Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Notes (Summary) (M+MFM+EI+EWP)
Notes (Summary) (M+MFM+EI+EWP)
E (Gauss‟s law) B 0 (No name)
0
B
E (Faraday‟s law) B 0 J (Ampere‟s law)
t
E
2. Displacement current: J d 0
t
3. Maxwell’s Equations:
E B 0
0
B E
E B 0 J 0 0 (Ampere‟s law with Maxwell‟s correction)
t t
7. Poynting’s vector S :
The energy per unit time, per unit area, transported by the fields.
1
S ( E B)
0
1
The unit of Poynting‟s vector S (E B) is Js-1 m-2 or Wm-2.
0
dW dU em
dt
dt
s
S da
umech uem S
t
9.
Equations of electromagnetic waves: Velocity of electromagnetic waves:
2 E
E 0 0 2
2
1
t v 3 108 m s-1
2 B 0 0
2 B 0 0 2
t
10. The correct form of Ampere‟s law for circuits with gaps in them is
dE
B ds I
0 enclosed 0 0
dt
11. A capacitor made from parallel circular plates, of radius ‘a’ and separation s, is inserted
into a long straight wire carrying current I. As the capacitor charges up, find the
induced magnetic field midway between the plates, at a distance r ( r a ) from the
center.
Hints:
E q 1 dQ I
Displacement current: J d 0 0 2
2 2
t t 0 a a dt a
Consider an Amperian circle centered to the wire, parallel to the plate and of radius r ,
then we can have:
Bdl I o denc
I
B 2 r 0 r2
a 2
o Ir
B
2 a 2
12. A plane parallel plate capacitor has plates of 10 cm2 area that are 1.0 mm apart. At an
instant when charge is being accumulated on the plates at a rate of 12 nC/s, the
displacement current between the plates is 1.2 108 A .
E 1 dQ dQ
Hint: I d J d da 0 da 0 da
t
0 A dt dt
Electromagnetic Induction
1. Motional emf: The emf induced in a conductor moving through a constant magnetic field.
1
q
2. The emf is Fmag dl f mag dl [the work done per unit charge]
d
3. The flux rule for motional emf:
dt
4. Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction:
The change in magnetic flux produces an induced emf in the circuit.
The induced emf lasts as long as change in flux continues.\
The induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux.
Faraday’s law:
If the magnetic flux B through an area bounded by a closed conducting
loop changes with time, a current and an emf are produced in the loop; this
process is called induction.
dB
The induced emf is Faraday's law .
dt
A changing magnetic field induces an electric field.
The following pairs of equations conclude that E is purely Faraday’s
B
induced electric field: E = 0; E =
t
10. In an inductor of self-inductance L=2 mH, current changes with time according to the
relation I t 2et . The time at which emf is zero is t = 2S.
11. The self-inductance per unit length of a long solenoid, of radius R, carrying n turns per
unit length:
L (nl )( 0 nI )( R 2 )
I 0 n2 R 2
l l lI lI
[l length of small segment of solenoid]
12. Mutual Inductance M 21 :
If coils 1 and 2 are near each other, a changing
current in coil 1 can induce an emf in the coil 2.
dI1
2 M 21
dt
volt sec
Unit henry ( H )
ampere
Wb A1
13. Neumann Formula and Reciprocity Theorem
Reciprocity theorem
Whatever the shapes and positions of the loops, the flux through 2 when we run a
current I around 1 is identical to the flux through 1 when we send the same current
I around 2.
dl1 dl2 dl2 dl1
2 0
4
C2 C1 r I 40 C1 C2 r I 1
M 21 M 12
14. A short solenoid (length l and radius a , with n1 turns per unit length) lies on the axis of a
very long solenoid (radius b , n2 turns per unit length) as shown in Figure below. Current I
flows in the short solenoid. What is the flux through the long solenoid?
B2
Energy stored per unit volume (i.e. energy density): U B
2 0
Unit of energy density U B J m3
Unit of B H BH B
B B2
0
J m3
0
16. In a section of length l of a long solenoid (radius R, current I, and n turns per unit
length) :
The Energy stored:
1 1 1
W
20 all space
B 2 d
2 0 B 2 d
2 0
( 0 nI )2 ( R 2l )
B 2 ( 0 nI )2 0 n2 I 2
The energy density: U B
2 0 2 0 2
17. A 100 mH coil carries a current of 1A.Energy stored in the form of magnetic field is 0.05 J.
1
W LI2
2
18. The current in an LR dc circuit at any time t is given by I (t ) 0 1 e ( R / L )t where 0 is
R
the emf of the battery.
