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1 trSmpm ................................................................................................................... 2
2 bmomw&m;rsm;twGuf ae&mr&Sdaom avmuDEdkifiaH &; ............................................ 5
3 bmoma&; t,ltqrsm; uH uH\ tusdK; ............................................................... 12
4 bmomw&m;rsm;eJY ,aeYvil ,frsm; .......................................................................... 21
5 oHo&m? aumif;uifbHek JY i&Jt,ltq ..................................................................... 28
6 tao;pm;ud;k uG,f,kHMunfrIrsm; ............................................................................... 35
7 trsdK;orD;xktaYy: cGJjcm;ESdrfcsqufqHrIrsm; ............................................................... 38
8 vdifwrl sm;tay: cGJjcm;ESdrfcsqufqrH Irsm; .................................................................. 46
9 rjrif&wJh txdef;tcsKyfwkYd rlvtp ........................................................................... 51
10 twåA[djk yKjcif;? trsm;tusdK;aqmif&Gufjcif; ............................................................. 55
11 taMumufw&m;eJY xdef;csKyfjcif; ............................................................................... 59
12 twåA[kjd yKjcif;eJY pdwfynm ...................................................................................... 61
13 ADZpdwf? oDvpdwfeJY tm&kHaMumaA' .......................................................................... 63
14 bmomw&m;tay: vlrIaA'tjrif ........................................................................... 66
15 bmomw&m;tay: rIcif;aA'tjrif ......................................................................... 69
16 toufcE¨m wnfNrJjcif;eJY ,kHMunfjcif; ..................................................................... 72
17 yga&'dkvD,m ........................................................................................................... 75
18 wefcdk;jywJh &kyfwq k if;wkawGqydk J .............................................................................. 81
19 wefcdk;awmf teEÅ? OmPfawmf teEÅ ......................................................................... 85
20 eu©wfaA'if ............................................................................................................ 91
21 vu©Pm? t*F0dZÆm? rSJY? zJaA'if ................................................................................. 95
22 taMumif;tusdK;wdkYudk pepfwus csdefxdk;jcif; ............................................................ 99
23 yifuk, d o f abmt& trSefjyifqifjcif; ....................................................................... 102
24 'g0if qdkvku d wf meJY .................................................................................................. 105
25 yuwdw&m;udk qef;ppfjcif; .................................................................................... 111
26 ouf&Sdtm;vHk; aqGrsdK;awG ........................................................................................ 114
27 odyÜHenf;us vufcH,HMk unfjcif; ............................................................................... 119
28 avmu"gwfodyÜH twkta,mifrsm; .......................................................................... 125
29 vdifrJhrsdK;yGm;jcif; ...................................................................................................... 138
30 zefqif;&Sifbmomw&m;rsm; ..................................................................................... 141
31 bmomw&m;eJY a0;uGmNyD;aemuf .............................................................................. 149
32 vlom;wdY&k JU tem*gwf ............................................................................................. 159
33 aojcif; tjcm;rJh ..................................................................................................... 163
34 usrf;udk; ................................................................................................................. 167
 2

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 3

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 4

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 5

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1
Lea, H. C. (1955). A history of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages. New York: Russell & Russell.
 7

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2
Sagan, C. (1980), Cosmos, New York: Random House.
 9

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3
Orkrent, D. (2010). Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc, ISBN 978-0-7432-7702-0
 10

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 11

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 12

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 13

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4
Peoples, H. C., Duda, P., & Marlowe, F. W. (2016). Hunter-Gatherers and the Origins of Religion. Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.), 27(3), 261–
282.
 14

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rysufapeJY}} pwJh pum;vHk;vSvSav;awG okH;EIef;NyD;awmh ud, k fvGwf&kef;avh&SdwwfMuygw,f/ ]]olt Y rSm;uae
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wu,fawmh 'g[m tawmfav; em;vnf&cufwJh jyóemw&yfvkYd qd&k rSmygyJ/ ud, k f vd&k if wrsdK;? rvdk&if
wrsdK;eJY Double Standard qefwhJ t,ltqvdkYvnf; ajymEkdifr,f xifygw,f/ aocsmpOf;pm;Munfhvku d &f if

5
Franklin, M. D., Schlundt, D. G., McClellan, L. H., Kinebrew, T., Sheats, J., Belue, R., Brown, A., Smikes, D., Patel, K., & Hargreaves, M. (2007).
Religious fatalism and its association with health behaviors and outcomes. American journal of health behavior, 31(6), 563–572.
 15

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 16

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 17

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 18

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uGvJ vGJ mwm jrif&ygvdrfhr,f/ pm&Guaf ygif; 300 avmufq&dk ifawmh ododomomcsnf; uGJjym;oGm;rSmyg/ tJ'Dvdk
rdwLå awGyGm;wJhtcg Mumvmawmh rl&if;uae bmvdYkrsm; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;oGm;ygovJvdkYyJ jyefar;NyD; ckear;cGef;udk
tar;eJY jyefajz&ygvdrfhr,f/
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enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh uGjJ ym;wmayghav/ rsdK;qufaygif; axmifeJYcsDNyD; rdwzf ufrsdK;yGm;NyD; 'DtefatawGudk
rdwLå ul;,lvku d wf tJh cg rl&if;eJY wlnDwmawG trsm;pk yg&Sdovdk rl&if;eJY uGjJ ym;wmawGvnf; yg0ifvmygw,f/
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a&mifjc,fpufrsdK;&dk;ADZazmufjyefNyD; tjzLa&mif r[kwyf J arG;zGm;vmcJh&if olt Y wGuf tpm&SmzdkY cJ,Of;oGm;rSm
jzpfygw,f/ tylykdif;ajcmufaoGaY 'o? ta&mifnKd ndKcyfrdIif;rdIif;&SdwJh a'oawGrSm t,fvb f idk fEdk ac:wJh
6
tom;a&mif? tarG;a&mifjzLtjzpf arG;zGm;vmcJh&if tpm&SmzdkY cJ,Of;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/
'Dvkd a&m*gawGtwGuf OmPfynmtqifhjrifhqHk;qdkwJh vlom;awGrSmawmif ukoenf;&,fvdkY r&Sdao;ygbl;/
ud,k f0efaqmifaewJt h csdefrSm "gwfrSef&dkufNyD; ppfaq;wmrsdK;awG jyKvkyfEdkifygw,f? arG;zGm;oifh? rarG;zGm;oifh
qH;k jzwfEdkifygw,f/ 'g[mvnf; rdbjzpfoal wG&JU oabmqE´twdkif;qdkwmxuf t"du auGs;arG;jyKpk?

6
Loewe, L., & Hill, W. G. (2010). The population genetics of mutations: good, bad and indifferent. Philosophical transactions of the Royal
Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 365(1544), 1153–1167.
 19

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&dkufykwfESdyfpufwJh Muufz&,fvdkYaum jrifzl;MuvdYv k m;/ Muufu vlawGxuf tykHBuD; omw,f/
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 20

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wu,fawmh EdkifiH rwdk;wuf&if pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;? bmoma&; tm;vH;k usqH;k ukefrSmyg/ vlawGrS
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vSL'gef;Edkifygawmhrwkef;/ ydkq;dk wmu bmomw&m;u EdkifiHawmfxuf ydkNyD; jrifjh rwfw,fqkdwJh tjrifrsdK;yg/
wu,fawmh tJ'Dvkd tawG;tjrifrsdK;awGuaeyJ 'DaeY urÇmay:rSm &ifqkdifae&wJh taocH tMurf;AHk;cGJjcif;awGudk
aygufzGm;vmapcJhw,f xifygw,f/7

7
Wibisono, S., Louis, W. R., & Jetten, J. (2019). A Multidimensional Analysis of Religious Extremism. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2560.
 21

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b,fou l rSvnf; rppfaq;&JMuygbl;/ usaemfwYdk Ak'¨bmomtzGJYtpnf;awGrSmqdk&ifvnf; ausmif;xdkif&mxl;
vkMuwm? &mxl;XmeEÅ&awGudk rufarmMuwm? bGYx J ;l *kPfxl;awGtwGuf NydKifqkid fMuwm? ylaZmfaMu;
b,fa&GUb,frQ&rS qkdNyD; w&m;yGJ vufcHwmawG[m rjrifcsif? rMum;csifrS tqHk; jzpfygw,f/
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t"dueJY yg&*lbGJU,lvmw,fvdkY *dkufxw k fMuwJh bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;vnf; trsm;tjym; awGjY rifvm&ygw,f/
'guawGu tqifhjrifhjrifh azmufjyefw,f qdk&rSmyg/ omrmefval wGvdk tdrf&mxlaxmifxm;olawGvnf;
 22

trsm;tjym; &SdvmwJhtjyif avmif;upm;? rl;,pfaq;eJY arSmifcdkypönf;a&mif;0,fa&;awGrSmyg

bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;awGeJY ruif;&m ruif;aMumif;awGxd jzpfvmwmuawmh usaemfwYdkEdkifiHu bmom?
omoemtwGuf tawmfhudk pdwrf csrf;ajrhp&mvdkY qd&k rSmygyJ/ urÇmay:u tpövmrfEdkifiHawGeJY
taemufOa&myEdkifiHawGrSmvnf; rlqvifbmom0ifawG&JU t,kv H G,frI? ud;k uG,jf cif;qdik f&m tpGJtvrf;BuD;rI?
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ododomomudk wdk;yGm;vmaecJhygw,f/
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wGufcsufMunfv h u
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oef;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmvdkY cefYrSef;Edkifr,f xifygw,f/
tJ'gwifru tckusaemfwdkYwidk f;jynfrSm &ifqkdifae&wJh oufi,frk'drf;rIawGudk Munfhjyef&ifvnf; b,fNrdKUe,f?
b,fausmif;wdkuu f ? b,fq&mawmfu b,folb,f0g&JU orD; b,ft&G,fukd vdifydkif;qdik f&m usL;vGefvkYd
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tjrwfxkwv f Ydk tpfukjd zpfolu pdwrf xdef;EdkifyJ &dkufESuw
f m tck ESpfa,mufpvH;k tcsKyfusaew,f/
b,farmfv0Dq&muawmh b,fuav;i,fudk b,fvkdAvuúm,jyKvdkY tck tzrf;cHxm;&w,f pojzifh
vdiftMurf;zufrIawG[m owif;enf;ynm wd;k wufvmrIeJYtwl em;eJYrqHh aeYpOfvkv d kd Mum;odae&wm
tawmfav; pdwrf csrf;omp&m aumif;vSygw,f/
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&kyfydkif;qdkif&m tMurf;zufrIawGvnf; usaemfwYdk rodvdkufwmawG trsm;tjym;&SdrSm aocsmvSygw,f/
txl;ojzifh tpdk;&pmoifausmif;awG vufvrS f;rrSDwJh a'oawGqDrSm bmoma&;qdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;awGu
yHhydk;ay;wJh bkef;awmfBuD;ynmoifausmif;vdk ae&mrsdK;rSmqdk ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; uav;i,fawG[m vG,fuw l Jh
ypfrSwfawGjzpfaeMuNyD; &mcdkifEeI f;tm;jzifh tenf;tusOf;yJ&SdrSmygvdkY cefYrSef;&wJh vdifpdwfrlrrSef
bmoma&;yk*¾dKvfawG tzGJYtpnf;xJ &SdaeEdkifw,fvYdk awG;rd&ifyJ vlom;qefow l idk f; &ifxJ
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q&mawG? bkef;awmfBuD;awG oifMum;ydkYcswJh ynma&;[m wu,fawmh pdwfarmp&mBuD;yg/
bkef;awmfBuD;ynmoifpepf&JU xda&mufrIukd usaemfhtaeeJY tawmfav;udk oHo,jzpfrdygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk
r,krH Munfjzpf&wJh yxrtaMumif;&if;uawmh ckeajymovdk uav;pdwyf nmeJY oufi,fynma&;ydkYcsrIqdkif&m
bmom&yfe,fy,frSm wwfoed m;vnfoal wG OD;pD;ydkYcswmrsdK; r[kwfvkYdyJ qd&k ygr,f/ uav;pdwyf nm qdw
k m
uav;&JUyxrt&G,f 5 ESpf qdw k Jh pmtkyfxuJ twdkif; tifrwef odrfarGYpGm udik fwG,f&wmyg/ 'Dt&G,frSm
jriforQ? Mum;orQudk twkjrif? twwfoifv, G fwwfwmaMumifha&m? oifay;orQudk acgif;xJ
tukefrSww f wfwma&maMumifh oifMum;ydkYcswJh q&mawGtwGuf tawmf *&kpdkuf&wJh touft&G,fyg/
 23

