CURSORS

********
It is a pointer to temp memory , to perform intermediate
operations before output send to the client user.

Types of cursors: 2

1) Implicit cursor:
***************
A cursor which is used by each sql query.
This type can be assigned and managed by DB engine.

Properties:
*********
SQL%ISOPEN
It returns true if the file is opened for processing.

SQL%FOUND
It returns true if matched data found.

SQL%NOTFOUND
It returns true if there is no matched data.

SQL%ROWCOUNT
It returns an integer value which represents the
number of affected records.

2) Explicit cursors:
--------------------
Explicit cursors are useful to display multiple records from
the table using program or procedure.
Explicit cursors are defined and managed by programmer.

To use explicit cursor do the following.

i) declare and define the cursor in DECLARE block

syntax:
CURSOR <cursor_name>
IS
SELECT . . . . . . . . . . . .
from <tbl1>,<tbl2>,....
where <cond1> and/or .
order by . . . . . . . . . . ;

Ex: cursor mgrcur

is
select * from emp
where job='MANAGER';

ii) Open cursor, in BEGIN block

syn: OPEN <cur_name>;

Ex: OPEN mgrcur;

 iii) Fetch values/records from cursor, in begin block

syntax:
FETCH <cur_name> INTO <varname>;

Note:
At a time Fetch will take only one record from cursor.
So do the fetch operation repeatedly until all records are
fetched.

Ex: LOOP
FETCH mgrcur INTO REC;
stmt;
stmt;
EXIT WHEN (mgrcur%NOTFOUND);
stmt;
stmt;
END LOOP;

iv) Close the cursor. Then it will release memory occupied by cursor.

syntax:
CLOSE <cur_name>;

Ex: close mgrcur;

properties:-
*********
Explicit cursor property name begin with cursor name.

<cur_name>%ISOPEN
It returns true if the file is opened for processing

<cur_name>%FOUND
It returns true if there exits matched data

<cur_name>%NOTFOUND
It returns true if there is no matched data

<cur_name>%ROWCOUNT
It returns an integer value represents number of effected
records.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ex:
write a procedure to find the number of records affected
if the emps are updated for the given job category with given
increment in their salary with in the table empcp?

create or replace procedure proc_update

( vjob IN empcp.job%type, incr IN int)
is
begin
 update empcp
set sal=sal+((incr*sal)/100)
where job=vjob;
if (sql%found) then
dbms_output.put_line(' updation is successfull');
dbms_output.put_line
(' number of records updated= '||sql%rowcount);
else
dbms_output.put_line('updation is Failed');
dbms_output.put_line
(' number of records updated= '||sql%rowcount);
end if;
end proc_update;

EX:

PRICE tax

<10000 12%
>=10000 & <20000 18%
>=20000 & <40000 22%
>=40000 & <50000 25%
>=50000 28%

if (cost<10000)then
update prod_dtls
set cost=cost+(0.12*cost);

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------
Ex:
-->write a procedure to display employee details working
-->under given deptno?

/* Procedure with Explicit Cursor */

create or replace procedure proc_emp_dtls_dno

(vdno emp.deptno%type)
is
cursor emp_cur
is
select * from emp where deptno=vdno;
vrec emp%rowtype;
begin
open emp_cur;
dbms_output.put_line
(' Details of emps under the deptno: '||vdno);
dbms_output.put_line
('--------------------------------------------------------');
loop
fetch emp_cur into vrec;
exit when emp_cur%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line
(vrec.empno||' ; '||vrec.ename||';'||vrec.sal||';'||
vrec.job||';'||vrec.hiredate||';'||vrec.deptno);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line
(chr(10)||
' Number of emps : '||emp_cur%rowcount);
 close emp_cur;
end proc_emp_dtls_dno;

EX:
WRITE A PROCEDURE TO DISPLAY EMP NAMES AND SALARIES
FOR GIVEN JOB OF EMPS?

