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Received: 26 December 2018    Revised: 3 July 2019    Accepted: 5 July 2019

DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13165

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Effects of supplementing broiler diets with coriander seed

powder on growth performance, blood haematology, ileum
microflora and economic efficiency

Ayman E. Taha1  | Saber S. Hassan2 | Ramadan S. Shewita3 | Ahmed A. El‐seidy2 |

Mohamed E. Abd El‐Hack4  | El-sayed O.S. Hussein5 | Islam M. Saadeldin5,6 |
Ayman A. Swelum5,7  | Mohamed A. El‐Edel8

1
Department of Animal Husbandry and
Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Abstract
Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, A total of 480 one‐day‐old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly assigned to
Rasheed, Egypt
2 four dietary groups, each including six replicates (n  =  20/replicate). Broilers in the
Department of Animal and
Poultry Production, Faculty of first group (G1) were fed a basal diet without any additives (control). Broilers in
Agriculture, Damanhur University,
groups 2, 3 and 4 (G2, G3 and G4) were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.1%,
Damanhur, Egypt
3
Department of Nutrition and Clinical
0.2% and 0.4% coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seed powder (CSP) respectively.
Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Feeding trials lasted for 42 days, and after that growth, carcass traits, haematologi-
Medicine, Alexandria University, Rasheed,
Egypt
cal parameters, gut microbiota and economic efficiency (EE) were evaluated. Final
4
Department of Poultry, Faculty of body weight (FBW), total weight gain (TWG), total feed intake (TFI) and red blood cell
Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, (RBC) counts of broilers in the G4 and G3 treatment groups were significantly higher
Egypt
5 (p < .05) compared with broilers in the G1 treatment group. The feed conversion ratio
Department of Animal Production, College
of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud (FCR) was better (p < .05) in the G4 treatment group (1.72) than in the G1 treatment
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
6
group (1.84). Broilers in CSP treatment groups had significantly higher haemoglobin
Department of Physiology, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, (Hb) concentrations, packed cell volume (PCV) and platelet counts, and had lower
Zagazig, Egypt (p  <  .05) Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens counts compared with broilers
7
Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of
in the G1 treatment group. Dressing, liver, pancreas, bursa and thymus percentages
Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University,
Zagazig, Egypt were higher (p  <  .05) in broilers in the G4 (70.30, 3.18, 0.31, 0.10 and 0.32% re-
8
Department of Animal Husbandry and spectively) treatment group, compared with broilers in the control (G1) group (66.57,
Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University,
2.37, 0.23, 0.04 and 0.21% respectively). Broilers in treatment groups G4 and G3 had
Damanhour, Egypt lower percentages of abdominal fat and lower total bacterial counts (p < .05) than

Correspondence
broilers in treatment groups G2 and G1. The highest economic efficiency (EE) was
El-sayed O. S. Hussein, Department of found in treatment group G4, and EE in this group was 13.06% greater than in the
Animal Production, College of Food and
Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University,
control (G1) group.
P.O.Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Email: shessin@ksu.edu.sa. KEYWORDS
blood, broiler, coriander, economic efficiency, performance
Funding information
This work was funded by the Deanship of
Scientific Research at King Saud University
through the College of Food and Agriculture
Research Center; King Saud University

J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2019;00:1–10. © 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH |  1

wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jpn  
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2       TAHA et al.
1 |  I NTRO D U C TI O N
Recently, poultry breeders and nutritionists have tried to avoid the use
of synthetic dietary feed additives, as most of these additives lead to
performance and health problems in broiler chickens (Abdelnour, Abd
El‐Hack, Arif, Khafaga, & Taha, 2019; Pourhossein et al., 2015; Shewita
& Taha, 2018). Natural feed additives have emerged as alternatives
to synthetic additives (Abdelnour, Abd El‐Hack, Khafaga, et al., 2019;
Khafaga, Abd El‐Hack, Taha, Elnesr, & Alagawany, 2019). There is ev-
idence that suggests that some herbs, spices and plant extracts have
antioxidant activities, antimicrobial effects and stimulating effects on
the digestive system (Hashemi, Zulkifli, Davoodi, Zunita, & Ebrahimi,
2012; Khafaga & Bayad, 2016a, 2016b). In addition, such natural addi-
tives can act on the appetite and intestinal microflora, which stimulates
pancreatic enzyme secretions, which in turn increases endogenous
enzyme activities and stimulates the immune system (Ghazalah & Ali,
2008). Many traditional natural additives are also used to treat diabe-
tes, but most of the evidence for their beneficial effects is anecdotal
(Al‐Aboudi & Afifi, 2011). Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a phy-
togenic herb that is widely distributed at North Africa, central Europe
and Asia, and mainly cultivated for its seeds. The seeds contain up to
1% of an essential oil, and the main components of the coriander seed
essential oil are linalool (57.57%); geranyl acetate (15.9%); β‐caryo-
phyllene (3.26%); camphor (3.02%); and p‐cymene (2.5%) (Khani &
Rahdari, 2012). Coriander has been reported to have many medic-
inal properties and may have antioxidant (Abd El‐Hack et al., 2019;
Darughe, Barzegarand, & Sahari, 2012), antidiabetic (Eidi et al., 2009),
anti‐inflammatory (Lee et al., 2017), antifungal (Freires et al., 2014),
antimutagenic (Cortes, Gomez, & Villalobos, 2004), diuretic, sedative
and anthelmintic effect. Coriander may also have stimulating effects
on the digestive system and may act as antibacterial (Ghazanfari,
Mohammadi, & Adib Moradi, 2015; Kubo, Fujita, Kubo, Nihei, & Ogura,
2004) and as an antibiotic alternative (Hesam, Ali, Alireza, David, &
David, 2014; Pathak, Kasture, Bhatt, & Rathod, 2011). Moreover,
it was reported that coriander consumption plays a role in reducing
lipid biosynthesis and protects against carcinogenic effects of some
types of lipids (Lee et al., 2003). Coriander could also be used as a
growth promoter and to improve intestinal health (Ghazanfari et al.,
2015). Although some reports suggest that many herbs and spices or
their extracts had positive effects on poultry nutrition, others did not
find clear evidence of positive effects (Windisch, Schedule, Plitzner, &
Kroismayr, 2008) or found no effects of herbs and spices on growth
performance parameters (Ocak et al., 2008). Thus, the aim of the cur-
rent study was to investigate the impacts of dietary supplementation
with various concentrations of coriander seed powder (CSP) on the
performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens.
2 |  M ATE R I A L S A N D M E TH O DS
2.1 | Ethical statement
The experimental procedures were performed according to the guide-
lines of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for the Care and Use of
Laboratory Animals (DMU2018‐0052), and procedures were approved
by the Committee of the Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhur University.
2.2 | Broilers, housing and experimental treatments
In this experiment, a total of 480 one‐day‐old Arbor Acres broiler
chicks (average weight 45.54 g) were individually wing banded and
randomly assigned to four mixed‐sex groups (120 per group). Each
group contained six replicates (20 broilers each). Broilers in the first
group (G1) were fed a basal diet (BD), and this group was considered
the control group. Broilers in G2, G3 and G4 groups were fed a basal
diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% of coriander seed pow-
der (CSP) respectively.
Broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and
raised in pens with a deep litter system under standard hygienic con-
ditions. Broilers received the experimental diets for six consecutive
weeks (42 days). The broilers were housed in a pen previously disin-
fected with formaldehyde gas. The temperature was maintained at
32 ºC for the first three days of the trial and then gradually lowered
to 23 ºC by the end of the trial. Photoperiods were maintained at 24‐
hr light/day during the first week and then reduced to 23‐hr light/
day up to the end of the experimental period (EL‐Tahawy, Taha, &
Adel, 2017). Broilers in all groups had free access to feed and water,
and were routinely vaccinated against Newcastle disease, infectious
bronchitis and infectious bursal viral diseases. The diets were formu-
lated according to (NRC, 1994) guidelines, and the ingredient com-
position and analysis of the basal diet are presented in Table 1.
Coriander seeds were purchased from a local market, oven‐dried
and milled into powder. The powdered coriander seeds were stored
in an airtight polyethylene bag until use. Proximate analysis of CSP
(Table 2) was conducted according to (AOAC, 2004) methods. Essential
oil was extracted from Coriandrum sativum seeds using a Clevenger‐
type apparatus where sample was subjected to hydrodistillation. The
conditions of extraction were fifty grams of seeds, 1:10 sample/water
volume ratio and 4‐hr distillation. The coriander oil was dehydrated
using anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored in airtight glassware in
refrigerator at 4°C. The essential oil was analysed on a gas chromato-
graph (Varian suturn 2200) mass spectrometer (varian cp 3800) (GC‐
mass). The GC column was DB‐5 (30m  ×  0.25  mm i.d, 0.25  μm film
thickness). The GC conditions were as follows: injector temperature,
isothermal at 50°C for 1 min and then programmed to 200°C at 4°C/
min. Helium was used as the carried gas at the rate of 0.8ml/min. The
effluent at the GC column was introduced directly in to the source of
the MS. Spectra were obtained in the EI mode with 70 eV ionization
energy. The sector mass analyzer was set to scan from 40 to 300 amu
for 1 s. Unknown essential oil was identified by comparing its GC reten-
tion time to that of known compounds and by comparison of its mass
spectra, either with known compounds or with published spectra.
2.3 | Growth performance measurements
Performance parameter measurements included initial body weight
(IBW), body weight on day 10 (end of starting period), body weight
TAHA et al. |
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on day 22 (end of growing period) and final body weight on day 42
(FBW). Total feed intake (TFI) was recorded, and total weight gain
(TWG) was calculated as the difference between IBW and FBW,
while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was estimated as feed intake
divided by weight gain. In addition, the mortality (as a percentage)
was calculated as the number of dead chicks divided by the initial
number in each group throughout the experimental period.
2.4 | Haematological parameters
At the end of the experimental period, 30 blood samples were
collected from each group (five broilers from each replicate). The
samples were collected in labelled and sterilized vials containing
Na‐EDTA as an anticoagulant for the assessment of haematological
parameters, including packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC)
count, white blood cell (WBC) count, haemoglobin, platelets and dif-
ferential leucocyte count, according to Lamb (1991).
Each carcass was plucked, eviscerated and weighed to determine
carcass weight and dressing percentage. The liver, proventriculus,
gizzard, heart, pancreas, intestine, spleen, abdominal fat, bursa of
fabricius and thymus gland were separated, individually weighed and
expressed as relative weights using the live weights of the broilers.
2.6 | Gut microbiota
At the end of the experiment, ileum contents were collected from
three broilers in each replicate (fifteen samples/group). Ileum con-
tents were handled aseptically as follows: we weighed 1 g of ileum
contents of each broiler, and then dissolved this into 99 ml of sterile
saline solution and homogenized the mixture for 5  min in a stom-
acher. Ten‐fold dilutions (10 −1 to 10−7) of digesta were performed
TA B L E 2   Nutritional composition of coriander seed (Coriandrum
sativum) and its essential oil