acwfopfynma&;t,ltqt&qdk&if uav;i,fukd ud, k fwdkifoif,lzdkY tm;ay;NyD; vdktyfrS q&mu

oG,f0dkufyHhydk;wmrsdK;eJY csOf;uyf&ygw,f/ ynmoifMum;w,fqdkwm q&mu uav;i,f&JU OD;acgif;xJudk ol&Y JU
tawG;tjrifawG uawmheJY avmif;xnfo h vdkrsdK; r[kwfaMumif; ynma&;okawoDawGu axmufjyaeMuygNyD/
ynmoifMum;jcif;&JU &nf&G,fcsufu vlawmfvlaumif;jzpfzdkY qdkwmxuf vlawmfawG? vlaumif;awG rjzpfcif
vl&,fvdkY yDyDoojzpfzdkY? uav;i,fb0udk yDopGm jzwfoef;cGifh&zdkY? olwdkYudk uk, d f oifay;csifwmawG
oifay;wmxuf? olwdkY pdw0f ifpm;r,fh taMumif;t&mawGudk oifMum;ay;zdkY? olwdkYpdwf0ifpm;vdkY
ar;jref;vmwmawGudk BudK;pm;ajzqdkzdkY? olwdkYudk,fwdkif; avhvmpkl;prf;wwfatmif ysdK;axmifay;zdkY pwJh
acwfopfynma&;&JU &nfrSef;csufawGeJY EdIif;,SOfvdkuw f Jhtcg tESpfom&jcif; b,favmufuGmjcm;w,f qdkwm
pmzwfol cefYrSe;f MunfhEdkifr,f xifygw,f/ uav;i,fawG[m olwdkY odvdkorQudk uav;i,fb0rSm
oifMum;ay;wJh q&mqD ar;jref;cGifhr&&if b,foYlurdk sm; ar;jref;&awmhrSmygvdrfh/ uav;i,fawG[m
olwdkYoif,v l w dk mawGudk uav;b0u q&mqDrSm oif,cl Gifhr&&if b,foYlqDursm; oif,l&rSmygvdrfh/
wu,fawmh usaemfwkYd ynma&;pepfBuD;udku tawmfav; tm;enf;aew,fvkYd ajymEdkifr,f xifygw,f/
uav;i,fwdkif;[m olwdkYarG;&myg 0goemeJY oifvG,fwwfv, G f&SdrI? pdwyf g0ifpm;rI pwJh arG;&myg
atmif"gwfyg0ifwhJ pdwf0ifpm;e,fy,fawG yg&SdzdkY rsm;ygw,f/ olwdkYoif,zl dkY ESpfoufwmawGudk usaemfwdkY
vlBuD;awG oif,lapcsifwmawGeJY tpm;xd;k ay;vdkuw f Jhtcg olwdkY&JU pdwfyg0ifpm;rI? oifv, G fwwfvG,f&SdrI?
pdwuf l;wDxGifOmPfqef;opfrI? a0zefqef;ppfrIawG[m tBuD;tus,f xdyg;oGm;ygawmhw,f/ wcgwavqdk&if
usaemfwdkY vlBuD;awGudk,fwidk fu tifrwef &dk;&Sif;w,fqkNd yD; rawG;rdwmawGudk uav;i,fawGu
ar;jref;vmwJt h cg olwdkYpdwaf useyfatmif usaemfwYdk ajzqdkEdkifjcif; r&Sdygbl;/ tJ'DtcgrsdK;rSm
usaemfwdkYvBl uD;awG[m uav;i,fawG ar;jref;vmwmudk &dk;&dk;om;om; ajzqdkzdkYxuf usaemfwdkY ajzqdk&cufwJh
ar;cGef;awG olwdkY rar;awmhatmif avSmifajymifwJhoabmeJY tm;avsmhapwmrsdK; vkyfavh&Sdygw,f/ ]]OD;OD;?
vrif;BuD;eJYurÇmBuD;u bmvdYk vH;k 0dkif;aewmvJ}} odYrk [kwf ]]jrufcif;awGu bmvdYk pdrf;aewmvJ}} pojzifh
ar;jref;vm&if &kww f &uf auseyfatmif ajzqdzk dkY usaemfwdkY rwwfpGrf;EdkifMuygbl;/ wu,fawmh
'Dar;cGef;awG[m tawmfajz&cufwhJ ar;cGef;awGyg/ aumvdyfwuúokdvfe,fy,fu
tqifhjrifhynmoif,al eolawGawmif &lyaA'qdkif&m oDtdk&DawG trsm;BuD;eJY pOf;pOf;pm;pm; ajzqd&k wmrsdK;yg/
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usaemfwdkY tm;avsmhatmif vkyfypfvku d fMuygw,f/ usaemfwYdk trSefwu,f tajzrod&ifawmif
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ajzqdEk dkifatmif BudK;pm;Muwmaygh}} vdYk ajym&ifawmif uav;i,fawGtaeeJY pdwfauseyf p&m? cGeftm;&p&m
jzpfr,f xifygw,f/
tckawmh tJ'Dvkd r[kwfyJ tvGwfusufpepfeJY uav;i,fawG&JU qef;opfwDxiG frI? pdwful;OmPfxufoefrIawGudk
cyfi,fi,ft&G,w f nf;u oif;owfovdjk zpfaeygawmhw,f/ oif&dk;nTef;wrf;w&yfukd oifMum;NyD;wJhtcgrSm
uav;i,fawG&JU pOf;pm;qifjcifEdkifpGrf;? ar;cGef;xkwfEdkifpGrf;? qef;opfwx
D GifEdkifpGrf;awG b,favmuf
wd;k wufvmw,f qdw k mudk usaemfwYdk rppfaq;yJ oifay;xm;wmawGudk olwYdk b,favmufrSwrf dNyD;
tvGwjf yefa&;jyEdkifvJ qdw
k Jh rSwOf mPfb,favmuf aumif;raumif; ppfaq;aewJh ynma&;pepf[m usaemfwdkY
wdkif;jynfudk EdkifiHwumrSm atmufusaemufusEdkifaprSm odyfudk aocsmvSygw,f/ tpdk;&ausmif;awG&JU
 24

ynma&;pepfawmifrSm acwfeJYtnDvku d f ajymif;vJzdkY tcuftcJrsm;pGm &ifqkid fae&ao;&if uav;pdwfynmawG?

oif,yl dkYcsrIqkdif&m enf;pepfawGrSm bkef;awmfBuD;oifynma&;&JU tvGwfusufynmoif,rl Ienf;vrf;[m
b,fvkrd S tHr0ifawmhavmufatmif tawmfBuD;udk acwfaemufususefaecJhwmudk awGjY rifEdkifr,f xifygw,f/
aemufNyD; tvGwfusufynmoifpepf? bkef;awmfBuD;oifynma&;eJY wGJzufygvmwJh t&muawmh
uav;i,fawGudk &dkufESufoifMum;ydkYcswJh enf;vrf;ygyJ/ pmoifausmif;awGrSma&m? bkef;BuD;ausmif;awGrSmyg
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Y &qdk&if
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rmwk*gr i,fi,facsmcsmjrif&if vli,fobm0t& awmifhwrIjzpfay:r,f? 'gayr,fh umrwPSm qdNk yD;
twif;zdESdyf csKd;ESdrfvku
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 25

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ae&mwckckrSmqdk pdwu f dk vTwfay;vdkuw f meJY t&Suw
f uGJ jzpf&yfrsdK;awG jzpfyGm;zkdY &mcdkifEIef; ydkrsm;ygw,f/
txl;ojzifh vdifpdwu f dk vHk;0 ydwyf ifxm;wJh uwfovpfbmomeJY ax&0g'rSm ydkNyD; xifomjrifom&SdrSef;
avmavmq,f owif;pm? *sme,fawG&JU rsufESmzHk; owif;awGu oufaocHaer,f xifygw,f/
usaemfwdkYawmfawmfrsm;rsm; em;vnfxm;Muwmu omoemhabmifudk 0ifa&mufwm[m
avmuDt&IyftaxG;awGuae uif;a0;NyD; Nidrf;at;rIudk &SmazGcsifvkYd 0ifa&mufwmvdkY a,bk,stm;jzifh
em;vnfxm;Muwmyg/ wu,fyh uwd? t&Sdw&m;rSmawmh tJ'Davmuf r&dk;pif;vSygbl;/ avmuDa&;awGrSmvdkyJ
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tqifhqifh avhvmoif,l&rIawG? pmar;yGJajzqdk&rIawGrSm vlaY bmifvkyd J ayGvD&IyfaxG;rIawG trsm;BuD;eJY
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xifygw,f/ pmoifom;&[ef;csif; tNydKiftqdkif &kef;uefaeMu&NyD; vlaY bmifrSmvdk pdwt f yef;ajzp&m?
xGufaygufay;p&m bmrS r,fr,f&& r&SdwJhtcg omrmefvlawGxuf pdwzf dpD;rIudk ydkrdkcHpm;&Edkifacs&Sdygw,f/
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 26

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wqifhjrifhMoZm&&Sdxm;wJh bkef;awmfBuD;awG? w&m;a[mq&mawG? AvDq&mawG[m olwdkY&JU MoZmudk
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0ifa&mufjc,fvS,fvkjd cif;oabmrsdK;&SdaeMuwmygyJ/ b,fEdkifiH? b,fbmoma&;udkyJ Munfv h udk fMunfhvku d f
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ab;bDvn S Mfh unf&h if owdxm;rdr,f xifygw,f/ 'DMum;xJrSm r,kHEdkifp&m wd;k wufvmwJh
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aysmhajymif;nSd,lEdkifpGrf; r&SdwJh a&S;&dk;pGJ t,ltqawG? acwfrrDawmhyJ t,loD;rIawG? usdK;aMumif;rqDavsmfwhJ
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bmoma&;tzGYt J pnf;awG&JU &yfwnfrI[m aemifra0;awmhwJh tem*gwfrSm pdk;&drfp&mjzpfvmr,f xifygw,f/
 27

txuft&yfü
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 28

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nnf;jzpfMuwJx h d pGJvrf;aeMuygw,f/ trsm;pk rSwf,lxm;wmuawmh? trsm;pk rSw, f lxm;wmuvdYk
pum;cH&wmu 'Dt,ltq[m Ak'¨t,l r[kwf? [dE´Lt,ljzpfw,fqdkNyD; t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIqkid f&mawGudk
jiif;csufxkwfvmrSm BudKwifjrifa,mifvkYdyg/ aovGefwJhtcg 0dnmOfvkd emrf"gwfu aovGefwhJ &kyfcE¨muae
xGufcGmoGm;NyD; ud, k f0efaqmifom;onftar&JU 0rf;xJrSm jyef0ifpm;w,f? jyKcJhzl;wJh ukodkvf? tukodkvftvdkuf
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ajrmufrsm;pGm&SdNyD;awmh ae&mtrsm;pkrSm vl tygt0if owå0g trsm;pk aexdik fvkYd rjzpfEdkifwJh
ae&mawGtjynf&h Sdaeygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh urÇmajr qdw k m[m vlawG? owå0gawG aexdik fzdkY b,fvkd ewfjA[®mawG?
bk&m;ocifawGurS zefqif;xm;wJh ae&m r[kwfrSef; awG;qMunfhvdkY &Edkifr,f xifygw,f/
ta&SUwdik f;wifru taemufwidk f;u uwfovpf tygt0if c&pf,mefawGrSmvnf; tvm;wl tawG;tjrifrsdK;
&SdMu[ef wlygw,f/ usaemfwYdk i,fi,fu Munfh&IcJhzl;wJh emrnfausmf&kyf&Sifrif;orD; 'rfrDrdk; yg0ifwhJ Ghost
Zmwfum;udk rSwrf dMur,fq&dk if tckajymwmudk em;vnfr,f xifygw,f/ trsm;pk a,bk,s
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t,ltqudk qufajymMu&atmifyg/ vlwa,muf[m ol jyKcJhzl;wJh tukodkvfuH qdw k maMumifh
wd&pämefwaumifaumif&JU trd0rf;xJrSm jyef0ifpm;NyD qdMk uygpdkY/ odYw
k nf;r[kwf ukodkvfaumif;rIaMumifh
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Atlas of Biodiversity rSmawmh urÇmay:rSm ouf&SdrsdK;pdwaf ygif; 8.7 oef; &Sdw,fvdkY qdy k gw,f/ tJ'Dxu J rS
vlOD;a&[m oef; 7 axmif? qifaumifa& 5 odef;? a0vig; 3 oef;? Muufaumifa& 18.6 bDvsH? od;k aumifa&
1.1 bDvsH? ykpGefaumifa& 500 x&DvsH? wcsdKUaom rsdK;pdwaf wG[m taumifa&eJY a&wGufvkYd r&EdkifwmrvdkY
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taumifa&wifudk enf;enf;aemaem rsdK;pdwfaygif;eJY ta&twGufaygif;rSm r[kwfwmyJ/ 'Dowå0gawG olwdkYb0
oufwrf;wavQmuf jyKrlaqmif&GufcJhwJh aumif;rI? raumif;rIawGukd tcsdefeJYtrQ apmifhMunfhppfaq;NyD; qkay;
'Pfay;tjzpfeJY aumif;uifbakH wG? i&JjynfawGudk ydkYaqmifapr,f? wd&pämeftjzpf jyefvnf 0ifpm;apr,f qdw k m

