C.S.S.
(REVIEWER) *Components
COMPUTER NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
*Computer Network
- is a set or collection of computers that are connected
for the purpose of sharing information, resources, and
devices
What are the Uses of Computer Networks?
a. File Sharing – is one of the main uses of computer
networks; You can access, modify, and share files
without having to use flash drives or secondary storage
devices.
b. Sharing Printers and Other Peripherals – you can just
send the data to the printer and get your work after it is
done.
c. Sharing Internet Connection – internet sharing is now
possible through wired and wireless networks; You can
now have internet access depending on the
configuration on the network device you are using
*Local Area Network (LAN)
- this is a type of computer network that spans a small
area, building, or group of buildings
- it is usually owned, managed, and controlled by a
single entity or organization
- it also has high bandwidth and speed for data
transmission
*Wide Area Network (WAN)
- is a type of computer network that spans a larger area,
such as an entire region, state, or even country
- A great example of WAN is the Internet
- WAN is not owned by any entity, it is of collective or
distributed ownership and management
- it has smaller bandwidth and less speed for data
transmissions than LAN
Other Network Types
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
 Campus Area Network (CAN)
 Storage Area Network (SAN)
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
NETWORK DEVICES AND MEDIA
*Network Devices
- are units that arbitrate the transfer of data in a
computer network and are usually called
communication devices
- are used to connect the host computer and other
devices together so that they can share files or
peripherals like printers and other output devices
*Established vendors of network devices:
- Cisco, D-Link, Linksys, Baynet, RealTek, 3Com,
NetGear, Intel, Nortel, and Lucent
Network Devices
1. Routers
- are used to lengthen the section’s network by
transmitting packets between logical networks
- Routers are normally used in large networks that use
the TCP/IP protocol and for connecting TCP/IP hosts and
LANs to the Internet using dedicated leased lines
available in the market
2. Bridges
- these connect two networks that allow computers on
both sides to access resources
- they can also be used to split large networks into
smaller sections
3. Brouters
- are used with networks that can use a bridge or a
router, depending on existing protocols
4. Hubs
- are used to connect two or more devices
- they can also be combined to create bigger and wider
networks
- regardless of the destination, they direct data packets
or segments to all devices connected to the hub
*The star topology is the most common formation in
computer networks
*The most common hubs interconnect Cat-3 or Cat-5
twisted pair cables with RJ-45 ends
5. Modem
- is a device that processes digital signals to analog for
transmission over a telephone network system
6. Switches
- is also called switching hub, bridging hub, and MAC
bridge
- is a special type of hub that connects devices over a
computer network through “packet” switching to
receive, process, and forward data to the destination
device
- Data is forwarded by a switch to only one recipient access the media; A host needs to wait for the token
device instead of broadcasting the same data to before it can send data
multiple devices that can cause delay of data transfer
2. Non-Deterministic Topology – it implements a
7. Gateways Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
- is used to connect networks through different (CSMA/CD) protocol; CSMA/CD details are specified in
protocols IEEE 802.3. (IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics
- a gateway functions with the network layer of the OSI Engineers)
model
- for a gateway to allow communication with a host on
another network, an Internet Protocol (IP) address must
be set with a destination path

NETWORK PLANNING, DESIGN, AND TOPOLOGIES

*Network Topologies
- refer to the structure of a network over which devices
are connected

a. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY
- this refers to the physical structure of a network, like
how the wires are connected to different computers in
a network
- it is the actual layout of wires or media

Examples of Physical Topologies

1. Bus – the stations are connected by a single
communication line; if the destination of a message
does not match its station address, the station scraps
the information and returns it to the bus; if there’s a
match, the information is duly transmitted and
processed

2. Ring – each station is linked to a neighboring station

using point-to-point connections that form a physical
ring configuration, wherein data travels in any direction;
A cable break or failure in a node can isolate the
computers in the ring

3. Star – workstations are directly connected to a

central station, with each station passing information to
the central controller, which then forwards the
information to the destination; Communication in a star
topology is dependent on the central station

b. LOGICAL TOPOLOGY
- this refers to the methods by which media is accessed
for data transmission

Examples of Logical Topologies

1. Deterministic Topology – it implements a token ring
protocol for deterministic media access; this topology
uses a token, a special bit pattern that is passed through
a network such that the host with the token is able to