Sailing

Sailing must be one of the oldest and most intriguing pursuits in life. Though classified as
a physical sport, tremendous intellectual challenges are involved. These include the tasks
in specifying the vessel design, and during execution, the effective employment of sailing
strategies and tactics in response to the wind, current, and actions taken by other competing
boats.

An attempt is made here to simulate sailing behavior and the basic characteristics of a
sail-boat. The modeling simplifying assumption made here is that the sail is made of rigid
connected segments in 2-dimensional space.

Further Extension
To capture residue slip wind force from adjacent segment

Further Reference
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing

This exercise was written as a basis for class discussion. It illustrates neither the effective nor ineffective
management of the given situation. Data provided may be entirely hypothetical.

LeongTY 493131566.xlsx/Home
 Resultant Force © 2007 Leong Thin Yin. All rights reserved.

Boat keel
)x2, y2( For each unit of wind force, total resultant
α )
forward force on the sailboat = dF1 + dF2 =

Sin(α + β) * Sin(α) + μ Cos(α + β) * =

Cos(α)
Sin(α + β) * Sin(α) + μCos(α + β) * Cos(α)
α
β dF1 = Sin(α + β) * Sin(α)
Sail
segment
Wind

)x1, y1( F α+ dF2 = μ Cos(α + β) * Cos(α)

β

α = Angle of the sail segment (relative to the boat's keel)

β = Direction of boat - Direction of wind

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 Sailing © 2007 Leong Thin Yin. All rights reserved.

Wind Friction Coefficient Boat Resultant Force

Deg N 175 deg N 0.60 Deg N 25
Max Resultant Force
delA delL Sail Length Flag Length Optimal Sail Angle
0.2 0.01 0.00 0.20
Sail Angle
Sail Wind & N axes Boat Resultant Force
# Angle x y dL x y x y dF Wind Angle 0 20 40 60 80
0 0.000 1.300 0.00 1.30 0.000 0.10 -20.0
1 1.0 -18.0
2 -16.0
3 -14.0
4 -12.0
5 -10.0
6 -8.0
7 -6.0
8 -4.0
9 -2.0
10 0.0
11 2.0
12 4.0
13 6.0
14 8.0
15 10.0
16 12.0
17 14.0
18 16.0
19 18.0
20 20.0
21
22
23

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 24
25

LeongTY 493131566.xlsx/Proto
 Sailing © 2007 Leong Thin Yin. All rights reserved.

Wind Friction Coefficient Boat Resultant Force

Deg N 175 0.60 Deg N 25 -0.54
Max Resultant Force 0.59 0.62 0.61 0.54 0.41
delA delL Sail Length Flag Length Optimal Sail Angle 20.0 20.0 -20.0 -20.0 -20.0
0.2 0.01 1.00 0.20

Sail Wind & N axes Boat Sail Angle Resultant Force

# Angle x y dL x y x y dF Wind Angle -0.5 0 20 40 60 80
0 0.000 1.300 0.00 1.30 0.000 0.10 -20.0
1 15.0 0.003 1.290 0.01 -0.10 1.13 0.040 0.11 -0.593 -18.0
2 14.8 0.005 1.281 0.01 0.080 0.12 -0.592 -16.0
3 14.6 0.008 1.271 0.01 0.120 0.13 -0.590 -14.0
4 14.4 0.010 1.261 0.01 0.120 0.14 -0.589 -12.0
5 14.2 0.013 1.252 0.01 0.60 1.90 0.152 0.20 -0.588 -10.0
6 14.0 0.015 1.242 0.01 0.68 2.08 0.160 0.22 -0.587 -8.0
7 13.8 0.017 1.232 0.01 0.64 2.05 0.160 0.24 -0.586 -6.0
8 13.6 0.020 1.222 0.01 0.160 0.26 -0.584 -4.0
9 13.4 0.022 1.213 0.01 0.68 2.08 0.160 0.28 -0.583 -2.0
10 13.2 0.024 1.203 0.01 0.69 2.03 0.160 0.60 -0.582 0.0
11 13.0 0.027 1.193 0.01 0.160 0.65 -0.581 2.0
12 12.8 0.029 1.184 0.01 0.69 2.12 0.170 0.70 -0.580 4.0
13 12.6 0.031 1.174 0.01 0.71 2.17 0.170 0.75 -0.579 6.0
14 12.4 0.033 1.164 0.01 0.71 2.11 0.170 0.80 -0.578 8.0
15 12.2 0.035 1.154 0.01 0.74 2.15 0.170 0.85 -0.576 10.0
16 12.0 0.037 1.144 0.01 0.170 0.90 -0.575 12.0
17 11.8 0.039 1.135 0.01 0.60 1.90 0.170 0.95 -0.574 14.0
18 11.6 0.041 1.125 0.01 0.52 1.72 0.160 1.00 -0.573 16.0
19 11.4 0.043 1.115 0.01 0.160 1.05 -0.572 18.0
20 11.2 0.045 1.105 0.01 0.60 1.90 0.160 1.10 -0.571 20.0
21 11.0 0.047 1.095 0.01 0.63 1.89 0.160 1.15 -0.570
22 10.8 0.049 1.086 0.01 0.154 1.20 -0.569
23 10.6 0.051 1.076 0.01 0.60 1.90 0.148 1.25 -0.567