8
European Commission., & Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative,. (2016). Global soil biodiversity atlas.
 29

tawmhfudk pOf;pm;p&m aumif;ygw,f/ awmfawmfwefwef pm&if;tif; uGsrf;usifolavmufeJYawmif

tvkyfjzpfEdkifr,f rxifygbl;/
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ukefxw k fvkyfief;t"duaqmif&GuMf uwJh wdik f;jynfawGeJY awmifov l ,form;awGtzdkY tzdk;rsm;pGm
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tom;awGudk vlt Y zGJYtpnf;twGuf rsdK;&dk;pOfquf ay;qyfomG ;wm[m 'Dowå0gawG&JU arwåmw&m;
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tcktcgrSm vltrsm; *&kjyKajymqdkvmMuygNyD/ tJ'Dowå0gawGa&m aovGefwt Jh cg aumif;uifbHu k dk
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acgif;ajcmufapr,f xifygw,f/
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oef;*Pef;wkef;u aexdkif&SifoefcJhMuvdkYygyJ/ olwdkYwifru olwdkYt&if bd;k ab;awGjzpfwJh Mopx&mvdk
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'grSr[kwfvnf; aumif;uifbHak wG? i&JawGqdkwm vlom;awGu bmomw&m;awG zefw;D NyD;rS
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 30

BudK;udkijf c,fv, S fw,f qdkawmh b,foal wGursm; BudK;udkifjc,fv, S fwmvJvkYd ar;p&m &Sdvmygw,f/
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9
Jordan, J. (2016). Religion and inequality: The lasting impact of religious traditions and institutions on welfare state developement. European
Political Science Review, 8(1), 25-48.
 32

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10
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10
Palgi, P. and Abramovitch, H. (1984). Death: A Cross-Cultural Perspective, Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, 385-417.
 33

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 34

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 35

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 36

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 37

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 38

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bmomw&m;uae tajccHNyD; jzpfay:wmrvdYk cGJjcm;ajymqd&k tifrwef cufygw,f/ aemufNyD;
'DtavhtxawG[m vGefcJhwEJh Spfaygif;&maxmifcsDwJh umvawGwkef;u usifhoHk;cJhwmrvdYk tcktcsdefrSm

11
Kimmel, M. S. (2000). The gendered society. New York: Oxford University Press.
 39

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12
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d dusus jypf'PfpD&ifr,fvdkYawmh

12
Page, S. J., & Yip, A. K. T. (2017). Gender equality and religion: A multi-faith exploration of young adults’ narratives. European Journal of
Women’s Studies, 24(3), 249–265.
 40

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b,favmufrsm; edrfhusoGm;rvJ qdw k m cefYrSef;Edkifr,f xifygw,f/ rdb&JUtdrfuae a,mufsm;&JUtdrfukd
13
Saeed, A. and Saeed, H. (2004). Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam. Burlington VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 38-39 ISBN - 978-
0-7546-3083-8.
 41

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14
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14
Hajj, M., & Panizza, U. (2009). Religion and education gender gap: Are muslims different? Economics of Education Review, 28(3), 337-344
15
Lussier, D., & Fish, M. (2016). Men, Muslims, and Attitudes toward Gender Inequality. Politics and Religion, 9(1), 29-60.
 42

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16
Herdt, G. H. (1987). The Sambia: Ritual and gender in New Guinea. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
 43

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17
Cassese, E., & Holman, M. (2016). Religious beliefs, gender consciousness, and Women’s political participation. Sex Roles, 75(9-10), 514-527
 44

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18
Beery, A. K. & Zucker, I. (2011). Sex bias in neuroscience and biomedical research. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 35, 565–572.
19
Gaunt, R., & Scott, J. (2017). Gender Differences in Identities and Their Sociostructural Correlates: How Gendered Lives Shape Parental and
Work Identities. Journal of Family Issues, 38(13), 1852–1877.
 45

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20
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20
Kimmel, M. S. (1987). Men's responses to Feminism at the turn of the century. Gender & Society, 1(3), 261–283
 46

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21
Copeland, J. (2012).“Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved ''millions of lives". BBC News Technology.
22
Richelson, J. T. (1997). A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 296.
 49

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23
Holttum, S., (2012). Research watch: The power of genetic and biological explanations to reduce social inclusion, Mental Health Soc.
Inclusion, 16(3), 116–120.
 50

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24
Harari, Y. N. (2015). Sapiens : a brief history of humankind. New York :Harper.
 52

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 53

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25
Shermer, M. (1997). Why people believe weird things: Pseudoscience, superstition, and other confusions of our time. New York: W.H.
Freeman.
 54

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 55

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'geeJY oDv ryg&if aocgrS odr,f}} qdw k Jh qd&k dk;pum;udk axmufcsifh&if 'Dt"dyÜm,fay:vGifaew,fvdkY

26
Dawkins, R. (1989). The selfish gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 56

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27
Rousseau, J.-J., & In Frankel, C. (1947). The social contract. New York: Hafner Pub. Co.
 57

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28
ulnDapmifha&Smufjcif;udkvnf; azmfjyaew,fvkdY qdkygw,f/
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28
Byock, I. (2012). The Best Care Possible: A Physician's Quest to Transform Care Through the End of Life. Thorndlike Press, ISBN -
9871410452146.
 58

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 59

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 60

b,favmufxdatmif oufa&mufrI jyif;xefovJq&dk if 'DaeYtxd tdyfaysmfaewkef; [d;k tjrifhBuD;uae

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tJ'DaemufrSmrS vlom;vkd rsdK;pdyfawG[m nbufydkif; tdyfpufNyD; aeYcif;ydkif;rSm tpm&Sm? trJvku
d vf mEdkifMuw,f
vdYk ,lq&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fv h nf; tdyfaysmfaecsdefqkd&if b,favmufyJ cGeftm;BuD;rm;ygap? wdu k fcdkufcH&&if
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owå0gawGudk qifhuJjzpfpOfwavsmuf aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYcJh&wmvnf; txl;tqef;vdkYawmh rqdkEdkifjyefygbl;/
tJ'gaMumifh qifhuJjzpfpOfqdkif&m tarGtaeeJY tjrifh? a>reJY tarSmifwkdYukd vlom;wdYk aMumuf&GHUjcif;jzpfaMumif;
um;vf aq*ifu axmufjycJhwm jzpfygw,f/29

29
Sagan, C. (1977). The dragons of Eden: Speculations on the evolution of human intelligence. New York: Ballantine Books.
 61

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 62

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pdwx f JrSm 'Dvkd pdwuf l;,OfykH&dyfawG[m rsdK;&dk;pOfquf pGJNrJaew,fvkYd rSwf,lrdygw,f/

30
Freud, S. (1978). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud. Volume XIX (1923-26) The Ego and the Id and
Other Works. Strachey, James., Freud, Anna, 1895-1982,, Rothgeb, Carrie Lee, 1925-, Richards, Angela., Scientific Literature Corporation.
London: Hogarth Press. ISBN 0701200677.
 63

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q&mjzpfolu vQyfppfusOfpufwdkYcdkif;ygw,f/ prf;oyfcHausmif;om;u o&kyfaqmifyJjzpfNyD; ppfaq;wmu
q&mtjzpf o&kyfaqmif&wJhol[m b,favmufxd trdefYudk emcHovJ? rdrd&JU oabmqE´eJY rudkufnw D wJh dkif;
trdefYay;vmwJt h cg b,favmufemcHrI&SdovJ qdkwmudk ppfaq;prfoyfwm jzpfygw,f/ rprf;oyfcifwkef;u
ynm&SifawG 0dkif;0ef;cefYrSef;csuft& 5 &mcdkifEeI f;eJYatmufyJ olwyg;udk touftEÅ&m,fjzpfapwJt h xd
vQyfppfusOfpufeJY a&Smhcfwdkufr,fvdkY a[mudef;xkwMf uayr,fh wu,fprf;oyfawmh 60 &mcdkifEIef;eJYtxuf
trdefYemcHMuwmudk tHhtm;oifhzG,f awG&Y SdcJh&ygw,f/ *smreDEdkifiH? jrL;epfNrdKUrSmqd&k if 90 &mcdkifEIef;ausmf
pHcsdefwifcJhw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ 'g[m vlom;awGtaeeJY rdrd wm0efcHzdkY rvdb k l;vdYk qdw
k meJY olwyg;tay:
&ufpuf&JwJh? trdefYemcH&JwhJ oabmukd azmfaqmifaewm? ADZt&dkif;pdw[ f m zdrxm;wmeJY <uwufvmwmvdkY
31
pdwyf nm&SiftcsdKUu aumufcsufcsMuygw,f/
zdvpf Zifbm'dk&JU pwef;zdkY'ftusOf;axmifprf;oyfcsufrSmqd&k ifvnf; ausmif;om;vli,fawGudk usyef;oabm
tkyfpkESpfpkcGJNyD; wpkukd tusOf;om;tjzpf? wpkudk tusOf;axmif0g'gtjzpf o&kyfaqmifcdkif;Munfhygw,f/
yxrydkif;rSmawmh cyftrf;trf;jzpfaecJhMuNyD; 'kwd,aeYrSm tusOf;om;awGu axmifqcl JhMu&mrSm
axmif0g'gawGu tusOf;om;awGudk zdzdpD;pD; udik fwG,fzdkY tm;xkwfcJhMuNyD; trsdK;rsdK; ynmay;Muygw,f/
jyóemaumif qdo k lawGudk pm;aumif;jcif; rpm;&? tdyfaumif;jcif; rtdyf&atmif ynmjyMuygw,f/
pmtkyfAD&dkawGudk toH;k jyKNyD; wdu
k fydww
f mrsdK;awG jyKvkyfMuygw,f/ prf;oyfrIukd tccsdeftawmfMum jyKvkyfzdkY
&nfrSef;xm;cJhayr,fh &ufydkif;tenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyJ prf;oyfcH tusOf;axmifom;awGeJY axmif0g'gawG[m
trSefwu,f tjyifbufuolawGvdk jyKrlvmMuNyD; &ufpufwJh ESdyfuGyfrIawG usL;vGefvmvdYk okawoeudk
apmapmpD;pD; &kwford f;cJh&ygw,f/ &&SdcJhwJh oifcef;pmuawmh vlom;awG[m rdrd&JU wm0efvdkY
31
Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral Study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371–378.
 64

