Nts CLASS

15ARC 8.
6
Module Title: PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
MODULE -5
Delivered by: Er.Ashwini Patil
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Construction Equipment and
Management
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Intended Learning Outcomes
• At the end of the session, students will be able to:
– Describe the significance of taking safety measures during
equipment operation
– Calculate the total cost of operating an equipment and its
production rate
– Analyze the suitability of equipment plan based on project
requirements, equipment availability and total cost of operation
– Perform equipment replacement analysis based on depreciation
analysis and cost of employing an equipment
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Introduction
• Wide variety of relatively heavy machines which perform specific
construction (or demolition) functions under power
• Used to perform repetitive operations
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Advantages of Utilizing Construction Equipment
 Increase the rate of output

 Reduce the overall construction costs
 Carry out activities which cannot be done manually
 Eliminate the heavy manual work
 Maintain the planned rate of production
 Maintain the high quality standards
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Types of Construction Equipment and their
Selection Criteria
• Earthwork equipment
• Concreting equipment
• Hoisting equipment
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Types of Earthwork Equipment
 Backhoe
Roller compactor
 Front shovel
Scraper
 Dragline Dumper
 Clamshell Grader
 Dozers
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Backhoe
Used to:
• Clean up construction areas
• Dig holes in the ground
• Smoothen uneven ground
• Make trenches and ditches
• Remove deep roots from trees
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Front shovel
• Excavation purposes above its

own track or wheel level
• Heavy positive cutting in all types
of dry soils
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Dragline
• Bulk excavation below its track

level
• Suitable for
– loose soils
– marshy land
– areas containing water
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Clamshell
• Hydraulically controlled bucket

suspended from a lifting arm
• Deep confined cutting in pits
and trenches
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Dozers
• Moving earth up to a distance

of about 100m and
• Towing tractor and pusher to
scraper machine
• Track-mounted or wheel-
mounted
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Roller compactor
• Compaction of earth and other materials
• Large works of highways, canals and airports
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Scraper
• Site leveling, loading, hauling over distances varying between

150m-900m
• Towed, two-axle or three-axle type
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Dumper
• Horizontal transportation of
materials on and off sites
• Large capacity dumpers used
in mines and quarries
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Grader
• Grading and finishing upper

surface of earthen formations
and embankments
• Operates in the forward
direction
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Selection Criteria for Earthwork Equipment
Dependent on the following factors:

 Quantities of material to be moved
 Available time to complete the work
 Job conditions
 Prevailing soil types, swell and compaction factors, etc.
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Planning of number of Earthwork Equipment , depends on:
 Suitable class of equipment for earthwork

 Appropriate model of equipment
 Number of equipment needed
 Number of associated equipment required
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Types of Concreting Equipment
 Concrete batching and mixing plant
 Concrete mixers
 Concrete transit mixers
 Concrete pumps
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Concrete batching and mixing plant
• Weighing and mixing large

quantity of concrete
constituents
• Capacity:- 20cum/hr-250cum/hr
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Concrete mixers
• Mixing small quantities of

concrete constituents
• Capacity:-
– 200lt/batch (small mixers)
– 200-750lt/batch(large mixers)
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Concrete transit mixers
• Transporting concrete from

batching point
• Capacity:- 3cum-9cum
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Concrete pumps
• Horizontal and vertical

transportation of large volumes of
concrete in short duration
• Capacity:-
– 30cum/hr(ordinary
construction)
– 120cum/hr(specialized
construction)
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Selection Criteria for Concreting Equipment
 Site characteristics
 Equipment availability
 Continuity of operation
 Effect of permanent work
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Selection Criteria for Concreting Equipment (cont…)
 Weather conditions
 Temporary works
 Time restrictions
 Concrete specifications
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Concrete-mixing equipment selection will depend on
following factors:
 Maximum and the total output required in a given time frame
 Method of transporting the mixed concrete
 Requirement of discharge height of the mixer
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Concrete-placement equipment selection depends on
following factors:
• Capacity of the vehicle

