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HYDROLOGY AND IRRIGATION  Also used to calculate water content of snowfall.
ENGINEERING
2018
23 Sep 2019 (Morning Session)
3. Which of the following is a non-automatic
rain gauge used in the measurement of
rainfall?
(a) Float-type rain gauge
(b) Symon’s rain gauge
(c) Weighing bucket rain gauge
(d) Tipping bucket rain gauge
Solution: (b)
 Raingauge is use to measure the rainfall depth at
any station. Also called ombro meter, Pluviometer
& Hyetometer.
Following requirements which has to be statisfied
prier to Installment of raingauge.
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Special Point: Rainfall simulator type Infiltrometers
(a) Raingauge must be installed on level surface.
(b) Raingauge must be surrounded by open fenced
area of 5.5 × 5.5 m.
(c) Raingauge must be installed at a distance of at
least 30 metre or twice the height of building from
the nearby objects.
(a) Non-recording gauge
 The non recording gauge extensively used is the
symon’s gauge.
(b) Recording gauge
The recording gauge produce a continuous plot of rain-
fall against time & provide valuable short duration data
on intensity & duration of rainfall for hydrological
analysis of storms. The commonly used recording
gauge are:
1. Tipping Bucket Type raingauge gives data on
the Intensity of rainfall
 The main advantage of this type of instrument is
that it gives an electronic pulse output that can be
recorded at a distance from the raingauge. It is
use in Hilly or inaccesible region.
2. Weighing-bucket type:
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 The catch from the funnel empties into a bucket
mounted on a weighing scale. The weight of the
bucket & its contents are recorded on a clock-
work-driven chart.
 The weighing type is suitable for measuring all
kinds of precipitation (rain, sleet etc.)
 This instrument gives a plot of the accumulated
rainfall against the elapsed time, mass curve of
rainfall (accumulated precipitation against time).
3. Natural syphon type:
 This type of recording rain-gauge is also known
as float type gauge.
 It is adopted as standard recording type rain gauge
in India.
 Here the rainfall collected by a funnel shaped col-
lector is lead into a float chamber causing a float to
rise. It gives plot of the mass curve of the rainfall.
 As the float rises, a pen attached to the float
through a lever system records the elevation of
the float on a rotating drum driven by a clock-
work mechanism.
give lower values than the flooding type
infiltrometers. This is due to the effect of rainfall
Impact & turbidity of the surface water present in
the former.
2018
23 Sep 2019 (Evening Session)
4. Which of the following is true?
(a) Precipitation = evaporation + run off
(b) Precipitation =Infiltration + runoff
(c) Runoff = Evaporation + precipitation
(d) Evaporation = precipitation + runoff
Solution: (b)
2018
23 Sep 2019 (Morning Session)
5. Which of the following is a non-recording
rain gauge?
(a) Tripping Bucket rain gauge
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(b) Float type rain gauge
Duration = 6 hours
(c) Symon’s rain gauge
Rainfall intensity = 20 mm/h
(d) Weighing type rain gauge
Total rainfall depth = 20 × 6 = 120 = 12 cm
Solution: (c)
Direct runoff = 30,000 m3
6. An irrigation canal is 80 km long. It has
an avarage surface width of 15 m. If the 30, 000
Runoff depth = ´ 100 = 3 cm
evaporation measured in a class A pan is 1 ´ 106
5 mm/day, the volume of water evaporated
So, precipitation not available for runoff
in a month of 30 days is: (take pan coeffi-
cient as 0.7) = 12 – 3 = 9 cm

(a) 18000 m3 9. For a large catchment, contours joining

points of equal monthly rainfall values
(b) 126000 m3
were plotted. The plot is known as:
(c) 18000 m3
(a) Isohyetal map
3
(d) 12600 m
(b) Mass curve
Solution: (b)
(c) Isobar map
Evaporation from class A pan = 5 mm/day
(d) Thiessen polygon
Lake evaporation = Cp × pan evaporation
Solution: (a)
= 0.7 × 5 mm/day Inconsistency of Records: It is corrected by
double mass curve in which previous records are made
Total evaporation in 30 days CIVIL JUNCTION consistent with present day enviromental & land use
= 0.7 × 5 × 10–3 × 80 × 103 × 15 × 30 conditions.
Presentation of rainfall data
= 126000 m3.

2018 Hyetograph Moving average

 Gives trend of rainfall curve
25 Sep 2019 Morning Session) Accumulated Intensity
Precipitation cm/hr
78. Rainfall of intensity 20 mm/h occured over Time (hr)
Time
a watershed of area 1 km2 for duration of (a) Hyetograph: It is a plot of the average intensity
six hours. It measures a direct runoff for of rainfall against the time interval.
a volume of 30,000 m3 in the stream. Find  The area under a hyetograph represents the total
the precipitation NOT available for runoff precipitation received in the period.
in this case?  The hyetograph is derived from the mass curve
& is usually represented as a bar chart.
(a) 9 cm
Example: Hyetograph of a storm
(b) 3 cm Total depth = 10.4 cm
0.5 Duration = 48 hr
Intensity, cm/hr

0.4
(c) 5 mm
0.3
0.2
(d) 17.5 mm 0.1
0
Solution: (a) 0–8 8–16 16–24 24–32 32–40 40–48
Time, hours

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(b) Mass curve of rainfall: It is a plot of the accu-
mulated precipitation against time.
 These are used in extracting the information on
the duration & magnitude of a storm
Accumulated precipitation (mm)

Mass curve of rainfall

60
Example: D E
50
40
30
B C
20
10
0 A
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (hour)
Double mass curve technique is use to check &
correct the
inconsistency of ppt. records.

Calculation of Average Depth

Arithmetic Mean Thiessen Polygon Isohyetal Method

Method

 Least accurate but quick  Consider rain gauge

 Most accurate
 Use where uniform outside catchment also
 Very slow & laborious
distribution of rainfall occur
method
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 Rain gauges only inside  Topographical influence
 Required large number
catchment area not taken
of raingauge
P1  P2  ...  Pn
Pm   Prependicular bisectors
n
of triangles made by joining
rain guages

P1A1  P2 A 2  ...  Pn A n
Pm 
A1  A 2  ...  A n

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