Items %
2.5 | Carcass traits
Dry matter (DM) 87.8
Five broilers were randomly selected per replicate at the end of the
Crude protein (CP) 15.4
experiment, and then weighed and slaughtered to complete bleeding.
Ether extract (EE) 20.2
Crude fibre (CF) 33.7
TA B L E 1   Feed ingredients and nutrient composition of the basal
diet fed to broilers in this study (g/kg) Ash 9.8
Total saturated fatty acids (TSFA) 0.952 g/kg
Ingredients, (g/kg) Starter Grower Finisher
Total monounsaturated fatty acids (TMFA) 13.55 g/kg
Yellow corn, ground 504.8 580.2 636.1
Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (TPFA) 1.68 g/kg
Soybean oil meal (44%) 325.5 308.0 269.6
Composition of the essential oil (%)
Corn gluten meal (CP 60%) 71.0 25.0 12.2
α‐Terpinene 0.37
Vegetable oils 60.0 55.0 48.8
1,8‐Cineol 0.93
Ground limestone 14.5 13.0 12.0
γ‐Terpinene 0.11
Di‐calcium phosphate 16.9 11.6 14.2
Camphor 2.90
Vitamin mixa 1.5 1.5 1.5
(z)‐β‐Ocimene 0.39
b
Mineral mix 1.5 1.5 1.5
Linalool 55.27
Sodium chloride 3.0 3.0 3.0
δ‐Elemene 0.54
DL‐Methionine 1.0 1.0 1.0
β‐Citronella 0.37
L‐Lysine (HCL) 0.3 0.2 0.1
Carvone 1.09
Nutrient composition (g/kg)
Borneol 1.22
Crude protein 229.1 197.4 179.2
Menthol 0.52
ME (MJ/kg) 13.3 13.3 13.3
Terpinen−4‐ol 0.13
Ether extract 24.0 25.0 26.0
Nerol 1.90
Ash 51.0 54.0 55.0
Neral 0.28
Crude fibre 34.8 35.0 32.0
β‐Caryophyllene 3.13
Lysine 11.0 10.0 9.0
Thymol 0.12
Methionine 5.1 4.3 3.9
Carvacrol 0.28
a
Each 1.5 kg contained: vitamin (vit) B1 2000 mg, vit B2 6,000 mg, vit Eugenol 0.73
B6 5,000 mg, vit B12 20 mg, niacin 45,000 mg, biotin 75 mg, folic acid
Geranyl acetate 14.49
2000 mg, vit B3 12,000 mg, retinol 7,200 mg, cholecalciferol 75 mg,
tocopherol 40,000 mg and menadione 3,000 mg. Neryl acetate 0.01
b
Each 1.5 kg contained manganese (Mn) 100,000 mg, zinc (Zn) p‐Cymene 2.42
600,000 mg, iron (Fe) 30,000 mg, copper (Cu) 10,000 mg, iodine (I)
Limonene 0.60
1,000 mg, selenium (Se) 200 mg and cobalt (Co) 100 mg.
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4       TAHA et al.