• Output of the vehicle
• Site characteristics
• Weather conditions
• Rental costs, and the
• Temporary haul roads
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Hoisting Equipment
Group of equipment employed mainly for lifting or lowering of unit
load and others
Hoisting
Equipment
Hoists Cranes
Boom Chain Derrick Mobile

Hoists Hoists Crane Crane
Electric Tractor Tower

Hoists Hoists Crane
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Boom Hoist
• Lifting of weights on hooks - bear

maximum loads
• Industrial machine- loads weight on
containers
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Chain Hoist
• Used in most of the construction

and industrial operations
• Chain rope and pulley used to
move the load from up to down
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Electric Hoist
• Modernized form of chain and boom

hoist
• Used industries for fast working
• Popular in material handling
industries
• Saves labor costs by handling
maximum loads at a time with no
damage threats
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Tractor Hoist
• Consist of a boom that is attached

with base of tractor
• A hook with rope - driver controls
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Cranes
• One of the most important equipment

• Key role in performing lifting tasks
• Categorized into:
– Derrick Cranes
– Mobile Cranes
– Tower Cranes
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Selection of Cranes
Factors affecting the selection of cranes are:

• Building Design
– Building height
– Project duration
• Capability
– Power supply
– Load lifting frequency
– Operators visibility
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• Safety
– Initial planning and engineering

• Economy
– Cost of move in, setup, and move out
– Cost for rent
– Productivity
• Site Conditions
– Soil Stability and ground conditions
– Access road requirement and site accessibility
– Operating clearance
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Mobile Cranes
• Adequate for all types of structures (up to 107 m)
• Used for shorter projects duration (less than 4 months)
• Not considered to be very safe due to
– lack of safety devices
– limited switches to prevent overloading
• Can operate in muddy terrain but requires good ground conditions
• Needs adequate operating clearance
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Mobile Cranes
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Tower Cranes
• Preferable for high-rise (over 107 m)
• Used for longer project duration
• Considered to be very safe due to the presence of limit switches
• Can operate where ground conditions are poor
• Does not need adequate operating clearance
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Tower Cranes
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Derrick Cranes
• Preferable for high-rise and apartment buildings
• Can be used for both long term and short term projects
• Cheaper than mobile and tower cranes
• Not considered to be safe
• Used when
– clearance is inadequate for the other units
– sufficient space is unavailable for the erection of a tower

foundation
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Derrick Cranes
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Session Summary
• The three basic categories of equipment used in construction are

earthwork equipment, concreting equipment and hoisting equipment.
• Selection and planning of equipment depends on a number of factors
such as size of the job, cost, time constraint, equipment characteristics,
site conditions, etc.
• Equipment replacement decisions depend upon depreciation, interest
and operation costs and revenue of a project.
• Most of the accidents with respect to equipments can be avoided if
suitable safety measures are taken during equipment operation.
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Concrete and Asphalt Plants
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Ready mix concrete(RMC):
• Components proportioned away

from the construction site for
delivery to the site
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Need for Ready Mix concrete
• Requirement for higher grades of concrete

• Correct accountability ingredients
• Rapid development of infrastructure industry
• Increased demand of concrete
• Possibility of manufacture of desired grades
• Mega project demands higher output
• Timely supply of reliable concrete
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Production of RMC
• Transit mixed concrete

• Shrink mixed concrete
• Central mixed concrete
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Flowchart of Manufacturing Process
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Ready Mix Batching Plant
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Raw Materials
• Water
• Additives
• Cement
• Aggregate
• Air
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Aggregates
• Make up roughly 60% to 75%

of ready mix concrete’s volume
• Obtained from quarries and
aggregate banks
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Additives
• Solid or liquid chemical

substance added to ready mix
concrete before or during
preparation
• Improve a hardened concrete’s
durability, or
• Reduce a concrete’s water
content
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Water
• Vital fluid
• Sets off a chemical reaction when it
comes into contact with the cement
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Cement
• Strength contributing ingredient

• Gray Portland type 1 and Puzzolona Portland type 2 cements
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Concrete mixing
• Components come together to produce a uniform mass of concrete.