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 24 10.4 0.053 1.066 0.01 0.57 1.91 0.142 1.30 -0.566
25 10.2 0.055 1.056 0.01 0.136 1.35 -0.565
26 10.0 0.056 1.046 0.01 0.130 1.40 -0.564
27 9.8 0.058 1.036 0.01 0.120 1.45 -0.563
28 9.6 0.060 1.027 0.01 0.110 1.50 -0.562
29 9.4 0.061 1.017 0.01 0.100 1.55 -0.561
30 9.2 0.063 1.007 0.01 0.090 1.60 -0.560
31 9.0 0.064 0.997 0.01 0.080 1.65 -0.559
32 8.8 0.066 0.987 0.01 0.070 1.70 -0.558
33 8.6 0.067 0.977 0.01 0.060 1.75 -0.557
34 8.4 0.069 0.967 0.01 0.040 1.80 -0.556
35 8.2 0.070 0.957 0.01 0.020 1.85 -0.555
36 8.0 0.072 0.947 0.01 0.000 1.90 -0.554
37 7.8 0.073 0.938 0.01 0.000 0.10 -0.553
38 7.6 0.074 0.928 0.01 -0.040 0.11 -0.552
39 7.4 0.076 0.918 0.01 -0.080 0.12 -0.551
40 7.2 0.077 0.908 0.01 -0.120 0.13 -0.550
41 7.0 0.078 0.898 0.01 -0.120 0.14 -0.549
42 6.8 0.079 0.888 0.01 -0.152 0.20 -0.548
43 6.6 0.080 0.878 0.01 -0.160 0.22 -0.547
44 6.4 0.082 0.868 0.01 -0.160 0.24 -0.546
45 6.2 0.083 0.858 0.01 -0.160 0.26 -0.545
99 -4.6 0.089 0.319 0.01 -0.506
100 -4.8 0.088 0.309 0.01 -0.505

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 © 2007 Leong Thin Yin. All rights reserved.

Sail Wind Boat Resultant Force

Angle Direction Direction -0.54

Sailing Boat

Documentation
Wind direction C4 <Input>
Friction coefficient E4 <Input>

LeongTY 493131566.xlsx/Model
 Boat direction I4 <Input>
Resultant force K4 =SUM($K$12:$K$111)*E7

Angle between segments C7 <Input>

Segment length E7 =1/COUNT(B12:B111)
Length of sail F7 =SUM(F11:F111)
Length of wind flag H7 <Input>

x coordinate of mast D11 <Input>

y coordinate of mast E11 <Input>
Angle of segment 1 C12 <Input>
x coord of segment 1 D12 =D11+E$7*SIN(C12/180*PI())
y coord of segment 1 E12 =E11-E$7*COS(C12/180*PI())

x coord of wind flag tip G12 =G11+H$7*SIN((I4-C4)/180*PI())

y coord of wind flag tip H12 =H11+H7*COS((I4-C4)/180*PI())

Resultant force on segment K12 =SIN((C12+I$4-C$4)/180*PI())*SIN(C12/180*PI())

+$E$4*COS((C12+I$4-C$4)/180*PI())*COS(C12/180*PI())
angle of segment 2 C13 =C12-SIGN($C$12)*C$7

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