Chemical Papers (2018) 72:1535–1542

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-017-0380-8

ORIGINAL PAPER

External magnetic field influence on magnetite and cobalt‑ferrite

nano‑particles in ferrofluid
Milorad M. Kuraica1 · Predrag Iskrenović1 · Marko Perić2   · Ivan Krstić1 · Aleksandar S. Nikolić3

Received: 21 September 2017 / Accepted: 30 December 2017 / Published online: 30 January 2018
© Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences 2018

Abstract
Using simple optical measurements, the selective spectral behavior of suspended nano-particles of magnetite ­(Fe3O4) and
cobalt-ferrite ­(CoFe2O4) coated with starch, was observed through switching on/off of external magnetic field. The field
strength was varied in the interval 30–300 mT. In these transient regimes, the unexpected and unusually large changes of
transmitted light occur. An explanation is suggested, within the model based on ordering of magnetic moments of nano-
particles along the lines of magnetic field into magnetic chains and organization of magnetic chains into spatial structure—a
quasi-lattice. This fact indicates the possibility of more efficient local heating of nano-particles in the fast changing magnetic
field; for instance when taking magnetic nano-particles for therapeutic purposes.

Keywords  Cobalt-ferrite nano-particles · White light transmittance · Laser irradiation

Introduction access different bio-molecules with little spatial obstacles.

Nanometer-scale magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have
attracted widespread attention due to the rapidly increasing
number and variety of their applications such as catalysis
including nanomaterial-based catalysts (Rossi et al. 2014),
biomedicine and tissue specific targeting (Mody et al. 2014),
magnetically tunable colloidal photonic crystals (Ge and Yin
2008; Pu and Liu 2009; Pu et al. 2011, 2014), microfluidic
(Gijs et al. 2010), magnetic resonance imaging (Shokrollahi
et al. 2014), magnetic particle imaging (Yu et al. 2017), data
storage (Terris and Thomson 2005), environmental reme-
diation (Orbell et al. 2007), nanofluids (Yu and Xie 2012),
and sensors (Altintas et al. 2012). As a result of their spe-
cial physico-chemical properties MNPs are specially used
in the biomedical sciences (Ghazanfari et al. 2016). They
have controllable sizes, smaller than or comparable to cell,
virus, protein or gene dimension, that enable MNPs to easily
* Marko Perić
markoperic1983@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg
12, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
2
Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade,
Mike Petrovića Alasa 12‑14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
3
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg
12‑16, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
Nanometer-sized biocompatible MNPs exhibiting enhanced
retention by vascularized tumors are ideal for selective tumor
accumulation. MNPs can interact with an external magnetic
field gradient. The change of orientation of magnetic field
leads to rapid change of orientation of magnetic domains of
ferrofluid nanoparticles. In this way, the nanoparticles can
be heated up, leading to various medical applications such
as hyperthermia, induced self-heating after the application
of an alternating magnetic field and simultaneous triggered
drug delivery to the targeted region of the body (Sharifi et al.
2012; Kim et al. 2008; Lee et al. 2007; Wahajuddin 2012;
Chourpa et al. 2005).
The most frequently investigated nano-particles are cer-
tainly iron oxide nano-particles such as magnetite ­(Fe3O4)
and hematite ­(Fe2O3), due to their biocompatibility, non-
toxicity and non-immunogenicity in organism. Beside that
cobalt-ferrite ­(CoFe2O4) MNPs also showed remarkable
magnetic properties (López-Ortega et al. 2015). However,
key of the successful application of MNPs in medicine is
surface functionalization which contributes to increase the
colloidal stability (Jadhav et al. 2017). Due to their large
surface area to volume ratio, MNPs have an inherent ten-
dency to agglomerate. When injected intravascularly, these
agglomerated particles are rapidly cleared away by mac-
rophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system before they
can reach the target cell of interest. To prevent aggregation