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32
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OD;aESmufeJY tm&kHaMumaA'ynm&SifawGu ajzqdkzdkY BudK;pm;cJhMu&mrSm aygvf rufuvif;&JU oDtdk&Du
vlodrsm;cJhygw,f/
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tarG&&SdcJhwhJ Reptilian Complex (R Complex) wGm;oGm;owÅ0gOD;aESmuf? Mammal ac:wJh
EdkYwdkufowÅ0gawGqDuae tarG&cJhwJh Limbic System EdkYwdkufowÅ0gOD;aESmuf eJY vGefcJhwJh
ESpfoef;tenf;i,furS qifhuJay:aygufvmcJhwJh NeoCortex vlom;OD;aESmuf qdNk yD; awG&Y Sd&aMumif; aygvf
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usL;ausmfxdyg; rcHwm? aorvm; owfrvm; qdkwmawGeJY qufpyfaeNyD; wGm;oGm;owå0gawGqDuae
tarG&cJhw,f qdw k Jhtwdkif; ADZpdwu f dk t"du armif;ESifw,fvkYd qdkEkdifygw,f/ Limbic System rSmawmh
tkyfpkvdkuf pkaygif;aexdkif&mrSm tay;t,l nSdEdIif;rIawG? tjyeftvSef apmifha&Smufjcif;awGeJY qufpyfygw,f/
EdkYwdkufowå0gawGqDuae tarG&cJhw,fqdkwJhtwdkif; rdbpdw?f &ifaoG;i,fudk jyKpkysdK;axmifay;jcif;?
tkyfpkzGJYaexdkifzdkYtwGuf vdt k yfcsufawGjzpfwhJ rdrd&JU wud, k f&nfvGwv
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twefi,f tqifhjrifhowå0gawG&JU tavhp&dkuaf wGeJY ywfoufqufEG,af eygw,f/ NeoCortex qdkwJh
vlom;OD;aESmufuawmh ,kwdåaA'awG? usdK;aMumif;qifjcifwmawGeJY qufEG,yf wfoufaeygw,f/
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aexdik fwJh urÇmajrBuD;ua&m b,fvkjd zpfwnfvmcJhovJ? tqHk;tprJh us,fajymvSygw,f qdw k Jh pMu0VmBuD;udk
avhvm&if; pMu0VmxJuae jzpfwnfcJhwJh ouf&SdawG[m odpdwfjzpfay:cJhwmaMumifh pMu0Vmudk,fwkdif
odpdwjf zpfwnfapcJhjcif;&,fvYdk wifpm;EdkifcJhwmawG[m NeoCortex ac:wJh vlom;OD;aESmufuae tajcjyKcJhjcif;yJ
jzpfygw,f/
vlOY D;aESmuf&JU 85 &mcdkifEIef;udk NeoCortex u ae&m,lxm;wmawmh rSefayr,fh R Complex &JU oufa&mufrI[m
tcgtcGifhoifhwdkif; tm;BuD;wwfovdk Limbic System &JU oufa&mufrI[mvnf; vlt Y jyKtrlqkid f&mawGtay:
MoZmBuD;aMumif; OD;aESmufeJYtm&kHaMumaA'ynm&SifawG&JU pmwrf;awGrSm awG&Y Sd&ygw,f/ 'guawmh

32
Haney, C., Banks, W. C., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1973). "A study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison". Naval Research Review. 30: 4–17.
 65

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33
eD;pyfr,f xifygw,f/
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&dk;&Sif;atmif zefw;D ypfjcif; Oversimplify vkyfovdk jzpfaew,fvkYd qdkMuayr,fh ynm&yfavmuxJu r[kwfyJ
&dk;&dk;omrmefpmzwfolawG em;vnfv, G fatmif &dk;&Sif;wJh wifjyrIvdkY ,lqolawGvnf; &Sdygw,f)
tay:rSm ajymoGm;cJhwJh pdwfynmqdik f&m tajccHt,ltqawG? OD;aESmufeJY tm&kHaMumaA'qdik f&m t,ltqawGudk
jyefvnfNcHKikH&r,fqdk&if vlwOD;csif;pD&JU pdwx f JrSm? OD;aESmuftodOmPfxJrSm pdwfynmoabmw&m;t&?
tm&kHaMumaA't& vGefqJjG cif;oabmawG yg0ifaeNyD; 'gawG[m ESpfoef;aygif; axmifeJYcsDNyD; jzpfyGm;cJhwJh
qifhuJjzpfpOf&JU tusdK;qufawG (aumif;wma&m? qd;k wmyg) om jzpfw,f/ b,fvdk aumif;uifwrmef&JU
apmifha&Smufaz;rrIawG? apwefewfqdk;&JU aoG;aqmifjzm;a,mif;rIawGeJYrS rywfoufyJ tEkynmorm;awGu
wifpm;zGJYEGJYMuwJt
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vGrJ Sm;pGm rSw,f lMucJhwJh tawG;tac:awGqdk&if yuwdw&m;eJY ydkNyD; eD;pyfEdkifr,f xifygw,f/

33
MacLean, P. D. (1990). The triune brain in evolution: Role in paleocerebral functions. New York: Plenum Press.
 66

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Mum;cHenf;vrf;aygif;pkHuae oif,al vhvmMuygowJ/h 34
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b,fa'o? b,fwkid f;EdkifiHrSm vlwOD; arG;zGm;vmw,f qdw k m[m ol ud;k uG,fr,fh bmomw&m;udk
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&mcdkifEeI f; rsm;ygvdrfhr,f/ c&pf,mefESpfjcif;rdbawGuae arG;zGm;vmwJh uav;i,f[m ESpfjcif;c&pf,mefjzpfzdkY
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t*Fvu d ef? rufo'pf? atmfoadk 'ghpf pojzifh b,fvkb d momw&m;yJ jzpfygap? tJ'Dbmomw&m;
ud;k uG,folawGuae arG;zGm;vmwJh uav;i,f[m rdbudk;uG,w f Jh bmomw&m;udk ud;k uG,fzdkY &mcdkifEIef;
tvGefrsm;jym;vSygw,f/ 'g[mvnf; xif&Sm;jrifom&SdvSwJh t,ltqygyJ/ rdbawG[m olwdkY i,fpOfu

34
Siegel, L. J. & McCormick, C. (2016). Criminology in Canada: theories, patterns, and typologies, Nelson Education, Toronto.
 67

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qdwk Jh taMumif;w&m;udk awmfawmfhvl rajz&Sif;EdkifwhJ ar;cGef;awGudk ar;Muwmyg/ tJ'Daemuf bmomw&m;eJY
oufqkid fwhJ ar;cGef;awGudkvnf; olwdkYu qef;ppfavh&SdMuygw,f/ urÇmajrykHxJrSm jrif;rdk&fawmif b,fem;rSmvJ
ar;wmrsdK;? t0Dpda&wGif;wl;olawG i&Jjynfxd wl;wm rylb;l vm; ar;wmrsdK;? qGrf;awmfwifxm;wJh
rkefYyef;uefukd <uufudkufwm jrifNyD; b,foYludk auGs;wmwkef; ar;wmrsdK;? bk&m;ocifu
pdwo f abmxm;aumif;wJh ararhukd bmvdkY aoap&wmvJ qdw k mrsdK;? om;wdkYausmif;cef;xJudk aoewform;
0ifrvmatmif bmvdkY bk&m;ocifu rwm;qD;ay;wmvJ qdw k mrsdK;? taocHAHk;cGJvu
dk f&if wppDjzpfomG ;awmh
 68

aumif;uifbkHu tysdKpifawGeJY b,fvkpd Hpm;&rSmwkef; qdw k mrsdK; ud;k ,dk;um;&m; ar;cGef;awGudk ar;wmyg/
tJ'Dvkt d cgrsdK;rSm acwfynmtawmftwef wwfajrmufNyD; tv,ftvwftawG;tjrif? vpfb&,form;
rdbawGuawmh uav;udk obm0usus? ,kwdå&Sd&Sd? usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfatmif BudK;pm;&Sif;jywwfMuayr,fh
a&S;&dk;pGJt,lo;D ol acwfynmeJY tvSrf;a0;ol rdbawGuawmh uav;i,fawG&JU ar;cGef;awGudk ausvnfatmif
rajz&Sif;ovdk i&JBuD;r,f? bk&m;ocif 'Pfcwfvdrfhr,f qdw k mrsdK;eJY Ncdrf;ajcmufNyD; pl;prf;avhvmpdwf?
a0zefqef;ppfpdwu f dk oif;uGyfypfvdkuMf uygw,f/ jyefvnfapm'u rwuf&JawmhwhJ uav;i,f[m
taMumufw&m;&JU armif;ESifjcif;eJY jyefvnfa0zefqef;ppfjcif; uif;rJhwJh oifMum;jcif;atmufrSm
bmoma&;q&mawG? rdbawG ajymqdkorQudk tppfaq;? tar;jref; r&Sd vufcHomG ;apwJh pdwt f aqmufttkHwck
pGJNrJcdkifrmoGm;apwJh taMumif;w&m;[m cyfa0;a0;xd vdu k f&SmzdkY vdt
k yfr,f rxifygbl;/ acwfynmwwf
vpfb&,frdbawGuae aygufzGm;vmwJh uav;i,fuawmh t&m&mudk oifhwifhatmif rQwawG;jrifwwfwhJ
tavhtusifhudk &&Sdvmygvdrfhr,f/35
tJ'DtcgrsdK;rSm rwlnDwJh rdbtodkif;t0dkif;uae aygufzGm;vmwJh uav;i,fawG&JU
bmomw&m;udik f;&dIif;rI[mvnf; tcsdefeJYtrQ uGm[oGm;ygawmhw,f/ rsdK;qufwckNyD; wck
ajymif;vJvmwmeJYtrQ bmoma&;eJY EdkifiHa&;udk cGJjcm;&IjrifEkdifNyD; Secular jzpfwhJ rsdK;qufawG[m olwdkY
om;orD;awGudkvnf; tvm;wl bmoma&;eJY EdkifiaH &; cGJjcm;&IjrifEdkifzdkY oifMum;ay;NyD; ydkNyD; Secular jzpfwJh
rsdK;qufawGtjzpf xdef;ausmif;ay;zdkY tvm;tvm rsm;ygw,f/ bmoma&;eJY EdkifiHa&;udk a&m,SuNf yD; a&S;&dk;pGJ
t,ltq jyif;xefwh?J rd&dk;zvmxHk;wrf;pOfvmorm;awG[mvnf; olwdkYrsdK;qufawGudk tvm;wl
t,lo;D olawGtjzpf BuD;jyif;vmapcJhygw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm tcsdefMumvmwmeJYtrQ a&S;&dk;pGJol rsdK;qufawG[m
ydkrdk a&S;&dk;pGJvmMuNyD; vpfb&,f0g'DawGu ydkrdk vpfb&,fqefvmMuw,fvkYd vlrIaA'ynm&SifawGu
aumufcsufqGJMuygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd vlwOD;csif;pDeJY wnfaqmufxm;wJh wdik f;EdkifiHawGrSmqdk&ifvnf; a&S;&dk;pGJ
trsm;pk aexdkifwhJ wdkif;EdkifiHawGu ydkrdka&S;&dk;pGJ? t,loD;vmMuNyD; vpfb&,f0g'DawG trsm;pkeJY
wnfaqmufxm;wJh vpfb&,fwdkif;EdkifiaH wG[mvnf; ydkrdkvGwv
f yfwJh vpfb&,f0g'udk
wnfaqmufvmEdkifMuygw,f/
qef;opfwx D GifwmawG? a0zefppfaMumwmawG[m avmu"gwfoyd ÜHenf;eJY ydkNyD; udu k fnDwmrvdYk tJ'Dvdk
t,ltq tm;aumif;wJh vlt Y zGJYtpnf;awGrSm avmu"gwfoyd ÜHynmawG xGef;um;vmr,f? bmomaygif;pkH?
vlrsdK;aygif;pkH pkaygif;aexdkifEdkifr,fh 'Drdkua&pDeJY vlt Y cGifhta&; pHcsdefpHEIef;awG jrifhrm;vmr,f? vlom;qefwJh
vlrIpHEIef;awG? Oya'pdk;rdk;rIawG wnfaqmufEdkifzdkY tcGifhtvrf; ydkrsm;wmaMumifh at;csrf;wnfNidrfwJh
vltY zGJYtpnf;w&yfukd wnfaqmufzdkY odyfcJ,Of;r,f rxifygbl;/ a&S;&dk;pGJNyD; acwfaemufjyefqJG
vltY zGJYtpnf;awGrSmawmh wDxGifzefwD;rI enf;yg;r,f? y#dyu©aygrsm;r,f? wif;MuyfwhJ vlrIpHEIef;awGeJY
rGef;MuyfaeEdkifNyD; 'Drdkua&pDeJY vl&Y ydkifcGifh pHcsdefpHEIef;awG edrfhyg;oGm;r,f qdw k mawmhjzifh awG;jrifMunfhzdkY
odyfrcJ,Ofvb S l; xifygw,f/