• Mixing time registered from the movement material and water is poured
into the cement mixer, and it begins rotating
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Ready to use for site
• While transporting concrete to a site, the cement mixer rotates

• Speed is of two to six rotations per minute
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Equipment Required in R. M. C.
1. Batching plant
2. Silos
3. Belt Conveyor
4. Transit mixer
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Batching
Batching plants are classified as

1. Manual
2. Semiautomatic
3. Fully automatic
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Manual Batching Plant
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Semi automatic Batching Plant
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Automatic Batching Plant
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Storage Silos
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Aggregate Feeding Belt Conveyors
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Ready-mix Concrete Portable Conveyors
• For handling Ready Mix Concrete output from batching plant to transit
mixer / outer area
• Stationary or portable special type belt conveyors
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Transit Mixer
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Sampling and Testing of RMC
• Point and time of sampling
• Workability
– Slump
– Compacting factor
• Strength
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Environmental Considerations
• External appearance
• Plant, office buildings and staff facilities
• Traffic control and cleanliness
• Site safety
• Air pollution
• Noise and vibration
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Advantages Of Ready Mix Concrete
• Quality assurance
• Elimination of manual errors
• Mass production of concrete possible
• Water cement ratio maintained
• Reduced material wastage
• Labour cost saved
• Design mix as per IS standards
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Disadvantages of Ready Mix Concrete
• Materials are batched at a central plant

• Generation of additional road traffic
• Weight of the truck and load at access to site
• Concrete's limited time span between mixing and going-off
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ASPHALT PLANT
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Asphalt concrete
• Composite material
• Used for surface roads, parking lots, and airports
• Consists of mineral aggregate bound together with asphalt
• Laid in layers, and compacted
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Asphalt plant
• Production of quality hot asphalt

mixture
• Should contain desired

proportions of asphalt and
aggregate
• Should meet all specifications
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Asphalt plant
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Types of Plants
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Typical Batch Plant
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Components of a Drum type Plant
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Material Flow Diagram
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Batch plant operations
• Aggregate storage and cold feeding

• Aggregate drying and heating
• Screening and storage of hot aggregates
• Storage and heating of binder
• Measuring and mixing of binder, aggregate and recycled materials
• Loading of finished asphalt mixture
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Material Blending (bins)
• Keeps materials separated

• Allows operator to blend materials at
rates/percentages dictated by mix
design
• Weighs aggregate as it enters drum
dryer
• Screens Aggregate
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The Aggregate Dryer
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Aggregate Dryer Performs Two Functions
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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences ©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Mixing Tower
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Typical Mixing Cycle
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Burner
• Fuel can be heated/

pressurized/ atomized/ mixed
with air/ ignited
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Baghouse
Large metal housing containing hundreds of synthetic, heat resistant fabric

bags for collecting fines
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Air flow through baghouse
• Some utilize cyclone or knock
down box
• Air flows below and up through
bags and into top of baghouse
• Bag pulse to release built up
dust material
• Dust augured back to drum and
blended with mix
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Silo System
• Allow plant to continue
production while waiting on
customers
• Allow production/sale of
multiple mixes
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Drum Plant
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Parallel flow drum plant
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Counter Flow Drum Plant
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Double-Drum Plant
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Double-Drum Plant
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Portable Drum Plant
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Modern Fixed Drum Plant
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Plant Control
• Heart of plant (the brain)

