and the B o r n a p p r o x i m a t i o n on the o t h e r is v e r y a t t r a c t i v e .

H o w e v e r , it is r a t h e r difficult to obtain a p p r o p -
r i a t e r i g o r o u s conclusions a n a l y t i c a l l y , a n u m e r i c a l a n a l y s i s of specific p r o b l e m s being required h e r e . The
r e s u l t s of n u m e r i c a l calculations, and also p o s s i b l e applications of the p r o c e d u r e s explained above f o r
calculating the p h a s e s to o t h e r potentials and p r o b l e m s in s o l i d - s t a t e theory will be d i s c u s s e d in a f u r t h e r
publication. H e r e we e m p h a s i z e once m o r e the p o s s i b i l i t y of finding r e s o n a n c e situations in a given c l a s s
of potentials and f o r fixed (and low) e n e r g y of the p a r t i c l e . Also p o s s i b l e , of c o u r s e , is the formulation of
the p r o b l e m in which the e n e r g y of a " r e s o n a n c e " p a r t i c l e is sought f o r a given potential and fixed l.
I should like to thank R. G. Arkhipov f o r drawing m y attention to the p r o b l e m of finding the func-
tional dependence of 5l on k 2 and the p a r a m e t e r s of the potential in the neighborhood of p o s s i b l e r e s o n a n c e s .
I a m grateful to D. A. K i r z h n i t s , Ya. A. S m o r o d i n s k i i , and I. B. Khriplovich for i n t e r e s t in the w o r k .

LITERATURE CITED
1. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Quantum Mechanics: N o n r e l a t i v i s t i c T h e o r y , 3rd e d . , P e r g a m o n
P r e s s , Oxford (1977).
2. A. P a l s , P r o c . C a m b r i d g e P h i l o s . S o c . , 42, 45 (1946).
3. T. T i t t s , Zh. E k s p . T e o r . F i z . , 37, 294 (1959).
4. T a - Y o u Wu and T. O h m u r a , Quantum T h e o r y of S c a t t e r i n g , P r e n t i c e - H a l l , London (1962).
5. G. N. Watson, A T r e a t i s e on the T h e o r y of B e s s e l Functions, C a m b r i d g e (1922).
6. D. S. K u z n e t s o v , Special Functions [in Russian], V y s s h a y a Shkola, Moscow (1965).
7. N. A. W. Holzwarth, J . Math. P h y s . , 14, 191 (1973).

RELATIVISTIC ENERGY SPECTRUM OF A BOUND SYSTEM

OF TWO PARTICLES. LOCAL QUASIPOTENTIAL EQUATION

A.P. Martynenko and R . N . Faustov

The c o n s t r u c t i o n of the i n t e r a c t i o n o p e r a t o r of two s p i n o r p a r t i c l e s is c o n s i d e r e d f o r

a local quasipotential equation in the f r a m e w o r k of quantum e l e e t r o d y n a m i c s . The
r e l a t i v i s t i c e n e r g y s p e c t r a of a h y d r o g e n - l i k e a t o m and p o s i t r o n i u m a r e obtained to
o r d e r ~ 4.

1. Introduction
The d e s c r i p t i o n of the e n e r g y s p e c t r u m of a t w o - p a r t i c l e bound s t a t e in quantum field theory is an
i m p o r t a n t physical p r o b l e m [1]. It c a n be solved in a n u m b e r of c a s e s by using p e r t u r b a t i o n theory in a
s m a l l p a r a m e t e r . In this c a s e , it is convenient to choose the original t w o - p a r t i c l e equation in such a f o r m
that it has exact solutions and c o r r e c t l y r e p r o d u c e s the m a i n contribution to the e n e r g y s p e c t r u m . The non-
r e l a t i v i s t i c SehrSdinger equation has an exact solution f o r the Coulomb potential, but it does not take into
account the r e l a t i v i s t i c c o r r e c t i o n s to the binding e n e r g y . In this c a s e , the Dirae equation also has an exact
solution, but it does not d e s c r i b e the effects resulting f r o m the m a s s of the second p a r t i c l e being finite [2].
The B e t h e - S a l p e t e r equation does not have p h y s i c a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g exact solutions at all [3].
T h e s e difficulties can be o v e r c o m e by using the quasipotential method [4-8]. In this p a p e r , we
investigate the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c i n t e r a c t i o n of two f e r m i o n s with m a s s e s m s and m z and spin ~ on the b a s i s
of a local quasipotential equation of SchrSdinger type, which was obtained e a r l i e r [9] by the method of
"rationalizing" [10-11] the L o g u n o v - T a v k h e l i d z e equation. In the c e n t e r - o f - m a s s s y s t e m of the p a r t i c l e s ,
this equation h a s the f o r m [8-9]