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of the particles and ensure nontoxicity under physiological
conditions, magnetic nanomaterials require sophisticated
coatings, which ideally should have a high affinity for the
iron oxide core, be nonimmunogenic and nonantigenic, and
prevent opsonization by plasma proteins (Das et al. 2009).
Common biocompatible coatings include hydrophilic poly-
mers such as dextran (Hong et al. 2008), polyethylene glycol
(Lin et al. 2006) and polyethylene oxide (Aqil et al. 2008).
Although polymeric coatings on MNPs reduce aggregation
and improve biocompatibility, their large overall size may
significantly limit the tissue distribution, penetration, intra-
venous delivery, metabolic clearance, and magnetic targeting
ability of nanoparticles in vivo (Das et al. 2009). Another
way of performing this is coating the surface with bifunc-
tional molecules that are hydrophilic at one end and can bind
to the nanocrystal surface with the other end.
In the present study, F ­ e3O4 and C­ oFe2O4 nanoparticles
coated with starch have been successfully synthesized
using co-precipitation method. The synthetic procedure was
slightly modified in comparison to literature data (Jiang et al.
2009). The influence of the magnetic field on the behav-
ior of MNPs was tracked by measuring a transparence of
ferrofluid suspension irradiated with white-light and laser
beam as explained in the literature (Li et al. 2006; Bai et al.
2011; Laskar et al. 2009; Rablau et al. 2008; Huang et al.
2015). Spectral range of 650–670 nm have been used. In
this spectral region, there is number of semiconductor lasers
which are being applied for the therapeutic purposes. The
observed effect can be crucial for further laser treatment of
patients who have been exposed to ferrite-based contrast
during MRI scans. Hence, the explanation of behavioral dif-
ferences between starch coated ­Fe3O4 and ­CoFe2O4 is of the
utmost importance.
Experimental
Synthesis of magnetic particles
The mixture containing ­Fe3+ ions (0.8 M, 25 cm3) and ­M2+
­(Fe2+, ­Co2+) (0.4 M, 25 cm3) was heated up to the boiling.
After that NaOH solution (2.0 M) was added until the pH 9
and the reaction mixture was kept under kept vigorous stir-
ring for 1 h. The obtained particles were filtered on Büchner
funnel and washed up with doubly purified water till pH 7.
Particles were dried at 100 °C and grinded in agate mor-
tar. Dried and milled particles were calcinated at 400 °C.
After calcination particles were grinded in agate mortar once
more.
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Chemical Papers (2018) 72:1535–1542
Synthesis of coated magnetic particles
Starch (6 g) was dissolved in 40 ml of doubly purified
water at 100 °C. Magnetic-particles obtained as previously
described were poured into the starch solution. The mix-
ture was heated at 100 °C for 1 h and after that reaction
mixture was additionally ultrasonically treated for 30 min.
The obtained ferrofluid was dialyzed 24 h prior to usage.
Experimental setting and measurement procedure
The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) investigation was
conducted on Rigaku Smartlab X-ray θ–θ diffractometer
(with the sample in horizontal position) in parafocus-
sing Bragg–Brentano geometry using D/teX Ultra 250
strip detector in 1D XRF suppression mode with CuKα
radiation source (U = 40 kV and I = 30 mA). Record-
ing speed was 5°/min. The low background single crystal
silicon sample holder was used suitable for holding liquid
samples.
For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis JEOL
JSM-6610LV was used.
The key components in the experiment, the electromag-
net with a power source and feedback for maintaining a
given value of magnetic field strength B, with uncertainty
of 0.1%, were laboratory made. For control and data acqui-
sition special PC software was developed. The cuvette
with the sample of the examined ferrofluid was placed in
the homogeneous magnetic field MF (strength was varied
in the interval of 30–300 mT) between the poles of the
electromagnet, see Fig. 1. In the central part of the elec-
tromagnet core, 2 mm × 2 mm aperture was made through
which the light from the source is directed on the cuvette
and further on to the detector. As source of white light,
NBS Modified Type FEL-000 at effective temperature of
6500 K was used. In the second part of the experiment
Sanyo laser diode DL5147-040 in the single mode regime
at wavelength λ = 655 nm was used. For detection and
measurement of spectral distribution of the white light
passed through the ferrofluid, the Ocean optics USB4000
spectrometer was used, while for the measurement of
transmitted laser light a photodiode was used.
The measurements started by closing the optical path
of the light to the photo detector, using the optical switch
OS. The so-called dark current was measured without the
MF. After this, the optical path was opened (still without
the MF) and in the next 30 s the intensity of the transmit-
ted light was measured through the non-perturbed sam-
ple. Then MF was switched on and during the period of
300 s was kept on the set point, while the signal from the
photo detector (proportional to the intensity of transmitted
Chemical Papers (2018) 72:1535–1542 1537