• Sophisticated controls
• Controlled blending system
• Updates status & control
• Process management and
diagnostics
• Inventory control
• Loading and ticketing
• Time entry
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Precast Flat Panel Systems
• Precast panels cast and cured in a controlled factory environment
• Helps ensure panel quality and uniformity
• Can be installed in a short span of time
• No requirement of curing
• Elimination of weather delays
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Precast Flat Panel Systems
• Cast as
– solid reinforced precast concrete (flat panels), or
– reinforced concrete ribbed panels with a thin exterior shell
• Stronger concrete panels than poured concrete walls
• Thinner and lighter weight
• Walls can be customized during the order process
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Installation Procedure
• Planning
• Code Acceptance
• Arrange crane access
• Prepare foundation base
• Place and assemble panels
• Pour slab and install floor system
• Backfill
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SUMMARY
RMC production process involves measuring concrete mix

ingredients by either mass or volume and mixing them to produce
concrete of uniform quality
The production process in Asphalt plant involves drying and heating

the aggregates and blending it with asphalt
Precast flat panel systems ensure stronger, thinner and lighter

structural components with quick installation
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENTS(MIXING,TRANSPORTATIO
N ,PLACING,COMPACTION AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Intended Learning Outcomes
• At the end of this session, student will be able to:

– Describe the different types of materials used for construction
and code standards for the same
– Enumerate the factors which influence the quality of concrete

and their significance
– Describe the properties of metals, and their applications in

construction
– Discuss the manufacturing processes of cement and concrete
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Modern Construction Materials
• Cement
• Concrete
• Steel
• Aluminium
• Plastic
• Reinforced Polymers ER.ASHWINI PATIL

Modern Construction Materials
• Non-weathering Materials
• Flooring and Façade Materials
• Water proofing compounds
• Construction Chemicals
• Smart and Intelligent Materials

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Cement
• It acts as a binder
• Can be hydraulic or
non-hydraulic
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Cement
• Types of modern cement
– Portland cement
– Energetically modified cement
– Portland cement blends

• Portland blast-furnace cement
• Portland fly ash cement
• Portland pozzolana cement
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Cement
– Portland cement blends (contd..)

• Masonry cement
• Expansive cement
• White blended cement
• Colored cement
• Very finely ground cement
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Cement
– Portland cement blends (contd..)

• Pozzolana lime cement
• Slag lime cement
• Super-sulfated cement
• Calcium sulfo-aluminate cement
• Portland silica fume cement
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Grade of Cement
• Classified into 3 grades
– Tested as per IS 4031-1988
• 33 grade
1 • 28 days strength not less than 33 N/mm2
• 43 grade
• 53 grade
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Manufacturing of Cement
• Raw materials required
– Calcareous materials – limestone or chalk
– Argillaceous materials – shale or clay
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Manufacturing of Cement
Wet Process
Dry Process
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Wet Process
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Dry Process
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Aggregates
• Important constituents in
concrete
• Occupy 70-80 % of the

volume of concrete
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• Can be classified as
– Normal weight aggregates
– Light weight aggregates
– Heavy weight aggregates
• Normal weight aggregates

– Natural aggregates
– Artificial aggregates
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Source of Aggregates
• Aggregates from Igneous Rocks

– Hard, tough and dense.
– Massive structure, entirely crystalline

or wholly glassy or a combination
– May be acidic or basic
– Light colored or Dark colored

Granite
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Source of Aggregates
• Aggregates from Sedimentary

Rocks
– Weathering agencies
– Cementing materials
• Carbonaceous, siliceous or
argillaceous in nature
– Static pressure of water Shale
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Source of Aggregates – contd..
• Aggregates from Metamorphic

Rocks
– High temperature and pressure -

metamorphism
– Foliated structure
Marble
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Size of Aggregates
• Max size – 80 mm
• Largest possible max size

– Reduction of the cement
content
– Reduction in water
requirement
– Reduction of drying shrinkage
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Shape of Aggregates
• Affects workability of
concrete
• Type of crusher
• Reduction Ratio
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Shape of Aggregates – contd..
• Rounded aggregates are

preferable
• Rounded aggregates are

smooth textured
• Angular aggregates are rough

textured.
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Shape of Aggregates – contd..
• Angular aggregates -
better interlocking
• Total surface area of

angular aggregates >
rounded aggregates
• Angular aggregates –
higher bond strength
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Texture of Aggregates
Group Surface Texture Examples

