PROJECT REPORT ON

“DESIGN PRINCIPLE”

SUBMITED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Name: Sabita Guragain Department Of Architecture
Roll No: 35 Teacher: Kuber Shrestha
Faculty: B.ARCH/072 Sanjay Maharjan
Date:
ACKNOLEDGMENT
I’m profoundly grateful to the following people for their invaluable
contribution for this project work.

Special thanks to Arch. Kuber Shrestha as our Head of Department

who is also the teacher of Basic Design and Introduction to Architecture
through this he provided me knowledge about creating the concept of
Design Principles. He also provided valuable insights and suggestions
for this project. His support and Dignity strengthened our power of
creativity and hard work. So, we are able to do this project work.

I’m extremely grateful to Arch. Sanjay Maharjan, who is our

practical teacher, explained about the project and the role of Design
principles in Architecture. He encouraged and provided me the
necessary feedback. He explained briefly as the content of our project.

Grateful thanks to Er. Durga dhan Rai, as our Drafting teacher,

taught us about projections, to make drawings used in this project. And
I want to thank all my teachers who help me in this project.

Moreover, I gratefully acknowledge my sister and brother as my

local guardian for giving their precious time to help me. They support
and encourage me all the way. And thanks to my friends who also help
in this project work.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Objectives
Briefing/Content of Symmetry
Interrelationship with other Design Principles
Inference and Conclusion
Reference
INTRODUCTION
Principles applied to the elements of design that bring them together
into one design. How one applies these principles determines how
successful a design may be. A good design contains elements that lead
the reader through each element in order of its significance. We have
to get ideas for designs which come from dreams and inspiration. All
pictorial form begins with point that sets itself in motion. The point
moves and the lines come into being. The first dimension. If the line
shifts to form a plane, we obtain a two dimensional element. In the
movement from plane to spaces, the clash of planes gives rise to body
(three-dimensional).

Design elements are the basic units of a painting, drawing, design or

other visual piece and include. Color can play a large role in the
elements of design with the color wheel being used as a tool, and color
theory providing a body of practical guidance to color mixing and the
visual impacts of specific color combination. In design, space is
concerned with the area deep within the moment of designated design;
the design will take place on. Form may be described as any three-
dimensional object. Form can be measured from top to bottom
(height), side to side (width), and from back to front (depth). There are
two types of form, geometric (man-made) and natural (organic form).
There are different types of design principles among them Axis,
Symmetry, Hierarchy, Rhythm, Datum, scale and Proportion, Balance
and Transformation.

 Axis: A line established by two points in space about which form

and space can be arranged in symmetrical and balanced manner.
 Symmetry: The balanced distribution and arrangement of
equivalent forms and space on opposite sides of dividing line or
plane, or about a centre or axis.

 Scale and Proportion: Scale alludes to the size of something

compared to a reference standard of to the size of something
else. And proportion refers to the proper or harmonious relation
of one part to another to the whole.

 Hierarchy: The articulation of the important or significance of

the form or space by its size, shape or placement relative to the
other forms and spaces of the organization.

 Rhythm: A united movement characterized by a patterned

repetition or alteration of formal elements or motifs in the same
or modified form.

 Balance: Balance refers to the psychological sense of equilibrium

As a design principle, balance places the part of a visual in an
aesthetically pleasing arrangement.

 Datum: A line, plane or volume that, by its continuity and

regularity, serves to gather measure and organize a pattern of
forms and spaces.

 Transformation: The principle that an architectural concept,

structure, or organization can be altered through a series of
 discrete manipulation and permutation in response to a specific
context or set of condition without a loss of identity or concept.

OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this project is to understand about ordering
principles and to make 3-D structure based on assigned title
(SYMMETRY). And also to understand about their inter relation with
other principle. To gain concept about the assigned title by making 2-D,
3-D sketches and 3-d model which should carry meaningful concept and
which should be visually clear. I have to well known about the
symmetry and it’s inter relation with other principles. I have to give
different examples like natural object, manmade object, and
architectural design. I have to attach photographs, sketches related to
symmetry. I have to make 3-D object and its 2-D drawing i.e. plan
elevation of the model. Then I have to present it all the graphical
composition of the project.

