PROCEEDINGS

International Seminar

Studies on Bali Dog:

Genetics, Culture, Diseases,
Zoonoses and Community Health

Postgraduate Master Program of Public Health Faculty of

Medicine & Udayana One Health Collaboration Center
Udayana University

Denpasar, 31st March – 1st April 2017

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY PRESS

i
 BACKGROUND

The indigenous Bali Dog (Anjing Bali) has coexisted with the
Balinese for thousands of years, probably arriving on the island
with some of the earliest waves of migrants from mainland Asia.
The Bali Dog has long played an important cultural and ecological
role, guarding household compounds and temples from human
and spiritual intruders; helping keep pests including rats, snakes
and marauding monkeys away from crops and households; and
helping to manage waste on the island by eating the refuse
thrown away by Bali’s inhabitants. Dogs feature prominently in
several Hindu stories, and are held up as an example for humans
of faithfulness and steadfastness. Culturally, there is an elaborate
traditional categorization of Bali Dogs based on temperament,
color, measurements, and tail shape. Smart, loyal, hardy and
sociable, they have been an integral element of Balinese
communities for thousands of years.

Genetic research has determined that the Bali Dog is one of the
world’s oldest dogs, sharing DNA with several other Austral-asian
dog breeds, including the Australian Dingo, Japanese Akita and
Chow-chow. Until the recent introduction of pure-bred and
mixed breed dog imported from Java and elsewhere, the Bali Dog,
both the highland Kintamani and the lowland short-haired, had
unadulterated genetic lineages estimated to be between 10 and 15
thousand years old. This rich genetic heritage is a priceless
resource for biologists, animal geneticists and animal behavior
experts who continue to do research to understand how dogs
evolved, and how humans and dogs developed their unique
relationship.

ii
The Bali Dog is underappreciated both in terms of its singular
genetic identity, and because it is considered of no value and low
status compared to pure- and mixed-breed dogs that command
high market prices. Its long-term existence is also currently under
threat because of several factors, including the dog meat trade,
the endemic rabies epidemic, and the preference for breed dogs
among Balinese.

iii
 PREFACE

Postgraduate Master Program of Public Health Faculty of

Medicine and One Health Collaboration Centre Udayana
University, Supported by International Fund for Animal Welfare
united States and Bali Animal Welfare Association held an
International Seminar about Studies on Bali Dog in 31th March –
1st April 2017 to disseminate results of national and international
research on the Bali Dog, to publish its uniqueness as well as to
discuss what can be done to address the threats to the continued
existence of this neglected element of Bali’s heritage

iv
 EDITORIAL TEAM

1. Dr. drh. I Made Subrata, M.Erg

2. dr. Ni Wayan Arya Utami, M.App.Bsc, Ph.D
3. Dr. drh. Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita, MP
4. Sang Gede Purnama, SKM, M.Sc
5. Drh. Kadek Karang Agustina, MP
6. Kadek Ridoi Rahayu, SKM, MPH
7. Gede Padmanabha, SKM
8. dr. Pande Putu Januraga, M.Kes, Dr.PH
9. Dr.dr. Ni Nyoman Sri Budayanti, Sp.MK(K)
10. Prof. dr. Dewa Nyoman Wirawan, MPH
11. Kate Nattrass Atema DVM, M.Sc
12. Dr. Elly Hiby
13. Ellie Milano M.Sc
14. Janice Girardi
15. Abby Ruddick
16. Corlevin Kalalo

v
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Unlocking secrets of dog origins and spread: a genetic

perspective on the dogs of bali (and Southeast Asia):
Ancient Asian dogs and the genetics of the bali dog: why
is the bali dog unique?
Benjamin Sack ......................................................................... 1-7
Participatory learning and action: a pilot program using
behavior change principles to improve dog ownership in
Bali
Kate Nattrass Atema ............................................................... 8-9
Threats to the bali dog
Janice Girardi, Ni Wayan Arya Utami,
Kadek Karang Agustina .......................................................... 10-17
Program dharma: community empowerment
management of bali dog for public health
Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita, Ni Wayan Arya Utami, I Made
Subrata, Sang Gede Purnama, Kadek Karang Agustina,
Putu Pande Januraga, Dewa Nyoman Wirawan ................... 18-21
Bali dog community: sekehe asu bali
Gusti Ngurah Surya Anaya ..................................................... 22-26
Implementation animal
animal welfare in dogs in Sanur
Sanur
Denpasar--Bali
Villages, Denpasar
Kadek Karang Agustina .......................................................... 27-32
Dog status in Kelurahan Sanur Denpasar- Denpasar-Bali
I Made Subrata ........................................................................ 33-38
Seroprevalence of canine parvovirus infection in
kintamani dogs at Sukawana village
I Gusti Ayu Agung Suartini, I Nyoman Suarsana,
Ni LuhEka Setiasih, Indrawati Sendow ................................. 39