using buffered peptone water (BPW). One set of dilutions were cul-
tured directly on standard plate count agar and MacConkey's agar
at 37°C for 24  hr under aerobic condition for total aerobic bacte-
rial count (TBC) and coliform count (Escherichia coli) respectively.
Another set of dilutions were incubated anaerobically in tryptose‐
sulphite‐d‐cycloserine agar at 37°C for 48  hr, in order to count
Clostridium perfringens (Garridol, Skjervheim, Oppegaard, & Sørum,
2004). All red colonies within the range of 15–150 µm were selected
for E. coli counts, while plates with black colonies within the range
of 25–250 µm were selected for C. perfringens counts (FAD, ). The
counts obtained were expressed as base‐10 logarithm colony‐form-
ing units (CFU)/gram of the digesta.
2.7 | Economic efficiency of production
The total production cost is the sum of all costs during the experi-
ment, including the cost of 1‐day‐old broiler chicks, and costs of
feeding, heating, veterinary care, management and housing. The
selling price was calculated by multiplying the total live weight of
the birds produced by the price per kg live weight. Net revenue was
calculated as the difference between the selling price and the total
cost. Finally, the economic efficiency (EE) was estimated as: EE = net
revenue × 100/total production cost.
2.8 | Statistical analysis
The data were compared between different groups using the
Statistical Analysis System software (SAS (Statistical Analysis
System), 2004). The data are presented as the mean ± SE (standard
error), and data were statistically analysed using analysis of variance
(ANOVA). Differences between groups were considered statistically
significant at p < .05 using Duncan's test. Data of bacterial counts
were expressed as base‐10 logarithm then analysed by ANOVA.
3 | R E S U LT S A N D D I S CU S S I O N
3.1 | Growth performance
Body weights, TWG, TFI and FCR of broiler chicks fed diets with
different concentrations of CSP are listed in Table 3. There were no
statistical differences in the initial body weights of broiler chicks
in the different treatment groups (p > .05). However, by day 10 of
the experiment, broilers in treatment group G3 (i.e. broilers supple-
mented with 0.2% CSP) were heavier (p < .05) than broilers in the
other CSP treatment groups (G2, G4) and the control (G1) group.
Additionally, broilers supplemented with different concentrations of
CSP (G2, G3 and G4) had higher body weights than broilers in the
control (G1) group (p < .05) on day 22 of the experiment. The final
body weight of broilers in treatment group G4 (i.e. broilers supple-
mented with 0.4% CSP) was higher (p < .05) than that of broilers in
the other CSP treated (G2 and G3) and control (G1) groups. In addi-
tion, broilers in treatment group G3 had higher (p < .05) final body
weights than broilers in the control (G1) group. However, the FBW
of broilers in the G2 treatment group was not significantly different
from the FBW of broilers in the control (G1) group.
Broilers in the G4 treatment group had higher (p < .05) TWG
than broilers in the other CSP treated (G2 and G3) and control (G1)
groups, and broilers in the G3 treatment group had higher (p < .05)
TWG than broilers in the control (G1) group. However, TWG
did not significantly differ (p  >  .05%) between broilers in the G2
treatment and control (G1) groups. The TFI was higher (p < .05) in
broilers in treatment groups G3 and G4 than in broilers in the con-
trol (G1) group, and the TFI of broilers in the G2 treatment group
did not significantly differ (p > .05) from the TFI of broilers in the
control (G1) group. In addition, supplementation with 0.4% CSP
(treatment G4) resulted in a better FCR (p  <  .05) compared with
the control group, although there were no differences between

TA B L E 3   Effect of dietary coriander seed powder supplementation on growth performance parameters of broiler chickens in different
experimental groups. Data are shown as means ± SE

Experimental groups

Parameters G1 G2 G3 G4

IBW 45.63 ± 0.21a 45.27 ± 0.22a 45.50 ± 0.20a 45.77 ± 0.20a

b a b
BW (day 10) 465.17 ± 15.38 517.67 ± 9.26 446.90 ± 27.41 436.33 ± 10.38b
BW (day 22) 1,269.37 ± 15.70a 1,185.50 ± 20.02a 1,195.67 ± 29.33a 1,039.17 ± 43.40 b
a b bc
FBW (day 42) 2,342.50 ± 15.49 2,256.67 ± 22.89 2,183.83 ± 32.47 2,105.33 ± 38.61c
TWG 2,296.87 ± 15.47a 2,211.40 ± 22.84b 2,138.33 ± 32.42bc 2059.57 ± 38.68c
         