Briefing of symmetry
Everyone has some idea of what symmetry is. Symmetry finds its ways
into architecture at every scale, from the overall external views,
through the layout of the individual floor plans, down to the design of
individual building elements such as intricately carved doors, stained
glass windows. The design of temple depends on symmetry, the
principles of which must be most carefully observed by architect.
Symmetry is encountered everywhere in nature, engineering, arts and
science etc. For example butterfly, human, the symmetry of car, plane,
verse and tune, patterns and borders, atomic structure of molecules.
Architecture as any compositional art makes extensive use of
symmetry. There are so many kinds of symmetry, so many kinds of
architecture, and so many ways of viewing architecture that the
argument threatens to become so generalized that it loses all meaning .

Types of symmetry
Bilateral symmetry:

Bilateral symmetry refers to the balanced arrangement of similar or

equivalent elements on opposite sides of median axis so that only one
place can divide the whole into essentially identical halves. Bilateral
symmetry is by far the most common form of symmetry in architecture,
and is found in all cultures and in all epochs. In bilateral symmetry, the
halves of a composition mirror each other. It is found in the facade of
the Pantheon in Rome; some 1700 years later on a continent
undreamed of when the Pantheon was built, we find the same
symmetry in the mission-style architecture of the Alamo in San Antonio,
Texas. Bilateral symmetry is present also not only on the scale of a
single building, but on an urban scale. The popular of bilateral
symmetry is probably an expression of our experience of nature, and in
particular with our experience of our own bodies. In bilateral
symmetry, there is one vertical reflection mirror through the middle of
any side of the architectural piece.

Radial symmetry:
Radial symmetry refers to the balanced arrangement of similar,
radiating elements such that the composition can be divided into
similar halves by passing a plane at any angle around a centrepoint or
along a centre axis.

An architectural composition can utilize symmetry to

organize its forms and spaces in two ways. Radial symmetry is often
used as a counterpoint,though its use in interior design is less
frequent.Architecture presents many forms of radial symmetry.In
addition to the example of the courthouse rotunda, look like circular
tile pattern below a rotunda or outdoors, circular piazzas.However ,one
of the most common examples can be found in thestained glass rose
window of churches and cathedrals.The rose window in the Basilique
Notre Dame in Montreal,Quebec,presented a unique challenge because
of uneven lighting more than half of the window was in shadow form in
building next door.So ,instead of the expected ,or normal,circular
composition shows radial symmetry.Symmetry finds its own way into
Architecture at every scale ,from the overall external views of buildings
such as Gothic Cathedrals and The white House ,through the layout of
individual floor plans,and down to the design of individual floor
plans,and down to the design of individual building elements such as
tile mosiacs. Islamic buildings such as Mosque. The arrangement of
similar forms of features around a centre point. The bodies of
echinodermis such as starfish, sea urchins are radially symmetrical.
 Example of Radial symmetry

Examples showing Symmetry in different aspects:

Example of Bilateral symmetry in Nature

 Example of Radial symmetry in Nature

In nature we can see different organism can be divided into similar

halves by passing a plane.

Example of Symmetry in manmade object

We can see that above figure can be divided into two equal parts.
Everyone has some idea of what symmetry is. Symmetry finds its ways
into architecture at every scale, from the overall external views,
through the layout of the individual floor plans, down to the design of
individual building elements such as intricately carved doors, stained
glass windows. The design of temple depends on symmetry, the
principles of which must be most carefully observed by architect.
Symmetry is encountered everywhere in nature, engineering, arts and
science etc. For example butterfly, human, the symmetry of car, plane,
verse and tune, patterns and borders, atomic structure of molecules. So
principles of symmetry dominate in physics and mathematics,
chemistry and biology, engineering and architecture, painting, poetry
and music. The laws of nature, which govern the infinite variety of
phenomena, in turn, obey the principle of symmetry.