2t~R ~ V(p'q' M) Hr'(q) (2n-----~" (1)

We have h e r e introduced the r e l a t i v i s t i c reduced m a s s of the two p a r t i c l e s ,

State U n i v e r s i t y , Moscow. T r a n s l a t e d f r o m T e o r e t i c h e s k a y a i M a t e m a t i c h e s k a y a Fizika, Vol. 66,

No. 3, p p . 3 9 9 - 4 0 8 , M a r c h , 1986. Original a r t i c l e submitted F e b r u a r y 6, 1985.

264 0040-5779/86/6603-0264512.50 9 1986 Plenum Publishing C o r p o r a t i o n

 E,E2 = E,E2 M~-(m'S-m22)2 (2)
Ix~ = M E,+E2 4M 3 '
w h e r e E 1 and E 2 a r e the e n e r g i e s of the p a r t i c l e s on the m a s s shell in the c e n t e r - o f - m a s s s y s t e m :

Ei Mz--rn22+m'Z Ez M2--rntZ+m2Z (3)

2M 2M

and M = El + E 2 is the m a s s of the bound state.

The s q u a r e of the relative m o m e n t u m on the m a s s shell is
b2 (M) ~- [Ms - (m~+m2) s][M s _ ( m i - m z ) z ] (4)
4M s

and the r e l a t i v e m o m e n t u m of the p a r t i c l e s is d e t e r m i n e d by

The kernel V(p, q, M) of the integral equation (1) d e s c r i b e s the interaction of p a r t i c l e s f o r m i n g

the c o m p o s i t e s y s t e m ; ~IM(p) is the quasipotential wave function of the bound state.
The quasipotential equation (1) differs f r o m the equations p r o p o s e d by Todorov and Lepage [8,10]
by the definition of the r e l a t i v i s t i c reduced m a s s and it is valid for the d e s c r i p t i o n of s y s t e m s of two
p a r t i c l e s of all spins and a r b i t r a r y i n t e r a c t i o n s on the b a s i s of the g e n e r a l method of constructing the q u a s i -
potential V(p, q, M ) . It is d e t e r m i n e d by m e a n s of an equation of L i p p m a n n - S c h w i n g e r type f r o m the off-
shell s c a t t e r i n g amplitude T ( p , p0, q, q0, M) p r o j e c t e d onto the p o s i t i v e - f r e q u e n c y s t a t e s at z e r o r e l a t i v e
e n e r g y of the p a r t i c l e s :

o Ez o El o E~ Ei o
p = - f f p , -- ~-p~ ----O, q~176 =0. (6)

In addition, in the wave functions of the f r e e p a r t i c l e s we m a k e the substitution

ei,~ (p) = rp~+mS,, 2 ~ E~,~ (M). (7)
As initial a p p r o x i m a t i o n of the quasipotential V(p, q, M), it is convenient to choose the modified
Coulomb potentiaI
Vr ZeS ( t + (8)
(p_q)S\ EtE2 '

which is p a r t of the one-photon exchange potential Vy(p, q, M) ( - e and Ze a r e the c h a r g e s of the f i r s t and
second p a r t i c l e ; see S e c . 2 below). Such a choice l e a d s to the r e l a t i v i s t i c t3almer f o r m u l a [8-9]

M , ~ = m ~+m2Z+2m~m2 ( l + (Zcz)s) -'~', n=t,2 .... (9)

9 7~2 '

w h e r e o~ = e 2 / 4 r is the fine s t r u c t u r e constant, and n is the principal quantum n u m b e r .