TFI 3,780 ± 17.32b 3,860 ± 23.09ab 3,900 ± 57.74a 3,960 ± 11.55a
a ab ab
FCR 1.84 ± 0.04 1.81 ± 0.03 1.76 ± 0.02 1.72 ± 0.01b
Mortality % 6.67 0.00 3.33 0.00

Note: Means with different superscript letters (a, b, c) in the same row differ significantly at p < .05.
G1 = control group, G2 = CSP in diet at 0.1%, G3 = CSP in diet at 0.2%, G4 = CSP in diet at 0.4%.
Abbreviations: BW, body weight; FBW, final body weight; FCR, feed conversion ratio; IBW, initial body weight; TFI, total feed intake; TWG, total
weight gain.
TAHA et al. |
      5

FCR in treatment groups G2 and G3 and the control (G1) group.
Phytogenic bioactive compounds have many properties such as
the maximization of performance parameters (rapid growth with
less feed consumption), in addition to an optimum health status
for poultry (Adaszyńska‐Skwirzyńska & Szczerbińska, 2017). Many
scientists confirmed that herbal feed additives play a role in im-
proving the flavour and palatability of feed through their active
compounds, which stimulate digestive processes (Brenes & Roura,
2010; Windisch et al., 2008). CSP contains linalool compounds
(Çabuk, Alçiçek, Bozkurt, & İmre, 2003), which enhance the activ-
ity of digestive enzymes, resulting in higher nutrient absorption,
thus improving the feed intake, which in turn can enhance the
FCR and improve growth performance parameters. Moreover, our
results are in agreement with those reported by ; Al‐Jaff (2011);
Saeid and AL‐Nasry (2010) and Naeemasa et al. (2015) who re-
ported that supplementing broiler diets with 0.3%, 0.2% coriander
seed and 952 mg/kg of coriander extract, respectively, improved
the overall growth performance. Coriander seed meal in broiler
diets was found to have antioxidant properties that may act as
natural growth promoters, and also resulted in improvements in
broiler weight gain (Rashid et al., 2014). Our results also are sup-
ported by those of Rajeshwarim and Andallu (2011), who reported
that the essential oils of coriander are excellent appetite stimula-
tors and stimulate the appropriate secretion of enzymes and some
digestive juices in the stomach. This in turn stimulates digestion,
and results in improved FCR and growth performance. No broiler
mortalities were recorded in treatment groups G3 and G4 during
the trial period. The highest mortality rate was recorded in the
control group (6.67%), followed by treatment group G2 (3.33%).
The increase in body weight associated with dietary supplementa-
tion of coriander essential oils in broiler diets may be attributed to
the presence of Linalool, due to its emerging therapeutic benefits
(Serhat & Muzaffer, 2016) which enhance the general health sta-
tus and promotion of intestinal mucosa parameters, such as villus
height and crypt depth, as well as reductions in goblet cell num-
bers and epithelial thickness, which enhance nutrient absorption
(Ghazanfari et al., 2015). In general, the lowered mortality and im-
proved productivity may be attributed to the antimicrobial growth
promoters (AGPs) effect (microbiome and immune‐modulating
activities) of many phytogenic feed additives (such as coriander)
which led to decreasing the colonization of the pathogenic bac-
teria or its number in gastrointestinal tract (GIT), such as some
species of salmonella and Escherichia coli counts, (Ghazanfari et al.,
2015) in addition to Necrotic Enteritis and Clostridium perfringens
in Chickens (Diaz Carrasco et al., 2016), which further leads to re-
duce microbial toxic metabolites in the gut.
3.2 | Haematological parameters
Data on haematological parameters are presented in Table 4.
Broilers supplemented with CSP (G2, G3 and G4) all had significantly
higher (p  <  .05) Hb concentrations, PCV and platelet counts than
broilers in the control (G1) group. Significantly higher RBCs counts
were found in broilers in the G3 and G4 treatment groups, compared
with broilers in the control (G1) group. However, no statistical dif-
ferences (p  >  .05) were found between the treatments groups re-
garding the other haematological parameters measured, including
the differential leucocytic count. Ali, Hoda, Mohamed, Abdel latif,
and Massoud, (1992) previously demonstrated that addition of co-
riander seed at 0.1% in broiler diet resulted in higher Hb concentra-
tions and WBC counts, compared with broilers in the control group.
Saeid and AL‐Nasry (2010) demonstrated that the PCV, RBC counts

TA B L E 4   Haematological parameters of broiler chickens fed diets with different concentrations of coriander seed powder. Data are
shown as means ± SE