vi
A pathological case study on bali local dog infected with
canine distemper virus
I Made Kardena, Gede Putra Sanjaya ..................................... 40-49
Survey of dogs in Mendoyo Jembrana
Kadek Karang Agustina .......................................................... 50-55
Dog ecology and demography in Sanur Bali
Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita ...................................................... 56-61
Distribution and manifestation of vacuolization in the
brain of rabies-
rabies-infected dogs in Bali
I Ketut Berata .......................................................................... 62-67
Case of canine distemper in Denpasar (Period 2014-
2014-
2016)
Gusti Ayu Yuniati Kencana, Ida Bagus Oka Winaya ............ 68-74
Pathological observation on bali local dogs infected by
parvovirus
I Made Kardena, Anak Aagung Ayu Mirah Adi,
I Ketut Berata, Ida Bagus Oka Winaya,
Ida Bagus Windia Adnyana .................................................... 75-81
Description of radiology and histopathology of dog
femur post implantation of porcine cortical bone
xenograft (PCBX)
I Wayan Wirata, Anak Aagung Gde Oka Dharmayudha,
I Wayan Nico Fajar Gunawan, Luh Made Sudimartini......... 82-89
Larva migrans: a potential zoonotic parasite infection of
dog in Bali
Nyoman Adi Suratma, Hapsari Mahatmi ............................... 90-96
Parasitic protozoan disease in dogs: be aware of zoonotic
Ida Ayu pasti Apsari .............................................................. 97-105

vii
Ivermectin as anti ectoparasite and endoparasite of dog
Siswanto ............................................................................106-112
Babesiosisis a tick-
tick-borne zoonotic disease
I Putu Gede Yudhi Arjentinia, Putu Ayu Sisyawati
Putriningsih........................................................................113-118
Dermatophytosis (ringworm) in dogs: the zoonotic
potential
Putu Ayu Sisyawati Putriningsih, I Putu Gede Yudhi
Arjentinia ...........................................................................119-124
Empowering society as once strategy to combat rabies in Bali
I Nyoman Suartha, I Gusti Made Krisna Erawan, Srikayati
Widtastuti, Made Suma Anthara, I Wayan Wirata,
I Gusti Ngurah Kade Mahardika .......................................125-130
Clusterization of dog maintenance system that has risk
of rabies in villages reported negative rabies in Jembrana
regency
regency
Tjokorda Sari Nindhia, I Wayan Batan, I Putu Sampurna,
Ekklesia Prastya ................................................................. 131-138
Surveying roaming dogs density in Sanur area
Ni Wayan Arya Utami .......................................................139-149
Comparison of attitude survey in two areas of Sanur Kaja
community--based efforts to control
and Sanur Village in community
rabies
Sang Gede Purnama ...........................................................150-155
Post rabies vaccination response of Bali dog
Ida Bagus Kade Suardana ...................................................156-161

viii
Prevalence of zoonotic intestinal helminths and
ectoparasite in dogs in Bali
Bali
Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan, I Made Sukada, Ida Bagus
Made Oka, I Putu Panji Nara Dharma, Julian Satria,
Kadek Jaya Utama, Kadek Karang Agustina,
I Made Damriyasa ..............................................................162-169
Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei) herbs improve an antibody
titer of rabies in young kintamani dogs
I Wayan Sudira, I Made Merdana .....................................170
Histological structure of the vagina, uterus, and ovary of
the kintamani dogs on the sexual maturity
Ni Luh Eka Setiasih, Putu Suastika ...................................171
Balinese Hindu cultural studies
studies approach in upkeep dogs
as one of the effort of freeing Bali from rabies threat
Ketut Tono PG, Putu Suastika ...........................................172
Leptospirosis in dogs: Important zoonosis
I Ketut Suada, Mas Djoko Rudyanto .................................173
Haematological profile and blood biochemical of
kintamani dog in Sukawana Village
I Gusti Ayu Agung Suartini, Ni Nyoman Werdi Susari ...174
Mapping and analysis of rabies cases in Buleleng regency
2010--2016
period 2010
I Wayan Suardana, Syinthia Arya Novianti,
I Wayan Batan....................................................................175
Prevalence and identification of dogs scabies in
Denpasar
Ida Bagus Made Oka, I Made Dwinata ..............................176
What is bali dogs
Gusti Ngurah Bagus ...........................................................177

ix
 Proceedings International Seminar
ISBN 978-602-294-214-6 @Udayana University Press