35
Kelly, J. and De Graaf, N. (1997). National Context, Parental Socialization, and Religion Belief: Results from 15 Nations, American Sociological
Review, 62(4), 639-659.
 69

bmomw&m;tay: rIcif;aA'tjrif
vlrIaA'eJY qufpyfaewJh aemufxyf ynm&yfe,fy,fwckuawmh rIcif;aA'vdkY qdkEdkifr,f xifygw,f/
rIcif;aA'rSm "avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmeJY ud;k uG,f,kHMunfrI[m oufa&mufrI wpkHw&m&SdaMumif; vlrIaA'ynm&Sif
a&mbwf rmwef&JU vlrIzdtm;oDtdk&DeJY ywfoufvdkY 'Dae&mrSm enf;enf;avmuf ajymcsifygw,f/ Strain Theory
udk tvG,fjyefqkd&&if vlrIzdtm; (wif;tm;) 'Pf oDtdk&D&,fvdkY jyefqkdEdkifr,f xifyg&JU/ 'Dot D dk&D[m
emrnfausmf vlrIaA'eJY rIcif;aA'ynm&Sif a&mbwf rmwef (Robert Merton) &JU pHEIef;rJhoDtdk&D Anomie Theory
uae qif;ouf tajccHygw,f/ Anomie qdkwmu acgrpum;vHk; a nomos uae qif;oufvmwmjzpfNyD;
36
without norms qdkwJh t"dyÜm,fjzpfygw,f/

*vdb k ,fvku d af Z;&Sif;a0g[m&eJY ajym&r,fqdk&if vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk ajymif;vJrI tBuD;tus,fjzpfapcJhwJh

yxrvdiI f; pdkufysdK;arG;jrLa&;udk &SmazGawG&Y Sdjcif;aemufrSm 'kw, d vdIif;tjzpf pufrIawmfveS fa&;jzpfyGm;cJhygw,f/
tJ'DtcgrSm cyf&dk;&dk;? cyfaES;aES;eJY rSefrSef oGm;vmvnfywfaeNyD; rdrdeJY pHwefzdk;csif;? vlrIpD;yGm;aemufcH
tajctaecsif;? vlrsdK;bmomeJY EdkifiaH &;cH,lcsufcsif; qifwo l lawG pkaygif;zGJYpnf;xm;wJh aus;vufae
vlt Y zGJYtpnf;uae rdrdeJYpHwefzdk; vH;k 0uGJjym;jcm;em;NyD;? vlrIpD;yGm;aemufcH tajctaeawG uGv J ?GJ vlrsdK;bmomeJY
EdkifiHa&;cH,cl sufcsif;vnf; bmrS rqdkifwho J lawG twl,SOfwJaG exdkifMuwJ?h 'a&maomyg; ajy;vTm;aexdkif&wJh
NrdKUjyaevltY zGJYtpnf;tjzpfudk ul;ajymif;wJhtcsdefqD ajymif;vJomG ;cJhygw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm &dk;&mtpOftvmawG?
vlt Y zGJYtpnf;&JU pHwefzdk;awG? rdrdwkY&d JU vlrsdK;a&;cH,cl suf? bmoma&;cH,lcsufeJY EdkifiHa&;tawG;tjrifawG[m
tBuD;tus,f udkifvyI fjcif; cHMu&w,fvkYd qdkygw,f/
pufrIuek fxkwaf cwf&JU tvkyfcGJjcm;vkyfukdifjcif;eJY jrefqefwk;d wufrIawG[m ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;eJY 0efaqmifrIudk
tajcjyKNyD;awmhyJ vlvlcsif;qufqaH &;udk tav;xm;apcJhygw,f/ qdv k w dk mu b,foljzpfvkY?d b,f0gjzpfvdkY
qdwk m ta&;rBuD;awmhyJ bm0efaqmifrIay;EdkifovJ? bmukefxw k fpGrf;tm;&SdovJ qdw
k mudk t"duxm;NyD;
vlwa,muf&JU wefzdk;udk qH;k jzwfvmMuw,fvdkY qd&k r,f xifygw,f/ armifb,fo?l rb,fol qdw k Jh
trnfemrawGvnf; arS;rSdefomG ;NyD; b,ftvkyfvkyfwo Jh l? bm0efaqmifrIay;wJo h l&,fvdkYyJ vlwOD;udk
odjrifvmcJhMuygowJh/ aps;uGufoabmt& tNydKiftqdkifawGvnf; rsm;jym;vmNyD; a&G;cs,fp&mawGvnf;
wd;k yGm;vmcJhwmaMumifh b,forl S r&Sdrjzpf ta&;ygw,f&,fvdkYvnf; r&Sdawmhygbl;/
vlrItodkif;t0dkif;rSmqdk&ifvnf; [db k uftdrcf ef;rSm b,foal exdik fw,f? bmtvkyfvyk fw,f od&Sdol
enf;oGm;Muwm[m NrdKYjyaevlwef;pm;rSm jzpfavhjzpfxoabmtjzpf oabmxm;vmMuygawmhw,f/
tJ'DtcgrSm vlt Y zGJYtpnf;twGif; tcsif;csif; csnfaESmifxm;wJh vlrIoaH ,mZOfawG[m ysufjym;vmMuNyD;
rIcif;awG xlajymvmwm? &dkif;yif;qufqjH cif;awG avsmhenf;vmwm? pHwefzdk;awG aysmufqk;H ukefwmawG
jzpfvmwmaMumifh pHEIef;rJhvlYtzGJYtpnf;oDtdk&DvkYd ac:qdkMuykH&ygw,f/
pufrIuek fxkwaf cwf&JU jrefqefwhJ armif;ESiftm;eJYtwl &kyf0w¬KtoH;k taqmifypön;f awG[mvnf; b,fwek f;urSeJY
rwlatmifukd aygrsm;vmcJhNyD; vdck sifwufrufzG,&f m tjynfeh JY avmu&,fvdkYawmif qdkEdkifavmufr,f
xifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh [dt k &iftcef;awGrSm ajymqdkcJhNyD;wJhtwdkif; vlt Y zGJYtpnf;&,fvdkY pwif
jzpfwnfvmcJhNyD;uwnf;u tmPmcGJa0rI? o,HZmwcGJa0rI? Opöm"ecGJa0rIawGrSm tcsdK;nDrQrI r&SdcJhygbl;/ tJ'g&JU
aemufqufwJt G jzpf BuD;xGm;wdk;wufvmwJh vlt Y zGJYtpnf;twGif;rSm vlwkid f;udk olwdkY tvdq k E´&Sd&m

36
Merton, R. (1938). Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review. 3 (5): 672–682.
 70

b0arQmfvifhcsuf? arQmfrSef;csuf yef;wdkifjzpfwJh Opöm"e<u,f0jcif;? todOmPfynm wd;k wufjynfhpkHjcif;

pwmawGudk aqmifMuOf;ay;zkdYtwGuf vkaH vmufwJh &if;jrpfawG vlwdkif;rSm &SdraeMuygbl;/ vlwdkif;[m
vlt
Y zGJYtpnf;u cGifhjyKxm;wJh enf;vrf;awGeJY rdrdb0 wdk;wufaumif;pm;a&;twGuf
BudK;yrf;tm;xkwvf Mdk uayr,fh abmif0ifwhJ enf;rSefvrf;rSefeJY &,lEdkifjcif; r&SdwJhtcgrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh
atmufygenf;vrf; 5 rsdK;eJY ajz&Sif;zdkY tm;xkwfvmcJhMuw,fvkYd vlrIaA'ynm&Sif a&mbwf rmwef (Robert
Merton) u qdkygw,f/

avSBuD;xd;k &dk;&dk;enf; (Conformity)

'DcsOf;uyfenf;uawmh vlt Y zGJYtpnf;twGif;u vltrsm;pk usifhoHk;wJh enf;vrf;jzpfr,feJY wlygw,f/ rdrd
tvdk&SdwJh b0&nfrSef;csuf yef;wdkifawG? todynm&,ljcif;awG? Opöm"e<u,f0atmif tm;xkwjf cif;awGrSm
vltY zGJYtpnf;u cGifhjyKxm;wJh enf;vrf;awGudkyJ toHk;jyKNyD; b0&nfrSef;csufudk enf;rSefvrf;rSefeJY BudK;yrf;
tm;xkwfwhJ enf;vrf;jzpfygw,f/ tcsdeftm;jzifhvnf; Mumanmif;wwfNyD; &&SdzdkYvnf; raocsm
ra&&mwmaMumifh pdw"f gwfysufjym;rIawGudk BuHhBuHhcHEdkifrS awmf&kHusr,fh enf;vrf;rsdK; jzpfygw,f/
arQmfvifhcsufyJ&SdwhJ oabmrsdK;jzpfwmaMumifh 'Denf;vrf;usifhoHk;oludk Hopeful Poor &,fvdkYvnf;
ac:qdkMuygw,f/
qef;opfajymif;vJjcif;enf; (Innovation)
'DcsOf;uyfenf;rSmawmh rdrd tvd&k Sd&m b0&JU pnf;pdrfcsrf;omawGaemuf vdu k fwtJh cgrSm vltY zGJYtpnf;u
cGifhjyKxm;wJh &nfrSef;csufawGudkawmh vufoifhcHxm;ayr,fh vlt Y zGJYtpnf;u cGifhjyKxm;wJh enf;rSefvrf;rSef
qdw k mawGudkawmh jiif;y,fxm;ygw,f/ qdv k wdk mu csrf;om<u,f0rIaemufukd vdu k fwJhtcg abmifr0ifwJh
w&m;r0ifenf;vrf;awGudk toHk;jyKNyD; &,lwmrsdK;udk qdv k wdk myg/ Oyrm vufukdifzkef;topfav; vdkcsifw,f?
tvkyfvyk fNyD; &wJh vpmav;udk pkaqmif;NyD;rS 0,fjzpfr,fqdk&if tcsdefb,favmufMumr,frSef;awmif rodbl;/
vdck sifaewmu tckqkad wmh aiG&&if NyD;a&m? rl;,pf;aq;a&mif;0,fwmrsdK;? jynfw h efqmvkyfief;vkyfukdifwmrsdK;?
avmif;upm;wpkHw&m vkyfuidk fwmrsdK; pojzifh vlt Y zGJYtpnf;u enf;rSefvrf;rSef&,fvdkY owfrSwrf xm;wJh
w&m;r0ifenf;vrf; wrsdK;rsdK;eJY &,lzdkY tm;xkwfjcif;udk qdv k dkygw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf olrsm;xuf
ydkrdkcufcJMurf;wrf;rIawGukd &ifqkdifEdkif&NyD; &kef;uef&wmawG ydkawGY&ygw,f/ 'Denf;vrf;udk
usifhoHk;olawGukad wmh Surviving Poor vdkY ac:qdkMuygw,f/
&dk;&m"avhenf;vrf; (Ritualism)
'DcsOf;uyfenf;rSmawmh tapmydkif;u ajymoGm;cJhwhJ &dk;&m"avh tawG;tjrifawG? bmoma&; cH,cl sufawG
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk awGjY rifEdkifr,f xifygw,f/ rdrdudk;uG,f&m bmomt,l0g' wckck&JU tqH;k trawGxJu
avmuDpnf;pdrfukd &SmazGjcif; qdw k m avmbjzpfNyD; ylavmifjcif;&JU &if;jrpftaMumif;w&m;jzpfw,f/ 'g[m
csrf;omjcif; tppftrSef r[kwf? yuwdat;Nidrf;csrf;omjcif; qdw k Jh trw"gwf? avmut&mawG[m
aeYjrifnaysmufjzpfNyD; azmufjyefwwfwhJ oabmw&m;&Sdw,f? razmufrjyefjzpfwhJ w&m;udk &SmazG&r,f?
avmut&mxuf aumif;uift&m? aojcif;&JU tjcm;rJh at;Nidrf;jcif;udk &SmazG&r,f/ avmut&mawGudk
jzpfEdkifoavmuf avQmhcs&r,f/ tJ'grS at;Nidrf;csrf;omtppfukd awGv Y drfhr,fqNdk yD; vlt
Y zGJYtpnf;u
owfrSwx f m;wJh vdv
k m;tyfaom t&mawG? pnf;pdrfcsrf;omawGudk jiif;y,fjcif;oabmawG 'DcsOf;uyfenf;rSm
 71

awGjY rif&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh vH;k 0ypfy,fEdkifvm; qdak wmh b,folrSawmh tvHk;pkH rypfy,fEdkifb;l ayghav/
'Dawmh jzpfEdkifwJh enf;vrf;awGeJY&orQ atmifjrifatmif tm;xkwfMuNyD; t&rf;jrifhrm;wJh &nfrSef;csufrsdK;awGudk
tm;rxkwfyJ aeMuwmrsdK; awG&Y avh&Sdw,f/ 'DcsOf;uyfenf;udk usifhoHk;olawGuadk wmh Passive Poor vdYk
ac:qdkMuavh&Sdw,f/
vufajrSmufqkwfcGmjcif;enf;vrf; (Retreatism)