Experimental groups

Parameter G1 G2 G3 G4
6 3 b ab a
RBCs (10 /mm ) 1.62 ± 0.19 1.99 ± 0.23 2.56 ± 0.13 2.55 ± 0.21a
b a a
PCV (%) 35.04 ± 10.62 39.56 ± 2.53 42.65 ± 7.47 42.88 ± 5.86a
Hb (g/100ml) 8.52 ± 0.84b 10.58 ± 2.19a 11.02 ± 0.74a 11.80 ± 1.16a
3 a a a
MCV (µm ) 323.03 ± 34.55 293.18 ± 30.74 379.03 ± 34.11 401.65 ± 59.17a
MCH (pg) 105.55 ± 11.28a 95.90 ± 10.75a 124.18 ± 11.61a 132.25 ± 20.17a
a a a
MCHC (%) 32.68 ± 0.03 32.63 ± 0.29 32.73 ± 0.15 32.85 ± 0.16a
WBCs (103/mm3) 17.78 ± 0.33a 17.60 ± 0.64a 17.03 ± 0.59a 16.90 ± 0.18a
6 3 b a a
Platelet (10 /mm ) 9.25 ± 0.25 13.50 ± 1.55 13.25 ± 1.80 13.75 ± 0.85a
Basophiles (%) 3.38 ± 0.27a 3.03 ± 0.78a 2.08 ± 0.47a 3.13 ± 1.07a
a a a
Eosinophils (%) 3.15 ± 0.19 3.15 ± 0.19 3.00 ± 0.12 3.00 ± 0.24a
Heterophils (%) 42.20 ± 0.82a 42.00 ± 0.83a 41.80 ± 0.82a 42.40 ± 0.86a
a a a
Lymphocytes (%) 46.88 ± 0.72 47.63 ± 1.28 49.13 ± 1.28 46.88 ± 1.55a
Monocytes (%) 4.40 ± 0.52a 4.20 ± 0.38a 4.00 ± 0.33a 4.60 ± 0.38a

Note: Means with different letters (a, b, c) in the same row differ significantly at p < .05.
G1 = control group, G2 = CSP in diet at 0.1%, G3 = CSP in diet at 0.2%, G4 = CSP in diet at 0.4%.
 |
6       TAHA et al.

and Hb concentrations were significantly higher in chicks fed diets
with 0.3% coriander seed compared with lower concentrations of
coriander seed (0.2% and 0.1%) or chicks fed control diets. Our re-
sults concerning WBCs, heterophils and lymphocyte counts are in
disagreement with Farag (2013), who reported that coriander seed
supplementation increased levels of these parameters compared
with the control treatments. Farag (2013) also observed that addi-
tion of coriander seed to broiler diet at 0.4% significantly increased
RBC counts, Hb concentrations and PCV when compared with the
control group. Increases in Hb, PCV, RBCs and platelet counts of co-
riander supplemented groups may be attributed to improvements
in nutrient absorption, and the positive correlations between these
traits Farag (2013). The increase in Hb, PCV and RBC contents in
the birds fed on coriander is a good indication of higher oxygen car-
rying capacity of the cells that resulted in improved availability of
nutrients to the birds and consequently a better their well‐being (El‐
katcha, Soltan, Sharaf, & Hasen, 2016). The other haematological pa-
rameters (MCV, MCH, MCHC%, WBCs, basophiles%, eosinophils%,
heterophils%, lymphocytes% and monocytes%) did not differ in CSP
supplemented birds compared with control group, and these results
indicate that CSP has no adverse effects as a phytogenic additive in
broiler diets.
G4 groups had a lower percentage of abdominal fat (p < .05) than
broilers in the G2 and control (G1) groups. There were no signifi-
cant differences between the other relative slaughter traits (relative
weights of the gizzard, proventriculus, heart, spleen and intestine) in
the four treatment groups (p > .05). The improvement of slaughter
weights and some relative organ weights may be related to the es-
sential oils found in CSP (Giannenas, Florou‐Paneri, Papazahariadou,
& Christaki, 2003).
The obtained results agree with those of Farag (2013), who re-
ported that the carcass and relative organ weights (except that of the
heart) of broilers chicks increased significantly with increasing cori-
ander seed supplementation (0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%), compared with
the control group. In addition, Saeid and AL‐Nasry (2010) concluded
that chicks fed diets with 0.3% coriander seed had the highest car-
cass yield and relative liver weight. The higher relative weights of the
lymphoid organs (bursa and thymus) in broilers supplemented with
higher concentrations of CSP suggest that coriander may have im-
mune stimulant effects in broilers. The compounds present in phy-
togenic plants such as quinones, phenolcarboxylic acids, terpenoids,
alcaloids, glycoproteins and polysaccharides have been linked to im-
munostimulating potential (Wagner, 1990).