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE PROC_EMPS_JOB

(
VJOB EMP.JOB%TYPE
)
IS
cursor c_job is select ename,sal from emp where job=vjob;
vename emp.ename%type;
vsal emp.sal%type;
begin
open c_job;
dbms_output.put_line(' Given job: '||vjob);
dbms_output.put_line('===============================');
loop
fetch c_job into vename,vsal;
exit when c_job%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line('Ename: '||vename||'Emp sal: '||vsal);
end loop;
close c_job;
end proc_emps_job;
/

Procedure created.

SQL> exec proc_emps_job('CLERK');

Given job: CLERK
===============================
Ename: SMITHEmp sal: 840
Ename: ADAMSEmp sal: 2100
Ename: JAMESEmp sal: 997.5
Ename: MILLEREmp sal: 1365

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> exec proc_emps_job('MANAGER');

Given job: MANAGER
===============================
Ename: JONESEmp sal: 2975
Ename: BLAKEEmp sal: 2850
Ename: CLARKEmp sal: 2450

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> exec proc_emps_job('SALESMAN');

Given job: SALESMAN
===============================
Ename: ALLENEmp sal: 1840
Ename: WARDEmp sal: 1437.5
Ename: MARTINEmp sal: 4600
Ename: TURNEREmp sal: 1725

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

ex:
write procedure to display employee details from given dept name?

create or replace procedure proc_emp_info

(vdname in dept.dname%type)
is
CURSOR emp_cur
is
select * from emp
where deptno=
(select deptno from dept where dname=vdname);
vrec emp%rowtype;
begin
open emp_cur;
dbms_output.put_line
(' given dept name: '||vdname);
dbms_output.put_line
('---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----');
dbms_output.put_line
('empid empname sal job hiredate comm
deptno');
dbms_output.put_line
('---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----');
loop
fetch emp_cur into vrec;
exit when emp_cur%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line
(vrec.empno||' '||vrec.ename||' '||vrec.sal||' '||vrec.job||
' '||vrec.hiredate||' '||vrec.comm||' '||vrec.deptno);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line
(chr(10)||
'Number of emps selected: '||emp_cur%rowcount);
close emp_cur;
end proc_emp_info;
/

Ex:

create or replace procedure

proc_prod_info
is
cursor prodcur is
select prod_name,cost,comp_code
from prod_dtls;
vpname prod_dtls.prod_name%type;
vcost prod_dtls.cost%type;
vcmpcode prod_dtls.comp_code%type;
begin
open prodcur;
dbms_output.put_line(chr(10)||
'Product Name: cost: comp_code'||chr(10)||
'-----------------------------------------'
);
loop
fetch prodcur into vpname,vcost,vcmpcode;
exit when prodcur%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line
(vpname||' '||vcost||' '||vcmpcode);
end loop;
close prodcur;
end proc_prod_info;
/

=============================================

CURSOR TYPE RECORD VARIABLE :

*****************************
We can declare a variable as a cursor type record variable
by using %ROWTYPE.
We can store 1 record in to this variable , from cursor.

syntax:
var <cursor_name>%rowtype;

ex:
vrec c%rowtype;

fetch c into vrec;

Ex:
write a procedure to display the employee details along with
dept info from given deptno?

/* Procedure with Explicit Cursor */

create or replace procedure proc_emp_dept_dtls

(vdno IN emp.deptno%type)
is
cursor c
is
select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,e.job,d.*
from emp e, dept d
where e.deptno=vdno
and
e.deptno=d.deptno;

/* Declaring Cursor type variable */

c_rec c%rowtype;
begin
open c;
dbms_output.put_line
(' Details of emps under the deptno: '||vdno);
dbms_output.put_line
(' ----------------------------------------------------');
loop
fetch c into c_rec;
exit when c%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line
 (c_rec.empno||' ; '||c_rec.ename||' ; '||c_rec.sal||' ; '||
c_rec.job||' ; '||c_rec.deptno||' ; '||c_rec.dname||' ; '||
c_rec.loc);
end loop;
close c;
end proc_emp_dept_dtls;

Ex:
write a procedure to display the employee details working with
given job?