'DcsOf;uyfenf;rSmawmh b0udk vufajrSmuft&HI;ay;NyD; vlt Y zGJYtpnf;u owfrSwx f m;wJh pnf;pdrfcsrf;om

qdwk mawGa&m? tJ'gawGudk &,latmifjrifEdkifr,fh enf;vrf;awGa&mudkyg jiif;y,fvdu k Mf uygw,f/
vltY zGJYtpnf;xJuae vufajrSmufqkwfcGmoGm;MuNyD; cyfa0;a0;rSm oGm;a&mufaexdik fMuavh&Sdovdk
pdwu f sa&m*gwrsdK;rsdK;udk cHpm;&if;? rl;,pfaq;wrsdK;rsdK;udk oH;k pGJ&if; yuwdt&Sw
d &m;uae olYenf;ol[ Y efeJY
vGwfajrmufatmif tm;xkwfMunfhMuwmrsdK;awGvnf; yg0ifygw,f/ twnfwus aexdik fwmrsdK; r&Sdawmhovdk
pHwefzdk;tm;vHk;udk pGefYcGmoGm;wmrsdK;xdawmif jyif;xefwmrsdK;awGvnf; awGjY rif&wwfygw,f/ 'Denf;vrf;udk
usifhoHk;olawGukad wmh Retreating Poor &,fvdkY ac:qdkMuygw,f/

awmfveS fykefuefjcif;enf;vrf; (Rebellion)

'DcsOf;uyfenf;rSmawmh vlYtzGJYtpnf;u vufcHxm;wJh b0&nfrSef;csufawG? pnf;pdrfcsrf;omawGudka&m

cGifhjyKxm;wJh enf;rSefvrf;rSef qdw k mawGudka&mudkyg jiif;y,fvdkufwmrsdK;awG yg0ifygw,f/ qdv k w
dk mu
q&m0ef? tif*sifeD,m? Oya'? oabFmom; pojzifh vltrsm; vdv k m;awmifhwwJh todynmeJY pnf;pdrfcsrf;om
&SmazGrIawG? tJ'gudk &,lydkifqidk fzdkY tm;xkwfjcif;rsdK;awGuydk g jiif;y,fNyD; 'Denf;vrf;udk vufcHusifo h ;Hk olawGu
olwdkY&JU b0&nfrSef;csufeJY &,lydkifqdkifzdkY tm;xkwfenf;awGudk rdrdwkYb d mom owfrSwyf pfvdkuw f mrsdK;yg/
q&m0efjzpfrS? tif*sifeD,mjzpfrS? oabFmom;jzpfrS 0ifaiGaumif;r,f? *kPf&dSr,f qdw k mrsdK; r[kwfyJ atmifjrifwhJ
yef;csDq&m? aw;a&;q&m? tEkynmorm; pojzifh b0&nfrSef;csufudk tpm;xd;k ypfvku d Mf uygw,f/ &,lzdkY
tm;xkwf&mrSmvnf; olrsm;xuf cufcJMurf;wrf;wJh avhvmoif,rl IrsdK;awG? tm;xkwfzefw;D &jcif;rsdK;awG
yg0ifwwfygw,f/ 'Denf;vrf;udk usifhok;H ol trsm;pkrSm tcsdK;tpm;tm;jzifh tenf;tusOf;yJ
atmifjrifrI&&SdwwfMuNyD; atmifjrifNyD;wJhaemufrSmawmif vlt
Y zGJYtpnf;eJY tH0ifcGifus r&SdwmrsdK;
BuHKawG&Y wwfygowJ/h 'Dvkd tmcHzDqefwhJ enf;vrf;udk usifhoHk;olawGudkawmh Resisting Poor &,fvdkY
ac:qdkMuygw,f/
tJ'Davmufqk&d if bmomw&m; qdw k m[m rIcif;avQmhcsa&;enf;vrf;wcktjzpf tkyfcsKyfov
l lwef;pm;awG
ta&;w,l&SdcJhjcif;&JU taMumif;&if;wckrSef; pmzwfol cefYrSef;EdkifavmufNyD xifygw,f/
 72

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 73

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37
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pm;aomuf&vdkY nmbufjcrf;udk wcsdefvHk; OD;acgif;vSnfhaewJh puifem&JU ckdawG&JU tjyKtrlrsdK;tjzpf
edrfhusoGm;apjcif;vdkYyJ rSwf,lcsifygawmhw,f/38

37
Shermer, M. (2011). The believing brain: From ghosts and gods to politics and conspiracies--how we construct beliefs and reinforce them as
truths. New York: Times Books.
38
Skinner, B. F.( 1947). Superstition in the Pigeon, Journal of Experimental Psychology 38.
 74

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 75

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vlpD qdw k mu MopMwmvdyk pfopfuyfpf tmz&efppfEG,jf zpfwJh vlwlrsdK;pdwjf zpfNyD; vGefcJhwJhESpfaygif; 3.2
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39
Coolidge, F. L. and Coolidge, M. L. (2016). Why people see faces when there are none: Pareidolia. Psychology Today. Retrieved
from www.psychologytoday.com.
 76

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 77

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 78

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 79

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40
Dawkins, R., & McKean, D. (2011). The magic of reality: How we know what's really true. New York: Free Press.
 80

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41
Bertino, A. J., & Bertino, P. N. (2009). Forensic science: Fundamentals & investigations. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
 81

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42
BBC News (2014). The Indian maricle-buster stuck in Finland. Retreived from https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-
26815298?fbclid=IwAR2720jctgbxEN3zU8mpTar2bDeV13NvzexCf1kNsAf4OOutwxAOH70qZvs
 83

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43
Piccolo, V., et al. (2016), "Dispelling Myths Concerning Pigmented Skin Lesions." JEADV 30 : 919–925.
 84

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44
jzpfygw,f/
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b,fuae b,fvkpd wifjzpfay:cJhovJ qdw k mudk avmu"gwfoyd ÜHynmt& avmavmq,frSm tvH;k pkH
zGifhqdk&Sif;jyjcif; rjyKEdkifao;ayr,fh teD;pyfqk;H cefYrSef;rIawGuawmh tJ'DvkdyJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'gqdk&if rsufvHk;
qdwk m[m ouf&SdawG&JU tpuae wa&GUa&GU? wqifhqifh jzpfay:vmcJhwJh ouf&Sdt*Fg&yf tpdwftydkif;jzpfNyD;
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em;vnfEdkifr,f xifygw,f/

44
Dawkins, R. (1996). Climbing mount improbable. New York: Norton.
 85

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 86

tvHk;pkHodjrifawmfrlaom qdkwmuawmh usaemfi,fi,fwnf;u rausvnfwhJ jyóemyJ qdkygawmh/ Ak'¨bk&m;udk

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oufwrf;udk avmu"gwfodyÜHynm&SifawGu ESpfoef;aygif; 13.8 axmifvkYd cefYrSef;Muygw,f/ usaemfwdkY
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aocsmygw,f/ usaemfwYdkeJY w&if;wESD;&SdvSwhJ tcsdeftykid f;tjcm;awGrSm r[kwyf Juk;d /

45
Kraft, H (2014). The Buddha from Babylon: The Lost History and Cosmic Vision of Siddhartha Gautama. Select Book. ISBN - 1590791436.
 87

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 89

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 90

ppfyGJawG? pdkufysdK;arG;jrLa&;awG? &Sd&SdorQ tjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk rSww f rf;wifxm;wJh ordkif;[m

pMu0Vmjyu©'deft& vGefcJhwJh 14 puúefY qdkwJh umvtydkif;tjcm;av;twGif;rSm jzpfay:cJhwmyg/46
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tvGef (tvGefYtvGef) oHo,jzpfzG,f&Sdw,fvdkYyJ usaemfawmh ,lqcsifygw,f/

46
Sagan, C. (1977). The dragons of Eden: Speculations on the evolution of human intelligence. New York: Random House.
 91

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f idk f odjrifvmrSm jzpfygw,f/

47
Thagard, P. (1978). Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science
Association, 1978, 223-234.
 95

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ta&;taMumif;awG xif&Sm;aeavavjzpfwmudk awG&Y ygvdrfhr,f/

48
Preece, P. F., & Baxter, J. H. (2000). Scepticism and gullibility: The superstitious and pseudo-scientific beliefs of secondary school students.
International Journal of Science Education, 22(11), 1147-1156.
 96

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 98

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49
Gordin, M. D. (2017). The problem with pseudoscience: Pseudoscience is not the antithesis of professional science but thrives in science's
shadow. EMBO reports, 18(9), 1482–1485.
 99

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50
Balnaves, M., & Caputi, P. (2001). Introduction to quantitative research methods: An investigative approach. London: SAGE.
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51
Markman, A. (2010). Why Science is self-coprrecting. Psychology Today. Retrievedf from
https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/ulterior-motives/201008/why-science-is-self-correcting
52
Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London
:John Murray.
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53
Larson, E. J. (2006). Summer for the gods: The Scopes trial and America's continuing debate over science and religion. New York: BasicBooks.
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54
Darwin, C. (2009). The Origin of Species: By Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for
Life (Cambridge Library Collection - Darwin, Evolution and Genetics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 108

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 109

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vlom;awGtaeeJYvnf; 'Dpm;<uif;pm;usefawGuae rvdv k m;tyfwJh a&m*gydk;rTm;awG? teHYtoufqdk;awG

55
Freedman, A. H., and Wayne, R. K. (2017). "Deciphering the Origin of Dogs: From Fossils to Genomes". Annual Review of Animal
Biosciences. 5: 281–307.
 110

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 111

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 112

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 113

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Hypothesis udk acszsufNyD; 'Daq;0g;[m tmedoif&SdaMumif; oufaoxl&wmrsdK;yg/