A CASE STUDY ON LOCAL DOG INFECTED

WITH CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS

I Made Kardena1* and Gede Putra Sanjaya2

1Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, 2Undergraduate student,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Udayana University
PB Sudirman Street, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
*Email: imadekardena@unud.ac.id

ABSTRACT

A case study was conducted on male local dog aged ± 1.5 years who has a
common signs before death: fever, weak, dull hair, loss of appetite; and
with the clinical symptoms were observed such as: thick mucopurulent on
the nose area, diarrhea, and with some cases observed pustule on abdomen
area. RT-PCR laboratory test performed and the results showed postivite
for canine distemper. Necropsy in the dog conducted to observe the
changes that occur in their organs, and several organs were collected and
fixed for making preparations of histopathology. The preparations made
with Hematoxylin Eosin stainning, then the preparations were observed
under binocular microscope to observe the histopathological changes. The
results showed that the brain has suffered redness, the heart seemed
swollen, lungs observed with dark red color, and the part of vesica
urinaria lumen looked suffer by redness. Histophatology inspection
showed that the brain has suffered congestion and gliosis, the septa of
lungs alveoli experienced thickening and infiltration of inflammatory
cells, vesica urinaria suffered hemorrage and epithelial thickening.

Keywords: Distemper, Local Dog, Pathology Changes

Studies on Bali Dog: Genetics, Culture, Diseases, Zoonoses and Community Health 40
 Postgraduate Master Program of Public Health &
Udayana One Health Collaboration Center

INTRODUCTION

A case study was done on male local dog owned by Mr.Budiawan. The dog
aged around 2 months with protocol number 535/N/13 taken from Mr.
Budiawan’s house located on Pulau Saelus Street, No.18 with clinical
symptoms such as anorexia, diarrhea, cough, could not stand, thick
mucopurulent from eyes and nose area, pustules on abdomenal skin,
hyperkeratosis on the soles of the feet, and neurological symptoms (legs
movement such as pedaling). Mr. Budiawan had 3 dogs, 2 adult dogs, and
1 young dog. This young dog was used as the case. On the surrounding
environment, there were a lot of people who also have a dog. Around Mr.
Budiawan’s house, about 11 houses who also had dogs. The total number
of the dogs are 31, which 19 dogs were adult and the other 12 dogs were
young. The information said that around 2 weeks before, the dog was
taken as a case, 2 young dogs were died in the different day with some
symptoms, such as anorexia, diarrhea, and cough. The first dog showed a
neurogical symptoms and the second dog was not. Then 1 week later, 2
puppies were died with some symptoms, such as anorexia, cough,
diarrhea, and neurological symptoms. The maintenance system of the dogs
in this case with protocol number 535/N/13 was not in caged, so that the
dogs were free roaming, the feed that have been given to the dogs were
from residual feed and mixed into dog food and the water also came from
taps. The maintenance system of the dead dogs which some of the dogs
were in caged and some of the dogs were tied but sometimes the dogs
were released. The dog that used in this case been taken to the
veterinarian because the condition of the dog was very weak and also the
dog has been given infusion, antibiotic, and vitamin. Then the dog was
carried home by the owner with more weak condition than before and
the dog was used as a case and then necropsy performed.

Based on clinical symptoms that have been seen in the dog with protocol
number 535/N/13, the dog have diagnosed with suspect of Canine

Udayana University, 31st March – 1st April 2017 41

 Proceedings International Seminar
ISBN 978-602-294-214-6 @Udayana University Press

Distemper Virus. The necropsy performed to observe the anatomical

pathology changes from all organs and the organ samples were sent to the
Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Udayana University for further test to
determining the definitive diagnosa of the disease.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The sample organs from animal which have been necropsiedy with
protocol number 535/N/13 ware sent to Veterinary Pathology Labaoratory
to determining the disease-causing agent in order to confirm the diagnosis
of disease caused death in animals. The results from the inspection showed
in the following table.