1 Glassy Black flint
2 Smooth Chert; Slate; Marble; some Rhyolite
3 Granular Sandstone; Oolites
4 Crystalline Fine: Basalt; Trachyte
Medium: Dolerite; Granophyte; Granulite;
Microgranite
Coarse: Gabbro; Gneiss; Granite; Granodiorite;
Syenite
5 Honeycombed Scoria; Pumice; Trass
and porous
Surface characteristics of aggregate ER.ASHWINI PATIL

Grading of Aggregates
• Affects workability.
• Well graded aggregate - least

amount of voids
• Total voids are less - better

lubricating effect
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Grading of Aggregates
• Excess amount of paste -

prevents segregation
• Better grading – lesser

voids –higher workability
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Manufacturing of Concrete
• Process involves:
– Batching
– Mixing
– Transporting
– Placing
– Compacting
– Curing
– finishing
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Batching
• The measurement of materials for making concrete is

known as batching.
• There are two Methods of batching:

– Volume batching
– Weigh batching
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Volume Batching
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Weigh Batching
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Weigh Batching
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Measurement of Water
• Weigh Batching
• Graduated Bucket – not accurate
• Horizontal tank or Vertical tank
• These tanks are filled up after every batch accurately.
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Mixing
• Thorough mixing is essential
• Homogeneous, uniform in
colour and consistency
• Two methods
– Hand Mixing
– Machine Mixing
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Hand Mixing
• Small scale unimportant

concrete works.
• Cannot be thorough and

efficient.
• Impervious concrete or
brick floor.
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Hand Mixing
• Coarse aggregate and

Fine aggregate –
alternate layers
• Pour the cement and

mix
• Uniformity of colour
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Hand Mixing
• Uniform mixture – 20 cm
thick
• Water is sprinkled
• Uniform, homogeneous
concrete
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Machine Mixing
• RCC work, medium and large

scale work
• Efficient and Economical
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Machine Mixing
• Concrete Mixers
• Batch Mixers and

Continuous Mixers
• Large scale work
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Machine Mixing
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Machine Mixing
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Mixing Time
• Concrete mixers -15 to 20 rpm
• Proper mixing - 25 to 30 rpm
• Optimum benefit
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Concrete high-speed mixer in a batching plant ER.ASHWINI PATIL140
©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences ©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Transporting
• Variety of methods and equipments
• Homogeneity should be maintained
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Transportation
• Methods adopted
– Mortar Pan
– Wheel Barrow, Hand Cart
– Crane, Bucket and Rope way
– Truck Mixer and Dumpers
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Transportation
• Methods adopted
– Belt Conveyors
– Chute
– Skip and Hoist
– Transit Mixer
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Mortar Pan
• Disadvantage – exposes
greater surface area
• Wetted at start
• Kept clean during the entire

operation
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Wheel Barrow
• Concrete – placed at ground

level
• Hauling – comparatively
longer distance
• Rough ground – segregation
• Pneumatic wheel
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Crane, Bucket and Rope way
• Above ground level
• High-rise construction
projects
• Move concrete
horizontally as well as
vertically
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Crane, Bucket and Rope way
• Concrete work in a
valley or of a pier
• Concrete discharged
from the smallest
height
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Truck Mixer and Dumpers
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Belt Conveyors
• Limited applications
• Principal objection –
concrete tends to
segregate on steep
inclines
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Belt Conveyors
• Segregation - rubber
belt vibration
• Concrete should be
remixed
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Chute
• Ground level to a lower level.
• No separation or segregation
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Skip and Hoist
• Transporting
concrete vertically
up
• Taller structures
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Transit Mixer
• RMC Plant
• Truck mounted
• Capacity - 4 to 7 cubic
meter
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Transit Mixer
• 2 variations:
– Concrete is kept agitated -