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 114

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 115

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zwfvdkuf&olwa,muftzdYk ud, k fydkifaiGukd o,f,lcsifovkd ,laqmifcGifhr&atmif jyXmef;xm;wJh Oay'[m
rw&m;bl;vdYk ,lqapygvdrfhr,f? aemufNyD; wwfEdkif&if ulnDvku d cf sifw,fvkYd qE´jzpfay:vmapygvdrfhr,f?
aemufNyD; a':vm 2000 0ef;usif &if;ESD;vdkufwmeJY a':vm 5 oef;avmuf aus;Zl;wkefYjyefr,fvdkY
arQmfvifhcsufay;vdkufwmaMumifh tcGifhta&;w&yfvkYd oabmxm;vdu k frdrSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Dvked nf;eJY
vdrfvnfc&H vdkY urÇmhjynfolawG&JU acGs;enf;pm[m rormol vlvdrfawG&JU vufxJukd oef;eJYcsDNyD;awmif
a&muf&SdomG ;cJh&ygowJ/h 'gudk rauseyfvkYd Edkif*sD;&D;,m;EdkifiHxd vdu k fvH pkHprf;ppfaq;olawG? w&m;pGJolawGvnf;
MuufaysmufiSuaf ysmuf vufpazsmufcH&vdkY aemufq;Hk vufavQmhvu dk fMu&w,fvkYd pdwrf aumif;p&m
Mum;odcJh&ygw,f/
xm;yg? wu,fqdk&if a':vm 2000 ausmf &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHvu dk f&kHeJY a':vm 5 oef;avmuf jyef&w,f qdw k m[m
avmurSm jzpf&dk;jzpfpOf obm0w&m; [kwf&JUvm; qdkwmavmufawmh qef;ppfMunfo h ifhw,f r[kwfygvm;/
'grSr[kwf ud, k fh&JU vG,fvG,feJY aiGawG 0ifcsifwJh avmbu ud, k u
hf dk jyef'kua© y;Ekdifw,f qdwk mavmufawmh
qef;ppfMunfhoihfw,f r[kwfbl;vm;/ 'gwifru uGefjyLwmrSm? prwfzkef;rSm atmufrSm ay;xm;wJh vifhcfukd
uvpfwcsufESdyfvku d f&kHeJY vufudkifzkef;topfpufpuf &,lEdkifygNyD qdw k mrsdK;/ pOf;pm;Munfyh g/ uvpfwcsuf
ESdyfvku
d w
f dkif; vufukdifzkef; topf&aMu;omqdk usaemfwYdk tdrfcef;xJ xm;p&m ae&mawmif &Sdr,f
r[kwfawmhygbl;/ 'gawG[m obm0w&m;t& avmurSm jzpfavhjzpfx r[kwfwmrSef; todomcsnf;yg/
a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&yfrSmqd&k ifvnf; yd&rpfeJY ywfoufNyD; qef;Mu,frIawGtaMumif; usaemfwdkY rpm;&
0cref; zwf&I&avh&Sdygw,f/ wu,fawmh 'g[m a&S;a[mif;okawoeynmvdYk emrnfwyf&kH oufoufyg/
xm;ygawmh/ 'Dyd&rpfawGudk b,foal wGu wnfaqmufcJhMuwmwkef;/ tD*spfawGayghAsm/ [mAsm rjzpfEdkifwm?
a&S;acwftD*spfvlrsdK;awGrSm b,fvv dk kyf tJ'Davmuf enf;ynmjrifhrm;vdrfhrwkef; bmnmeJY qdv k mMuvdrfhr,f/
yd&rpf qdwk mu tkwyf kHBuD;avAsm/ tJ'Dacwfwkef;u vlawGuvnf; vkyfp&m r,fr,f&& &SdwmrS r[kwfyJ/
tm;aeMuwmav/ vkyftm; qdw k muvnf; vkyfcvpm&,fvdkY rsm;rsm;pm;pm; ay;aezdkY rvdyk J tpm;auGs;&kHeJY
tvum;vdv k dk &aecJhwm/ 'Dawmh tkwyf kHtjrifhBuD; wnfaqmufjywm b,fvkv d kyf qef;Mu,faewmwkef;/
aemufNyD; &Sdao;w,f/ yd&rpfxrJ Sm xnfhoGif;xm;&if (ocsFmenf;t&qdyk J) a&S;a[mif;vlaotavmif;aumif
rrfrDawGvdkyJ rykyfrod;k &SdaeowJh/ 'gudk ,kMH unfwJholawGqdk&if aewJt h drfukdawmif yd&rpfvkd aqmufNyD;
aexdik fwm touf&Sn?f usef;rm qdyk J/ 'gqdk om;owf&kHawGrSm vQyfppfrD;tukefcHNyD; b,fhES,af Mumifh
tat;ay;pufawGeJY a&&SnfcHatmif vkyfaeawmhrwkef;/ yd&rpfykHaqmufvdkuf&if NyD;a&maygh/
aemufxyf &Sdao;w,f cifAs/ tJ'Dyd&rpfawGudk twÅvEÅdwfEdkifiHawmfu vlxl;qef;awG
wnfaqmufoGm;cJhMuwmwJ/h tJ'DtwÅvEÅdwfEdkifiH qdw
k m b,fem;rSef;vJawmh rodygbl;Asm/ xm;ygawmh/
 122

olwdkYajymwJh ae&m qdkygawmh/ tJ'Da'ou vlxl;qef;awG vmNyD; wnfaqmufoGm;&dk;rSef&if 'DtqdkjyKcsufudk

axmufcHwhJ oufao? taxmuftxm; wpkHw&mawmh vufqyk fvufukid f jyoEdkif&r,f r[kwfvm;/ b,fvdk
tqdkjyKcsufrsdK;yJ jzpfygap? qefYusifa0zefwmawGawmh ay:xGufvmrSmyJav/ 'Dawmh ud, k t
fh qdjk yKcsufrSm
b,fae&m tm;enf;csuf&SdovJ qdw k m wjcm;b,folrS axmufrjycif ud, k fwidk f &SmazGqef;ppfawmh
ydkroifhawmfaybl;vm;/

enf;vrf; 5
tqdkjyKcsuf wpkHw&meJY ywfoufNyD; oufao? taxmuftxm;awG wifjyvmwJt h cg tJ'DtqdkjyKcsufudk
axmufcHay;xm;wmawGukyd J wifjyxm;ovm;? tJ'DtqdkjyKcsuftay: qefYusifxm;wJh tcsuftvufawGa&m
wpkHwa,mufu &SmazGwifjyxm;ovm; qdw k m qef;ppfygwJh/ 'Dupd ö[m tawmfav;udk ta&;ygvSygw,f/
omrmefvlawG rqdx k m;eJY? ynm&yfe,fy,fxJu ynm&Sif qdo k lawGawmif (olwdkYvnf; vlom;awGrvdkYeJY
wlygw,f) rdrdt,ltqeJY udu k fnDwmawGqdk&if vdv
k v
dk m;vm; vufcHwwfoavmuf? rdrdt,ltqeJY
aoGznfaewmrsdK;qdk&if vufcHzdkY awGa0aewwfavh&SdMuygw,f/
wjcm; rMunfyh geJY? odyÜHynm&SifawGu awGY&Sdcsuf wpkHw&mudk xkwfjyefvkud fNyDqkd&if tJ'Dxw
k fjyefcsuf[m ud,
k f
ud;k uG,fwJh bmomw&m;&JU t,ltq wckckeJY udu k fnDaevdYu
k awmh awGv
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bk&m;&Sif odYrk [kwf or®musrf;pmu 'gawGudk odNyD;cJhwm? &Sif;jycJhwm MumjrifhcJhayghvYdk vkyfwwfMuygw,f/
'gayr,fh ud, k f ud;k uG,f,kHMunfrI t,ltq wpkHw&meJYrsm; u@aumpjzpfvmvdkYuawmh tvum;yguGm?
ta&;rBuD;ygbl; qdo k vdkv?dk bmomw&m; qdw k m ,kMH unfudk;uG,rf IyJ? avmu"gwfoyd ÜH tawG;tjrif
taumuft,lawG&JU tjyifbufukd a&muf&Sdaewm? rwlnDMuwJh e,fy,fESpfck qdak wmh EdIif;,SOfp&m
bmtaMumif;rS r&Sw d myJqkNd yD; vkyfwwfMuygw,f/

enf;vrf; 6
trsdK;rsdK;aom oufao? taxmuftxm;qdkif&m tcsuftvufawGu b,fukd OD;wnfnTefjyaeovJ
qef;ppfygwJh/ b,ftaMumif;t&meJY b,fjzpf&yfu b,fvkd qufpyfaew,f? b,fot D dk&Du bmhaMumifh
rSef&w,f? bmhaMumifhrSm;&w,f vlwdkif;vdkvdk xkwfjyefvYdk &ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh udk,fh oDtdk&D rSefw,f? 'DrSm
oufao? taxmuftxm;? olY oDtdk&Du rSm;w,f? 'DrSm rSm;aMumif; oufao? taxmuftxm; qdw k Jh
tcsuftvufawG b,favmufrsm;jym;aMumif; qef;ppfMunfh&ygw,f/ Oyrm csm;vfpf 'g0if&JU qifhuJjzpfpOf
qdMk uygpdkY/ zefqif;&Sif0g'DawGu tNrJaxmufjyjiif;ckefavh&SdMuygw,f? b,fae&mrSmjzifh ol&Y JU b,ftqdkeJY
uGvJ aGJ eaMumif;? b,ftcsuftvuf[mqd&k ifjzifh oDtdk&DeJY ruduk fnDaMumif; qdkwmawGyg/
qifhuJjzpfpOfrSm aysmufaeqJ uGif;qufawG trsm;BuD;&Sdwm tm;vH;k todygyJ/ tJ'Dvkd aysmufqk;H aewJh
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urÇmavmu&JU ordkif;wavQmufrSm ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;taeeJY rSww f rf;rusef&pfcJhwJh rsdK;pdwaf wG trsm;tjym;
&SdrSm rvGyJ gyJ/ 'gayr,fh 'g0if&JU aumufEIwfcsufawGxJu odef;aomif;csDwJh taxmuftxm;awG? olt Y qdk
 123

rSefuefaMumif; axmufcHaewJh tcsuftvufawGudkawmh vpfvsL&Ixm;wwfMuygw,f/ wu,fawmh

ZD0aA'ynm&yfrSm 'g0if&JUqifhuJjzpfpOfudk ausmfveG fwJh oDtdk&DrsdK; cyf&Sm;&Sm;vdkY qdkEdkifavmufatmifudk 'g0ifu
ta&;ygwm jzpfygw,f/
rIcif;axmufvSrf;a&; qdkygpdkY/ tcif;jzpfyGm;wJh ae&m? vlowfrI jzpfyGm;wJh ae&mrSm vufaAG&mawG?
vlowfvufeufawG? aoG;puftcif;tusif;awG? oHo,&SdolawGxJurS b,foYl&JU t0wftpm;rSm aoqHk;ol&JU
aoG;trsdK;tpm; pGef;ayaew,f qdw k mawG? wdu k fcdkufwhJ vufeufeJY aool &&SdwJh 'Pf&m trsdK;tpm;t&
usL;vGefo[l m nmoefvm;? b,foefvm; qdkwmawG? usL;vGefo[ l m b,fvdk &nf&G,cf sufrsdK;eJY usL;vGefovJ?
tNidK;taw;aMumifh vufpm;acswmvm;? avmbaMumifh vk,ufwmvm;? vdifrIudpötwGuf tm;xkwf&if;
vufveG fwmvm; qdw k mawGukd qufpyfawG;,lNyD; uGif;qufawG csdwfMunf&h ygw,f/ tJ'Dxu J rS
oHo,pm&if;xJuae tjzpfEdkifqk;H qdkolukd qGJxkwfNyD; OmPfupm;&wmrsdK;yg/ avmu"gwfoyd ÜH&JU
tvkyfvyk fykHuvnf; tvm;wlygyJ/ oDtdk&D qdw k mu trsdK;rsdK;? tzkHzHk xkwfvkdY &ygvdrfhr,f/ oufao?
taxmuftxm;awGuawmh wpkHw&maom t,ltqqDukd nTefjyaeygvdrfhr,f/

enf;vrf; 7
odyÜHenf;us prf;oyftwnfjyKxm;wm [kwfr[kwf qef;ppfygwJh/ b,fvkd owif;xkwfjyefrIawG? awGY&SdcsufawG
aMujimwmrsdK;rqdk aMujimolawG[m tJ'D xkwfjyefcsufawGtaMumif; odyÜHenf;us avhvmtwnfjyKwm
[kwfr[kwf qef;ppfMunfhzdkY tvGef ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ olwdkY&JU ,kwdÅaA'awG? usdK;aMumif;qufpyfrIawG?
oufaoxlxm;wJh taxmuftxm;awG[m b,favmuf cdkifvko H vJ qdw
k mawGudk qef;ppfMunf&h ygr,f/ Oyrm
tmumo? pMu0VmxJrSm ouf&SdawG wnf&Sdygovm; qdkwmudk avhvm&mrSm UFO taysmfwrf; &SmazGoal wGeJY
Searching Extra Territorial Intelligence (SETI) tzGJYu tzGJY0ifawGcsif; ynmt&nftcsif;? avhvmcsOf;uyfykH?
toHk;jyKwJh ud&d,m tpp? t&m&m uGmjcm;vGef;vSygw,f/ pdw0f ifpm;MuwJh taMumif;t&mcsif; wlnDMuayr,fh
avhvmcsOf;uyfykHcsif;uawmh wjcm;pDyg/ UFO orm;awGu okwpG,fpkHvdk vljydef;BudKufpmapmifawGrSm
"gwfykHjzwfnSyfuyfawG toHk;jyKNyD; vlpdw0f ifpm;atmifyJ wwfEdkifMuayr,fh SETI tzGJY0ifawGuawmh olwdkY&JU
tEkrmeawG? tqdMk urf;awGudk ud, k fwdkif acszsufMunfhzdkY tm;xkwfMuygw,f/ ZD0aA'? &lyaA'? "gwkaA'?
ocsFmynmawGeJY tajcjyKcsOf;uyfNyD; pMu0VmtaMumif;udk avhvmMuygw,f/ a&'D,kw d ,fvDpukyfawGeJY
tmumoudk axmufvSrf;Muygw,f/ ynmt&nftcsif;? ud&d,mtaxmuftul? ynm&yftajcjyK csOf;uyfrIawG
uGjJ ym;wJt
h cgrSm olwdkY&JU &v'fawG[mvnf; jcm;em;oGm;Muygw,f/