3.3 | Carcass traits
The results concerning the effects of CSP on dressing percentage
and relative weights of organs are shown in Table 5. We found that
the dressing percentage of broilers increased with increasing con-
centrations of CSP in the diet. The relative weights of the liver, pan-
creas, bursa and thymus were significantly higher (p < .05) in broilers
in the G4 treatment group compared with broilers in the control
(G1) group. In addition, the relative liver and bursa weights were sig-
nificantly higher in broilers in treatment group G3 than in broilers in
the control (G1) group. Results revealed that broilers in the G3 and
3.4 | Gut microbes
Effects of dietary supplementation of different concentrations
of CSP on ileum total bacterial, E. coli and C. perfringens counts
are presented in Table 6. The results revealed that E. coli and
C. perfringens counts were significantly lower in broilers in groups
supplemented with different concentrations of CSP (G2: 0.1%,
G3: 0.2% and G4: 0.4%) compared with the control (G1) group.
The TBC was significantly lower in broilers in treatment groups
G3 and G4, compared with broilers in treatment groups G1 and
G2. The effect of CSP on these harmful bacteria may be attrib-
uted to the presence of essential oils in the plant, which have

TA B L E 5   Effect of dietary coriander

Parameter Experimental groups
seed powder supplementations on carcass
(Relative weights
traits of broiler chickens. Data are shown
%) G1 G2 G3 G4
as means ± SE
c bc ab
Dressing 66.57 ± 0.47 67.14 ± 1.42 69.53 ± 0.60 71.30 ± 0.49a
a a a
Gizzard 1.30 ± 0.02 1.28 ± 0.08 1.28 ± 0.07 1.31 ± 0.09a
Liver 2.37 ± 0.11b 2.79 ± 0.11ab 3.18 ± 0.13a 3.18 ± 0.07a
a a a
Proventriculus 0.46 ± 0.09 0.47 ± 0.08 0.46 ± 0.05 0.46 ± 0.08a
Heart 0.42 ± 0.03a 0.40 ± 0.03a 0.46 ± 0.03a 0.48 ± 0.02a
a a a
Spleen 0.09 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01a
Pancreas 0.23 ± 0.01b 0.25 ± 0.01b 0.29 ± 0.02ab 0.31 ± 0.02a
a a a
Intestine 7.59 ± 0.61 8.25 ± 0.63 6.79 ± 0.55 7.49 ± 0.50a
Abdominal fat 1.72 ± 0.08a 1.52 ± 0.09a 1.24 ± 0.07b 1.14 ± 0.09b
b b a
Bursa 0.04 ± 0.00 0.06 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.00a
Thymus 0.21 ± 0.02b 0.21 ± 0.01b 0.24 ± 0.00 b 0.32 ± 0.02a

Note: Means with different superscript letters (a, b, c) in the same row differ significantly at p < .05.
G1 = control group, G2 = CSP in diet at 0.1%, G3 = CSP in diet at 0.2%, G4 = CSP in diet at 0.4%.
TAHA et al. |
      7

TA B L E 6   Ileum microflora (log10

Experimental groups
CFU/g) of broilers chickens fed diets with
different concentrations of coriander seed Type of bacteria G1 G2 G3 G4
powder at the end of the experiment (day
TBC 13.3 ± 0.2a 12.3 ± 0.3ab 11.2 ± 0.5bc 10.2 ± 0.4c
42). Data are shown as means ± SE
a b b
E. coli 7.9 ± 0.3 6.9 ± 0.1 6.4 ± 0.2 5.7 ± 0.2c
C. perfringens 3.4 ± 0.04a 3.2 ± 0.03b 3.2 ± 0.01b 3.1 ± 0.04b

Note: Means with different letters (a, b, c) in the same row differ significantly at p < .05.
G1 = control group, G2 = CSP in diet at 0.1%, G3 = CSP in diet at 0.2%, G4 = CSP in diet at 0.4%.
Abbreviation: TBC, total bacterial count.