create or replace procedure proc_emp_info_with_givenjob( vjob emp.job%type)

is
cursor c_emp is select * from emp where job=vjob;
r emp%rowtype;

begin
open c_emp;
dbms_output.put_line(' the given job title: '||vjob);
dbms_output.put_line('all '||vjob||' information');
LOOP
FETCH c_emp INTO r;
exit when (c_emp%notfound);
dbms_output.put_line(r.empno||' '||r.ename||' '||r.job||' '||r.sal||' '||
r.hiredate||' '||r.deptno);
end loop;
close c_emp;
end proc_emp_info_with_givenjob;

sample output:

PROCEDURE PROC_EMP_INFO_GIVENJOB compiled

anonymous block completed
the given job title: MANAGER
all MANAGER information
7566 JONES MANAGER 3272.5 02-APR-81 20
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 3135 01-MAY-81 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 2695 09-JUN-81 10

PROCEDURE PROC_EMP_INFO_GIVENJOB compiled

anonymous block completed
the given job title: SALESMAN
all SALESMAN information
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 20-FEB-81 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1250 22-FEB-81 30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1250 28-SEP-81 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 1500 08-SEP-81 30

EX:
write a procedure to display employee details
( empno,ename,sal,desg,deptno) who is working
under given dept name?
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE PROC_EMP_DTLS_DNAME
(VDNAME VARCHAR2)
IS
CURSOR C_EMP
IS
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,JOB,DEPTNO FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO=(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE DNAME=VDNAME);

--CURSOR BASED RECORD TYPE VARIABLE

REC C_EMP%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN C_EMP;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(VDNAME ||' DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE DETAILS ');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('----------------------------------------------');
LOOP
FETCH C_EMP INTO REC;
EXIT WHEN C_EMP%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' EMP ID: '||REC.EMPNO);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' EMP NAME: '||REC.ENAME);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' EMP SALARY: '||REC.SAL);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' EMP DESG: '||REC.JOB);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' EMP DEPTNO: '||REC.DEPTNO);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' --------------------------------');
END LOOP;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
(CHR(10)||'Total number of emps: '||c_emp%rowcount);
CLOSE C_EMP;
END PROC_EMP_DTLS_DNAME;

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

anonymous block completed

SALES DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE DETAILS
----------------------------------------------
EMP ID: 7499
EMP NAME: ALLEN
EMP SALARY: 1600
EMP DESG: SALESMAN
EMP DEPTNO: 30
--------------------------------
EMP ID: 7521
EMP NAME: WARD
EMP SALARY: 1250
EMP DESG: SALESMAN
EMP DEPTNO: 30
--------------------------------
EMP ID: 7654
EMP NAME: MARTIN
EMP SALARY: 1250
EMP DESG: SALESMAN
EMP DEPTNO: 30
--------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------

Ex: write a procedure to display the employee names and salaries, their
department names and locations?

create or replace procedure proc_emp_dept is

cursor c1 is select e.ename,e.sal,d.dname,d.loc from emp e,dept d where
e.deptno=d.deptno;
cur_rec c1%rowtype; /* DECLARING CURSOR TYPE VARIABLE */
begin
open c1;
dbms_output.put_line
('EMP-NAME EMP-SALARY Department name department-Location');
dbms_output.put_line
('========= ========== =========== ===================');
LOOP
FETCH c1 INTO cur_rec;
EXIT WHEN (c1%notfound);
dbms_output.put_line(cur_rec.ename||' '
||cur_rec.sal||' '
||cur_rec.dname||' '
||cur_rec.loc);
end loop;
close c1;
end proc_emp_dept;

NOTE:
cursor type variable will supports all columns with in the cursor. No matter
the columns are from which table.

===================================================================================
=====================================
sample output:

EMP-NAME EMP-SALARY Department name department-Location

========= ========== =============== ===================
SMITH 800 RESEARCH DALLAS
ALLEN 1600 SALES CHICAGO
WARD 1250 SALES CHICAGO
JONES 2975 RESEARCH DALLAS
MARTIN 1250 SALES CHICAGO
BLAKE 2850 SALES CHICAGO
CLARK 2450 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
SCOTT 3000 RESEARCH DALLAS
KING 5000 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
TURNER 1500 SALES CHICAGO
ADAMS 1100 RESEARCH DALLAS
JAMES 950 SALES CHICAGO
FORD 3000 RESEARCH DALLAS
MILLER 1300 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
dinesh 3400 OPERATIONS BOSTON

