1.

In the Bohr model of the atom, electrons travel in defined circular orbits around

the nucleus. The orbits are labelled by an integer, the quantum number n.
Electrons can jump from one orbit to another by emitting or absorbing energy.
Bohr amended that view of the motion of the planetary electrons to bring the
model in line with the regular patterns (spectral series) of light emitted by
real hydrogen atoms. By limiting the orbiting electrons to a series of circular
orbits having discrete radii, Bohr could account for the series of discrete
wavelengths in the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Light, he proposed, radiated
from hydrogen atoms only when an electron made a transition from an outer orbit
to one closer to the nucleus. The energy lost by the electron in the abrupt
transition is precisely the same as the energy of the quantum of emitted light.
2. Most electric charge is carried by the electrons and protons within an atom.
Electrons are said to carry negative charge, while protons are said to carry
positive charge, although these labels are completely arbitrary.
3. According to Coulomb, the electric force for charges at rest has the following
properties: Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract. Thus, two
negative charges repel one another, while a positive charge attracts a
negative charge. The attraction or repulsion acts along the line between the
two charges. Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract. Thus, two
negative charges repel one another, while a positive charge attracts a
negative charge. The attraction or repulsion acts along the line between the
two charges. The size of the force varies inversely as the square of the
distance between the two charges. Therefore, if the distance between the two
charges is doubled, the attraction or repulsion becomes weaker, decreasing to
one-fourth of the original value. If the charges come 10 times closer, the size
of the force increases by a factor of 100. The size of the force is proportional
to the value of each charge. The unit used to measure charge is
the coulomb (C). If there were two positive charges, one of 0.1 coulomb and
the second of 0.2 coulomb, they would repel each other with a force that
depends on the product 0.2 × 0.1. Thus, if each of the charges were reduced
by one-half, the repulsion would be reduced to one-quarter of its former value.

4. The electrons which are not attached to the nucleus of atom and free to move

when external energy is applied are called free electrons. The moving free
electrons will transmit electric current from one point to other.Materials which
contain free electrons will conduct electric current.

5. Valence electrons are the electrons that reside in the outermost electron

shell of an atom in the highest energy level. They are important to an atom
because the fewer valence electrons that the atom holds, the less stable it
becomes.
6. Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous
atom or ion. The first or initial ionization energy or Ei of an atom or molecule is
the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of
isolated gaseous atoms or ions. This electron balance can be disturbed when
enough energy is applied to the atom. The atom then becomes an air ion. The
atom becomes a positive ion if electrons are displaced from the atom. But it
becomes a negative ion if an extra electron is pushed into the atom so that it
has an excessive number of electrons.

7. In a conductor, electric current can flow freely, in an insulator it cannot. Metals

such as copper typify conductors, while most non-metallic solids are said to be
good insulators, having extremely high resistance to the flow of charge through
them.
8. In a metal, some of the outer electrons in each atom are not bound to the
individual atom as they are in insulating materials, but are free to move within
the metal lattice. These conduction electrons can serve as charge carriers,
carrying a current.
9. In a conductor, electric current can flow freely, in an insulator it cannot. Metals
such as copper typify conductors, while most non-metallic solids are said to be
good insulators, having extremely high resistance to the flow of charge through
them. "Conductor" implies that the outer electrons of the atoms are loosely bound
and free to move through the material. Most atoms hold on to their electrons
tightly and are insulators. In copper, the valence electrons are essentially free
and strongly repel each other. Any external influence which moves one of them
will cause a repulsion of other electrons which propagates, "domino fashion"
through the conductor.

10. Simply stated, most metals are good electrical conductors, most nonmetals are
not. Metals are also generally good heat conductors while nonmetals are not.

11. The higher potential is the point of higher concentration of charges and lower

potential is the point with a lesser concentration of charges. Historically scientists
believed that the positive charge is the one that flows. The amount of current can
change, but it will always flow from one point to another. ... So although electrons
would flow from negative to positive, by convention (agreement), physicists refer
to conventional current as a flow from high potential/voltage (positive) to low
potential/voltage (negative).
12. An electrical conductor is a substance in which electrical charge carriers, usually
electrons, move easily from atom to atom with the application of voltage.
Conductivity, in general, is the capacity to transmit something, such as electricity
or heat. ... Copper, steel, gold, aluminium, and brass are also good conductors.
So insulators are different from conductors due to its property like resistance.
 The good examples of insulators are cloth, wood, glass, quartz, mica, etc. These
are used as protectors because they provide safety against sound, electricity,
and heat.

13. In electromagnetism, displacement current density is the quantity ∂D/∂t

appearing in Maxwell's equations that is defined in terms of the rate of change of
D, the electric displacement field.

14. Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and
motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to
magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as
described by Maxwell's equations.

15. Electromotive force, is the electrical action produced by a non-electrical source.

Devices provide an emf by converting other forms of energy into electrical
energy, such as batteries or generators. Sometimes an analogy to water
pressure is used to describe electromotive force while the potential difference is
the difference in potential between two points that represents the work involved
or the energy released in the transfer of a unit quantity of electricity from one
point to the other then Voltage is the electric potential difference, electric
pressure or electric tension is the difference in electric potential between two
points, which is defined as the work needed per unit of charge to move a test
charge between the two points. 
REFERENCE

https://www.britannica.com/science/Coulombs-law

https://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-
circuits/introduction/free-electrons.html

https://www.brighthubeducation.com/science-homework-help/106549-function-of-
valence-electrons/

https://www.healthline.com/health/negative-ions#how-they-form

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html

https://www.elprocus.com/what-are-conductors-and-insulators-examples-their-
applications/#:~:text=So%20insulators%20are%20different%20from,sound%2C
%20electricity%2C%20and%20heat.