Hint: Use Ohm‟s law:
dI
o L IR
dt
R
t
I t o [1 e L ] L
R The quantity is called time constant; it tells you how
R
long the current takes to reach a substantial fraction (roughly
two-thirds) of its final value.
19. A long coaxial cable carries current I (the current flows down the surface of the inner
cylinder, radius a , and back along the outer cylinder, radius b ) as shown in Figure below.
Find the magnetic energy stored in a section of length l . Also find coefficient of self-
induction.
2. Coil 1, connected to a 100 resistor, sits inside coil 2. Coil 1 is connected to a source of
60 cycle per second AC current.
AC current (current flow in alternating directions) will be induced in coil 2.
4. A bar magnet is dropped from above and falls through the loop of wire shown below. The
north pole of the bar magnet points downward towards the page as it falls.
5. Human brain activity produces weak variable electric currents. The way these are detected
without surgery is by measuring the magnetic fields they produce by means of small loops
of wire of very low resistance placed near the brain.
6. As shown below, a square loop of wire of side a moves through a uniform magnetic field
of magnitude B perpendicular to the page at constant velocity
v directed to the right.
v
The emf induced in the loop is zero, because the magnetic flux through the loop is
constant.
MAGNETOSTATICS
1. A stationary charge produces only an electric field E in the space around it, a moving
charge generates, in addition, a magnetic field B .
2. Steady currents→ constant magnetic fields: Magnetostatics
3. Current-carrying wire:
If you grab the wire with your right hand-thumb in the
direction of the current- your fingers curl around in the
direction of the magnetic field.
5. The magnetic force in a charge Q moving with velocity v in magnetic field B is given by
Fmag Q(v B)
Direction of force is given by Fleming left hand rule.
7. Lorentz force : FL Q[E+v B]
Momentum of particle:
B = a uniform magnetic field p = mv = QBR [cyclotron formula]
points into the page
Cyclotron frequency:
v = velocity of charged particle
v
of charge Q [xy-plane]
QB R
f
2 m 2
2 f
T
2 m
Time period: T
QB
10. A charge particle is circling in a magnetic field with cyclotron frequency f o . If speed of
charge particle is doubled, the new cyclotron frequency is f o .
11. A charge follows helical path, when it enters a magnetic field obliquely.
13. A charged particle is released from rest in a region where there is a constant electric field
and a constant magnetic field. If the two fields are parallel to each other, the path of the
particle is straight line.
14. Magnetic Field:
FB N Wb N
B 1 T 1 C m s 1 m2 1 A m
Qvsin
Unit of magnetic field tesla (T) [SI] , gauss (G)[cgs] .
1 tesla 104 gauss
15. Magnetic Flux: B Bda Unit of Magnetic Flux : weber [Wb]
s
dI
Surface current density, K ; K is the current per unit width-perpendicular-to-flow
dl
dI
Volume current density, J ; J is the current per unit area -perpendicular-to-flow
da
17.
(a) A current I is uniformly distributed over a wire of circular cross section, with radius a
(Figure M-1). Find the volume current density.
(b) Suppose the current density in the wire is proportional to the distance from the axis, J = k s
(for some constant k). Find the total current in the wire.
Figure M-1
I
Hint: (a) J 2
a
2 ka3
a a
(b) I J da (ks)(2 sds) 2 k s 2 ds
S
0 0
3
18. Continuity Equation:
Figure M-2 a “tube” of infinitesimal cross section da , running to the flow
Because charge is conserved, whatever flows out through the surface must come at the
expense of that remaining of that remaining inside:
V
J d
d d
dt V V d
t
.J .
t
This is the precise mathematical statement of local charge conservation; it is called the
continuity equation.
I J (r) rˆ 0 I1 J (r) r
(ii) For volume current: B1 r 0 r 2 4 r 3
4
Force is attractive
(i) The magnetic field a distance ‘ s ’ from a long straight wire carrying a steady
current I:
0 I
B (sin 2 sin 1 )
4 s
The magnetic field a distance „ s ‟ from a infinitely long straight wire [both sides,
I
1 and 1 ] carrying a steady current I: B 0
2 2 2 s
(ii) The magnetic field at the centre of a square loop
of side „a‟ [Figure Below], which carries a
steady current, I is
2 0 I 2 2 0 I
B
R a
(iii) The magnetic field at the centre of a regular n-sided polygon of side „ L ‟ , which
carries a steady current, I is
I nL
B 0 [ R distance from the centre to any side]
4 R L2
R2
4
(iv) The magnetic field at a distance ‘z’ above the center of a circular loop of radius R,
which carries a steady current I:
0 I R2
B
2 (R 2 z 2 )3/2
Note:
If there are N number of circular
loops tightly gathered together, then
0 I R2
BN
2 (R 2 z 2 )3/2
(v) The magnetic field at the center of a circular loop of radius R, which carries a
steady current I:
I
B 0
2R
30 I
B B1 B2
4R
0 I
B
4 R
The magnitude of the magnetic field
at point P :
1 I 1 1
B 0 (out )
4 2 a b
0 I 2
B 1 (into the page)
4R
(vii) The magnetic field B on the axis of a tightly wound solenoid (helical coil)
consisting of n turns per unit length wrapped around a cylindrical tube of radius „a’
and carrying current I (Figure S) in terms of 1 and 2 is
0 nI
B (cos 2 cos 1 ) .