The e x p r e s s i o n (9) can be r e w r i t t e n in the f o r m of an expansion of the binding e n e r g y B = M - m 1 -
m 2 in p o w e r s of 2 [8-9]:
s ), ,ms

B,~ 2n ~ + ~ 3- re,m2 ' = m~+m2" (10)

In what follows, f o r the a v e r a g i n g of the different t e r m s of the i n t e r a c t i o n it is n e c e s s a r y to know

the f o r m of the quasipotential wave function of Eq. (1) with the i n t e r a c t i o n o p e r a t o r (8). Without giving
explicitly the c o r r e s p o n d i n g solutions, we m e r e l y mention that the only difference between these wave
functions and the o r d i n a r y Coulomb functions is in the r e p l a c e m e n t of the nonrelativistic reduced m a s s
= m ~ m 2 / ( m I + m 2) by the e x p r e s s i o n
b:+EtEs M2
,~-- m~
i--m2 ~ = m~m~ ( t + ~Za)2
~ t -'~ (11)
M,, 2M,~ M~ nz /
P r o c e e d i n g f r o m the r e l a t i o n s (6)-(11), we calculate the e n e r g y s p e c t r u m of the c o m p o s i t e t w o -
f e r m i o n s y s t e m to o r d e r ~r

265
2. One-Photon Exchange
We c o n s i d e r the i n t e r a c t i o n of two s p i n o r p a r t i c l e s with m a s s e s m 1 and m 2 and c h a r g e s - e and
Ze due to one-photon exchange. The definition (6) and the choice of the diagonal gauge for the photon
p r o p a g a t o r m a k e it p o s s i b l e to r e p r e s e n t the quasipotential of the one-photon i n t e r a c t i o n in the f i r s t o r d e r
of p e r t u r b a t i o n theory as follows [4-5]:
(-Ze ~)
V~(p,q,M)=~*(q)~(-q)T~(p,P~176 k~ ~ (P) ~5~u~(q) ~ (--P) ~2~u~(--q), (12)

w h e r e u,a(p) a r e D i r a c b i s p i n o r s :

, , 1/ei(p)+ mi
t o,p
)
and k = p - q , a a r e the well-known Pauli m a t r i c e s .
A f t e r the substitution (7) in the b i s p i n o r s u,,2(p), we t r a n s f o r m the quasipotential (12) to a c c u r a c y
p2/m2 to the f o r m

VT(p,q,M) tt t+E--- + 4-]g7-= + 4 a

ld m~m2- ( p k ) x -4m~
- 2 -4mz
- 2 m~m~/

1 2 1 l 2 i 1+o[I,2\
(14)

The main contribution to the binding e n e r g y of the p a r t i c l e s is m a d e by the modified Coulomb

potential (8), which is obtained f r o m (14) by setting in the e x p r e s s i o n in the b r a c e s p~=q~=b 2, k=0.
To obtain the i n t e r a c t i o n o p e r a t o r (14) in the r s p a c e , we use an o r d i n a r y F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
[2,12]. In addition, having in mind l a t e r a v e r a g i n g of the i n t e r a c t i o n o p e r a t o r (14) o v e r the wave functions
of Eq. (1) with the quasipotential (8) in the calculation of the e n e r g y s p e c t r u m , we can r e p l a c e the difference
(p2 _ b 2 ) by 2g/~V c. As a r e s u l t , the one-photon exchange quasipotential (14) in the coordinate s p a c e takes
to the n e c e s s a r y a c c u r a c y the f o r m

r 2r a m, a m2a rn~m~ r a \ 4m, a 4m2z m~ma m~m=

]+ 8aZa
Za( m~+t)~+ Z~ (m___A~+ t ) ~ + Z~ [ ( S ~ S 2 ) - ~ ( S , r ) ( S = r ) (S~S,)6(r), (15)
m, mz 2m~ mimz 2m~ m~m~P
w h e r e Sl,~='/~ol,~ a r e the spin o p e r a t o r s of the p a r t i c l e s , and L=[rXp] is the o p e r a t o r of the orbital
a n g u l a r m o m e n t u m . Complete allowance f o r the t e r m s of o r d e r a t in the binding energy B r e q u i r e s c o n -
s i d e r a t i o n of the contribution to the quasipotentia] by the two-photon exchange a m p l i t u d e s .