The Anatomical Pathology Inspection

Table 1. The necropsy results in anatomical pathology inspection.
Organs Histopathological changes
Brain Congestion and oedema, many necrosis of neuron,
mild vasculitis, infiltration of glial cells.
Lungs Thickening and necrosis on some of alveoli septa.
Bronchial ephitelial experienced desquamation, in
alveoli septa found erythrocytes, macrophages
proliferation and lymphocytes.
Heart Oedema
Liver Mild congestion on sinusoid part.
Kidney Hemorrhage start from cortex until medulla.
Necrosis on tubulus and glomerulus.
Lien Depletion of white pulp
Stomach Mild hemorrhage and necrosis on mucosa part and
accompanied by mild lymphocytes infection
Small intestine Mild hemorrhage and necrosis on small intestine.
Vesica Urinaria Epithelial thickening on vesica urinaria
accompanied by fibroblast layer.

Studies on Bali Dog: Genetics, Culture, Diseases, Zoonoses and Community Health 42
 Postgraduate Master Program of Public Health &
Udayana One Health Collaboration Center

In determining the diagnosis was made based on some approaches, such as

epidemiological approach, clinical symptoms, anatomical and
histopathological pathology inspections. Therefore, to diagnos the disease
in the local dog with protocol number 535/N/13 some of the approaches
have been evaluated.

Veterinary Pathology Laboratory Inspection Results

Table 2. Histopathology isnpection results

Tissues/Organs Macroscopis changes
Nervous system/Brain Cerebral hemorrhage / the brain has suffered
redness
Cardiovascular Paralyzed on the right ventricular, cardiac
system hemorrhage, and the heart seemed swollen
Respiratory system Hemorrhage on trachea and lungs, lungs
observed with dark red color
Gastrointestinal Intestinal hemorrhage, stomach, lien,
system pancreas, esophagus, colon, rectum, and
caecum
Integument system Pustule on abdomenal skin
Urinaria system Hemorrhage on vesica urinaria lumen

Epidemiology

The total number of the dogs were 31, which 19 dogs awere adult and
other 12 dogs were young. The information said that around 2 weeks
before, 2 young dogs were died in the different day with some symptoms,
such as anorexia, diarrhea, and cough. The first dog showed a neurogical
symptoms and the second dog was not. Then 1 week later, 2 puppies were
died with some symptoms, such as anorexia, cough, diarrhea, and
neurological symptoms. If it seen from morbility rate and mortlity rate,
the provisional diagnosis can be directed to viral infection. To confirm the
diagnosis that local dog with protocol number 535/N/13 has been incefted

Udayana University, 31st March – 1st April 2017 43

 Proceedings International Seminar
ISBN 978-602-294-214-6 @Udayana University Press

by virus therefore the examination of clinical diagnosis inspection and

anatomical and histipathlogycal pathology inspection. The maintenance
system of the dogs in this case with protocol number 535/N/13 was not in
caged, so that the dogs were free roaming, the feed that have been given
to the dogs were from residual feed and mixed into dog food and the
water also came from taps. The maintenance system of the dead dogs
which some of the dogs were in caged and some of the dogs were tied but
sometimes the dogs are released.

Clinical Symptoms

The clinical symptoms that can be observed in local dog with protocol
number 535/N/13 currently at inspection before the necropsy such as
anorexia, diarrhea, cough, can not stand, thick mucopurulent from eyes
and nose area, pustule on abdomenal skin, hyperkeratosis on the soles of
the feet, and neurological symptoms (legs movement such as pedaling).

From the above clinical diagnosis, the dog with protocol number 535/N/13
diagnosed with suspect Canine Distemper Virus (CDV). It is supported by
Dharmonjo (2001) which stated that clinical diagnosis from CDV was
watery snot expenditure and then turned into viscous (mucopurulent)
from nose and eyes, depression and anorexia at day 3-6 post-infection.

The dog that suffered with CDV disease showed lesions such as : pustules
on the abdomenal skin and hyperkeratosis on the soles of the feet.
Murphy et al. (1999) also mentioned that at day 3-6 post-infection, the
dog will experience with fever up to 41°C, and began to show respiratory
symptoms and gastrointestinal symptoms. The discharge of liquid form
mucopurulent in the eyes and nose shows that the virus discharged from
the excresion of respiratory system in 5 days after infection (Murphy et
al., 1999). Therefore, the transmission of CDV can go through the air (per
inhalatio) (Dharmonjo, 2001), than can cause the virus to replicate over 2-
4 days in the upper digestive track cells or in the congjugtival epithelium

Studies on Bali Dog: Genetics, Culture, Diseases, Zoonoses and Community Health 44
 Postgraduate Master Program of Public Health &
Udayana One Health Collaboration Center

(Murphy et al., 1999). While the clinical symptoms such as lesion/pustules

on the abdomenal skin due to general picture inflicted by CDV is
immunosuppression (Lobetti, 2009), therefore, the skin easily irritated by
enviromental microbes such as bacteria. In the long run, it causes severe
bateria attack caused pustular formation (Zee, 1999). After doing the
clinical diagnosis inspection, the local dog with protocol number
535/N/13, then the post mortal necropsy was done in the dog to observed
the pathological changes from all organs and later followed by
histopathological inspection.