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
Ex:
--Write a procedure to display customer name,city, actno,
balance,act_name of all customers?
create or replace procedure proc_cust_act_info
is
cursor c_acts is select cd.cname,cd.city,cad.actno,cad.act_bal,at.act_name
from cust_dtls cd, cust_act_dtls cad, act_types at
where cd.cno=cad.cust_code and cad.act_type=at.act_type;

rec c_acts%rowtype;
/* Declaring a cursor based variable , supports all columns from cursor */
begin
open c_acts;
dbms_output.put_line
(' Customers and their Accounts information ');
dbms_output.put_line
('CustName---custCity--- Account No: Account Bal Account Name');
dbms_output.put_line
('-----------------------------------------------------------------');
loop
fetch c_acts into rec;
EXIT when (c_acts%notfound);
dbms_output.put_line(rec.cname||'----'||rec.city||'---'||rec.actno||' '||
rec.Act_bal||' '||rec.act_name);
end loop;
close c_acts;
end proc_cust_act_info;

exec proc_cust_act_info;

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ex:
write a procedure to display product name,cost,warr and
comp name from given comp name?

create or replace procedure proc_prod_dtls

(vcmpname comp_dtls.comp_name%type)
is
cursor prod_cur
is
select p.prod_name,p.cost,p.warrenty,c.comp_name
from prod_dtls p,comp_dtls c
where c.comp_name=vcmpname
and
c.comp_code=p.comp_code;
r prod_cur%rowtype;
begin
open prod_cur;
dbms_output.put_line
(vcmpname||' product details');
dbms_output.put_line
('----------------------------------------------');
loop
fetch prod_cur into r;
exit when prod_cur%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line
(chr(10)||' Prod Name:'||r.prod_name||chr(10)||
'Cost: '||r.cost||chr(10)||'Warrenty: '||r.warrenty||chr(10)||
'Comp Name: '||r.comp_name
);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line
(' Number of products selected: '||prod_cur%rowcount);
close prod_cur;
end proc_prod_dtls;

Ex:

create or replace procedure PROC_act_info_from_acttype

(vacttype cust_act_dtls.act_type%type)
is
CURSOR custcur
is
select cd.cname,cd.city,
cad.actno,at.act_name,cad.act_bal
from cust_dtls cd,cust_act_dtls cad,act_types at
where cad.act_type=vacttype
and
( cd.cno=cad.cno and cad.act_type=at.act_type);
vrec custcur%rowtype;
BEGIN
open custcur ;
loop
fetch custcur into vrec;
exit when custcur%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line
(chr(10)||
vrec.cname||' '||vrec.city ||' '||
vrec.actno ||' '||vrec.act_name||' '||
vrec.act_bal
);
end loop;
close custcur;
end proc_act_info_from_acttype;
/

EX:

create or replace procedure PROC_acts_info

(vacttype cust_act_dtls.act_type%type)
is
CURSOR custcur
is
select cd.cname,cd.city,
cad.actno,at.act_name,cad.act_bal
from cust_dtls cd,cust_act_dtls cad,act_types at
where cad.act_type=vacttype
and
( cd.cno=cad.cno and cad.act_type=at.act_type);
vrec custcur%rowtype;
vtotalbal number;
BEGIN
open custcur ;
dbms_output.put_line
(' Given account type: '||vacttype||chr(10)||
'customers info from this account type: '||chr(10)||
'******************************************************'||chr(10)||
'custname city accountno account name balance'||chr(10)||
'******************************************************'
);
loop
fetch custcur into vrec;
exit when custcur%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line
(chr(10)||
vrec.cname||' '||vrec.city ||' '||
vrec.actno ||' '||vrec.act_name||' '||
vrec.act_bal
);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line
(chr(10)||' Number of customers: '||custcur%rowcount);
select sum(act_bal) into vtotalbal
from cust_act_dtls
where act_type=vacttype;
dbms_output.put_line
(chr(10)||' Total Balance: '||vtotalbal);
close custcur;
end proc_acts_info;

exec proc_acts_info('SB');
exec proc_acts_info('SAL');
exec proc_acts_info('DEMAT');
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

FOR LOOP CURSOR:

****************
we can display multiple records by using for loop.
In this loop, for loop variable is known as explicit
cursor type variable.
But here , we are unable to specify limit for number
of records selected.