2 to 6 revolutions per
minute
– Mixing is done in truck

mixer
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Placing Concrete
• Optimum results
• Loose earth must be

removed
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Placing Concrete
• Water and slush must

be removed completely
• Great thickness -
placed in layers
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Placing Concrete
• Thickness of layers -
mode of compaction
• RCC – layers - 15 to
30 cm thick and in
mass concrete - 35
to 45 cm thick
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Placing Concrete
• Reinforcement and
joints are checked
• Formwork – mould
releasing agents
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Placing Concrete
• Reinforcement -
clean and free from
oil
• Small quantity at a
time
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Formwork
• Rigid
• Prevent loss
of slurry
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Summary
• The manufacturing of cement is done either by wet

process or dry process.
• The manufacturing of concrete consists of batching,

mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing and
finishing.
• Tests are carried out on fresh concrete as well as hard

concrete.
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Compaction of Concrete
– Expelling entrapped air

– Lower workability –
Higher air entrapment
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– High percentage of
entrapped air – higher
compacting efforts
– Insufficient compaction
increases permeability
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Methods
– Hand Compaction
– Roding
– Ramming
– Tamping
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Methods
– Compaction by Vibration
• Internal vibrator (Needle vibrator)
• Formwork vibrator (External vibrator)
• Table vibrator
• Platform vibrator
• Surface vibrator (Screed vibrator)
• Vibratory Roller
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Methods
• Compaction by Pressure and Jolting
• Compaction by Spinning
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Hand Compaction
• Unimportant concrete work
• Large quantity of
reinforcement
• Thickness -15 to 20 cm
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Rodding
• Rod - 2 metre long, 16 mm

dia
• Bamboos or canes are also

used
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Ramming
• Light ramming - unreinforced

foundation or in ground floor
construction.
• Not permitted - reinforced concrete

or in the upper floor construction
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Tamping
• Compacting roof or floor slab or road pavements – thickness

- comparatively less and surface - smooth and level
• Wooden cross beam -10 x 10 cm
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Compaction by Vibration
• Satisfactory results
• Hand compacted concrete –

low strength – high water
cement ratio
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Compaction by Vibration
• High frequency vibrators
• Congestion of
reinforcement
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Internal Vibrator
• Also called “Needle Vibrator”,

“Immersion Vibrator” or “Poker
Vibrator’’
• A power unit, a flexible shaft and a

needle
• Eccentric weights
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Internal Vibrator
• Needle diameter - 20 mm to 75
mm and length - 25 cm to 90 cm
• Bigger needle - mass concrete

dam
• Needle can be replaced by a

blade
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Formwork vibrator (External vibrator)
• Columns, thin walls or precast

units.
• Machine – clamped on
external wall surface
• Vibration given to formwork
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Formwork vibrator (External vibrator)
• Reinforcement, lateral
ties and spacers
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Table Vibrator
• Vibrator - clamped to the table
Or
• Table - mounted on springs
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Table Vibrator
• Vibrating concrete cubes
• Mostly used in the laboratories
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Platform vibrator
• Table vibrator - larger in size.
• Large prefabricated concrete

elements
• Also coupled with jerking or

shock - good compaction
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Surface vibrators
• Also known as “Screed

Board Vibrators”
• Thin concrete members
• Floor slabs and roof slabs
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Vibratory Roller
• Very dry and lean concrete
• Such concrete is known as

Roller Compacted
Concrete
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Compaction by Pressure and Jolting
• Very dry concrete
• Hollow blocks, cavity blocks and

solid concrete blocks
• Combined action of the jolts,

vibrations and pressure
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Compaction by Spinning
• Fabrication of concrete pipes
• Plastic concrete – compacted

by centrifugal force
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Compaction by Spinning
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Curing of Concrete
• Hydration
• In the field - water evaporates
• Impervious covering or application of

curing compounds
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Curing of Concrete
• Creation of a favourable environment
• High quality concrete
• Irreparable loss
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Curing of Concrete
Methods
• Water curing
• Membrane curing
• Application of heat
• Miscellaneous
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Water curing
Methods
• Immersion
• Ponding
• Spraying or
Fogging
• Wet covering
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Membrane curing
• Acute shortage of water
• Effectively seal off the