hydrophobic properties that affect cell wall lipids of the bacteria,
disturbing bacterial structures and rendering them more perme-
able, thus resulting in lower numbers of harmful bacteria (Brul
& Coote, 1999; Wati, Ghosh, Syed, & Haldar, 2015). In addition,
Park et al. (2009) reported that linalool and α‐terpineol, which
are present in CSP, are terpene alcohols and may display broad‐
spectrum antimicrobial activities. Moreover, Tucker (2002) inves-
tigated the effect of essential oil supplementation in broiler diets
and found a significant reduction in C. perfringens colonization in
gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which could be attributed to bacte-
rial inactivation by digestive enzymes such as trypsin. Patra and
Saxena (2011); da Silva et al. (2017) reported that coriander ex-
tract had a potent effects against gram‐positive bacteria due to
its content of alkaloids and tannins; these bacteria are more sen-
sitive to penetration of the coriander bioactive compounds due to
the absence of their outer membrane that present only in gram‐
negative bacteria. Delaquis, Stanich, Girard, and &Mazza (2002)
concluded that the gastric pH of the broilers in coriander oil sup-
plemented groups was lower than that of broilers in the control
group; this would improve the barrier function of the stomach
against acid susceptible bacteria, such as coliforms, and favour
the growth of acid tolerant bacteria, such as lactic acid bacte-
ria. Moreover, linalool which is found in coriander leaf and seed
(Serhat & Muzaffer, 2016) has proven antimicrobial properties,
which indicate it might be useful for control of enteropathogens
in poultry production (Beier et al., 2014) and improvement of gut
integrity (Lillehoj et al., 2018).
3.5 | Economic efficiency of production
The data on the effects of dietary supplementation of broiler chicks
with different concentrations of CSP on feeding costs, total produc-
tion costs, net income (Egyptian pound (LE)/broiler) and economic
efficiency of production are summarized in Table 7. The higher TFI
in broilers fed diets supplemented with different concentrations of
CSP resulted in a significant increase in the total production cost
(p < .05) in these groups, compared with the total production cost
in the control group. However, the higher FBW of broilers in CSP
supplemented groups increased the selling price of these broil-
ers, leading to more net income and a higher economic efficiency
with increasing concentrations of CSP. The highest EE (p < .05) was
found in treatment group G4, in which the EE was 13.06% higher
than in the control group. The next highest EE was found in treat-
ment group G3, followed by treatment group G2, which had EEs that
were 10.35% and 4.32% higher than in the control group respec-
tively. These findings are compatible with those of Farag (2013), who
concluded that using CSP in broiler diet with 0.6% diet improves EE
by 27.06% more than control group. These results suggest that it is
possible to increase the economic efficiency of production by sup-
plementing diets of broiler chickens with CSP.

TA B L E 7   Average economic efficiency

Experimental groups
of production in broilers fed different
concentrations of coriander seed powder. Parameter G1 G2 G3 G4
Data are show as means ± SE c b b
Feed costs including CSP 26.84 ± 0.12 27.80 ± 0.16 28.47 ± 0.41 29.70 ± 0.41a
(LE)a
Fixed costs (LE)b 11.5 ± 0.0 a 11.5 ± 0.0 a 11.5 ± 0.0 a 11.5 ± 0.0 a
Total production costs (LE) 38.34 ± 0.12c 39.30 ± 0.16b 39.97 ± 0.41b 41.20 ± 0.41a
c bc ab
Return, sales price (LE) 52.68 ± 0.97 54.58 ± 0.81 56.42 ± 0.57 58.58 ± 0.39a
Net revenue (LE) 14.30 ± 1.06b 15.29 ± 0.76ab 16.45 ± 1.10 ab 17.37 ± 0.35a
b ab a
Economic efficiency (EE)% 37.29 ± 1.10 38.90 ± 1.42 41.15 ± 1.58 42.16 ± 0.86a
EE, relative to control (%) 100.00 104.32 110.35 113.06

Note: Means with different superscript letters (a, b, c) in the same row differ significantly at p < .05.
G1 = control group, G2 = CSP in diet at 0.1%, G3 = CSP in diet at 0.2%, G4 = CSP in diet at 0.4%.
a
All costs calculated using Egyptian pound, LE (1 US$ = 17.75 LE), 1 kg of basal diet costs 7.1 LE;
1 kg of CSP costs 100 LE and 1 kg of live body weight of chicken sold for 25.00 LE.
b
Fixed costs include the price of one‐day‐old chicks, and costs of management, drugs, electricity,
water and labour.
 |
8       TAHA et al.
4 |  CO N C LU S I O N
The results of the present study indicate that using coriander seed
powder in broiler diets at 0.4% improved the overall growth per-
formance parameters, as well as most carcass traits, reduced the
numbers of harmful ileum bacteria and improved the economic ef-
ficiency of production in broiler chicks, without detrimental effects
on haematological parameters.
AC K N OW L E D G E M E N T S
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific
Research at King Saud University for funding this work through a
research group project NO (RG‐1438‐066). The authors thank the
Deanship of Scientific Research and RSSU at King Saud University
for their technical support. Authors extend thanks to their respected
institutes and universities.
C O N FL I C T S O F I N T E R E S T
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
ORCID
Ayman E. Taha  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0429-2587
Mohamed E. Abd El‐Hack  https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-2831-8534
Ayman A. Swelum  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-5898
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How to cite this article: Taha AE, Hassan SS, Shewita RS, et
al. Effects of supplementing broiler diets with coriander seed
powder on growth performance, blood haematology, ileum
microflora and economic efficiency. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr.
2019;00:1–10. https​://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13165​