Fig. 1  The scheme of the

experimental setup. LS light
source, DCP DC power supply,
OS optical switch, USB4000
Ocean optics spectrometer, PC
personal computer for control
and data acquisition

light) was continuously recorded and data stored by the

PC. After that period the MF was turned off and in the next
100 s change of intensity induced by the relaxation of the
ferrofluid was recorded.

Chemicals

All chemicals (Iron (III)-chlor ide hexahydrate

­( FeCl 3·6H 2O,  >  99%), Iron (II)-sulphate heptahydrate
(FeSO4·7H2O, > 99%) Cobalt (II)-chloride hexahydrate
­(CoCl2·6H2O, > 99%), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, > 96%),
Hydrochloric acid (HCl > 36%) and Starch (> 99%)) were
obtained by Sigma-Aldrich (p.a. quality), and used without
additional purification.

Results and discussion

In this study, ­Fe3O4 and C

­ oFe2O4 were synthesized accord-
ing to the traditional coprecipitation method and functional-
ized with starch. The precipitated fine particles and coated
­Fe3O4 and ­CoFe2O4 were characterized by the X-ray dif-
fraction technique, to determine crystal phases and estimate
the crystallite size. All reflections in the obtained diffrac-
tion patterns (Fig. 2) were indexed in the expected space
group Fd3m and are of spinel structure type. The morphol-
ogy of obtained precipitate was studied by SEM analysis.
The results obtained through SEM analysis are depicted in
(Fig. 3).
As can be seen from the SEM images shown in Fig. 3
the particles sizes are of nanometer-scale. The coated par-
ticles (Fig. 3b, d) are significantly larger in comparison to
uncoated ones.
Ferrofluid sample reduces the intensity of the incident
radiation uniformly throughout the spectrum and behaves Fig. 2  X-ray diffraction patterns of a ­Fe3O4 and ­Fe3O4-coated, and b
as a neutral density filter. However, after switching on the ­CoFe2O4 and ­CoFe2O4-coated