evaporation of water
• Bituminous compounds,
polyethylene or polyester film,
rubber compounds
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Application of heat
• Development of strength -
function of time and
temperature
• higher temperature - accelerates

the hydration process - faster
development of strength.
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Application of heat
• Concrete cannot be
subjected to dry heat
• Steam curing
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Finishing
• Exhibit pleasant surface

finishes
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Finishing
• Surface finishes
– Formwork Finishes
– Surface Treatment
– Applied Finishes
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Finishing
• Formwork Finishes
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Finishing
• Surface Treatment
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Finishing
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Finishing
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Finishing
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Finishing
• Applied Finishes
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Testing of Fresh Concrete
• Workability
• The following tests are commonly employed to measure workability

– Slump Test
– Compacting Factor Test
– Flow Test
– Kelly Ball Test
– Vee Bee Consistometer Test
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Slump Test
• Laboratory or site
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Slump Test
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Compacting Factor Test
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
• Degree of compaction  Compaction Factor
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Compaction Factor Apparatus for use with Aggregate not
exceeding 40 mm Nominal Max. Size
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Workability, Slump and Compacting Factor of Concretes with 20 mm or 40 mm
Max. Size of Aggregate
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Flow Test
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Flow Test
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Kelly Ball Test
• Field test
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Vee Bee Consistometer Test
• Laboratory test
• Measures indirectly the workability of concrete
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Vee Bee Consistometer Test
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
• Bleeding
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
• Bleeding
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
• Setting Time of Concrete – Penetrometer Test
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Penetrometer Test
ER.ASHWINI PATIL
Testing of Hardened Concrete
• The various tests carried on a hardened concrete are:
– Compression Test
– Flexural Strength
– Non Destructive Tests

• Rebound Hammer Test
• Pull Out Test
• Dynamic or Vibration Tests
• Magnetic and Electrical Methods
ER.ASHWINI PATIL

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15ARC 8.

Delivered by: Er.Ashwini Patil

 Increase the rate of output

• Excavation purposes above its

• Bulk excavation below its track

• Hydraulically controlled bucket

• Moving earth up to a distance

• Site leveling, loading, hauling over distances varying between

• Grading and finishing upper

Dependent on the following factors:

 Suitable class of equipment for earthwork

 Concrete batching and mixing plant

 Concrete transit mixers

• Weighing and mixing large

• Mixing small quantities of

• Transporting concrete from

• Horizontal and vertical

 Effect of permanent work

 Method of transporting the mixed concrete

 Requirement of discharge height of the mixer

• Capacity of the vehicle

Boom Chain Derrick Mobile

Electric Tractor Tower

• Lifting of weights on hooks - bear

• Used in most of the construction

• Modernized form of chain and boom

• Consist of a boom that is attached

• A hook with rope - driver controls

• One of the most important equipment

Factors affecting the selection of cranes are:

– Load lifting frequency

– Initial planning and engineering

– Cost for rent

– Soil Stability and ground conditions

– Access road requirement and site accessibility

• Adequate for all types of structures (up to 107 m)

• Used for shorter projects duration (less than 4 months)

• Not considered to be very safe due to

– lack of safety devices

– limited switches to prevent overloading

• Can operate in muddy terrain but requires good ground conditions

• Needs adequate operating clearance

• Preferable for high-rise (over 107 m)

• Used for longer project duration

• Considered to be very safe due to the presence of limit switches

• Can operate where ground conditions are poor

• Does not need adequate operating clearance

• Cheaper than mobile and tower cranes

• Not considered to be safe

– clearance is inadequate for the other units

– sufficient space is unavailable for the erection of a tower

• The three basic categories of equipment used in construction are

• Components proportioned away

• Requirement for higher grades of concrete

• Transit mixed concrete

• Make up roughly 60% to 75%

• Solid or liquid chemical

• Strength contributing ingredient