job market
every year, and this market is not growing fast enough to accommodate them. Barely
10% find a job that matches their abilities, and many continue to suffer because in some
countries wages are extremely low. Among them, there are more and more graduates, and
their number, between 1999 and 2009, more than tripled, going from 1.6 million to 4.9
million. They will be almost double in 2020, or 9.6 million young people. These
graduates leave the unemployed universities that await them. It is true that many have
chosen less professional fields, such as social sciences, rather than technical training. First,
the absence of work creates a feeling of exclusion and worthlessness which leads to
violence, drug addiction and extremism. Tired of years of wasted education, these young
people make their governments the target of their frustration. Seeking their own way,
they demonstrate in the streets, clash on campuses and constitute the main body in the
event of a riot. Second, unemployment and underemployment often force young people
to wait for several years before obtaining decent housing, being able to marry and have
children. Finally, during a period of economic recovery, they are the last to be hired and,
during a slowdown, they are the first to be dismissed.
In the city, the majority of young people in employment have only precarious, low-
productivity jobs, most often in the informal sector. They earn less than the minimum
wage and are unable to provide their families with decent living conditions. As a result,
they suffer from much greater poverty – and are highly at risk, given the conditions in
which they live and work. In rural areas, the agricultural sector, which includes the
majority of workers, suffers from seasonal underemployment. Many work fewer hours
than they would like, earn less than their city counterparts, use less of their skills and are
generally less productive.

Text 14 : CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY PREGNANCES

Nearly 16 million girls between the ages of 15 and 19 give birth to children each year.
70,000 teenage girls a year die of pregnancy and childbirth complications. Discover the
causes and consequences of teenage pregnancy and our actions to prevent it. CAUSES
OF EARLY PREGNANCY
Worldwide 1 in 5 girls give birth to their first child before the age of 18. This
phenomenon is explained by: The lack of information and sex education - Because of the
lack of means and because of taboos linked to sex, children and girls do not receive
sexual and reproductive education. They have little or no knowledge of the means of
contraception and the risks associated with early pregnancy. The lack of free family
planning in some developing countries reinforces this lack of knowledge and lack of
access to care.
Forced and Early Marriage - 9 out of 10 early pregnancies occur in the context of
marriage or cohabitation. Once married, the girls are forced to have sex with their
husbands and become pregnant.
Sexual violence and abuse - On the way to school, in schools, during emergency
situations, in the family itself… girls are vulnerable and victims of violence and
unprotected sexual abuse.
Taboos related to culture - In some developing countries, talking about sex is taboo.
Girls who become pregnant as a result of sexual intercourse or abuse are ashamed to talk
about it and do nothing to stop them.
The law - In most developing countries, abortion and sometimes even contraception are
considered a crime and are repressive.
Access to contraception - Access to contraception can be hampered by poverty, taboos
and/or distances too great to access a store or health centre distributing them.
THE CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY PREGNANCIES
Each year, nearly 3 million girls between the ages of 15 and 19 undergo unsafe
abortions.
“Because of my young age, my pregnancy was very dangerous. Despite my growing
stomach, I was losing weight. I was so skinny that I looked like a twig with a big belly.
The delivery was very painful, "said Rabeya, a 13-year-old pregnant woman in
Bangladesh.
Early pregnancy has catastrophic consequences not only for the mother, but also for the
child and the development of their community and the whole country:
Health risks - These early pregnancies are very dangerous for both mother and child: 194
girls die every day from early pregnancy. Yet 90% of the causes linked to these deaths
could be avoided. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the second leading
cause of death for girls aged 15 to 19 worldwide. These deaths are usually caused by the
lack of health centers to follow these risky pregnancies, or the money to access them.
School dropout - According to a study we conducted, 58% of girls never or rarely go
back to school after having a child. This figure increases when girls are also married.
Marginalization, in many societies, the honor of the family rests on the virginity of the
girls. Those who are pregnant outside marriage are therefore victims of discrimination
and marginalization. They can be rejected by their families and thus become vulnerable
to violence and abuse, domestic slavery and sexual exploitation.
Perpetuation of the lower status of women and poverty, early marriages and pregnancies
keep girls in their lower status than men and do not allow them to get out of poverty. It
is an unfair situation and a huge lost potential for the development of communities and
countries.
Text 15: New Technologies
New information and communication technologies (ntic) are everywhere. They have
invaded the personal lives of individuals, transformed their ways of living, thinking,
seeking, being informed, communicating, exchanging, working and even consuming. At
the same time, they are at the heart of the development of economic players, whether
they come from the world of small and medium-sized enterprises or the largest
corporations. In a word, they irreparably configure the relations of man to progress at the
start of the 21st century. The creation of a portfolio of Secretary of State responsible for
forecasting and developing the digital economy [1]
It has (already) been occupied by two incumbents, Éric Besson tout… demonstrates the
transformation of French society, which cannot miss the technological revolution
embodied by the internet [2]. The French Academy (www. Academie-francaise. Fr)
recommends…. Although the image of the network is the one that spontaneously comes
to mind to represent it, it is in reality a “protocol common to all computers and capable
of borrowing from numerous networks: telephone, internal system for business, cable
TV, satellite, fiber optic [3]
Joël de Rosnay, "What will revolution revolution ... ...". This digital revolution is already
experiencing a second generation with the appearance of what specialists call Internet 2.0
- the collaborative or participative Internet - which “rests on the increase in the
processing capacity of computers and the connection speed of homes that allow you to
work in real time on shared bases.
Éric Besson, La République Numérique, op.cit., P. 35. ”. Suffice to say that the progress
to come is still numerous and that we are only at the beginning of a profoundly new era
of communication. It is well known, however, that each technological advance brings its
share of benefits and nuisances; the internet is no exception, and while it has, as we will
show, emancipatory virtues, it also breeds tyrannical attitudes. Because the man who uses
it remains himself: as in all areas, he is the craftsman of the best as of the worst.
Technological emancipation
It is not absurd today to consider that the individual – very often losing his civic bearings
– is able to reclaim his status as a smart, informed, educated citizen, thanks to new
technologies and more particularly thanks to the Internet. This mode of communication
gives it the means of cognitive and democratic emancipation.