Anatomical and Histopathological Pathology

From anatomical pathology shows the changes in some organs such as:
discoloration dan hemorrhage in lungs. In cardiovascular system also
happened hemorrhage in the heart, the heart also enlarge with a blunt
end. Meanwhile, in gastrointestinal system, local hemorrhage in small
intestinum, caecum, and colon occured. In lien experienced enlarge and
necrosis. In nervous system, meningitis and cong estion in brain were
happened. However, the pathognomonic of anatomical pathology from
distemper virus such as hemorrhage in vesica urinaria (Dharmojono, 2001)
also found in the local dog with protocol number 535/N/13.

In anatomical pathology of the local dog, also occurs tracheal hemorrhage

and also enlarge in lien followed by necrosis. This happens because it is
related to pathogenesis of CDV itselft. According to Murphy et al. (1999)
the prefix of CDV pathogenetic is local replicated from the virus over 2-4
days in the upper respiratory system cells. That is why the tracheal
hemorrhage happens which is an inflammation reaction from the dog.
Moreover, the replicates in local lymphoid tissue and then enters other
body cells through blood vessel with lymphocytes that can cause primary
viremia toward systemic lymphoid tissue (Dharmojono, 2001). Therefore,
lien as one of lymphoid organ experienced with enlargement and necrosis.

Udayana University, 31st March – 1st April 2017 45

 Proceedings International Seminar
ISBN 978-602-294-214-6 @Udayana University Press

The enlargement can happens in canine distemper virus based on Murphy

et al. (1999) which said that virus replication in lymphoid organ causes of
hyperplasia. After the virus has finished the replication in systemic
lymphoid tissue, the virus will then be back enter the blood vessel that
caused secundary viremia, so that the virus will spread through blood into
respiratory organs, digestive organs, urogenital and Central Nervous
System (CNS) (Dharmojono, 2001). This condition may lead to the
anatomical changes happened in respiratory organs (lungs), digestive
organs (small intestinal), liver, urogenital (vesica urinaria) and CNS
(brain). Meanwhile, to knowing the histological structure changes in each
organs that has experienced with anatomical changes, so the
histopathological inspection was done. In histopathological inspection
showed changes. According to Gershwin et al. (1995), when individual
body is entered by foreign materials, the individual body will react to
activate immune system, for the example by activating the inflammation
process in order to eliminate the foreign materials and repair the damaged
tissues because of foreign materials infection or cause by inflammatory
reaction that happened before. Many organs undergo a change from
normal conditions.

In lungs experienced with thickening and necrosis on some of alveoli

septa. In alveoli septa found lymphocytes and bronchial ephitelial
experienced desquamation with so many debris cells in it, so it can be
concluded that the pathology that occurs in lungs is interstitial pneumnia.
From research results Chung et al (2001) 71% (37 dogs from 57 dogs in
total) showed pathology of interstitial pneumonia. This pathological
changes is associated with the clinical symptoms such as cough occurs in
distemper cases. In the brain is found glial cells infiltration, where one of
the fungtion of glial cell (microglia) as a phagocytic component, with
many of glial infiltrations which identifies an attack from an agent, then
there was oedema in the brain, necrotizing neuron cells and mild

Studies on Bali Dog: Genetics, Culture, Diseases, Zoonoses and Community Health 46
 Postgraduate Master Program of Public Health &
Udayana One Health Collaboration Center

fasculitis. Vesica urinaria experienced with congestion, the congestion

occurs due to the increased blood vessel permeability and vasodilation to
activate the body's defense cells and migrate out of the vascular. This
vascular vasodilation which cause increased blood vessels lead to
congestion and increased the volume organ. In lien occured depletion in
the white pulp. Commonly, in the case of canine distemper virus
inspections the change occure in various epithelium of the respiratory
track, urinary tract and gastrointestinal tract, which found
intrasitoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. The exsitence of
inclusion bodies are considered as evidence of viral inspection in the cell
host. then inclusion bodies are not always seen in case of canine distemper
(Ressang, 1988), and in this case, histopathological inspections found
inclusion body in the epithelium of the respiratory track.

