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    Kraft Pulping

    Uploaded by

    Tatu Kärki

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 13
    Kraft Pulping PEDER J. KLEPPE Abstract: Present knowledge concerning the kraft pulping Drocts is evalusted from the point of view of industrial p> lication. Reported influences of pulping variables on delgn= Seation rate, pulp yield, and pulp properties are examined. Special emphasis is placed on methods for increasing pulp eld and the feasfbity of adopting these methods by ious tty. Water and air polltion problems related to kraft pulp- ing and posible solutions are discussed. Recent developments in proces technology and process contol ate described. Keyport: suite pubiag - rocing - Poses - Deli Settee vidas Caftchydancs = Ragga neste? © Pees Freprie"Wluion Revo <—— Tu origin ofthe kraft pulping process dates back totwo U.S. patents granted to Eaton in 1870 and 1871 for the elgnifcation of wood with 2 mixture of sodium by- droxide and sodium sulle (2). The beneficial eect of adding sulfur or sulfides to the cooking liquor for the sods pulping of straw was supposedly established about (60 years earlier in England (2). industrial application of the kraft process was, how ‘ver, frst mace possible by an important ciscovery by Dablin 1879, He found that the chemical losses resulting from the recovery of cooking chemicals from sods pulpe ing of straw could be compensated for by the addition of sodium sulfate 10 the combustion furnace (3). The sulfate was reduced to sulfide inthe reduction phase of the sods recovery system. The recovery of sulde from alkaline pulping iguor was thereby accomplished. The new pulping and recovery method, called the sulfate process, was at once adopted for pulping of coniferous wood in Scandinavia. It was there that the “super” strength of paper made from these sulfate lps was recognized in 1885 (2), and the new types of aper products were therefore called kraft papers. Kraft is the Swedish word for strength. The term “kraft” has by now become standard for identifying the sulfate pulping process, i, the pulping ef the wood, 25 well as the chemical recovery proces. Economical ‘ecovery of pulping chemicals in the kraft process was necessity in order for it to compete with the slfte Process, which {rom the very beginning, in 1874, re- tired no recovery system because ofthe cheap cooking chemicals (4) Toppi | Jamary 1970 Vol. $3, No. 1 Progress in the kraft process has been dominated to a very high de by technical innovations in the unit ‘operations of wllection, evaporation, and burning of the black liquor, and of final recovery ofthe pulping chemi- cals. The greatest advance came in the 1930's by the {introduction of the Tomlinson recovery furnace where final evaporation and burning of black liquor, heat recovery, and chemical recovery were incorporated in cone unit. The most important developments inthe kraft process during the last two decades have probably been the continuous digester, the difusion washing of cooked chips in the digester, the continuous diffuser, the fuid- ied reburning of lime mud, the oxidation of black liquor, the collection of eluents, and process control of various production units. Production capacities of the various unit operations have increased tremendously, often tenfold or more, and this has become one of the ‘most important economical factors i pulping The kraft process has, during the last 30 years, become the dominant pulping process. Its present status is illus- Peder J. Kleppe is Associate Pro- fesot “of Wood and. Paper Science st North Carolina State University at ‘Raleigh with the responsiblity of teaching and Going research on pollution abatements inthe forest prod ets industry. He graduated 1961 from the Techaieal Unive sity at Darmstadt, Germany, ‘majoring ia wood chemistry ux: der Dr. Georg. Jayme. From 1962 to 1965, Dr. Kleppe was Research Chemist at the Nor- wwegian Pulp and Paper Research Insitute, where he did Spied research and development ‘work on. polswulade Pulping. Ia 1965 he joined Westvaco atthe Chaeston Re- Search Laboratory and conducted research on industrial ‘wood and pulp chemistry problems untl be became Re- Search Associate at Nowth Carolina State University. in 1968. Dr. Kleppe is author and co-author of a number of ‘papers and several palents in the area of polysaccharide nd pulping chemistry, and pulping technology. He is & ember of TAPPI. ibe Techie “Amciaion of the ‘Norwegian Pulp and Paper Industry, the Norwegian Chemi- cal Sosety, and Sigma Xi 35 trated in Table I, which shows the estimated production pulp capacity and about 55% of the total wood pulp ‘capacity in this area are in kraft mills. About half of the kraft pulps are made into bleached or semibleached Products. ‘The major reasons forthe suecess of the kraft pulping precesscan be summarized as follows: 1. An ecient and economical recovery process has been ‘developed forthe pulping chemicals. 2. All commercially available woods can be pulped by the process. 3. The discovery of chlorine dioxide as a bleaching agent for pulps, and methods to produce it cheaply and to use it ‘ery eciently in the Bleaching of kraft pulps, 4. Kraft pulps produce paper and board products with gen- cally superior strength properties compared to products made from other pulps. Ik is astonishing to recognize how much of the im- portant progress in the kraft process has been built on ‘empirical approaches. However, in order to modify and ‘optimize the various unit operations further, we need fundamental knowledge of what occurs in the process. ‘This is particularly true for the kraft pulping operation, where approximately the same pulping conditions have been used during the last $0 years. I will summarize the present knowledge on kraft pulping from the point of view of industrial application. However, itis impossible within the scope of this paper to refer to all the contributions made in this area. Ex- tensive coverage of the literature on the chemistry of kraft pulping can be found in recent publications of Rydholm (5.6) and Clayton (2). RATE OF DELIGNIFICATION “The kinetics of kraft pulping seem very complex. No ‘general formula bas yet been published which exactly eserbes the rate of delignification over the whole range ‘of practical pulping conditions. The present picture of the restion mechanism is that the swollen ignin inthe ‘wood chip is split into fragments at the solid-liquid interface bythe hydroxyl and hyérosulde ions present inthe pulping liquor (7, 8. The fragments are dissolved 835 phenolate or carboxylate anions. They ean undergo condensation reactions with themselves (9), the undise solved lignin (9), and possibly also with the carbohy- drates (10). The condensed lignin is more difficult to remove from the fbers(11, 12). There are strong indica- tions that an important function of the sulfide or hy-

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