3. Two-Photon Interaction of Spinor Particles

In the f r a m e w o r k of the employed method of c o n s t r u c t i n g the quasipotential, contributions to the
e n e r g y s p e c t r u m of o r d e r c~4 also a r i s e f r o m the two-photon exchange d i a g r a m s . The i n t e r a c t i o n o p e r a t o r
of the f e r m i o n s in the second o r d e r of p e r t u r b a t i o n theory also contains an i t e r a t i o n t e r m [5-6]:

V2~(p,q,M)=~l(q)~=(_q)T:~(p, pO O,q,qO=O,M)ul(p)a2(_p)_ 5 V~(p,k,M)V~(k,q,M) dk (16)

bV2~t.-kV2~t~ (2a) a
The two-photon i n t e r a c t i o n of the s p i n o r p a r t i c l e s (m I r m 2 is d e s c r i b e d by two d i a g r a m s [13-14]:

Me Pe+k Ce ~e Wa Ce
a b

266
 To s e p a r a t e the contributions of the n e c e s s a r y o r d e r f r o m the amplitudes of the two-photon exchanges,
it is n e c e s s a r y to keep the four-dimensional notation, making the transition (6) a f t e r the calculation of the
four-dimensional integrals with r e s p e c t to k. The amplitude of the p r o c e s s in the diagram a has the f o r m
[13-14] :

T~(p, q, M) i(Za)~: f 7?'(~,-k+m~)7J '~"(~+k+m~)'~{k~(p,-q,-k)~[ (P~§ ~- m~][ (P,-k) ~- m,~]} -* d'k. (17)
2[,"

In the quasipotential corresponding to the amplitude Ta (p, q, M) we identify four contributions:

&

V,(p, q, M ) "~ " k ~(p~-q,-k) ~[ (p~-k) 2-m~ ~] [ (p~+k)'-m~ ~1 s,,...r ~=~

where n~=4pt~p~"~j~L n2=-2"f,~fi~v~Jp~"'~L

n~=2p~TJ,~z~t~fL n~=-~Fk~,~j%~/~2~2~, ~,~=k~,2. (19)
On the basis of the a c c u r a c y required f o r the calculations of the Dirac bispinors in (18), we can
0
replace them by the nonrelativistic limit "( t0 ) w~" In addition, only the m a t r i c e s T in the t e r m s n i make
the n e c e s s a r y contribution (independent of the spinor variables). Using the Feynman p a r a m e t r i z a t i o n for the
denominator (18), we calculate the four-dimensional momentum integrals. We demonstrate the sequence
of calculations for the example of the following contribution, corresponding to n3:

Sls=12m,(Zv;)2fdz ~dy ~ x ( i - x ) d x k~ 2rn,(Za) ~ dz dy x ( l - x ) d x . (20)

o o o (k~+2--~+T) ' o o o (T-~) ~'

~=(l--x)z(qi-pl)+x[yp2+(t--y)p,], T=(t--x)z(qi-p~) 2+x[ytp~

, 2-- m~2,+
) (t--y)(pl~-m,~)]. (21)
Setting p0 = q0 = 0 in $~, we obtain the contribution to the quasipotential
l l i
. . . . ~ ~ ~ . . . . xyE2--x(i--y)Et
N~ --i~lpo=qo=o ,.,--2m~(Za) dz dg j x u z - x ) a x , ~ z , (22)
o {[xyE~-z(t-y)E~]
+~}

where ~ = ( t - x ) 2 z ( l - z ) (p-q)L
To a c c u r a c y i/m2.2, the e x p r e s s i o n for N~ is

m~(Za)2 [ i t +_~ln]/m~2§ ~
N3~=-- (m~+m2) rn~~ m2z tP-q[

i ]/rn2~+(p--q) ~ ~2 ,(1 _m_~) ] +o( rot---7

---) (23)
rn2~ m IP--ql 2tp--q] m~ ~,2 "
Having in mind subsequent averaging of N~ and taking into account the o r d e r O(~ 4) of all the
calculations that are made, it is sufficient to use N~ in the f o r m

The analogous calculation of the o t h e r integrals in (18) is determined by the e x p r e s s i o n s

- 4 ~ t (Zzr 2 ~r (m~)
N~ = b(M) (p_q)2 In 2(p--q) 2 + 0 , (25)
1,2

N2a= 2(m~+m2) tp--ql - ~ - - - 7trY2

- § I 2
, (26)

• (27)
In the c o n s i d e r e d approximation, N~ is equal to z e r o . The appearance of ~ in the e x p r e s s i o n (25)
is due to the p r e s e n c e of i n f r a r e d singularities in diagram a on the m a s s shell [13-14]. In the relations
(24)-(26), we have omitted the t e r m s that make a contribution to the binding energy of o r d e r ~5 and above.