--> write a procedure to display all dept details?

create or replace procedure proc_dept_info

is
begin
for drec in (select * from dept)
loop
dbms_output.put_line
(drec.deptno||'---'||drec.dname||'---'||drec.loc);
end loop;
end proc_dept_info;

--> write a procedure to display customer details using

FOR LOOP cursor?

create or replace procedure proc_cust_info

is
begin
for vrec in (select * from cust_dtls)
loop
dbms_output.put_line
(vrec.cno||'---'||vrec.cname||'---'||vrec.gender||'---'||vrec.city);
end loop;
end proc_cust_info;

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------

PL/SQL Parameterized Cursor

************************
PL/SQL Parameterized cursor pass the parameters into a
cursor and use them in to query.
Parameterized cursors are also known as static cursors since,
we should pass parameter value when will cursor is opened.

Ex:
write a program to display emp details from given deptno?

DECLARE
cursor c(vdno number)
is
select * from emp
where deptno = vdno;
vrec emp%rowtype;
BEGIN
OPEN c(10);
loop
fetch c into vrec;
exit when c%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line
(
'empid: '||vrec.empno||' Empname: '||vrec.ename||
' emp sal: '||vrec.sal||' deptno: '||vrec.deptno
);
end loop;
close c;
end;

EX:
write a program to display employee details from given
empid using parameterized cursor?

DECLARE
cursor c(no number)
is
select * from emp
where empno = no;
tmp emp%rowtype;
BEGIN
OPEN c(7654);
FETCH C INTO TMP;
dbms_output.put_line('EMP_No: '||tmp.empno);
dbms_output.put_line('EMP_Name: '||tmp.ename);
dbms_output.put_line('EMP_Dept: '||tmp.deptno);
dbms_output.put_line('EMP_Salary:'||tmp.sal);
CLOSE c;
END;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

REF CURSOR:
***********
Oracle 7.3 the REF CURSOR type has been available to allow
recordsets to be returned from stored procedures and functions.
Oracle 9i introduced the predefined SYS_REFCURSOR.

syn:
argname OUT SYS_REFCURSOR

Ex:
write a procedure to return to the program?
And display the dept details from program?

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE get_dept_rs

( p_recordset OUT SYS_REFCURSOR)
AS
BEGIN
OPEN p_recordset FOR
SELECT * FROM dept;
END Get_dept_RS;

DECLARE
V_cursor SYS_REFCURSOR;
vdept dept%rowtype;
BEGIN
get_dept_rs( V_cursor);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
(chr(10)||'Department table records: ');
LOOP
FETCH V_cursor INTO vdept;
EXIT WHEN V_cursor%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
(vdept.deptno || ' | ' || vdept.dname || ' | ' || vdept.loc);
END LOOP;
CLOSE V_cursor;
END;

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Ex:
write a procedure to display customer name,account name,account number, and account
balance of all customers?

create or replace procedure proc_cust_act_info

is
cursor cust_cursor
is
select cd.cname,at.act_name,cad.actno,cad.act_bal
from cust_dtls cd,act_types at,cust_act_dtls cad
where cd.cno=cad.cno
and
cad.act_type=at.act_type;
vcur cust_cursor%rowtype;
begin
open cust_cursor;
dbms_output.put_line
(chr(10)||' customer and his account info: '||chr(10)||
'-----------------------------------------------------');
loop
fetch cust_cursor into vcur;
exit when cust_cursor%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line
(chr(10)||
'Cust Name: '||vcur.cname||chr(10)||
'A/c Name: '||vcur.act_name||chr(10)||
'A/c.No: '||vcur.actno||chr(10)||
'Balance: '||vcur.act_bal
);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line
('Number of accounts selected: '||cust_cursor%rowcount);
close cust_cursor;
end proc_cust_act_info;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------