2
Figure S
(viii) The magnetic field of an infinite solenoid with „n‟ turns per unit length, radius R,
and current I:
B0 outside the solenoid
=0 n I inside the solenoid
22. Ampere’s law:
B dl
0 I enc
B o J
Applications:
(i) The magnetic field a distance s from a long straight wire carrying a steady
current I:
0 I
B
2 s
(ii) The magnetic field of a very long solenoid, consisting of n closely wound turns
per unit length on a cylinder of radius R and carrying a steady current I:
B 0 nI , inside the solenoid
=0, inside the solenoid
(iii) Two long and straight conducting wires separated with distance d and each of
carrying current I in same direction. The magnetic field at the point midway
between the wires is zero.
(iv) Two long and straight conducting wires separated with distance d and each of
carrying current I in opposite direction. The magnetic field at the point midway
2 I
between the wires is 0 .
d
(v) Suppose the current density in the wire [radius „a‟] is proportional to the
distance from the axis, J k s (for some constant k). The total current in the
2 ka 2
wire is I .
3
23. Magnetic vector potential( A ):
B A
0 dl 0 I1 J
Magnetic vector potential: A r r 4 r d
4
SI unit of magnetic vector potential: V S m1 or T m
1
If B is uniform, Magnetic vector potential, A r B , where r is a vector
2
from the origin to the point in question.
1
If A(r ) r B [ B is uniform] , then A 0
2
If A Axiˆ Ay ˆj Az kˆ is magnetic vector potential, the y-component of magnetic
field is
Ax Az
My .
z x
The vector potential of an infinite solenoid with n turns per unit length, radius R,
and current I:
1 0 n IR 2
A , outside the solenoid
2 r
1
= 0 n Ir , inside the solenoid
2
24. The divergence of magnetic field is zero i.e. B 0 . This confirms that magnetic
monopole doesn’t exist.
Notes:
1. A physicist claims that she has found a new particle with a mass 200,000 times the mass of
the proton ( 1.67 1027 kg ) and a charge of 3.20 1019 C . If she is correct, such a particle
traveling in a circle in a uniform 5.00 T magnetic field at a velocity of 2500 m/s will have a
radius of 0.522 m.
mv2 mv
[Use QvB= QB= ]
r r
3. One reason why we know that magnetic fields are not the same as electric fields is because
the force exerted on a charge +q is parallel to an electric field and perpendicular to a
magnetic field.
4. If Equal charges, one at rest, the other having a velocity of 104 m/s, are released in a
uniform magnetic field then the charge that is moving if its velocity makes an angle of 45o
with the direction of the magnetic field when it is released.
Magnetic Fields in Matter
1.
Magnetic dipole moment ( m ):
m IA
where I current through the loop
A Vector area of loop.
3.
Magnetization ( M ):
1
Magnetization, M lim
V 0 V
m
i
i where, V a small volume element
mi magnetic moment of the ith atom
The SI unit of magnetization is ampere per meter [A/m].
4.
Force and Torque on Magnetic Dipole
In a uniform field, the net force on a current loop is zero
The toque on the dipole:
m B
The energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field B : U m B .
5.
The effect of magnetization is to establish bound currents J b M within the material and
Kb M nˆ on the surface.
where I fenc is the total free current passing through the Amperian loop.
Retentivity or Remanence:-
The value of magnetization of the
material, when the magnetizing
field is reduced to zero
The amount of energy lost (in the form of heat) per unit volume of ferromagnetic substance
when the substance undergoes one cycle of magnetization is known as hysteresis loss.
N
Hysteresis loss i di
i 1
HdM
0 0 Area of M H curve
dB
Hysteresis loss B0 dH [B0 0 H ]
0
HdB
Area of B H curve
Notes:
Domain formation is the necessary feature of ferromagnetism.
The area of the B-H hysteresis loop is an indication of the energy dissipated per cycle.
The magnetization left on a ferromagnetic material after the removal of magnetizing
field once the saturation has been reached is called retentively.
Ferromagnetic materials possess the paramagnetic behavior above a certain temperature
called Curie temperature.