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Fig. 3  SEM images of a ­Fe3O4, b ­Fe3O4-coated, c ­CoFe2O4 and d ­CoFe2O4-coated
external magnetic field, ferrofluid sample begins to act as
a spectrally selective filter, i.e., some wavelengths were
attenuated more than others. The measured time depend-
ence of transmitted light trough the ferrofluid in the wave-
length interval of 300–900 nm forms a surface I(λ, t) which,
after normalization on the initial distribution (through the
unperturbed ferrofluid), has a shape given in Fig. 4a, c. Dur-
ing this study, special attention was focused on the spectral
region 650–670 nm in which the most prominent changes
of intensity of transmitted light occurs. For that purpose, the
graphic of transmitted light intensity over time (Fig. 4b, d)
at the wavelength of 655 nm was set aside.
Figure 5 presents time dependence of intensity of trans-
mitted light through the ferrofluid, under the influence of
external magnetic field in the range of 30–300 mT when a
laser diode on the same wavelength (λ = 655 nm) was used
instead of white light source.
Immediately after switching on the MF (Fig. 5), a rapid
decrease of intensity of transmitted light occurred. Some
mechanism after switching on the MF leads to blurring of
solution which reduces transparency and decreases intensity
of transmitted light. In other words, in the region of the val-
ley (Fig. 5), the precipitate of ferrofluid samples was formed.
The width of the valley depends on the applied magnetic
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Chemical Papers (2018) 72:1535–1542
field. Also the valley minimum was affected by type of fer-
rofluid sample, i.e. the effect is much larger in the case of
­CoFe2O4. To explain differences in magnetic behavior of
­CoFe2O4-starch and ­Fe3O4-starch, we analyzed magnetic
interactions at purely molecular level. As a useful model
for such investigation we took into account C ­ o2+ and F­ e2+
2−
ions surrounded with six O ­ ions. The splitting of d-metal
orbitals is presented in Fig. 6.
The important thing is that both systems have degenerate
ground state. In orbitally nondegenerate systems, the mag-
netic anisotropy of the ground state exists only due to the
out-of-state SOC with the excited states and is measured
by ZFS parameters (Gruden-Pavlovic et al. 2014). When
the lowest term is orbitally degenerate, the magnetic anisot-
ropy exists mostly due to the in-state SOC and the angular
momentum is unquenched. The in-state spin–orbit coupling
can give rise to very large magnetic anisotropy in compari-
son to out-of-state spin–orbit coupling. However, this fact
still does not explain the differences in magnetic behavior.
In addition ­Co2+ ion has much larger spin–orbit coupling
constant (533 cm−1) than ­Fe2+ (410 cm−1) and thus, stronger
interaction with external magnetic field, due to larger mag-
netic anisotropy. This is the reason why ­CoFe2O4 shows
larger magnetic response in comparison to the ­Fe3O4.
Chemical Papers (2018) 72:1535–1542 1539
Fig. 4  a Normalized intensity of transmitted white light through
ferrofluid sample for F ­e3O4, b intensity of transmitted light at
­ e3O4, c normalized intensity
λ  =  655  nm in a function of time for F
After some time (app. 100 s), according to the MF used,
the solution becomes more transparent and the intensity of
transmitted light increases (see Fig. 5a, b).
This increase of the intensity is in accordance with the
model proposed (Li et al. 2006) and can be explained by
the dominant orientation effect of the magnetic domains of
nanoparticles induced by MF.
External MF directs nanoparticles along the field lines,
similarly as small magnetic needles. Magnetic domains
ordered in such a way are mutually attracted and form mag-
netic chains. Further on, the magnetic chains are organized
in space thereby forming a quasi-lattice of parallel posi-
tioned magnetic threads. This aggregation process depends
on the external magnetic field and exposure time. Figure 7
shows the schematic of the aggregation process, and the
transmitted light pattern. In the absence of an external mag-
netic field, the magnetic nanoparticles are in random motion
where the transmitted light shows a circular spot with the
entire light intensity distributed within the spot (Fig. 7a).
Further on, the magnetic nanoparticles form single chain-
like structure along the direction of the external field, where
some intensity of the transmitted light is distributed in the
straight line like pattern (Fig. 7b). At the end, nanochains
are zippered due to lateral attraction where the intensity dis-
tribution along the line was significantly larger compared to
the earlier two cases (Fig. 7c).
As the time is increased, the sizes of scatterers will
increase due to the formation of doublets, triplets or very
of transmitted white light through ferrofluid sample for ­CoFe2O4, d
intensity of transmitted light at λ = 655 nm in a function of time for
­CoFe2O4
small chains, which changes the caterers size as explained
in the literature (Laskar et al. 2008; Philip and Laskar 2012;
Brojabasi et al. 2014, 2015). At a certain time interval,
some sizes of the scatterers satisfy the resonances in the
scattering anisotropy factor and extinction efficiency factor.
At the minimum transmitted intensity, the size distribution
is such that the number of caterers that satisfy the resonance
becomes maximum. Therefore, the resonances both in the
scattering anisotropy factor and extinction efficiency fac-
tor, which physically correspond to resonant excitation of
a particular electric or magnetic dipole within the scatterer,
could be one of the plausible explanations for the observed
extinction of light.
At the time when MF was switched off, ferrofluid solution
becomes more transparent and the intensity of transmitted
light grows rapidly. The induced MF in the magnetic mate-
rial appears with the same direction as the external field (in
accordance with the Faraday’s law of induction and Lenz’s
rule).and tends to increase its own magnetic moment J. This
effect results from additional attachment of free nano-parti-
cles from the solution and their implantation into magnetic
chains. It makes the solution more transparent and conse-
quently, the intensity of transmitted light increases sharply.
If this assumption is accepted, then the behavior of
ferrofluid after switching on MF is quite logic and in
accordance with the same rule; ferrofluid sample opposes
increasing magnetic flux by decreasing J, trough mulch-
ing of spontaneously organized magnetic domains formed
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Fig. 5  Time dependence of
transmitted diode laser light
(λ = 655 nm) for different
magnetic field strength (a), for
­Fe3O4 coated with starch and b
­CoFe2O4 coated with starch