267
 Adding the contributions N, ~, Ns N~~ we obtain for the quasipotential the e x p r e s s i o n

Vo(p,q,M) b ( M ) ( p _ q ) , m ~ 2(s "-~,-~+ 2(m,+m~)lp-ql ~,-~-~ , "

We now c o n s i d e r the c r o s s e d two-photon d i a g r a m b and w r i t e the i n t e r a c t i o n amplitude c o r r e s p o n d i n g
to it in the f o r m [13-14]
i(Z~) ~ [ ^ ^

Tb(p, q, M) --~ ~ ~fl~(p,-k+m,)7J~f2" ( ~ - k + m ~ ) ~f2"{k2(p,-q,--k)2[ ( p , - k ) ~ - m , ~1[ (q~--k)2--m2~l}-'d~k. (29)

We denote by N~b the contributions to the quasipotential Vb (p, q, M) analogous to those that in (18)
w e r e denoted by N~ f o r d i a g r a m a. The calculation of N~ is in c o m p l e t e a g r e e m e n t with the e x a m p l e of
the i n t e g r a t i o n of N~ d e m o n s t r a t e d above. T h e r e f o r e , omitting the details of the calculations, we give the
final e x p r e s s i o n s f o r N/b to a c c u r a c y i/m~,e :

N~b=
m2n2(Za) ~
2(m2-m,){p-ql ~
(') t--~2 +0
,,~ '
(30)

m'~(z~)~ (' ')+o( ' ) (31)

g3b= 2 ( m 2 - m J I p - q I m~ rn~ -~, '
(')
H e r e , N~ and N b have the o r d e r o - ~ - - . As a r e s u l t , N2b and N3b d e t e r m i n e the o p e r a t o r of the t w o -
t2
photon c r o s s e d interaction:

m,~(Z~) ~ ( l i) mj'(Zcz) ~ (l t)+o( I ) (32)

Vb(p,q,M)= 2(m2--m,)Ip-ql - - ~ , - E -~ 2(m2-mJ Ip-qI m"-~-ra-~ ~ '
The i t e r a t i o n t e r m contained in the quasipotential (16) has to the n e c e s s a r y a c c u r a c y the f o r m

(33)
( k - p ) ~( k - q ) ~(k~-b~)
Calculating this i n t e g r a l , using the F e y n m a n p a r a m e t r i z a t i o n , we obtain
- 4 u ~ (Za) ~ , •
V,(p, q, M) = b (M) (p_q)Z m~-~p--q)~ . (34)

We now note that the f i r s t t e r m in (28) cancels against the i t e r a t i o n contribution (34). T h e r e f o r e , for the
quasipotential (18) we obtain the e x p r e s s i o n

V,T(p, q, M) = (35)
(m,+m~) Ip-ql ~ o "t,2

which in the coordinate s p a c e has the f o r m [2,12]

V2~(r)=
~(za) ~ ' ^! i (36)
?/~t ? n 2 r x Tn '
t,2

4. Structure of the Energy Spectrum

The e x p r e s s i o n s (15) and (36) t o g e t h e r d e t e r m i n e the i n t e r a c t i o n o p e r a t o r of the s p i n o r p a r t i c l e s
that gives the c o r r e c t i o n s of o r d e r a 4 to the binding e n e r g y B:
V(r)=V~(r)+V~(r)=V o(r)+AV(r), (37)

V~ - Z;(t + b~ (38)

2r~ mi u mz mirn2 rnim2 14m~Z 4m2U rnim2 6mtm2

z (m2 3 (39)
2m,+ t:---7 - + mira2 2mz i r mim2r ~
[ ( s , s , ) - - r-2 (s,,) "

We now a s s u m e that m 2 >> m 1 and choose as b a s i s wave functions W,z~(r) satisfying Eq. (1) with
potential V C ( r ) the eigenfunctions of the o p e r a t o r s L 2, J2, F ~, F3 ($=L+S~, F=J+S~=L+S,+S2 is the o p e r a t o r of
the total a n g u l a r m o m e n t u m of the two p a r t i c l e s ) with eigenvalues l(l+i), ](]+t), / ( / + t ) , ft. The c o r r e c t i o n