Reverse Transcriptase-
Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-
(RT-PCR)

Although lately, the histopathological techniques give a very statisfactory

results to distemper diagnostic (Bildt et al., 2002), but test was done in
more specific diagnostic confiirmation of the case. Reverse Transcriptase-
Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a techniques for tracking nucleic
acid, although lately has been widely used to track the virus from both in
human and animal. In the case of ditemper virus, the confirmation on the
disease diagnosis can be done by using RT-PCR (Suartha et al., 2008).

Before doing the RT-PCR, been performed isolation and viral propagation
in Embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) age 11-13 days in alantois membrane.
After harvest, lesions/ pock-shaped formation were obtained in alantois
membrane. The positive results obtained on the ECE test. After ECE test
was done, RT-PCR test also can be done and postive results also obtained.
From those results the diagnosis can be confirmed that the local dog with
protocol number 535/N/13 has been infected by Canine Distemper Virus.

Udayana University, 31st March – 1st April 2017 47

 Proceedings International Seminar
ISBN 978-602-294-214-6 @Udayana University Press

CONCLUSION

Based on epidemiological data and clinical symptoms, pathological

changes that emerged in this case a provisional diagnosis can be raised, it
is a Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) infection. After examination in the
pathology laboratory and to confirm the diagnosis, it can be seen with
certainty that the cause of death in dogs with the protocol number
535/N/13 is CDV.
REFERENCES
Bildt, M.W.G., T.V. de Kuiken, A.M. Visee, S. Lema, T.R. Fitzjohn,
A.D.M.E. Osterhaus. 2002. Distemper Outbreak and Its Effect on
African Wild Dog Conservation. Emerging Infect Dis 8 (2) : 211-213.
Chung,TL., Ling,LC., Pang,VC. 2011. Canine Distemper in Taiwan from
2002-2009: Co-infection and the Use of RT-PCR and
Immunohistochemistry to Detect Tissue Involvment two group of
Dog, Intern J Appl Res Vet Med. Vol.9 no 3.2011.
Erawan, I.G.M.K., I.N. Suartha, E.S. Budiari, D. Mustikawati, I.W. Batan.
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Gershwin, L.J., S. Krakowka, R.G. Olsen. 1995. Immunology and
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Hirsh, D.C. dan Y.C. Zee. 1999. Veterinary Microbiology. Blackwell
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Jones, A. 2008. http://www.australia-shepherd-lovers.com /roundworms.
html. Tanggal akses : 19 Juli 2013.
Kardena, I.M., I.B.O. Winaya, I.K. Berata. 2011. Gambaran Patologi Paru-
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Veteriner 3 (1) : 17-24.
Lobetti, R. 2009. http://www.lowchensaustralia.com/health/distemper/
htm. Tanggal akses: 14 Agustus 2013.

Studies on Bali Dog: Genetics, Culture, Diseases, Zoonoses and Community Health 48
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Udayana One Health Collaboration Center

Murphy, F.A., E.P.J. Gibbs, M.C. Horzinek, M.J. Studdert. 1999.

Veterinary Virology. Ed 3th. Academic Press, USA.
Ressang, A. A. 1984. Patologi Khusus Veteriner. Edisi ke-2 Team Leader
IFAD Project. Bali Castle Disease Investigation. Unit Denpasar. Bali
Ressang. A. A. 1988. Penyakit Viral Pada Hewan. Penerbit Universitas
Indonesia. Jakarta .
Suartha, I.N., I.G.N.K. Mahardika, I.A.S.C. Dewi, N.K.D. Nursanty, Y.L.S.
Kote, A.D. Handayani, I.G.A.A. Suartini. 2008. Penerapan Teknik
Reverse Trranscriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction untuk Peneguhan
Diagnosa Penyakit Distemper pada Anjing. Jurnal Veteriner 9 (1) : 25-
32.

Udayana University, 31st March – 1st April 2017 49

 UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
GERTIFIGATE
This is to certify thot
I ftafle l.atrlena
Hos porticipoted os d

ORAI PREIEilTER
Internotionol seminor ond workshop: studies on Boli dogs: genetics, culture,
otseoses, zoonoses ond community heolth
Denpasar, March 31th - April 1't, 2017
,j...

dr. Ketut Suastika, Sp.PD-KEMD

r.
Rector of Udayana University