solution becomes more blurred and less transparent. Thus,

the intensity of the transmitted light rapidly decreases.
From Fig. 4, it is clear that the ferrofluid solution in these
transient regimes (switching on/off of the external MF) rela-
tively slowly relaxes to the initial state. In the experiments
with stronger fields (300 mT) (Fig. 5), the ferrofluid returns
to initial state much faster. Further on in time, the strong
field leads to increase of transmitted light intensity. With
stronger external magnetizing field the ferrofluid starts to
behave as a hard magnetic, so the changes in transmitted
light intensity are smaller.

Fig. 6  Schematic representation of d-metal orbital splitting in the
­ e2+ and ­Co2+ ions
octahedral surrounding for F
earlier in the solution. In this way, the number of free
and chaotically distributed nano-particles in the solution
increases, the scattering cross section increases and the
Conclusions
Biomedical applications of ferrites acquire their magnetic
behavior with relatively higher value of saturation magneti-
zation, exact particle size, as well as biocompatible coat-
ing. Within this paper, we have presented measurements
of spectral distribution of light transmitted through the fer-
rofluid suspensions of ­Fe3O4 and ­CoFe2O4 exposed to the
external magnetic field. The observed effect can be crucial

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Fig. 7  Transmitted light pattern for the aggregation process of magnetic nano-particles. a Random motion of particles, b formation of chain-like
structures, c zippering of nano-chains
for laser treatment of patients who have been exposed to
ferrite-based contrast during MRI scans. Hence, the expla-
nation of the differences between starch-coated ­Fe3O4 and
­CoFe2O4 is of large significance. As it has been shown,
nano-particles of C ­ oFe2O4 coated with starch were more
sensitive on switching on/off of magnetic field in the spectral
range of 650–670 nm. In this spectral region, there is number
of semiconductor lasers which are used for the therapeutic
purposes, so further measurements were continued with a
diode laser as a source of coherent light on the wavelength
of λ = 655 nm.
The unusually large changes were observed in the inten-
sity of transmitted light during the transited regimes. An
explanation is suggested within the classical electromag-
netic theory based on Lenz’s rule and response of the mag-
netic ferrofluid on the change in the magnetic flux. It can
be concluded that in the rapidly changing magnetic field,
for instance in the RF range, rapid change of orientation of
magnetic domains of ferrofluid nanoparticles can find appli-
cation in therapy, for instance for local heating of the tissue.
Acknowledgements  This work was financially supported by the Ser-
bian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development
(Grant nos. 172035 and 171034).
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