enf;vrf; 8
xkwfjyefcsufawGrSm oufao? taxmuftxm; cdkifvkHovm; qef;ppfygwJh/ udk,o fh Dtdk&Dukd axmufcHaewJh
Positive Evidence b,favmuf&SdovJ? wjcm;oDtdk&Dudk axmufcH? twnfjyKaewJh Negative Evidence
b,favmuf&SdovJ od&SdzdkY ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ UFO orm;awGudk cifAsm;wdYq
k DrSm N*dK[fom;awGtaMumif;
 124

oufao? taxmuftxm;awG tcdkiftvkH&Sdvm;vdYk ar;jref;MunfhwJhtcg r&Sdb;l ? tpdk;&u azsmufzsufypfvku d Nf yD

qdw k mrsdK; tNrJMum;&wwfygw,f/ {&d,m 51 rSm NrSKyfxm;w,f qdw k mrsdK;aygh/ 'gawGu Negative Evidence
trsdK;tpm;awGyg/ tpdk;&&JU rSww f rf;awGrSm rsOf;eufwm;NyD; zsufxm;wmawGudk jywmrsdK;? awGvY m; olwdkYrSm
vlrodapcsifwmawG zHk;uG,fxm;w,f qkw d mrsdK;u vkHavmufwJh oufao? taxmuftxm;rsdK; r[kwfygbl;/
Big Foot qdkwJh owÅ0grsdK; wu,f&Sdwm rSef&if 0g;wm;wm; "gwfykHavmufeJY twnfjyKvdkY r&ygbl;/
&kyftavmif;udk cGJpdwNf yD; tm;vH;k jrifatmif jywdu k fxJ jyo&ygr,f/ w&m;0if trnfay;&ygr,f/ qkv d w
dk mu
rsdK;pdw?f rsdK;pk? rsdK;&if;? rsdK;aygif; pwmawGudk wjcm;ouf&SdowÅ0gpm&if; jyKpkovdk w&m;0if trnfay;wmrsdK;udk
qkv d ydk gw,f/

enf;vrf; 9
oDtdk&Dtopf[m oDtdk&Dta[mif;awGeJY qufpyfrI&Sdovm; qef;ppfygwJh/ awG&Y Sdcsuf wpkHw&m[m usaemfwdkY
od&SdNyD;om; awG&Y Sdcsufta[mif;awG? oDtdk&Dtopf[m oDtdk&Dta[mif;awGudk tukefacszsufypfwmrsdK; r&Sd
r[kwf? &Sdwwfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh >cif;csuftenf;tusOf;udk axmufjyNyD; e,lwef rSm;w,f? tdkif;pwdik f;
rSm;w,f? pwDzif a[mfuif; rSm;w,f qdNk yD; vkyfvdkY r&ygbl;/ e,lwef? tdkif;pwdkif;eJY pwDzif a[mfuif;wdkY
rSefxm;wmawG trsm;BuD;udk pdefac:Edkifavmufatmif cdkifvrkH I&Sd r&Sd qef;ppf&ygw,f/

enf;vrf; 10
xkwfjyefaMujimol&JU twÅaemrwd[m tJ'Dxw k fjyefaMujimcsuftay: vTrf;rdk;&Sdovm; qef;ppfygwJh/
taMumif;t&m wpkHwckeJY ywfoufNyD; xkwfjyefaMujimolrSm yk*¾v"d|meftpGJeJY ud,
k fvdk&m
aumuf,lqJcG sufcswmrsdK; [kwfr[kwf od&Sd&zkdY tvGefta&;BuD;ygw,f/ olwdkY jyKpkxm;wJh okawoe
tcsuftvufawGt& tJ'Dvkd aumuf,lrI? aumufcsufqGJrIawG jzpfEdkifovm;? olwdkY&JU tEkrme tqdMk urf;udk
axmufcHtwnfjyKapcsifvkYd okawoejyKvkyfxm;ovm; qdw k mawGudk rjzpfrae qef;ppfzdkY vdkygw,f/
avmu"gwfodyÜHeJY okawoeawG[m vlawG zefwD;xm;wmyg/ tJ'gaMumifh vlawG&JU tpGJawG rjzpfrae
yg0ifaeEdkifygw,f/ aumuf,l&&SdwJh tcsuftvufawGukd t"du? y"ge rxm;yJ ud, k &hf yfwnfcsufu
b,fvkjd zpfwmaMumifh b,fawG&Y Sdcsufujdk zifh b,fokdYteufjyefr,f qdw k mrsdK; uif;EdkiforQ uif;a0;atmif
aqmif&Gufxm;wmrsdK;udk a&G;cs,fvufcHzdkY ta&;BuD;ygw,f/
 125

avmu"gwfodyÜH twkta,mifrsm;
Science qdkwJh avmu"gwfoyd ÜHtppftrSefeJY &kwf&ufMunfhvdkuf&if [kwfovdv k edk JY ynm&yfqdkif&m
oufaoxlrItqifhxd taxmuftxm;rjyEdkifwhJ Pseudo-Science qdkwJh avmu"gwfodyÜH twkta,mifawG&JU
uGmjcm;csufukd vlwdkif;od&Sdrxm;Muygbl;/ ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&m oabmw&m;? oDtdk&DeJY oufaoxlykH?
taxmuftxm;awG qef;ppfykHawGudk em;vnfod&SdNyD;om; vlt Y zGJYtpnf;rSmawmh 'Dvko d yd ÜHvdrfoyd ÜHwkawG&JU
tEÅ&m,fu odyfrBuD;rm;vSbl;vdkY qdEk dkifayr,fh avmu"gwfoyd ÜHqdkif&m tawG;tjrif? t,ltqawGeJY
tvSrf;a0;aeqJ vlYtzGYt
J pnf;awGrSmawmh 'Dvkd odyÜHvdrf? odyÜHwkawGudk trSefw&m;vdk jzefYa0aerI[m rsm;pGmaom
tEÅ&m,fawGudk vuf,yfac:aeovdk jzpfapygw,f/ 62
aumif;uifu Mu,fwm&mawG[m vlwOD;csif;pD&JU ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? tdrfaxmifa&;awGrSm
a,bk,suae tao;pdwfxd oufa&mufrI&Sdw,f? vufz0g;ay:u ta&;taMumif;awG[m vlwa,muf&JU
uHMur®mudk tqH;k tjzwfay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdw,f? odYrk [kwf tJ'Dta&;taMumif;awG[m olb Y 0udk wpkHw&m
owfrSwNf yD;om;rvdYk ol[m tJ'gudk rvTJra&SmifomyJ &ifqidk f&rSm jzpfw,f? rSJYawG[m vlawG&JU b0uHMur®mudk
tajymif;tvJjzpfapw,f? bmjrL'gBwd*Ha'orSm oabFmawG? av,mOfawG aysmufuG,o f Gm;wm[m
rajz&Sif;Edkifao;wJh ya[VdykpämjzpfNyD; N*dK[fom;awGeJY qufpyfaeEdkifw,f? [d;k a&S;a&S;wkef;u urÇmajrukd
N*dK[fom;awG vma&mufcJhzl;w,f? opfyifyef;refawG[m *DwtEkynmudk cHpm;EdkifprG f;&Sdw,f? a&rSm
rSwOf mPf&Sdw,f? jy'g;udk tylay;&if a&Tjzpfw,f? urÇmjcrf;qDu vlawG[m pdwfcsif;qufo, G fpum;ajymEdkifNyD?
vlwa,muf&JU vufa&;udk MunfhNyD; olY&JUpdwaf eoabmxm;udk twwfajymEkdifw,f pojzifh pojzifh rqH;k EdkifwJh
t,ltqawGudk awmfawmfrsm;rsm; Mum;zl;Mur,f xifygw,f/ 'DtaMumif;awGudk tmabmiftm&if;oefoef
ajymqdkMuolawG[mvnf; acwfrDodyÜHenf;ynmqdkif&m toH;k tEIef;awGeJY vlawG a00g;oGm;atmif
ajymqdkEdkifwmrsdK;&SdwwfwmrvdkY [kwfvrd fhEdk;Edk; xifrSwcf JholawG enf;r,f r[kwfbl;vdYv
k nf; rSef;qrdygw,f/
aemufNyD; bd;k pOfabmifquf em;,OfvmcJhwJh '@m&DawGeJYvnf; udu k fnDaewwfwmrvdYk (wrif uduk fnDatmifukd
vkyfZmwfcif;xm;wmvnf; jzpfEkdifygw,f) tvG,w f ul vufcHomG ;apwmrsdK;vnf; jzpfwwfygw,f/
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t,ltqeJY udu k fnDwhJ jzpf&yfawGudkyJ erlemjyKxm;wJh t*wdw&m;awG? wjcm;olu wzefjyefppfaq;wJhtcg
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62
Bunge, M. (1982). “Demarcating Science from Pseudoscience”, Fundamenta Scientiae, 3: 369–388
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63
Ingvaldsen, S. (2015). Radiochemistry reliased the old Alchemy Dream of Transmutation. KJM 3900 Project Assignment. University of Oslo.
Retrieved from https://www.mn.uio.no/kjemi/forskning/grupper/miljovitenskap/miljovitenskapbloggen/radiochemistry-and-alchemy.html
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Loxton, D. (2003). The Bermuda Triangle. Skeptic [Altadena, CA], 10(3), 96b+. Retrieved from
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A112409048/AONE?u=humber&sid=AONE&xid=860765cd
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65
Maddox, J., Randi, J. and Stewart, W. W. (1988). High-dilution experiments a delusion. Nature. 334 (6180): 287–290.
 133

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66
Letzter, R. (2017). What is water momery? Why this homeopathy claim doesn't hold water? LiveScience. Retrieved from
https://www.livescience.com/61273-homeopathy-chemistry-water-
memory.html?fbclid=IwAR3kjK3KV_jMUwG5PExTs1SszbLeaqxZyg6cX3S9hWsUJ9aQym1ueqwZeUo
 134

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67
Bates, J. A. (1991). Teaching Hypothesis Testing by Debunking a Demonstration of Telepathy. Teaching of Psychology, 18(2), 94–97.
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 140

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68
Weeks, M. (2020). Five Types of Asexual Reproduction. sciencing.com. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/five-types-asexual-
reproduction-8204895.html
 141

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69
Barr, J. (1987). Biblical Chronology: Legend Or Science? The Ethel M. Wood Lecture 1987. Delivered at the Senate House, University of
London on 4 March 1987. London: University of London, 1987, p. 19
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70
Moore, R. A. (2008). The Impossible Voyage of Noah's Ark. National Center of Science Education. Retrieved from
https://ncse.ngo/impossible-voyage-noahs-ark
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71
Dawkins, R. (2006). The God delusion. London: Bantam Press.
72
Nuzzolilli, A. E., & Diller, J. W. (2014). How Hume's Philosophy Informed Radical Behaviorism. The Behavior analyst, 38(1), 115–125.
 146

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73
Lindstrom, L. (1993). Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of desire from Melanesia and beyond. Honolulu: University Press.
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74
Hitchens, C. (2007). God is not great: How religion poisons everything. New York: Twelve.
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 150

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75
Mehta, H. (2015). Atheists now make up 0..1% of the Federal Prison Population. Freindly Atheist. Retrieved from
https://friendlyatheist.patheos.com/2015/08/21/atheists-now-make-up-0-1-of-the-federal-prison-population/
 151

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 153

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 154

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 155

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 156

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 157

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 158

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Tucker, J. B. (2005). Life before life: A scientific investigation of children's memories of previous lives. St Martin's Press.
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