268
to the relativistic t3almer formula (9) in the f i r s t o r d e r of p e r t u r b a t i o n theory is
ABuzz= <V,.zl h V] q~~z >. (40)
The t e r m s of the quasipotential (39) independent of the spins of the p a r t i c l e s lead to the following
contribution to the e n e r g y s p e c t r u m :
(z~)' ~ (z~) ~
AB,," = ~ 2n7-- 6~o n ~(2/+i)" (41)

The averaging of the s p i n - s p i n and s p i n - o r b i t interactions in (39) is done by means of the well-known
formulas [2] and in the approximation l i n e a r in the ratio of the m a s s e s gives

A-",.,5, ~(Z~z)'[l(/+l)-j(j+t)-3/,] .+ F~(Z<z)~( 1 t ) + 0 ( ~m.~v2 )

(42)
m,m~n~(2l+l)](]+t) n ~ x 2/+t 2]+1 ~ m~~ "
Summing the contributions (10), (41), and (42), we obtain the following relativistic energy s p e c t r u m
of the bound state of the two spinor p a r t i c l e s :

(43)
2n ~ 8m,m~n' 2n' ]§ 4n m~mzn~(2l+t)](]+i) ~-O(~'-'a~'" m2
This s p e c t r u m c o r r e c t l y d e s c r i b e s the fine and hyperfine splitting of the e n e r g y levels of a hydrogen-like
atom [2,5].
The quasipotential (39) can also be averaged by using as the basis W~j (r) the eigenfunctions of the
o p e r a t o r s L ~, S~, F ~, F8 (S=S~+S~ is the o p e r a t o r of the total spin of the s y s t e m , s ( s + 1) a r e the eigenvalues
of S2). As a result, we obtain the relativistic s p e c t r u m

B~z~ ~(Za)Z~ -,3~(Z~)~ ~(Ze)~ ~(Z~)~ ' ~(Zc~)~oq 6zo s ( s + i ) - +

~ 2n 8n---S~ "8m,m2n ~ ~ (-~'~i 't 2n ~ 3m~m~n ~
9 ~(Z~)'[/(/+l)-/(/+t)- 21 (l-a,o) (l-a,o) .... ~ 2gz (Za)' (l-fi~o) (I-8~0). ~-, (44)
4n~l (/+t) (2/+t) rn, m~n ~(2/+t)

l 1 /=Z+t,
2/+3'
z, = 0, /=l, (45)
1 /=l-t,
2/-1'
which is identical to the one obtained in [8].
The e x p r e s s i o n (44) is valid for all m a s s e s m 1 and mt of the p a r t i c l e s . In p a r t i c u l a r , in the case
of equal m a s s e s m 1 = m 2 = m and Z = 1 formula (44) d e s c r i b e s the e n e r g y s p e c t r u m of positronium
[1,2,5,8]:

4n 2 -2--[32n ~ x e,i 2/+t -~- . e s=0 =0.

3/+4
(46)
(l+i) (2l+3) ' l = z + l ,
2 l-Szo t
s ...... i = ~ 6 , 0 A 2(2l+1) /(/+i)' /=l,
3l-1
--l(2/-l)' [-=l- t,
without allowance for the contribution of the annihilation d i a g r a m of lowest o r d e r . This contribution leads to
a shift of the s level of positronium [2,5, 8]:

(47)
4
It can be seen f r o m this that the e x p r e s s i o n s (43) and (46) can be conveniently used in a c c o r d a n c e with the
m a s s ratio of the p a r t i c l e s .

269
5. Conclusions
Thus, o u r calculations of the fine and hyperfine s t r u c t u r e of the energy s p e c t r u m of the bound state
of the two s p i n o r p a r t i c l e s of different m a s s e s shows that the local quasipotential equation (1) with i n t e r a c -
tion o p e r a t o r of the p a r t i c l e s d e t e r m i n e d by the above method of construction is one of the p o s s i b l e v a r i a n t s
of d e s c r i b i n g t w o - p a r t i c l e c o m p o s i t e s y s t e m s in quantum field theory. This a p p r o a c h , based on the
L o g u n o v - T a v k h e l i d z e quasipotential equation, p o s s e s s e s a c e r t a i n u n i v e r s a l i t y , since it d e s c r i b e s r e l a -
tivistic bound s y s t e m s of two p a r t i c l e s of a r b i t r a r y m a s s e s and spins with any f o r m s of interaction between
the constituent p a r t i c l e s .
We a r e grateful to A c a d e m i c i a n s A. A. Logunov, A. N. Tavkhelidze, and I. T. Todorov and
P r o f e s s o r V. G. K a d y s h e v s k i i for d i s c u s s i n g the r e s u l t s and for valuable c o m m e n t s .

LITERATURE CITED
1. B. E. Lautrup, A. P e t e r m a n , and E. de Rafael, P h y s . R e p . , 3C, 194 (1972).
2. H. A. Bethe and E. E. S a l p e t e r , Quantum Mechanics of One and Two E l e c t r o n Atoms, Springer, Berlin
(1957).
3. N. Nakanishi, Suppl. P r o g . T h e o r . P h y s . , No.43, 1 (1969).
4. A. A. Logunov and A. N. Tavkhelidze, Nuovo Cimento, 29, 380 (1963).
5. R. N. F a u s t o v , F i z . E l e m . Chastits At. Y a d r a , 3, 238 (1972).
6. Nguen Van Hieu and R. N. Faustov, Nucl. P h y s . , 53, 337 (1964).
7. I. T. T o d o r o v , P h y s . Rev. D, 3, 2351 (1971).
8. V. A. Rizov and I. T. T o d o r o v , F i z . E l e m . Chastits At. Y a d r a , 6, 669 (1975).
9. A. P . Martynenko and R. N. Faustov, T e o r . Mat. F i z . , 64, 179.
10. W. Caswell and G. P . L e p a g e , P h y s . Rev. A, 18, 810 (1978).
11. G. T. Bodwia and D. R. Yennie, P h y s . Rep. 43C, 268 (1978).
12. I. M. G e l ' l a n d and G. E. Shilov, G e n e r a l i z e d Functions, Vol.1, P r o p e r t i e s and O p e r a t i o n s , Academic
P r e s s , New York (1964).
13. N. N. Bogolyubov and D. V. Shirkov, Introduction to the T h e o r y of Quantized F i e l d s , 3rd e d . , Wiley,
New York (1980).
14. C. Itzykson and J . - B . Z u b e r , Quantum Field T h e o r y , M c G r a w - H i l l , New York (1980).

PATH INTEGRALS IN CONFIGURATION SPACE IN WEAKLY

RELATIVISTIC MANY-BODY THEORY

L.F. Blazhievskii

The functional method of quantizing weakly r e l a t i v i s t i c t h e o r i e s is c o n s i d e r e d . It is

shown that in the g e n e r a l c a s e of s y s t e m s with L a g r a n g i a n nonquadratic in the velocities
the G r e e n ' s function can be r e p r e s e n t e d in the f o r m of the r e g u l a r p a r t of a path integral
in the configuration s p a c e . On this b a s i s , a functional formulation of e q u i l i b r i u m
s t a t i s t i c a l m e c h a n i c s that does not r e q u i r e a Hamiltonian d e s c r i p t i o n of the s y s t e m is
developed. The r e s u l t s a r e used to d e t e r m i n e the f r e e e n e r g y of a s y s t e m of charged
p a r t i c l e s d e s c r i b e d by the Darwin L a g r a n g i a n .

1. Introduction
Functional integration has now b e c o m e one of the m o s t fruitful m a t h e m a t i c a l methods of theoretical
p h y s i c s . Being an a l t e r n a t i v e to the usual o p e r a t o r a p p r o a c h , this method m a k e s it possible in many c a s e s
to simplify significantly the calculations and use m o r e t r a n s p a r e n t ideas in treating model e x a m p l e s and
developing p o s s i b l e ways of going beyond o r d i n a r y p e r t u r b a t i o n theory. The application of functional
i n t e g r a t i o n to a l a r g e group of p r o b l e m s in quantum m e c h a n i c s , field t h e o r y , and s t a t i s t i c a l physics is set
forth in the m o n o g r a p h s [1,2]. The e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the functional approach is p a r t i c u l a r l y g r e a t in the c a s e s

State U n i v e r s i t y , L ' v o v . T r a n s l a t e d f r o m T e o r e t i c h e s k a y a i M a t e m a t i c h e s k a y a F i z i k a , Vol. 66,

No. 3, p p . 4 0 9 - 4 2 1 , M a r c h , 1986. Original a r t i c l e submitted J a n u a r y 30, 1985.

270 0040-5779/86/6603-0270512.50 9 1986 Plenum Publishing C o r p o r a t i o n